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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>mazing the difference a little rain makes. Wait — a little? No — \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virtually all of California is enjoying its wettest winter in five years. In fact, current statistical reports on rainfall and the water content of the Sierra Nevada snowpack show that so far, we’re in the midst of one of the wettest California rainy seasons on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the precipitation has transformed a state that suffered through five years of severe drought. One of the most visible effects: high levels of the state’s major reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are comparative views of three of those massive storage facilities: Folsom Lake, on the American River about 25 miles northeast of downtown Sacramento; Shasta Lake, the state’s largest reservoir, just north of Redding; and San Luis Reservoir (bottom), near the town of Los Banos in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve chosen satellite images from San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet Labs\u003c/a> that illustrate the reservoirs near their drought low points and as they’ve appeared this month. Additional notes on each of the reservoirs below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Instructions:\u003c/strong> Each image contains a slider bar (a gray vertical line with arrows on each side) in the center. Click on the center of the bar and drag it right or left to see views of each reservoir a) near its drought low point and b) after recent rains.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1ba3ce38-e332-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Folsom Lake\u003c/strong> is the state’s 11th-largest reservoir with a capacity just under 1 million acre-feet. The reservoir was filled for the first time in 1955. In late 2015, the drought reduced Folsom to its lowest level ever. In wet years, reservoir managers are often required to release water to maintain space for potential floodwaters. In fact, the volume of water in Folsom has dropped 40 percent over the past two weeks even as heavy runoff continues to cascade down the American River. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Folsom Lake storage information\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=dc4b5bfc-e2cd-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shasta Lake\u003c/strong>, California’s largest reservoir at 4.5 million acre-feet, captures the flows of three major Northern California rivers: the Sacramento, the McCloud and the Pit. The lake, behind Shasta Dam, was filled in the late 1940s. It reached its all-time low during the drought of 1976-77. Its lowest point during the recent drought was recorded late in 2014. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Shasta Lake storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=9be097e8-e2ce-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Luis Reservoir\u003c/strong>, with a capacity of about 2 million acre-feet, is a joint state-federal facility built in the 1960s to help manage supplies from two sources: the State Water Project’s California Aqueduct and the federal Central Valley Project. It’s a key storage point for farms in the San Joaquin Valley and for urban water districts in Southern California. It reached its drought nadir in late 2015. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SNL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current San Luis Reservoir storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Instructions:\u003c/strong> Each image contains a slider bar (a gray vertical line with arrows on each side) in the center. Click on the center of the bar and drag it right or left to see views of each reservoir a) near its drought low point and b) after recent rains.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=1ba3ce38-e332-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Folsom Lake\u003c/strong> is the state’s 11th-largest reservoir with a capacity just under 1 million acre-feet. The reservoir was filled for the first time in 1955. In late 2015, the drought reduced Folsom to its lowest level ever. In wet years, reservoir managers are often required to release water to maintain space for potential floodwaters. In fact, the volume of water in Folsom has dropped 40 percent over the past two weeks even as heavy runoff continues to cascade down the American River. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Folsom Lake storage information\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=dc4b5bfc-e2cd-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shasta Lake\u003c/strong>, California’s largest reservoir at 4.5 million acre-feet, captures the flows of three major Northern California rivers: the Sacramento, the McCloud and the Pit. The lake, behind Shasta Dam, was filled in the late 1940s. It reached its all-time low during the drought of 1976-77. Its lowest point during the recent drought was recorded late in 2014. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SHA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current Shasta Lake storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"juxtapose\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=9be097e8-e2ce-11e6-8b75-0edaf8f81e27\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Luis Reservoir\u003c/strong>, with a capacity of about 2 million acre-feet, is a joint state-federal facility built in the 1960s to help manage supplies from two sources: the State Water Project’s California Aqueduct and the federal Central Valley Project. It’s a key storage point for farms in the San Joaquin Valley and for urban water districts in Southern California. It reached its drought nadir in late 2015. See \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/resDetailOrig.action?resid=SNL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current San Luis Reservoir storage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown is vowing to lead the nation on climate change, as the Trump administration pulls back. But the Trump administration could get in California’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511468478/california-gov-jerry-brown-highlights-opposition-to-trump-in-address\">State of the State\u003c/a> speech, California Gov. Jerry Brown had one key message about climate change: perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal EPA.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We cannot fall back and give in to the climate deniers,” Brown said. “The science is clear. The danger is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as President Trump took the oath of office on Friday, California acted, releasing its latest plan for tackling climate change. This includes renewable energy and putting millions of electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenge Brown first made in December, when climate scientists from around the world met up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/13/505309445/trumps-election-leaves-scientists-in-a-climate-of-uncertainty\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mood at the conference had been dismal. Scientists were worried about losing federal funding for research and even the NASA satellites that collect basic climate data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown declared that should Trump turn off the satellites, California would launch its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that wasn’t the only warning Brown had for the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511480146/511554888\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spearheaded his own international climate agreement with more than 160 cities and states. California, he said, is the 6th largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got the scientists,” he said. “We got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight. We’re ready to defend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing defense may well be in California’s future. The state has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came up at the nomination hearing last week for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510502789/nominee-to-lead-epa-testifies-hell-enforce-environmental-laws\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, who could run the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Kamala Harris asked Pruitt if he could uphold the state’s special permission — its waiver — for tougher car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Senator as you know, administrators in the past have not granted the waiver and in fact have granted the waiver,” Pruitt said. “That’s a review process …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would not know his intention without going through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a new fight for California. In 2007, the Bush administration denied the state’s request to have tougher pollution rules for cars, saying it would create a patchwork of regulations. California took the federal government to court, but before the case was decided, Obama was elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California got its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Wara, a professor at Stanford Law School, said this isn’t just about California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first legal disputes are going to be about cars,” he said. “And I’d be surprised actually if we didn’t see those disputes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen other states have adopted the same clean car standards. But the bigger question, Wara said, is a political one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How a Pruitt EPA responds to some of these issues with California is really going to test Scott Pruitt’s and the administration’s commitment to conservative values,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt sued the EPA as the attorney general of Oklahoma. He argued his state had the right to set its own environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that logic would seem to imply that California should have the right to set its own agenda,” Wara said. “But we’ll see how that trades off against the desire to roll back regulations related to greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is something California will be watching closely, with lawyers at the ready. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown is vowing to lead the nation on climate change, as the Trump administration pulls back. But the Trump administration could get in California’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511468478/california-gov-jerry-brown-highlights-opposition-to-trump-in-address\">State of the State\u003c/a> speech, California Gov. Jerry Brown had one key message about climate change: perseverance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal EPA.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We cannot fall back and give in to the climate deniers,” Brown said. “The science is clear. The danger is real.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as President Trump took the oath of office on Friday, California acted, releasing its latest plan for tackling climate change. This includes renewable energy and putting millions of electric cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenge Brown first made in December, when climate scientists from around the world met up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/13/505309445/trumps-election-leaves-scientists-in-a-climate-of-uncertainty\">San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mood at the conference had been dismal. Scientists were worried about losing federal funding for research and even the NASA satellites that collect basic climate data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown declared that should Trump turn off the satellites, California would launch its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that wasn’t the only warning Brown had for the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511480146/511554888\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spearheaded his own international climate agreement with more than 160 cities and states. California, he said, is the 6th largest economy in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We got the scientists,” he said. “We got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight. We’re ready to defend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And playing defense may well be in California’s future. The state has rules limiting carbon pollution from cars, but it can’t have those rules without permission from the federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That came up at the nomination hearing last week for \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510502789/nominee-to-lead-epa-testifies-hell-enforce-environmental-laws\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, who could run the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Kamala Harris asked Pruitt if he could uphold the state’s special permission — its waiver — for tougher car rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Senator as you know, administrators in the past have not granted the waiver and in fact have granted the waiver,” Pruitt said. “That’s a review process …”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he would not know his intention without going through the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a new fight for California. In 2007, the Bush administration denied the state’s request to have tougher pollution rules for cars, saying it would create a patchwork of regulations. California took the federal government to court, but before the case was decided, Obama was elected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California got its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Wara, a professor at Stanford Law School, said this isn’t just about California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first legal disputes are going to be about cars,” he said. “And I’d be surprised actually if we didn’t see those disputes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirteen other states have adopted the same clean car standards. But the bigger question, Wara said, is a political one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How a Pruitt EPA responds to some of these issues with California is really going to test Scott Pruitt’s and the administration’s commitment to conservative values,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt sued the EPA as the attorney general of Oklahoma. He argued his state had the right to set its own environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that logic would seem to imply that California should have the right to set its own agenda,” Wara said. “But we’ll see how that trades off against the desire to roll back regulations related to greenhouse gases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is something California will be watching closely, with lawyers at the ready. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Scientists' Work May Face 'Case by Case' Review by Trump Team, Official Says",
"headTitle": "EPA Scientists’ Work May Face ‘Case by Case’ Review by Trump Team, Official Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists at the Environmental Protection Agency who want to publish or present their scientific findings likely will need to have their work reviewed on a “case by case basis” before it can be disseminated, according to a spokesman for the agency’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview Tuesday evening with NPR, \u003ca href=\"http://dougericksen.src.wastateleg.org/\">Doug Ericksen\u003c/a>, the head of communications for the Trump administration’s EPA transition team, said that during the transition period, he expects scientists will undergo an unspecified internal vetting process before sharing their work outside the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll take a look at what’s happening so that the voice coming from the EPA is one that’s going to reflect the new administration,” Ericksen told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Doug Ericksen’s comments come just days after Trump’s team ordered agencies to limit their external communications to the public.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ericksen did not say whether such a review process would become a permanent feature of Trump’s EPA. “We’re on Day 2 here. … You’ve got to give us a few days to get our feet underneath us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any review would directly contradict the agency’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-02/documents/scientific_integrity_policy_2012.pdf\">scientific integrity policy\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012. It prohibits “all EPA employees, including scientists, managers and other Agency leadership from suppressing, altering, or otherwise impeding the timely release of scientific findings or conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also would likely have a chilling effect on the agency’s ability to conduct research on the environmental issues it is charged with regulating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen’s comments come just days after Trump’s team ordered agencies to limit their external communications to the public. Employees at the EPA, the Department of Agriculture and the Interior Department, among others, have been instructed not to post on social media accounts. At the EPA, the staff was told not to speak to the news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen said it’s not abnormal for administrations to limit outward communication during their transition while they work toward getting different branches on point. Trump’s nominee for EPA administrator, Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is still awaiting confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not abnormal for administrations to restrict access to government scientists. In 2013, a statement by the Society of Environmental Journalists called the EPA under former-President Obama “\u003ca href=\"http://www.sej.org/new-epa-head-must-ensure-transparency-reversing-block-reporters-access\">one of the most closed, opaque agencies to the press\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly the case that every administration tries to control information, but I think that what we’re seeing here is much more sweeping than has ever been done before,” said Andrew Light, the distinguished senior fellow in the Global Climate Program at the nonpartisan World Resources Institute. “And in particular, it’s noteworthy that it seems to be aimed at a cluster of science-driven agencies that primarily work on the environment and climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While previous administrations have restricted government scientists’ communications to the public, controlling their scientific conclusions is far more rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most notable case came in 2003, when the administration of President George W. Bush tried to alter the climate change section of a major EPA report on the environment. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, which tracks such issues, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/center-science-and-democracy/promoting-scientific-integrity/climate-change.html#.WIiwbFMrLct\">changes included\u003c/a> the deletion of a 1,000 year temperature record and insertion of a study funded by the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many federal agencies employ scientists to help conduct research. Those findings are crucial in ensuring that regulations and government policy are based on the best information available. Data collected by federal scientists is also used by state and local governments as well as private industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s policy, like those of other technical agencies within the government, is designed to encourage its scientists to participate in the scientific process. To that end, the agency’s official policy is to “encourage publication and presentation of research findings in peer-reviewed, professional, or scholarly journals and at professional meetings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press-release/EPA-USDA-scientific-integrity#.WIhXV1MrJjU\">growing concern\u003c/a> in the scientific community and among environmental organizations that the new administration might take aim at climate change research in particular. Trump has previously called climate change a hoax created by China to hurt the U.S. economy, though he later said he had an “open mind” on the issue. In the weeks before his inauguration, groups of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505592206/scientists-race-to-preserve-climate-change-data-before-trump-takes-office\">rushed to copy and preserve\u003c/a> federal public climate data out of fear that it would be purged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen said that under Trump, the EPA will focus on its “core mission, which is to protect the environment and protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if climate change fit into that, he repeated that they’ll focus on the core mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressed further about whether specific research on issues such as climate change could be withheld, Ericksen told NPR that “it’s premature to comment on a hypothetical before we’ve even had the time to look at what’s currently happening in the [agency].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Scientists%27+Work+May+Face+%27Case+By+Case%27+Review+By+Trump+Team%2C+Official+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists at the Environmental Protection Agency who want to publish or present their scientific findings likely will need to have their work reviewed on a “case by case basis” before it can be disseminated, according to a spokesman for the agency’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview Tuesday evening with NPR, \u003ca href=\"http://dougericksen.src.wastateleg.org/\">Doug Ericksen\u003c/a>, the head of communications for the Trump administration’s EPA transition team, said that during the transition period, he expects scientists will undergo an unspecified internal vetting process before sharing their work outside the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll take a look at what’s happening so that the voice coming from the EPA is one that’s going to reflect the new administration,” Ericksen told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Doug Ericksen’s comments come just days after Trump’s team ordered agencies to limit their external communications to the public.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ericksen did not say whether such a review process would become a permanent feature of Trump’s EPA. “We’re on Day 2 here. … You’ve got to give us a few days to get our feet underneath us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any review would directly contradict the agency’s current \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-02/documents/scientific_integrity_policy_2012.pdf\">scientific integrity policy\u003c/a>, which was published in 2012. It prohibits “all EPA employees, including scientists, managers and other Agency leadership from suppressing, altering, or otherwise impeding the timely release of scientific findings or conclusions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also would likely have a chilling effect on the agency’s ability to conduct research on the environmental issues it is charged with regulating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen’s comments come just days after Trump’s team ordered agencies to limit their external communications to the public. Employees at the EPA, the Department of Agriculture and the Interior Department, among others, have been instructed not to post on social media accounts. At the EPA, the staff was told not to speak to the news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen said it’s not abnormal for administrations to limit outward communication during their transition while they work toward getting different branches on point. Trump’s nominee for EPA administrator, Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, is still awaiting confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also not abnormal for administrations to restrict access to government scientists. In 2013, a statement by the Society of Environmental Journalists called the EPA under former-President Obama “\u003ca href=\"http://www.sej.org/new-epa-head-must-ensure-transparency-reversing-block-reporters-access\">one of the most closed, opaque agencies to the press\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly the case that every administration tries to control information, but I think that what we’re seeing here is much more sweeping than has ever been done before,” said Andrew Light, the distinguished senior fellow in the Global Climate Program at the nonpartisan World Resources Institute. “And in particular, it’s noteworthy that it seems to be aimed at a cluster of science-driven agencies that primarily work on the environment and climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While previous administrations have restricted government scientists’ communications to the public, controlling their scientific conclusions is far more rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most notable case came in 2003, when the administration of President George W. Bush tried to alter the climate change section of a major EPA report on the environment. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, which tracks such issues, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/center-science-and-democracy/promoting-scientific-integrity/climate-change.html#.WIiwbFMrLct\">changes included\u003c/a> the deletion of a 1,000 year temperature record and insertion of a study funded by the American Petroleum Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many federal agencies employ scientists to help conduct research. Those findings are crucial in ensuring that regulations and government policy are based on the best information available. Data collected by federal scientists is also used by state and local governments as well as private industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s policy, like those of other technical agencies within the government, is designed to encourage its scientists to participate in the scientific process. To that end, the agency’s official policy is to “encourage publication and presentation of research findings in peer-reviewed, professional, or scholarly journals and at professional meetings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press-release/EPA-USDA-scientific-integrity#.WIhXV1MrJjU\">growing concern\u003c/a> in the scientific community and among environmental organizations that the new administration might take aim at climate change research in particular. Trump has previously called climate change a hoax created by China to hurt the U.S. economy, though he later said he had an “open mind” on the issue. In the weeks before his inauguration, groups of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505592206/scientists-race-to-preserve-climate-change-data-before-trump-takes-office\">rushed to copy and preserve\u003c/a> federal public climate data out of fear that it would be purged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ericksen said that under Trump, the EPA will focus on its “core mission, which is to protect the environment and protect human health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if climate change fit into that, he repeated that they’ll focus on the core mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressed further about whether specific research on issues such as climate change could be withheld, Ericksen told NPR that “it’s premature to comment on a hypothetical before we’ve even had the time to look at what’s currently happening in the [agency].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Scientists%27+Work+May+Face+%27Case+By+Case%27+Review+By+Trump+Team%2C+Official+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Businesses looking to invalidate California’s fee for carbon pollution take their arguments to a state appeals court Tuesday in a case that could determine the future of one of California’s signature efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a central piece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s legacy on the line, lawyers for the state and for environmental advocacy groups will defend a program that has been closely watched around the world as a potential model for controlling carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uncertainty surrounding the case has already been a major factor in upending the market for pollution permits, which consistently raised hundreds of millions of dollars a year until demand plummeted in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courtroom battle comes as California’s climate initiatives, some of the most aggressive in the world, face their biggest threat yet from a new president, Donald Trump, who has vowed to loosen environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “cap-and-trade” program is a central piece of a wide-ranging series of regulations meant to reduce the emissions of heat-trapping gases. The state places a limit on emissions and reduces the cap over time. Permits to pollute, known as allowances, are auctioned quarterly to affected companies or to investors, who can hold onto them for future sale to polluting companies that exceed their emissions cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auction revenue is a key funding source for a high-speed rail project seeking to link Los Angeles and San Francisco by train. It also generates billions for transit construction and energy conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and the Canadian province of Quebec, which have linked their cap-and-trade auctions, operate the world’s only economy-wide limit on emissions, said Alex Jackson, an attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council, which is defending the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a jurisdiction as large as California, that’s not small potatoes,” Jackson said. “This lawsuit strikes at the heart of how this program is operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade programs in other parts of the world, including the European Union and a group of northeastern U.S. states, don’t cover as many industries as California’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce and the Morning Star Packing Company, a tomato processing company required to buy carbon permits, filed separate lawsuits challenging the state’s authority to levy the fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawyers argue that the 2006 law that underlies cap-and-trade never authorized the state to conduct an auction. Even if the legislation, AB32, did allow an auction, they argue, it amounts to a tax increase that would require approval of two-thirds of the House and Senate under the state constitution. AB32 did not reach that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In briefs filed with the court, lawyers challenging the auction say the state can give away pollution permits, known as allowances, but it can’t sell them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lawsuit does not affect the integrity of the cap and trade program,” said Tony Francois, a lawyer from Pacific Legal Foundation, a conservative legal foundation that represents Morning Star. “This is just about the state’s illegal add-on, this allowance auction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board, which administers the program, says the auctions are similar to regulatory fees, which did not require a two-thirds supermajority in 2006, and are necessary to prevent polluters from getting windfall profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento County Superior Court judge Timothy Frawley upheld the program in in a 2013 ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judges from the 3rd District Court of Appeal have until late April to issue a decision. Lawyers for both sides said they will appeal to the California Supreme Court if they lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand for pollution permits has plummeted amid uncertainty about the court’s thinking, along with questions about whether AB32 authorized cap-and-trade to continue beyond 2020 — a question not at issue in the current case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has urged leaders around the world to adopt carbon regulations, this month called for the Legislature to muster a two-thirds vote to explicitly authorize carbon auctions after 2020. The legislation, in its current form, would put the program on stronger legal footing in the future, but it would not resolve the uncertainty posed by the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Businesses looking to invalidate California’s fee for carbon pollution take their arguments to a state appeals court Tuesday in a case that could determine the future of one of California’s signature efforts to combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a central piece of Gov. Jerry Brown’s legacy on the line, lawyers for the state and for environmental advocacy groups will defend a program that has been closely watched around the world as a potential model for controlling carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uncertainty surrounding the case has already been a major factor in upending the market for pollution permits, which consistently raised hundreds of millions of dollars a year until demand plummeted in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The courtroom battle comes as California’s climate initiatives, some of the most aggressive in the world, face their biggest threat yet from a new president, Donald Trump, who has vowed to loosen environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s “cap-and-trade” program is a central piece of a wide-ranging series of regulations meant to reduce the emissions of heat-trapping gases. The state places a limit on emissions and reduces the cap over time. Permits to pollute, known as allowances, are auctioned quarterly to affected companies or to investors, who can hold onto them for future sale to polluting companies that exceed their emissions cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auction revenue is a key funding source for a high-speed rail project seeking to link Los Angeles and San Francisco by train. It also generates billions for transit construction and energy conservation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California and the Canadian province of Quebec, which have linked their cap-and-trade auctions, operate the world’s only economy-wide limit on emissions, said Alex Jackson, an attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council, which is defending the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a jurisdiction as large as California, that’s not small potatoes,” Jackson said. “This lawsuit strikes at the heart of how this program is operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap-and-trade programs in other parts of the world, including the European Union and a group of northeastern U.S. states, don’t cover as many industries as California’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Chamber of Commerce and the Morning Star Packing Company, a tomato processing company required to buy carbon permits, filed separate lawsuits challenging the state’s authority to levy the fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawyers argue that the 2006 law that underlies cap-and-trade never authorized the state to conduct an auction. Even if the legislation, AB32, did allow an auction, they argue, it amounts to a tax increase that would require approval of two-thirds of the House and Senate under the state constitution. AB32 did not reach that threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In briefs filed with the court, lawyers challenging the auction say the state can give away pollution permits, known as allowances, but it can’t sell them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lawsuit does not affect the integrity of the cap and trade program,” said Tony Francois, a lawyer from Pacific Legal Foundation, a conservative legal foundation that represents Morning Star. “This is just about the state’s illegal add-on, this allowance auction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board, which administers the program, says the auctions are similar to regulatory fees, which did not require a two-thirds supermajority in 2006, and are necessary to prevent polluters from getting windfall profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento County Superior Court judge Timothy Frawley upheld the program in in a 2013 ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judges from the 3rd District Court of Appeal have until late April to issue a decision. Lawyers for both sides said they will appeal to the California Supreme Court if they lose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demand for pollution permits has plummeted amid uncertainty about the court’s thinking, along with questions about whether AB32 authorized cap-and-trade to continue beyond 2020 — a question not at issue in the current case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has urged leaders around the world to adopt carbon regulations, this month called for the Legislature to muster a two-thirds vote to explicitly authorize carbon auctions after 2020. The legislation, in its current form, would put the program on stronger legal footing in the future, but it would not resolve the uncertainty posed by the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Startup Saves Companies Millions and Combats Climate Change",
"headTitle": "California Startup Saves Companies Millions and Combats Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Seven years ago, Sunnyvale resident Mark Chung took a three-week vacation. When he came home, his electricity bill looked more than a little off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally my energy bill is about $100 to $130,” says Chung. “This one was like $560.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he called PG&E and told them: ‘There’s something wrong with my meter.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”mFMkHBlApPg1CkZuc6y25ZSWTCmuQ6nF”]“And they’re like, ‘Oh, no, we’ve had these smart meters rolled out for a few years now. Everything is fine.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His response: “Well, can you tell where I spent the electricity?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility’s response: “On your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not the most helpful answer, Chung says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Chung was trained as an electrical engineer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford University\u003c/a>, so he did what any engineer might: He went to Home Depot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bought these kilowatt meters that they had on the shelves, they’re like $10,” says Chung. “We hacked them to be Wi-Fi enabled, then I plugged them throughout my house. And I couldn’t find anything that was an anomaly. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Chung took the project to the next level and built an electrical map to monitor every appliance, every piece of machinery, every light in his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he found the problem: a broken pool pump that was spinning inefficiently, using too much energy. Problem solved. And business idea hatched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a lot of time thinking about wanting to do something,” says Chung. “I always thought technology was cool, I can build greater, cooler things. But I want to use it in a way that can help people, help humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For manufacturers like Jabil, that has 100+ factories, Verdigris’ sensors could save the company millions of dollars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chung reasoned, if he could map his house, why couldn’t he scale things up and map a factory or a hotel that uses A LOT of energy. So, Chung left his day job and launched a company he named \u003ca href=\"http://verdigris.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verdigris\u003c/a>. NASA was one of his early backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re wondering, Chung named his company after a color. Verdigris is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the bluish-green patina that forms on copper that’s left outside. Think: old French buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Copper is the elemental infrastructure of every single building in the world,” says Chung, “what all of our electricity runs on. And what we have as a company mission is this desire to expose that to the world and make it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To head off the worst impacts of climate change, which requires holding the global temperature rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf\">scientists warn that we need to cut global carbon emissions\u003c/a> by 40 to 70 percent by mid-century. There are two basic ways to get there: replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. And/or, we can use a lot less energy. Verdigris focuses on that second solution by making buildings smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Millions of Dollars in Energy Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chung found factories around the world willing to invest in the technology. In Scotland, about 15 miles west of Edinburgh in the city of Livingston, the company \u003ca href=\"http://www.jabil.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jabil\u003c/a> is using the Verdigris system in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jabil.com/globalassets/documents/livingston-fact-sheet-2014.pdf\">its 125,000-square-foot factory\u003c/a>. Jabil is a worldwide company that builds electronics parts, the stuff that goes inside your brand-name radios, TVs, and computers. (Jabil is also an investor in Verdigris.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factory’s facilities supervisor, Robbie Graham, opens an electrical panel box with dozens of wires. Each wire has a small clamp around it that can measure the flow of current around 8,000 times a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1338486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1338486\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sensors can measure the electrical output of machinery at the Jabil factory in Scotland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sensors can measure the electrical output of machinery at the Jabil factory in Scotland. \u003ccite>(Aaron Lubarsky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Graham knows exactly which wire goes to which piece of machinery. “These wires go to my air handling units on the roof,” he says, pointing at one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the roof, Neil O’Loughlin, Jabil’s facilities lead in Scotland, picks up the tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look,” he says, “you’re getting to see the sun. We couldn’t have gotten it any better, to be fair.” (Seeing the sun is a big deal during the Scottish winter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, the roof is littered with massive fans that circulate air through the building. The clamps around the wires downstairs collect information about these fans—how much electricity each of these units use—then sends that data to the cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Verdigris was installed, O’Loughlin says, they would have had no idea whether one of the fans was pulling down too much electricity, much less which one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, you’re able to actually see which one is maybe being driven harder than the rest, and why,” he says. “So we start to ask questions. Verdigris is never going to hand you the answer. It’s part of a detective story, to some degree, where you got to go and take the clues that it gives you, and you have to go and find out what that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system quickly identified an industrial-sized air conditioner that was using too much power. They fixed it and saved a lot of wasted energy. In another case, O’Loughlin says Verdigris showed big spikes in energy use in the middle of the night. He figured out that security guards were flipping on all the lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s 300-odd lights that needed to be switched on just to do a walk around,” says O’Loughlin. “Whereas with smart lighting controls, we can say, well actually we’re only going to bring them up 50 percent so they’re going to use half the energy. And we only need to bring on certain lights, only bring on 30 percent of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way: Lots of little changes add up to big savings. Quickly. With Verdigris installed, the factory was able to cut its monthly electricity bill by 20 percent, saving the company thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verdigris can also use artificial intelligence to automatically phase out inefficient appliances, dial them down when nobody is in the building, or even predict when one is about to go kaput.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal at Jabil’s Scottish factory: eventually cut energy use by 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Stopping Companies From Monitoring Energy Use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a growing number of companies like Verdigris offering products that monitor how buildings use energy. So, here’s a question: Why isn’t every hotel, factory and hotel using this technology—like, yesterday?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s organizational, psychological and political,” says John Sterman with MIT’s \u003ca href=\"http://mitsloan.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sloan School of Management\u003c/a>. “It’s not economics and it’s not technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sterman stresses that investing in energy-efficient buildings is the cheapest, fastest way to cut our energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. But many businesses are reluctant to spend the money to fix what isn’t yet broken. Systems, like Verdigris, can identify problems like wasteful air conditioners, but then building owners have to pay big bucks to replace the appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to new technologies, Sterman says, many business administrators ask this question: Who else is doing this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And of course, at the beginning, not very many,” he says. “So people are not willing to experiment, or, as they see it, take a lot of risk until they are sure there are lots of other folks who have done it. And that creates a barrier, a tipping point you have to get over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopping back to Silicon Valley, I ask Mark Chung: Let’s say I own a 20,000 square-foot factory. Convince me to pay you a monthly fee to monitor my energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“20,000-square-foot factory, OK, I’m just doing a back of the envelope calculation,” Chung says. “It’s probably going to be roughly a few hundred bucks a month, but you’ll probably save easily 10 times that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s repeat that, spend a few hundred bucks a month to save a few thousand. For a hospital, those savings could translate into hundreds of thousands of dollars annually. For a company like Jabil, with more than 100 factories worldwide, savings could be in the tens of millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now translate those cost savings into energy savings across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Buildings consume about two-thirds of the world’s electricity,” says Chung, “and half of that is wasted. And that is probably about 15 to 20 percent of greenhouse carbon emissions today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verdigris is still a new enterprise, approaching its first 100 clients. Chung says when the business really takes off, he wants to give away his technology to homeowners for free.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sunnyvale resident Mark Chung came home from vacation to a huge energy bill. Figuring out what happened gave him an idea for combating climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven years ago, Sunnyvale resident Mark Chung took a three-week vacation. When he came home, his electricity bill looked more than a little off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally my energy bill is about $100 to $130,” says Chung. “This one was like $560.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he called PG&E and told them: ‘There’s something wrong with my meter.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“And they’re like, ‘Oh, no, we’ve had these smart meters rolled out for a few years now. Everything is fine.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His response: “Well, can you tell where I spent the electricity?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility’s response: “On your house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not the most helpful answer, Chung says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Chung was trained as an electrical engineer at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford University\u003c/a>, so he did what any engineer might: He went to Home Depot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bought these kilowatt meters that they had on the shelves, they’re like $10,” says Chung. “We hacked them to be Wi-Fi enabled, then I plugged them throughout my house. And I couldn’t find anything that was an anomaly. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Chung took the project to the next level and built an electrical map to monitor every appliance, every piece of machinery, every light in his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he found the problem: a broken pool pump that was spinning inefficiently, using too much energy. Problem solved. And business idea hatched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a lot of time thinking about wanting to do something,” says Chung. “I always thought technology was cool, I can build greater, cooler things. But I want to use it in a way that can help people, help humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">For manufacturers like Jabil, that has 100+ factories, Verdigris’ sensors could save the company millions of dollars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Chung reasoned, if he could map his house, why couldn’t he scale things up and map a factory or a hotel that uses A LOT of energy. So, Chung left his day job and launched a company he named \u003ca href=\"http://verdigris.co/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Verdigris\u003c/a>. NASA was one of his early backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you’re wondering, Chung named his company after a color. Verdigris is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the bluish-green patina that forms on copper that’s left outside. Think: old French buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Copper is the elemental infrastructure of every single building in the world,” says Chung, “what all of our electricity runs on. And what we have as a company mission is this desire to expose that to the world and make it green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To head off the worst impacts of climate change, which requires holding the global temperature rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf\">scientists warn that we need to cut global carbon emissions\u003c/a> by 40 to 70 percent by mid-century. There are two basic ways to get there: replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. And/or, we can use a lot less energy. Verdigris focuses on that second solution by making buildings smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving Millions of Dollars in Energy Costs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chung found factories around the world willing to invest in the technology. In Scotland, about 15 miles west of Edinburgh in the city of Livingston, the company \u003ca href=\"http://www.jabil.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jabil\u003c/a> is using the Verdigris system in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jabil.com/globalassets/documents/livingston-fact-sheet-2014.pdf\">its 125,000-square-foot factory\u003c/a>. Jabil is a worldwide company that builds electronics parts, the stuff that goes inside your brand-name radios, TVs, and computers. (Jabil is also an investor in Verdigris.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factory’s facilities supervisor, Robbie Graham, opens an electrical panel box with dozens of wires. Each wire has a small clamp around it that can measure the flow of current around 8,000 times a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1338486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1338486\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sensors can measure the electrical output of machinery at the Jabil factory in Scotland.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/FACTORY_TOUR_CLAMPS-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sensors can measure the electrical output of machinery at the Jabil factory in Scotland. \u003ccite>(Aaron Lubarsky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Graham knows exactly which wire goes to which piece of machinery. “These wires go to my air handling units on the roof,” he says, pointing at one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the roof, Neil O’Loughlin, Jabil’s facilities lead in Scotland, picks up the tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look,” he says, “you’re getting to see the sun. We couldn’t have gotten it any better, to be fair.” (Seeing the sun is a big deal during the Scottish winter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, the roof is littered with massive fans that circulate air through the building. The clamps around the wires downstairs collect information about these fans—how much electricity each of these units use—then sends that data to the cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Verdigris was installed, O’Loughlin says, they would have had no idea whether one of the fans was pulling down too much electricity, much less which one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, you’re able to actually see which one is maybe being driven harder than the rest, and why,” he says. “So we start to ask questions. Verdigris is never going to hand you the answer. It’s part of a detective story, to some degree, where you got to go and take the clues that it gives you, and you have to go and find out what that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system quickly identified an industrial-sized air conditioner that was using too much power. They fixed it and saved a lot of wasted energy. In another case, O’Loughlin says Verdigris showed big spikes in energy use in the middle of the night. He figured out that security guards were flipping on all the lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s 300-odd lights that needed to be switched on just to do a walk around,” says O’Loughlin. “Whereas with smart lighting controls, we can say, well actually we’re only going to bring them up 50 percent so they’re going to use half the energy. And we only need to bring on certain lights, only bring on 30 percent of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way: Lots of little changes add up to big savings. Quickly. With Verdigris installed, the factory was able to cut its monthly electricity bill by 20 percent, saving the company thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verdigris can also use artificial intelligence to automatically phase out inefficient appliances, dial them down when nobody is in the building, or even predict when one is about to go kaput.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal at Jabil’s Scottish factory: eventually cut energy use by 80 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Stopping Companies From Monitoring Energy Use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a growing number of companies like Verdigris offering products that monitor how buildings use energy. So, here’s a question: Why isn’t every hotel, factory and hotel using this technology—like, yesterday?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s organizational, psychological and political,” says John Sterman with MIT’s \u003ca href=\"http://mitsloan.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sloan School of Management\u003c/a>. “It’s not economics and it’s not technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sterman stresses that investing in energy-efficient buildings is the cheapest, fastest way to cut our energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. But many businesses are reluctant to spend the money to fix what isn’t yet broken. Systems, like Verdigris, can identify problems like wasteful air conditioners, but then building owners have to pay big bucks to replace the appliances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to new technologies, Sterman says, many business administrators ask this question: Who else is doing this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And of course, at the beginning, not very many,” he says. “So people are not willing to experiment, or, as they see it, take a lot of risk until they are sure there are lots of other folks who have done it. And that creates a barrier, a tipping point you have to get over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopping back to Silicon Valley, I ask Mark Chung: Let’s say I own a 20,000 square-foot factory. Convince me to pay you a monthly fee to monitor my energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“20,000-square-foot factory, OK, I’m just doing a back of the envelope calculation,” Chung says. “It’s probably going to be roughly a few hundred bucks a month, but you’ll probably save easily 10 times that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s repeat that, spend a few hundred bucks a month to save a few thousand. For a hospital, those savings could translate into hundreds of thousands of dollars annually. For a company like Jabil, with more than 100 factories worldwide, savings could be in the tens of millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now translate those cost savings into energy savings across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Buildings consume about two-thirds of the world’s electricity,” says Chung, “and half of that is wasted. And that is probably about 15 to 20 percent of greenhouse carbon emissions today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verdigris is still a new enterprise, approaching its first 100 clients. Chung says when the business really takes off, he wants to give away his technology to homeowners for free.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Federal Government Won't OK California's New Science Test",
"headTitle": "Federal Government Won’t OK California’s New Science Test | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Before the Obama administration left office, California education officials had one final request: \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/04/67676/standardized-science-standoff-california-feds-at-o/\">give us a pass from federal testing laws so we can begin giving students a new statewide science exam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a top Obama administration official at the U.S. Department of Education formally rejected that request, ruling that California Department of Education leaders will be breaking federal law if they move forward with their current plans to administer the new tests this spring — plans state officials still have no intentions of changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will be up to the Trump administration to determine whether California should face consequences for ignoring the ruling — such as potentially losing its federal schools funding — setting up a scenario that could reveal much about the next Secretary of Education’s approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background: California is in its first full year using the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/08/01/63102/five-things-to-know-about-california-s-new-science/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>, and state officials want to administer a new, online exam that matches those standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s transition plan calls for students to take a shortened, pilot version of the new test this spring, and in 2017-18, to take a “field test” of the new assessment. Federal officials are concerned that plans leaves the state without meaningful science test score data until 2018-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Jan. 18 letter to the California Department of Education, an Obama administration official \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/3388042/US-Dept-of-Ed-Letter-Rejecting-Science-Test.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI5WMXH27O6KH3ALA&Expires=1484949034&Signature=DLhRlDykESpfcM9m9EmK89ZF7YE%3D\">wrote\u003c/a> the state “will not be able to determine whether student achievement in science is improving … or be able to maintain or enhance the level of transparency in reporting to parents and the public on student achievement in science” for the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama official’s ruling means California would have to give students its old science tests in order to comply with federal laws. But state officials and the California Science Teachers Association have pointed out the old exams are based on an old standards, written in 1998, that no longer guide what California schools teach in science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were disappointed — but not surprised — by the denial of our waiver request,” wrote Peter Tira, a spokesman for the California Department of Education, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will continue to move forward,” his statement continued, “in the best interests of the students of California, which includes piloting our online, computer-based science assessment in the spring based on Next Generation Science Standards. We have no intention of administering the old, paper-and-pencil science tests based on outdated science standards adopted in 1998.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first standoff between California and the feds over a standardized test. In 2014, when the state wanted students to take only portions of a new math and reading test, U.S. Department of Education officials threatened to withhold \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/blogs/education/2014/03/07/16032/federal-officials-end-stand-off-green-light-califo/\">as much as $3 billion in federal funding\u003c/a>. Federal officials ultimately backed down and state officials moved ahead with their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Jan. 18 letter to the state includes no explicit threat to cut funding over the science exams. The Obama administration official writing it — Ann Whalen, a senior advisor to then-Secretary of Education John King — noted state officials offered to “report raw scores” from next year’s statewide field test, but since “these offers … are not formally before me as part of CDE’s waiver request,” she could not formally rule on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whalen’s letter does note federal officials would be “willing to review any new waiver request from a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That request would likely land on the desk of a Trump administration official. Whalen’s letter noted she was acting in the capacity of the Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education, a position for which President Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/?tid=ss_tw\">has not named a nominee\u003c/a>, according to \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> and Partnership for Public Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tira, in his statement, wrote California Department of Education officials “are going to review and explore all of our options at this point, which include working with the new administration on this issue.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before the Obama administration left office, California education officials had one final request: \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/01/04/67676/standardized-science-standoff-california-feds-at-o/\">give us a pass from federal testing laws so we can begin giving students a new statewide science exam\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a top Obama administration official at the U.S. Department of Education formally rejected that request, ruling that California Department of Education leaders will be breaking federal law if they move forward with their current plans to administer the new tests this spring — plans state officials still have no intentions of changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will be up to the Trump administration to determine whether California should face consequences for ignoring the ruling — such as potentially losing its federal schools funding — setting up a scenario that could reveal much about the next Secretary of Education’s approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background: California is in its first full year using the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/08/01/63102/five-things-to-know-about-california-s-new-science/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>, and state officials want to administer a new, online exam that matches those standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state’s transition plan calls for students to take a shortened, pilot version of the new test this spring, and in 2017-18, to take a “field test” of the new assessment. Federal officials are concerned that plans leaves the state without meaningful science test score data until 2018-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Jan. 18 letter to the California Department of Education, an Obama administration official \u003ca href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/3388042/US-Dept-of-Ed-Letter-Rejecting-Science-Test.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI5WMXH27O6KH3ALA&Expires=1484949034&Signature=DLhRlDykESpfcM9m9EmK89ZF7YE%3D\">wrote\u003c/a> the state “will not be able to determine whether student achievement in science is improving … or be able to maintain or enhance the level of transparency in reporting to parents and the public on student achievement in science” for the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama official’s ruling means California would have to give students its old science tests in order to comply with federal laws. But state officials and the California Science Teachers Association have pointed out the old exams are based on an old standards, written in 1998, that no longer guide what California schools teach in science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were disappointed — but not surprised — by the denial of our waiver request,” wrote Peter Tira, a spokesman for the California Department of Education, in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will continue to move forward,” his statement continued, “in the best interests of the students of California, which includes piloting our online, computer-based science assessment in the spring based on Next Generation Science Standards. We have no intention of administering the old, paper-and-pencil science tests based on outdated science standards adopted in 1998.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first standoff between California and the feds over a standardized test. In 2014, when the state wanted students to take only portions of a new math and reading test, U.S. Department of Education officials threatened to withhold \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/blogs/education/2014/03/07/16032/federal-officials-end-stand-off-green-light-califo/\">as much as $3 billion in federal funding\u003c/a>. Federal officials ultimately backed down and state officials moved ahead with their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Jan. 18 letter to the state includes no explicit threat to cut funding over the science exams. The Obama administration official writing it — Ann Whalen, a senior advisor to then-Secretary of Education John King — noted state officials offered to “report raw scores” from next year’s statewide field test, but since “these offers … are not formally before me as part of CDE’s waiver request,” she could not formally rule on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whalen’s letter does note federal officials would be “willing to review any new waiver request from a state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That request would likely land on the desk of a Trump administration official. Whalen’s letter noted she was acting in the capacity of the Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education, a position for which President Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/?tid=ss_tw\">has not named a nominee\u003c/a>, according to \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> and Partnership for Public Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tira, in his statement, wrote California Department of Education officials “are going to review and explore all of our options at this point, which include working with the new administration on this issue.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A historic ship from the World War I era was broken up by massive waves that have slammed the California coast during this weekend’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://bayareane.ws/2jNWmuH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Times reports\u003c/a> that strong waves on Saturday broke the S.S. Palo Alto’s stern from the rest of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/nbcbayarea/status/823593228247171073\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CBSSF/status/823312341135720448\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/FreelanceRoad/status/822614660776153088\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ship, also known as “The Cement Boat,” is docked at a pier in Seacliff State Beach, south of Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service meteorologist Steve Anderson said that swells in Monterey Bay reached about 34 feet on Saturday, setting a record over the previous swell height of 32 feet in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday there was a high surf advisory in effect through early Tuesday, with waves forecast at 15 to 19 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The S.S. Palo Alto was built in 1919 as an oil tanker by the San Francisco Shipbuilding Company, but it never went into wartime service. It was later bought by the Seacliff Amusement Corporation and towed to Seacliff State Beach, where it was refitted as an amusement ship with a casino and dance hall. It has been closed for decades and left in place as an artificial reef for marine life and a highly photographed landmark.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ship, also known as “The Cement Boat,” is docked at a pier in Seacliff State Beach, south of Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Weather Service meteorologist Steve Anderson said that swells in Monterey Bay reached about 34 feet on Saturday, setting a record over the previous swell height of 32 feet in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday there was a high surf advisory in effect through early Tuesday, with waves forecast at 15 to 19 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The S.S. Palo Alto was built in 1919 as an oil tanker by the San Francisco Shipbuilding Company, but it never went into wartime service. It was later bought by the Seacliff Amusement Corporation and towed to Seacliff State Beach, where it was refitted as an amusement ship with a casino and dance hall. It has been closed for decades and left in place as an artificial reef for marine life and a highly photographed landmark.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "White House Removes Climate Change Webpage After Trump's Inauguration",
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"content": "\u003cp>Well, that didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morning of President Trump’s inauguration, several \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/\">webpages outlining official policy and priorities on the White House website \u003c/a>were removed or replaced with new text. Those pages include information about LGBT rights, civil rights, law enforcement and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for an incoming administration to change material on the whitehouse.gov site. But it’s also a window into the new president’s priorities and how he might frame various solutions to the nation’s problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a javascript program run by KQED, the climate change page on the White House website kicked the bucket at 11:52 a.m. EST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1338617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1338617\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"Websites accessed at 12:40 p.m. PST, Jan. 20, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-768x584.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-240x182.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-375x285.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-520x395.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Websites accessed at 12:40 p.m. PST, Jan. 20, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Following the page’s removal, a new energy website appeared with the title “\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An America First Energy Plan\u003c/a>.” It outlines the administration’s goals to exploit oil and gas reserves and to revive the coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically — or not — the page change comes during the same week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a> reported that global warming contributed to 2016 being \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/18/global-warming-drives-record-heat-for-third-straight-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hottest year since modern record keeping began\u003c/a> in 1880. (The main contributor to global warming is the burning of fossil fuels.) Scientists have been fearful that the Trump administration would destroy climate change data, and have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505592206/scientists-race-to-preserve-climate-change-data-before-trump-takes-office\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archiving and saving historical climate records\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Twitter many reacted to removal of the White House climate change site. The Wall Street Journal’s energy policy reporter, Amy Harder, for instance eulogized:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AmyAHarder/status/822495092367884290\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find the old Obama administration\u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/\"> whitehouse.gov page here. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump administration website accessed at 12:40 p.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1338616\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-800x1106.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-01-20 at 12.42.15 PM\" width=\"800\" height=\"1106\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-800x1106.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-160x221.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-768x1062.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-240x332.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-375x518.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-520x719.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM.png 847w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obama administration website accessed at 12:40 p.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1338615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-800x1156.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-01-20 at 12.41.47 PM\" width=\"800\" height=\"1156\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-800x1156.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-160x231.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-768x1109.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-240x347.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-375x542.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-520x751.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM.png 846w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Well, that didn’t take long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morning of President Trump’s inauguration, several \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/\">webpages outlining official policy and priorities on the White House website \u003c/a>were removed or replaced with new text. Those pages include information about LGBT rights, civil rights, law enforcement and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for an incoming administration to change material on the whitehouse.gov site. But it’s also a window into the new president’s priorities and how he might frame various solutions to the nation’s problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a javascript program run by KQED, the climate change page on the White House website kicked the bucket at 11:52 a.m. EST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1338617\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1338617\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"Websites accessed at 12:40 p.m. PST, Jan. 20, 2017.\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-768x584.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-240x182.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-375x285.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/whitehousechange-520x395.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Websites accessed at 12:40 p.m. PST, Jan. 20, 2017.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Following the page’s removal, a new energy website appeared with the title “\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An America First Energy Plan\u003c/a>.” It outlines the administration’s goals to exploit oil and gas reserves and to revive the coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically — or not — the page change comes during the same week \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA\u003c/a> reported that global warming contributed to 2016 being \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/18/global-warming-drives-record-heat-for-third-straight-year/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hottest year since modern record keeping began\u003c/a> in 1880. (The main contributor to global warming is the burning of fossil fuels.) Scientists have been fearful that the Trump administration would destroy climate change data, and have begun \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/505592206/scientists-race-to-preserve-climate-change-data-before-trump-takes-office\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archiving and saving historical climate records\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Twitter many reacted to removal of the White House climate change site. The Wall Street Journal’s energy policy reporter, Amy Harder, for instance eulogized:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>You can find the old Obama administration\u003ca href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/\"> whitehouse.gov page here. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump administration website accessed at 12:40 p.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1338616\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-800x1106.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-01-20 at 12.42.15 PM\" width=\"800\" height=\"1106\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-800x1106.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-160x221.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-768x1062.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-240x332.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-375x518.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM-520x719.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.42.15-PM.png 847w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obama administration website accessed at 12:40 p.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1338615\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-800x1156.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-01-20 at 12.41.47 PM\" width=\"800\" height=\"1156\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-800x1156.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-160x231.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-768x1109.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-240x347.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-375x542.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM-520x751.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Screen-Shot-2017-01-20-at-12.41.47-PM.png 846w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA has given the green light for \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6713\">two new robotic space missions\u003c/a>, “Lucy” and “Psyche”, which will launch in the early 2020s. And though they are separate missions bound for different destinations, their common goal is to investigate the distant past when the infant solar system was a mere 10 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the big questions Lucy and Psyche may help answer include: what were conditions like when our \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\">solar system was in its infancy\u003c/a>? Where in the solar system did the planets originate? And how did the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/19175-how-was-earth-formed.html\">planets form\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These missions and their retrospective goals take advantage of the fact that there are objects still flying about the solar system that have remained mostly unchanged since the solar system formed. Items including comets and in the case of Lucy and Psyche’s destinations, asteroids, that are like celestial time capsules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet Spacecraft Lucy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lucy spacecraft is bound for a special group of asteroids clustered in Jupiter’s orbit, called “Trojans.” Between 2027 and 2033, Lucy will visit as many as six different Trojan asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1332991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1830px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1332991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the locations of the inner solar system planets, the Main Asteroid Belt, and Jupiter and the two groups of Trojan asteroids. The Lucy spacecraft will explore six asteroids in the Trojan group that leads Jupiter in its orbit (the L4 Lagrangian point).\" width=\"1830\" height=\"2035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt.jpg 1830w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-160x178.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-800x890.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-768x854.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-1020x1134.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-1180x1312.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-960x1068.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-240x267.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-375x417.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-520x578.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1830px) 100vw, 1830px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the locations of the inner solar system planets, the Main Asteroid Belt, and Jupiter and the two groups of Trojan asteroids. The Lucy spacecraft will explore six asteroids in the Trojan group that leads Jupiter in its orbit (the L4 Lagrangian point).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are two groups of \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trojan+Asteroids\">Trojan asteroids\u003c/a>, which accumulate at special locations that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. At these locations, called “Lagrangian points,” the gravitational pull of Jupiter and the sun are equal, and somewhat cancel out to create gravitationally stable “pockets” that asteroids get trapped in—kind of like how dust bunnies accumulate under couches protected from the air currents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dense concentration of asteroids in the Trojan groups not only offers a sort of “Mother Lode” of nuggets for Lucy to prospect in, but also a variety of materials that may have originated in widely different regions of the outer solar system, possibly far beyond Jupiter’s orbit. This is not unlike how a geologist might explore and collect samples from the downhill end of a river wash, where rocks and soils from different places high in the mountains may have accumulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lucy will be studying ancient, largely unaltered material that originated from Jupiter’s orbit and beyond, we will get a first-hand analysis of the substances from which the gas giant planets and their moons formed long ago. A better understanding of the nature of the material might even tell us something about the interiors of those planets today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucy was named after the famous 3.2-million-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story\">Australopithecus fossil skeleton\u003c/a> found in Ethiopia in 1974. Like those ancient bone fossils, the Trojan asteroids are a form of archaeological evidence that can help us reconstruct a picture of the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Psyche Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/YnYqmoBn-_4\">This spacecraft\u003c/a> will target a singular destination: a very unusual and mysterious asteroid named 16 Psyche. To be launched in 2023, Psyche will arrive at its destination in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1333106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1333106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche, the subject of exploration for NASA's Psyche spacecraft. \" width=\"960\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche, the subject of exploration for NASA’s Psyche spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Peter Rubin/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The asteroid 16 Psyche is three times farther from the sun than the Earth and measures about 130 miles across. What makes it so mysterious is that it isn’t a typical asteroid composed of rocky or icy materials. 16 Psyche appears to be made of solid metal—iron and nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that 16 Psyche is much more similar to Earth’s iron-nickel core than a common asteroid, which has led some scientists to speculate that it might actually be the core of a primordial planet whose lighter rocky mantle layers were stripped away long ago, perhaps by a series of violent collisions with other objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that the planets were formed around 5 billion years ago in a process of accretion, where smaller pieces of material came together to form larger chunks which in turn were the building blocks of bigger hunks. But they do not know how this “snowballing” process actually took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point in the process a young planet like Earth, hot from the bombardment of material that formed it, would have been largely molten. The heavier liquid materials like iron and other metals would have sunk to the center to form a dense metallic core, while lighter silicate materials floated upward to form the mantle and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with exploring this idea is that the interiors of today’s planets are buried deep, hidden from direct view, and we cannot see their core and mantle layers exactly as they are. We have achieved a fuzzy picture of what Earth’s inner layers may be like by tracking the motion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/25014-seismic-noise-earth-interior.html\">seismic waves that echo\u003c/a> and bounce around inside, but the picture lacks much detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if 16 Psyche is a naked iron planetary core as some suspect, then the Psyche mission will give us a window to peer directly to the core of what was once a planet—a planet maybe as large as Mars, judging by the dimensions of this iron asteroid. This would give us an unprecedented glimpse into how that planet initially formed during its molten phase long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Space Archaeology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the field of archaeology, processes like weathering and decomposition and tectonic activity tend to erase, consume, or bury evidence that could tell us something about the past. That’s why archaeologists seek out places where conditions are best for preserving that evidence, like ancient ice, fossil beds, bogs and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucy and Psyche’s expeditions will dig up clues from as far back as five billion years ago, when the solar system was less than 10 million years old. It’s a great time to be alive when we can send robots millions of miles into space to explore the solar system in the distant past!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has given the green light for \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6713\">two new robotic space missions\u003c/a>, “Lucy” and “Psyche”, which will launch in the early 2020s. And though they are separate missions bound for different destinations, their common goal is to investigate the distant past when the infant solar system was a mere 10 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the big questions Lucy and Psyche may help answer include: what were conditions like when our \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html\">solar system was in its infancy\u003c/a>? Where in the solar system did the planets originate? And how did the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/19175-how-was-earth-formed.html\">planets form\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These missions and their retrospective goals take advantage of the fact that there are objects still flying about the solar system that have remained mostly unchanged since the solar system formed. Items including comets and in the case of Lucy and Psyche’s destinations, asteroids, that are like celestial time capsules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet Spacecraft Lucy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lucy spacecraft is bound for a special group of asteroids clustered in Jupiter’s orbit, called “Trojans.” Between 2027 and 2033, Lucy will visit as many as six different Trojan asteroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1332991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1830px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1332991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the locations of the inner solar system planets, the Main Asteroid Belt, and Jupiter and the two groups of Trojan asteroids. The Lucy spacecraft will explore six asteroids in the Trojan group that leads Jupiter in its orbit (the L4 Lagrangian point).\" width=\"1830\" height=\"2035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt.jpg 1830w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-160x178.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-800x890.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-768x854.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-1020x1134.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-1180x1312.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-960x1068.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-240x267.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-375x417.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Asteroid_Belt-520x578.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1830px) 100vw, 1830px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the locations of the inner solar system planets, the Main Asteroid Belt, and Jupiter and the two groups of Trojan asteroids. The Lucy spacecraft will explore six asteroids in the Trojan group that leads Jupiter in its orbit (the L4 Lagrangian point).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are two groups of \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trojan+Asteroids\">Trojan asteroids\u003c/a>, which accumulate at special locations that lead and trail Jupiter in its orbit around the sun. At these locations, called “Lagrangian points,” the gravitational pull of Jupiter and the sun are equal, and somewhat cancel out to create gravitationally stable “pockets” that asteroids get trapped in—kind of like how dust bunnies accumulate under couches protected from the air currents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dense concentration of asteroids in the Trojan groups not only offers a sort of “Mother Lode” of nuggets for Lucy to prospect in, but also a variety of materials that may have originated in widely different regions of the outer solar system, possibly far beyond Jupiter’s orbit. This is not unlike how a geologist might explore and collect samples from the downhill end of a river wash, where rocks and soils from different places high in the mountains may have accumulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lucy will be studying ancient, largely unaltered material that originated from Jupiter’s orbit and beyond, we will get a first-hand analysis of the substances from which the gas giant planets and their moons formed long ago. A better understanding of the nature of the material might even tell us something about the interiors of those planets today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucy was named after the famous 3.2-million-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story\">Australopithecus fossil skeleton\u003c/a> found in Ethiopia in 1974. Like those ancient bone fossils, the Trojan asteroids are a form of archaeological evidence that can help us reconstruct a picture of the solar system’s past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Psyche Spacecraft\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/YnYqmoBn-_4\">This spacecraft\u003c/a> will target a singular destination: a very unusual and mysterious asteroid named 16 Psyche. To be launched in 2023, Psyche will arrive at its destination in 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1333106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1333106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche, the subject of exploration for NASA's Psyche spacecraft. \" width=\"960\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-768x594.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-240x186.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/psyche-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche, the subject of exploration for NASA’s Psyche spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Peter Rubin/ASU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The asteroid 16 Psyche is three times farther from the sun than the Earth and measures about 130 miles across. What makes it so mysterious is that it isn’t a typical asteroid composed of rocky or icy materials. 16 Psyche appears to be made of solid metal—iron and nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means that 16 Psyche is much more similar to Earth’s iron-nickel core than a common asteroid, which has led some scientists to speculate that it might actually be the core of a primordial planet whose lighter rocky mantle layers were stripped away long ago, perhaps by a series of violent collisions with other objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe that the planets were formed around 5 billion years ago in a process of accretion, where smaller pieces of material came together to form larger chunks which in turn were the building blocks of bigger hunks. But they do not know how this “snowballing” process actually took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point in the process a young planet like Earth, hot from the bombardment of material that formed it, would have been largely molten. The heavier liquid materials like iron and other metals would have sunk to the center to form a dense metallic core, while lighter silicate materials floated upward to form the mantle and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem with exploring this idea is that the interiors of today’s planets are buried deep, hidden from direct view, and we cannot see their core and mantle layers exactly as they are. We have achieved a fuzzy picture of what Earth’s inner layers may be like by tracking the motion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/25014-seismic-noise-earth-interior.html\">seismic waves that echo\u003c/a> and bounce around inside, but the picture lacks much detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if 16 Psyche is a naked iron planetary core as some suspect, then the Psyche mission will give us a window to peer directly to the core of what was once a planet—a planet maybe as large as Mars, judging by the dimensions of this iron asteroid. This would give us an unprecedented glimpse into how that planet initially formed during its molten phase long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Space Archaeology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the field of archaeology, processes like weathering and decomposition and tectonic activity tend to erase, consume, or bury evidence that could tell us something about the past. That’s why archaeologists seek out places where conditions are best for preserving that evidence, like ancient ice, fossil beds, bogs and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucy and Psyche’s expeditions will dig up clues from as far back as five billion years ago, when the solar system was less than 10 million years old. It’s a great time to be alive when we can send robots millions of miles into space to explore the solar system in the distant past!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A scientist in California has named a newly discovered moth species after President-elect Donald Trump, saying the white and yellow scales on the insect’s head are reminiscent of Trump’s blond hairdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moth was named \u003cem>Neopalpa donadltrumpi\u003c/em> by evolutionary biologist Vazrick Nazari, who discovered it while dissecting moths and noticing that three specimens had a distinct wing pattern and unique DNA profile, the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2k6ZyTk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The scientist chose the name, in part, to bring awareness to fragile habitats that may contain undiscovered species.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He chose the name, in part, to bring awareness to fragile habitats that may contain undiscovered species. The moths have been found in two Southern California counties, where urban growth is threatening its habitat, according to the research article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naming newly discovered species after famous people is nothing new. Nine species have been named in honor of President Barack Obama, including an ancient lizard and a coral reef fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has rules to ensure that the same scientific name is used for the same animal by all scientists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a new species is found, it is described in a particular way and published in a scientific paper, with a description and illustrations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A scientist in California has named a newly discovered moth species after President-elect Donald Trump, saying the white and yellow scales on the insect’s head are reminiscent of Trump’s blond hairdo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moth was named \u003cem>Neopalpa donadltrumpi\u003c/em> by evolutionary biologist Vazrick Nazari, who discovered it while dissecting moths and noticing that three specimens had a distinct wing pattern and unique DNA profile, the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2k6ZyTk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The scientist chose the name, in part, to bring awareness to fragile habitats that may contain undiscovered species.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He chose the name, in part, to bring awareness to fragile habitats that may contain undiscovered species. The moths have been found in two Southern California counties, where urban growth is threatening its habitat, according to the research article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naming newly discovered species after famous people is nothing new. Nine species have been named in honor of President Barack Obama, including an ancient lizard and a coral reef fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has rules to ensure that the same scientific name is used for the same animal by all scientists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Drought Retreats During Winter Rain Storms",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s drought continues to wane just as the Bay Area is about to receive five straight days of rain, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>’s weekly analysis, released on Thursday shows only 2 percent of the state remains in the most extreme category “exceptional drought,” down 43 percent from a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent heavy rains have resulted in significant improvements for much of California, most of it in the Northern half of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means it’s still a tale of two droughts. Everything north of Sacramento is drought-free, while the most severely impacted area of the state is in Merced County and further south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1335394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1335394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Walkways along Pier 14 at the San Francisco Embarcadero begin to flood during the high point of a king tide on January 11, 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Walkways along Pier 14 at the San Francisco Embarcadero begin to flood during the high point of a king tide on January 11, 2017. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with all the storms, California still has significant water challenges, including badly overdrawn groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California, a rainfall deficit from the past five dry years and reservoirs in some parts of the state, particularly Santa Barbara, that have not yet recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the state’s two largest reservoirs—Oroville and Shasta in Northern California—are \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79 percent and 80 percent\u003c/a> above their average levels for mid-January. In fact, they’re so full that they’re both \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dumping water\u003c/a> to create room in case it floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time last year, Shasta was only 33 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, the U.S. Drought Monitor could show even more impressive results after the upcoming weekend rain is factored in.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s drought continues to wane just as the Bay Area is about to receive five straight days of rain, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>’s weekly analysis, released on Thursday shows only 2 percent of the state remains in the most extreme category “exceptional drought,” down 43 percent from a year ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent heavy rains have resulted in significant improvements for much of California, most of it in the Northern half of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means it’s still a tale of two droughts. Everything north of Sacramento is drought-free, while the most severely impacted area of the state is in Merced County and further south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1335394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1335394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Walkways along Pier 14 at the San Francisco Embarcadero begin to flood during the high point of a king tide on January 11, 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/RS23562_170111_KingTide_bhs14-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Walkways along Pier 14 at the San Francisco Embarcadero begin to flood during the high point of a king tide on January 11, 2017. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with all the storms, California still has significant water challenges, including badly overdrawn groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley and Southern California, a rainfall deficit from the past five dry years and reservoirs in some parts of the state, particularly Santa Barbara, that have not yet recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the state’s two largest reservoirs—Oroville and Shasta in Northern California—are \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">79 percent and 80 percent\u003c/a> above their average levels for mid-January. In fact, they’re so full that they’re both \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/02/29/california-reservoirs-are-dumping-water-in-a-drought-but-science-could-change-that/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dumping water\u003c/a> to create room in case it floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time last year, Shasta was only 33 percent full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week, the U.S. Drought Monitor could show even more impressive results after the upcoming weekend rain is factored in.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Global Warming Drives Record Heat For Third Straight Year",
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"content": "\u003cp>For three years in a row now, our Earth has experienced record high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> announced that globally, 2016 was the hottest year since modern record keeping began in 1880. It follows 2015 and 2014, which were the previous highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The top five hottest years have all been in the 21st century.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 2016 average global temperature was 58.69 degrees—0.07 degrees above the 2015 global average. And the difference is even bigger when compared to the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During 2016, the average global temperature was \u003ca id=\"anch_36\" title=\"bar chart of the global temperature time series from 1880 through 2016\" href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/global-land-ocean-mntp-anom/201601-201612.png\">1.69°F above \u003c/a>the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several places also reported historic high temperatures. New Zealand, India and the Arctic all experienced record warm years in 2016. For the U.S., 2016 was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/2016-was-2nd-warmest-year-on-record-for-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second warmest year\u003c/a> on record. In California, 2016 was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/4/0/tavg/ytd/12/1900-2016?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1901&lastbaseyear=2000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third warmest on record\u003c/a> at 2.8°F above the mean of 57.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say no land areas were cooler than average during 2016. And the top five hottest years—2016, 2015, 2014, 2010 and 2005—all happened in the current century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the warming is due to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. Only about 10 percent, during 2016, was attributable to El Niño, according to the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, many nations have set a goal of keeping temperatures from rising 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, to stave off the worst effects of climate change including floods, droughts, storms, and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we get to 1.5, that’s really a question of how much carbon we keep emitting,” says Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.giss.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Institute for Space Studies\u003c/a>. “We’re closer than we’d like to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now we’re only .4 degrees away, \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-record-globally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. The Earth’s average global temperature has risen about 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for 2017—it’ll be another warm one. Schmidt says because of La Niña it’ll likely be cooler than 2016. But he predicts 2017 will still make the top five in terms of record-breaking global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For three years in a row now, our Earth has experienced record high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> announced that globally, 2016 was the hottest year since modern record keeping began in 1880. It follows 2015 and 2014, which were the previous highs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The top five hottest years have all been in the 21st century.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 2016 average global temperature was 58.69 degrees—0.07 degrees above the 2015 global average. And the difference is even bigger when compared to the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During 2016, the average global temperature was \u003ca id=\"anch_36\" title=\"bar chart of the global temperature time series from 1880 through 2016\" href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/global-land-ocean-mntp-anom/201601-201612.png\">1.69°F above \u003c/a>the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several places also reported historic high temperatures. New Zealand, India and the Arctic all experienced record warm years in 2016. For the U.S., 2016 was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/2016-was-2nd-warmest-year-on-record-for-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second warmest year\u003c/a> on record. In California, 2016 was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/4/0/tavg/ytd/12/1900-2016?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1901&lastbaseyear=2000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">third warmest on record\u003c/a> at 2.8°F above the mean of 57.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say no land areas were cooler than average during 2016. And the top five hottest years—2016, 2015, 2014, 2010 and 2005—all happened in the current century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the warming is due to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. Only about 10 percent, during 2016, was attributable to El Niño, according to the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, many nations have set a goal of keeping temperatures from rising 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, to stave off the worst effects of climate change including floods, droughts, storms, and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we get to 1.5, that’s really a question of how much carbon we keep emitting,” says Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.giss.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goddard Institute for Space Studies\u003c/a>. “We’re closer than we’d like to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now we’re only .4 degrees away, \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-record-globally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. The Earth’s average global temperature has risen about 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for 2017—it’ll be another warm one. Schmidt says because of La Niña it’ll likely be cooler than 2016. But he predicts 2017 will still make the top five in terms of record-breaking global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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