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"title": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish",
"headTitle": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On the heels of of the worst drought in California history, state officials are telling water users in the San Joaquin River basin to give up a major share of their water supplies—permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, in some ways, couldn’t be worse for farmers who struggled through the drought. On the other hand, the time is right for imperiled salmon that live in the river and its tributaries. This iconic species may not survive the next drought without more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fBbypJgmO04AhEpifVrr0OHDv3Wdi73W”]The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/a>announced in September that it plans to return the San Joaquin River to 40 percent of its “unimpaired flow.” This means the amount of water that would naturally flow through the river without existing dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, according to the water board, is to rebalance water demand on the state’s second-largest river. Policy and practice have long favored human water consumption over water quality and wildlife like Chinook salmon, a species in a steep decline for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board plans a similar process for the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is very hard to do,” said Les Grober, the water board’s deputy director for water rights. “We just have to be smarter about how water is used overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach the 40 percent goal on the San Joaquin River, hundreds of companies and individuals will have to give up a portion of their right to divert water from the river and three of its tributaries: the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced rivers. The biggest water users are farms and irrigation districts, who use the water to grow crops like almonds, cherries, peaches, apples and tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Joaquin River in January 2017 after persistent winter storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Major municipalities will also be affected, including San Francisco, which diverts water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has the legal authority to take back water rights when public trust resources, like Chinook salmon populations, are threatened. But it has rarely exercised that authority, partly because to do so requires long and painful deliberations that are likely to result in litigation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">board’s process\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is effectively a water-quality action: The board is proclaiming that streamflows aren’t sufficient to keep water temperatures cold enough for salmon survival.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In fact, the federal Clean Water Act requires the water board to review streamflows every three years to maintain healthy water quality. The state water board holds this responsibility under a custodial arrangement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1858487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Muddy water in the river after high flows in January 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the case of the San Joaquin River, the board is 20 years late reviewing streamflows: They have not been comprehensively updated since 1995. As part of the water quality plan it adopted that year, the water board also set a goal to double salmon populations, a target that has never been achieved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Supporters of flow increases note that the San Joaquin River today is routinely far below the 40 percent target – sometimes near zero. In many of its reaches, the river becomes a series of stagnant pools for weeks or months at a time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The board’s ability to revise water rights in order to rebalance the system and protect public interests is very powerful,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Significantly more water is going to be required to achieve the salmon doubling goal.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board acknowledges that the 40 percent goal is a compromise. Recent studies have shown salmon actually need 60 percent, including a 2013 \u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/final_rpt.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">flow criteria” report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by the board itself, and analysis that same year by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Grober said 40 percent acknowledges that river flows must continue serving multiple purposes in the 21st century. So it has called for a range of 30–50 percent of unimpaired flow, with 40 percent as an interim target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you were only considering protection of fish, you’d of course be at the upper end of that range,” Grober said. “The measure isn’t adopting an objective that provides absolute protection, but what is the number that reasonably protects fish and wildlife.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To those who have to give up water, however, the number isn’t reasonable at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It will have enormous economic consequences,” said Jake Wenger, general manager of Modesto Irrigation District. “During a dry year, we would essentially have no water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger’s district serves about 100,000 acres of farmland with water diverted from the Tuolumne River. It stores much of that water in Don Pedro Reservoir, which it owns jointly with Turlock Irrigation District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has received more than 20,000 comment letters from supporters and opponents of the flow increase measure. While many of these are form letters generated by interest groups, Grober said “thousands” are unique letters sent by individuals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board staff is in the process of reviewing all these comments, and will then prepare a revised proposal for the board to vote on by the end of this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts estimate the streamflow revisions could cost their region $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.6\u003c/span> billion in economic output. They launched a website, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://worthyourfight.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">WorthYourFight.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, to rally support for their cause.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger is critical of the state’s proposal, he said, because it requires the 40 percent unimpaired flow target to be met continuously between February and June of every year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means you’re putting a lot of water downstream when fish are not present,” he said. “Whereas the state’s plan is sort of a shotgun approach, we’re proposing a sniper approach.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger says his district is willing to give up some water for what he calls “functional flows.” This means releasing water for instream habitat when monitoring shows salmon are actually present in the river. This ensures the water will be there when fish need it for migrating and spawning, and won’t require farmers and others to give up so much water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission supports this approach, as well. The agency delivers water not just to San Franciscans, but also as a wholesaler to several other Bay Area cities. This water comes from Sierra snowmelt in the Tuolumne River that is stored in Hetch Hetchy and Don Pedro reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Steve Ritchie, the commission’s assistant general manager for water, said the hit to his agency could be even worse than the water board has estimated because of contract language between San Francisco and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation districts. The contract, which involves their partnership to operate Don Pedro Reservoir, may require San Francisco to absorb 52 percent of any required streamflow increases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Ritchie said San Francisco could be required to build 900,000 acre-feet of new water storage to make up for the proposed streamflow losses. To put that in perspective, 900,000 acre-feet is nearly triple the capacity of its existing Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It could also require the city to impose conservation measures “that we just wouldn’t be able to achieve,” Ritchie said. That’s because San Franciscans are already the state’s water conservation leaders. Their daily water consumption during the drought fell to just 41 gallons per person, the lowest in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“How low can you go when you are the lowest? It’s a real issue when you are already that efficient,” Ritchie said. “We would have to generate some new water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco says “functional flows” would ease the pain by ordering more water only when and where needed, not all the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know we have to give up some water,” Ritchie said. “But the state board proposal really doesn’t work for us.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Grober counters that the state’s proposal accomplishes something similar. By phrasing the flow increases as a percentage of unimpaired flow, it is naturally flexible. Water users would be required to give up a percentage that varies according to the season and according to the presence or absence of drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Obegi, the environmental attorney, notes that continuous flow increases over a period of months is important because more than salmon need that water. More flow boosts the food chain, helping to breed aquatic insects that salmon and other species depend on, and it sustains plants that create vital riparian shade in the scorching San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Rather than prescribing specific flows for all different times and places, it’s really providing a budget of water – an account of water that can be used to best provide the benefits to fish and wildlife,” Grober said. “We’re not locked into a set flow objective.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Adjusting water rights in the traditional manner requires the board to start a complicated adjudication process. This is similar to a court proceeding in which the board functions like a panel of judges, hearing testimony as water users summon witnesses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It is tedious and time consuming: Resolving all the water rights to increase streamflow could take years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In hopes of a faster result, Grober said the state is “vigorously” encouraging water users to offer settlements as an alternative to simply taking back water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A settlement would make streamflow improvements happen much faster. Water users would voluntarily enter into a binding agreement to give up some lesser amount of water in addition to making other habitat improvements, such as controlling invasive species and restoring streambed spawning gravels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To push the process along, the state brought in a high-powered mediator: Bruce Babbitt, the former \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Interior Department secretary under President Clinton. Babbitt has been holding a series of closed-door meetings among the parties in hopes of reaching settlements between water users, environmental groups and state officials.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Participants were required to sign a confidentiality agreement, so little information is available about how the talks are proceeding. But word is that the parties remain far apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some environmental groups, for example, view the state’s 40 percent unimpaired flow target as a starting point, and they want to see an even higher number in any negotiated settlement. Water users, of course, want less than 40 percent – a lot less, in some cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If they can’t reach a settlement, the water board is expected to adopt a new flow requirement by the end of this year. Then it would move into an adjudication process to actually begin amending water rights to make the flow increases happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is likely to bring separate lawsuits from water users, which would further delay any streamflow improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Essentially, you have this piano hanging over your head with someone waiting to cut the string,” said Wenger. “We have a lot of hope that we can move these settlement talks along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/07/17/battle-looms-as-california-moves-to-dedicate-more-water-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about water in California, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state plans to boost streamflows in the troubled San Joaquin River by amending hundreds of water rights. It hopes settlement deals will avoid a showdown, but will they produce enough water to help imperiled salmon?",
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"description": "The state plans to boost streamflows in the troubled San Joaquin River by amending hundreds of water rights. It hopes settlement deals will avoid a showdown, but will they produce enough water to help imperiled salmon?",
"title": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish | KQED",
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"headline": "Water Wars Loom As State Plans to Boost Streamflow for Imperiled Fish",
"datePublished": "2017-07-18T12:56:40-07:00",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/contributor/matt-weiser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Weiser\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Water Deeply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the heels of of the worst drought in California history, state officials are telling water users in the San Joaquin River basin to give up a major share of their water supplies—permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, in some ways, couldn’t be worse for farmers who struggled through the drought. On the other hand, the time is right for imperiled salmon that live in the river and its tributaries. This iconic species may not survive the next drought without more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State Water Resources Control Board \u003c/a>announced in September that it plans to return the San Joaquin River to 40 percent of its “unimpaired flow.” This means the amount of water that would naturally flow through the river without existing dams and diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal, according to the water board, is to rebalance water demand on the state’s second-largest river. Policy and practice have long favored human water consumption over water quality and wildlife like Chinook salmon, a species in a steep decline for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board plans a similar process for the Sacramento River, the state’s largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is very hard to do,” said Les Grober, the water board’s deputy director for water rights. “We just have to be smarter about how water is used overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach the 40 percent goal on the San Joaquin River, hundreds of companies and individuals will have to give up a portion of their right to divert water from the river and three of its tributaries: the Tuolumne, Stanislaus and Merced rivers. The biggest water users are farms and irrigation districts, who use the water to grow crops like almonds, cherries, peaches, apples and tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858489\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858489\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6493-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Joaquin River in January 2017 after persistent winter storms. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Major municipalities will also be affected, including San Francisco, which diverts water from the Tuolumne River.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has the legal authority to take back water rights when public trust resources, like Chinook salmon populations, are threatened. But it has rarely exercised that authority, partly because to do so requires long and painful deliberations that are likely to result in litigation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">board’s process\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is effectively a water-quality action: The board is proclaiming that streamflows aren’t sufficient to keep water temperatures cold enough for salmon survival.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In fact, the federal Clean Water Act requires the water board to review streamflows every three years to maintain healthy water quality. The state water board holds this responsibility under a custodial arrangement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1858487\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_6498.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Muddy water in the river after high flows in January 2017. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In the case of the San Joaquin River, the board is 20 years late reviewing streamflows: They have not been comprehensively updated since 1995. As part of the water quality plan it adopted that year, the water board also set a goal to double salmon populations, a target that has never been achieved.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Supporters of flow increases note that the San Joaquin River today is routinely far below the 40 percent target – sometimes near zero. In many of its reaches, the river becomes a series of stagnant pools for weeks or months at a time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“The board’s ability to revise water rights in order to rebalance the system and protect public interests is very powerful,” said Doug Obegi, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “Significantly more water is going to be required to achieve the salmon doubling goal.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board acknowledges that the 40 percent goal is a compromise. Recent studies have shown salmon actually need 60 percent, including a 2013 \u003cspan class=\"s2\">“\u003c/span>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/final_rpt.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">flow criteria” report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by the board itself, and analysis that same year by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But Grober said 40 percent acknowledges that river flows must continue serving multiple purposes in the 21st century. So it has called for a range of 30–50 percent of unimpaired flow, with 40 percent as an interim target.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“If you were only considering protection of fish, you’d of course be at the upper end of that range,” Grober said. “The measure isn’t adopting an objective that provides absolute protection, but what is the number that reasonably protects fish and wildlife.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To those who have to give up water, however, the number isn’t reasonable at all.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It will have enormous economic consequences,” said Jake Wenger, general manager of Modesto Irrigation District. “During a dry year, we would essentially have no water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger’s district serves about 100,000 acres of farmland with water diverted from the Tuolumne River. It stores much of that water in Don Pedro Reservoir, which it owns jointly with Turlock Irrigation District and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board has received more than 20,000 comment letters from supporters and opponents of the flow increase measure. While many of these are form letters generated by interest groups, Grober said “thousands” are unique letters sent by individuals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The water board staff is in the process of reviewing all these comments, and will then prepare a revised proposal for the board to vote on by the end of this year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts estimate the streamflow revisions could cost their region $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.6\u003c/span> billion in economic output. They launched a website, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://worthyourfight.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">WorthYourFight.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, to rally support for their cause.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger is critical of the state’s proposal, he said, because it requires the 40 percent unimpaired flow target to be met continuously between February and June of every year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“That means you’re putting a lot of water downstream when fish are not present,” he said. “Whereas the state’s plan is sort of a shotgun approach, we’re proposing a sniper approach.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Wenger says his district is willing to give up some water for what he calls “functional flows.” This means releasing water for instream habitat when monitoring shows salmon are actually present in the river. This ensures the water will be there when fish need it for migrating and spawning, and won’t require farmers and others to give up so much water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission supports this approach, as well. The agency delivers water not just to San Franciscans, but also as a wholesaler to several other Bay Area cities. This water comes from Sierra snowmelt in the Tuolumne River that is stored in Hetch Hetchy and Don Pedro reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Steve Ritchie, the commission’s assistant general manager for water, said the hit to his agency could be even worse than the water board has estimated because of contract language between San Francisco and the Turlock and Modesto Irrigation districts. The contract, which involves their partnership to operate Don Pedro Reservoir, may require San Francisco to absorb 52 percent of any required streamflow increases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As a result, Ritchie said San Francisco could be required to build 900,000 acre-feet of new water storage to make up for the proposed streamflow losses. To put that in perspective, 900,000 acre-feet is nearly triple the capacity of its existing Hetch Hetchy Reservoir.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It could also require the city to impose conservation measures “that we just wouldn’t be able to achieve,” Ritchie said. That’s because San Franciscans are already the state’s water conservation leaders. Their daily water consumption during the drought fell to just 41 gallons per person, the lowest in the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“How low can you go when you are the lowest? It’s a real issue when you are already that efficient,” Ritchie said. “We would have to generate some new water.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">San Francisco says “functional flows” would ease the pain by ordering more water only when and where needed, not all the time.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We know we have to give up some water,” Ritchie said. “But the state board proposal really doesn’t work for us.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Grober counters that the state’s proposal accomplishes something similar. By phrasing the flow increases as a percentage of unimpaired flow, it is naturally flexible. Water users would be required to give up a percentage that varies according to the season and according to the presence or absence of drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Obegi, the environmental attorney, notes that continuous flow increases over a period of months is important because more than salmon need that water. More flow boosts the food chain, helping to breed aquatic insects that salmon and other species depend on, and it sustains plants that create vital riparian shade in the scorching San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Rather than prescribing specific flows for all different times and places, it’s really providing a budget of water – an account of water that can be used to best provide the benefits to fish and wildlife,” Grober said. “We’re not locked into a set flow objective.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Adjusting water rights in the traditional manner requires the board to start a complicated adjudication process. This is similar to a court proceeding in which the board functions like a panel of judges, hearing testimony as water users summon witnesses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It is tedious and time consuming: Resolving all the water rights to increase streamflow could take years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In hopes of a faster result, Grober said the state is “vigorously” encouraging water users to offer settlements as an alternative to simply taking back water rights.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">A settlement would make streamflow improvements happen much faster. Water users would voluntarily enter into a binding agreement to give up some lesser amount of water in addition to making other habitat improvements, such as controlling invasive species and restoring streambed spawning gravels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">To push the process along, the state brought in a high-powered mediator: Bruce Babbitt, the former \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Interior Department secretary under President Clinton. Babbitt has been holding a series of closed-door meetings among the parties in hopes of reaching settlements between water users, environmental groups and state officials.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Participants were required to sign a confidentiality agreement, so little information is available about how the talks are proceeding. But word is that the parties remain far apart.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Some environmental groups, for example, view the state’s 40 percent unimpaired flow target as a starting point, and they want to see an even higher number in any negotiated settlement. Water users, of course, want less than 40 percent – a lot less, in some cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">If they can’t reach a settlement, the water board is expected to adopt a new flow requirement by the end of this year. Then it would move into an adjudication process to actually begin amending water rights to make the flow increases happen.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is likely to bring separate lawsuits from water users, which would further delay any streamflow improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Essentially, you have this piano hanging over your head with someone waiting to cut the string,” said Wenger. “We have a lot of hope that we can move these settlement talks along.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/07/17/battle-looms-as-california-moves-to-dedicate-more-water-to-fish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about water in California, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies",
"headTitle": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After a noted emergency responder died in rescuing an endangered right whale, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says it’s suspending efforts to free whales that are similarly trapped by fishing lines and gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the suspension comes as the whale rescue community mourns Joe Howlett, a Canadian who died during a rescue operation July 10. Howlett, a former fisherman and boat captain, had founded a whale rescue team and was based in Campobello Island, just across the border from Lubec, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett died after freeing a right whale in Canada’s Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the time, he was aboard a fast response vessel and had just cut the whale loose—an operation that often involves using long poles with blades on the end to sever crab floats and fishing lines that have become wrapped around the large mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His colleagues reported that he was struck by the animal as it sped away,” \u003ca href=\"http://mainepublic.org/post/us-suspends-efforts-free-tangled-whales-after-death-lobsterman-canada\">Maine Public Radio reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcHY3-3qkTw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Boat captain Joe Howlett died July 10 after freeing a right whale that was tangled in fishing gear in Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence.",
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"description": "Boat captain Joe Howlett died July 10 after freeing a right whale that was tangled in fishing gear in Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence.",
"title": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies | KQED",
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"headline": "NOAA Halts Whale Disentanglement Efforts After Rescuer Dies",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After a noted emergency responder died in rescuing an endangered right whale, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says it’s suspending efforts to free whales that are similarly trapped by fishing lines and gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of the suspension comes as the whale rescue community mourns Joe Howlett, a Canadian who died during a rescue operation July 10. Howlett, a former fisherman and boat captain, had founded a whale rescue team and was based in Campobello Island, just across the border from Lubec, Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett died after freeing a right whale in Canada’s Gulf of St. Lawrence. At the time, he was aboard a fast response vessel and had just cut the whale loose—an operation that often involves using long poles with blades on the end to sever crab floats and fishing lines that have become wrapped around the large mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His colleagues reported that he was struck by the animal as it sped away,” \u003ca href=\"http://mainepublic.org/post/us-suspends-efforts-free-tangled-whales-after-death-lobsterman-canada\">Maine Public Radio reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QcHY3-3qkTw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QcHY3-3qkTw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howlett was considered an expert in his field. His death is believed to be the first ever in the community that seeks to disentangle North Atlantic right whales, which migrate between Canada and the southeastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His death is a devastating tragedy, and those that knew him are in a state of shock. His loss will be felt in many ways,” says a statement from the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life at the New England Aquarium, which tracks and rescues right whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While offering condolences to Howlett’s family and community, NOAA Fisheries’ public affairs officer Kate Brogan says the agency “is suspending all large whale entanglement response activities nationally until further notice,” to allow NOAA to review its emergency response protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1854803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1854803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Rightwhale-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of how North Atlantic right whales get entangled in fishing gear. The gear hinders whales’ ability to eat and migrate, depletes their energy as they drag gear for months or years, and can result in a slow death. \u003ccite>(Illustration by Graphic Services, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brogan adds, “NOAA Fisheries and partners will continue to provide all other stranding response services to marine mammals in distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As A.J. Higgins of Maine Public Radio reports for our Newscast unit from Bangor, “Whale rescuers and researchers at Allied Whale in Bar Harbor say they hope that NOAA will at least consider some whale rescue efforts on a case-by-case basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans said it’s immediately closing part of the snow crab fishing area where whales have been spotted. It also asked fishermen and commercial sailors to reduce speeds and share any whale sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NOAA+Halts+Whale+Disentanglement+Efforts+After+Rescuer+Dies&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Charge-as-You-Go Electric Cars: Sounds Great, But Do We Really Need Them?",
"headTitle": "Charge-as-You-Go Electric Cars: Sounds Great, But Do We Really Need Them? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Drivers of electric cars are quick to tell you how much they love never having to stop at a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still have to stop and plug in. What if you could completely cut loose electric cars to roam this great land, recharging their batteries on the fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a dream of automotive engineers for years, and scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> say it just took a leap forward in one of their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electrical engineer \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/fan/\">Shanhui Fan\u003c/a> and graduate student Sid Assawaworrarit say they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/press/view/14763\">broken through\u003c/a> a major technical barrier on the road to what engineers call “dynamic charging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamic Charging Gets a Boost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally speaking,” says Fan, with his gift for understatement, “I think what we have done here is really to show that you could charge a moving object efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1843093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg\" alt=\"Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan (right) examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wireless charging of stationary objects is already becoming ho-hum, finding uses from cell phones to shuttle buses. Ford recently rolled out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/750221/Ford-wireless-charging-electric-cars-CES-2017\">wireless system\u003c/a> that EV owners can install in their own garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging moving objects is a lot trickier. Previous work in the United Kingdom and South Korea has used magnetic induction systems, in which a charged coil creates a magnetic field that jiggles electrons in a nearby companion coil, causing it to create its own electric current. It’s what happens when you set your electric toothbrush onto the charging base. But the technology only works over very short distances and breaks down quickly as the two coils move apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nkOgiTxfEs&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By adding some off-the-shelf components, Fan and Assawaworrarit have found a way to amplify the voltage and current and keep the two coils humming, even as one of them moves through the field. Their magnetic resonance approach has been called “ingenious,” and while they’ve so far demonstrated it only at very low power—enough to keep two LEDs lit for a few feet—Fan suggests that a scaled-up version could be the answer to charge-as-you-go electric driving. Their work was published in June, in the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Always a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: it’s not just the cars that would need the necessary hardware. Arrays of charging pads would have to be embedded in roadways to create charging lanes. As dynamic charging cars passed over the pads, they would pick up the magnetic field and charge on the fly. The pads would have to be close enough together to create a continuous field for cars to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1843403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/a>“The technology is not going to be as efficient as just plugging in your car,” says \u003ca href=\"https://itspubs.ucdavis.edu/index.php/about/single/?person=tal-gil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gil Tal\u003c/a>, who directs research at the \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute of Transportation Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, cars are parked a lot more than they’re moving—on average 23 hours a day. And much of that time is overnight, the ideal time to plug in while there’s slack demand for electricity and thus, less pressure on the electric grid. Roadway pads would presumably be charged 24-7 off the grid or by nearby solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You will have losses,” says Tal. Even with the best of technology, you’ll lose quite a bit of energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EV age got a significant boost lately by a string of announcements from major players. With great fanfare, Tesla delivered its first car designed for the mass market, the Model 3. Volvo stunned many observers with its plan to build only EVs or hybrids within a couple of model years, and France says it plans to ban internal combustion engines all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with this momentum, automakers are racing to relieve the “range anxiety” (concern over how far EVs can go on a single charge) that has suppressed EV sales with advances in battery technology and rapid re-charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I have a car that has 300 miles of range and I only have to pull over every 4-5 hours for 15 minutes, do I really need dynamic wireless charging?” asks Mark Duvall, who heads technology utilization at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duvall says range anxiety is well on its way to being quelled without dynamic charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of infrastructure can facilitate essentially continuous travel by electric vehicles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Bucks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamic charging would be hugely expensive to implement. Two years ago, the British government earmarked $800 million just for \u003ca href=\"http://www.altenergymag.com/article/2016/02/the-dynamic-road-ahead-england-to-conduct-trials-of-dynamic-wireless-charging-for-electric-cars/22820/\">early testing of dynamic charging\u003c/a>, before even taking it on the road. Laying down a single lane of freeway in California can run about $1 million per mile, with no frills like charging grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highways are expensive enough as they are,” says Duvall, “which is why many of them are not in the condition that we would like them to be in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither Duvall nor Tal are dismissing the potential of dynamic wireless charging in general. Both agree with Fan that the potential uses abound, including many that no one has yet thought of. Wearable and embedded medical devices could be recharged as patients go about their daily activities—or it could just turn that line at Starbucks into productive time for your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see many reasons why you would want to improve technology around wireless power transfer, even if you never used it for vehicles,” says Duvall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drivers of electric cars are quick to tell you how much they love never having to stop at a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they still have to stop and plug in. What if you could completely cut loose electric cars to roam this great land, recharging their batteries on the fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been a dream of automotive engineers for years, and scientists at \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> say it just took a leap forward in one of their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electrical engineer \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/fan/\">Shanhui Fan\u003c/a> and graduate student Sid Assawaworrarit say they’ve \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/press/view/14763\">broken through\u003c/a> a major technical barrier on the road to what engineers call “dynamic charging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamic Charging Gets a Boost\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally speaking,” says Fan, with his gift for understatement, “I think what we have done here is really to show that you could charge a moving object efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1843093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg\" alt=\"Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/IMG_7584-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electrical engineers Sid Assawaworrarit (left) and Shanhui Fan (right) examine their demonstration apparatus for dynamic charging in their lab at Stanford. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wireless charging of stationary objects is already becoming ho-hum, finding uses from cell phones to shuttle buses. Ford recently rolled out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/cars/750221/Ford-wireless-charging-electric-cars-CES-2017\">wireless system\u003c/a> that EV owners can install in their own garages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charging moving objects is a lot trickier. Previous work in the United Kingdom and South Korea has used magnetic induction systems, in which a charged coil creates a magnetic field that jiggles electrons in a nearby companion coil, causing it to create its own electric current. It’s what happens when you set your electric toothbrush onto the charging base. But the technology only works over very short distances and breaks down quickly as the two coils move apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7nkOgiTxfEs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7nkOgiTxfEs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By adding some off-the-shelf components, Fan and Assawaworrarit have found a way to amplify the voltage and current and keep the two coils humming, even as one of them moves through the field. Their magnetic resonance approach has been called “ingenious,” and while they’ve so far demonstrated it only at very low power—enough to keep two LEDs lit for a few feet—Fan suggests that a scaled-up version could be the answer to charge-as-you-go electric driving. Their work was published in June, in the journal Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Always a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: it’s not just the cars that would need the necessary hardware. Arrays of charging pads would have to be embedded in roadways to create charging lanes. As dynamic charging cars passed over the pads, they would pick up the magnetic field and charge on the fly. The pads would have to be close enough together to create a continuous field for cars to pass through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1843403\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Charging_V03-520x925.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/a>“The technology is not going to be as efficient as just plugging in your car,” says \u003ca href=\"https://itspubs.ucdavis.edu/index.php/about/single/?person=tal-gil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gil Tal\u003c/a>, who directs research at the \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institute of Transportation Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, cars are parked a lot more than they’re moving—on average 23 hours a day. And much of that time is overnight, the ideal time to plug in while there’s slack demand for electricity and thus, less pressure on the electric grid. Roadway pads would presumably be charged 24-7 off the grid or by nearby solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You will have losses,” says Tal. Even with the best of technology, you’ll lose quite a bit of energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EV age got a significant boost lately by a string of announcements from major players. With great fanfare, Tesla delivered its first car designed for the mass market, the Model 3. Volvo stunned many observers with its plan to build only EVs or hybrids within a couple of model years, and France says it plans to ban internal combustion engines all together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with this momentum, automakers are racing to relieve the “range anxiety” (concern over how far EVs can go on a single charge) that has suppressed EV sales with advances in battery technology and rapid re-charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I have a car that has 300 miles of range and I only have to pull over every 4-5 hours for 15 minutes, do I really need dynamic wireless charging?” asks Mark Duvall, who heads technology utilization at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epri.com/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duvall says range anxiety is well on its way to being quelled without dynamic charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of infrastructure can facilitate essentially continuous travel by electric vehicles,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Bucks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dynamic charging would be hugely expensive to implement. Two years ago, the British government earmarked $800 million just for \u003ca href=\"http://www.altenergymag.com/article/2016/02/the-dynamic-road-ahead-england-to-conduct-trials-of-dynamic-wireless-charging-for-electric-cars/22820/\">early testing of dynamic charging\u003c/a>, before even taking it on the road. Laying down a single lane of freeway in California can run about $1 million per mile, with no frills like charging grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Highways are expensive enough as they are,” says Duvall, “which is why many of them are not in the condition that we would like them to be in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But neither Duvall nor Tal are dismissing the potential of dynamic wireless charging in general. Both agree with Fan that the potential uses abound, including many that no one has yet thought of. Wearable and embedded medical devices could be recharged as patients go about their daily activities—or it could just turn that line at Starbucks into productive time for your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can see many reasons why you would want to improve technology around wireless power transfer, even if you never used it for vehicles,” says Duvall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here are Juno’s First Closeup Photos of the Great Red Spot",
"headTitle": "Here are Juno’s First Closeup Photos of the Great Red Spot | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft got its first up-close-and-personal view with Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, and the space agency has released photos from the flyby, offering a rare glimpse of the planet’s giant storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images add to the wonder of this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/juno-spacecraft-to-fly-over-jupiters-great-red-spot/\">10,000-mile-wide storm\u003c/a>, at which star gazers have marveled for more than a century. Monday’s flyby marked only the seventh time that Juno has made a close sweep—known as a perijove pass—of Jupiter since the spacecraft began orbiting the solar system’s biggest planet last summer. This perijove pass brought the spacecraft about 5,600 miles above the Great Red Spot’s churning clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During these close-ups, the spacecraft’s color camera—called JunoCam—snaps pictures, while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seven scientific instruments\u003c/a> gather as much insight as possible about the gas giant’s magnetic fields and atmospheric composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the new photos were processed into gorgeous art-like images by members of the public (NASA encourages citizen scientists to play with the raw photos from JunoCam) but Glenn Orton—a senior research scientist at JPL-Cal Tech—told NewsHour the images also reveal many tantalizing details about the what’s happening in this giant storm. Here’s what he sees in three of the photos. (\u003cem>Editor’s note: These descriptions were edited for brevity and clarity\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calm in the Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colors in this photo are enhanced, so they look richer. But in truth, Jupiter is more pastel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-160x371.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-768x1780.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1020x2364.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1180x2735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-960x2225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-240x556.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-375x869.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-520x1205.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a deep red here—the core of the red spot. We don’t have all the details yet from Juno, but based on Earth-based observations, we suspect those are much higher clouds. Whatever chemistry is taking place in these clouds makes things turn red, due to UV radiation. We think it’s happening there because the clouds are higher in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounding the core, there’s a lot of mottled structures. There are swirls, typically associated with a counterclockwise motion. We know from past observations the wind currents at the center of the Great Red Spot are quite still. Everything around it increases in angular velocity, until you reach a maximum velocity at the edge of the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=1620\">If you download the image\u003c/a> and blow it up, in the upper right—the 1 o’clock position—there’s a whole bunch of brighter regions and a couple of streaks. Those look like white puffy clouds. I can’t call them thunderstorms, because thunder implies lightning, which we haven’t seen in the red spot, but they’re likely local upwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, look closely at the 12 o’clock position, right where the red starts to fade to white. There’s a very narrow set of vertical lines: |||||||||||. Those are gravity waves. [Gravity waves happen when a fluid or gas gets disturbed, and gravity pulls it back into a flat, balanced state. Examples include surf at a beach or wavy looking clouds on Earth or \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hang-10-venus-huge-wave-spotted-planets-cloudy-atmosphere/\">Venus\u003c/a>].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This set of gravity waves are right along a region where we expect the speed of air rotation is slowing down rapidly. Wind speeds at the center are essentially zero, they build to 290 to 335 miles per hour as you move toward the edge, and then drop to 223 miles per hour at the very edge. Each of those gravity waves is likely tens of kilometers long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas in the photo that look black aren’t really black. They’re just slightly less red than everything else. The regions that look darkest are likely deeper clouds in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the white region that’s south of the red spot, at the bottom of the image, you can see similar mottles of upwellings—tiny bright clouds, where you are beginning to see hints of shadows. We call that the South White Belt region. Those are high clouds, though they are not as high as the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows yet how deep the clouds in the red spot are, but we’re hopefully getting an answer soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stovepipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo is inverted, so the Great Red Spot is toward the bottom of the strip. The red levels are also adjusted, so the spot appears blue. The blue-white curls is a flow of gases exiting the Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/O.Sli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The processing is doing some artsy work in this one. But it’s interesting because what looks like a stovepipe feature — the curly cue going toward the upper right — is actually the flow of gas going out of the red spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s microwave radiometer should be able to look deep into the atmosphere, where we expect to see an enhancement in ammonia levels over the Great Red Spot. We’re hoping to answer the question of how deep the ammonia is, which could be an indication of how deep the general wind circulation of Jupiter goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are competing theories about the winds of Jupiter. Some say all the action happens toward the outside of the planet, the outer few kilometers or so. Others argue the winds actually go really deep, and create columns from one latitude in the north to the same latitude in the south, like big cylinders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwave radiometer measurements from the previous flybys have had mixed answers to that question so far. At the equator and just north of the equator, the turbulence goes immensely deep. There’s this huge plume, with a very concentrated ammonia level, coming from very deep in the atmosphere. But at higher latitudes toward the north and south poles, this turbulence doesn’t go as deep. What we see at the Great Red Spot will tell us what camp the mid-latitudes fall into and that’s really interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Anti-Cyclone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-960x631.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-cyclone called NN-LRS-1 (upper left) swirls in the northern reaches of Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/SwRI/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This photo isn’t taken from the Great Red Spot. It’s much higher in latitude in the north. But in the upper left, you can see a small anti-cyclone that has been changing colors recently. It’s typically white, but it’s been turning pink, then red and then back again. We’re trying to track this color change with readings in other wavelengths to determine how high things are in the atmosphere and whether these shifts are due to elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the right, there’s another cyclone or anti-cyclone. Here, there are darker circles, with relatively light stuff on the outside. We don’t know what that is. On the far right, you can see really turbulent and chaotic stuff. It’s an upwelling that’s been going on for sometime in the north. These types of turbulence happen from time to time, and we’re not quite sure why.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft got its first up-close-and-personal view with Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, and the space agency has released photos from the flyby, offering a rare glimpse of the planet’s giant storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images add to the wonder of this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/juno-spacecraft-to-fly-over-jupiters-great-red-spot/\">10,000-mile-wide storm\u003c/a>, at which star gazers have marveled for more than a century. Monday’s flyby marked only the seventh time that Juno has made a close sweep—known as a perijove pass—of Jupiter since the spacecraft began orbiting the solar system’s biggest planet last summer. This perijove pass brought the spacecraft about 5,600 miles above the Great Red Spot’s churning clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During these close-ups, the spacecraft’s color camera—called JunoCam—snaps pictures, while its \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/spacecraft/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seven scientific instruments\u003c/a> gather as much insight as possible about the gas giant’s magnetic fields and atmospheric composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the new photos were processed into gorgeous art-like images by members of the public (NASA encourages citizen scientists to play with the raw photos from JunoCam) but Glenn Orton—a senior research scientist at JPL-Cal Tech—told NewsHour the images also reveal many tantalizing details about the what’s happening in this giant storm. Here’s what he sees in three of the photos. (\u003cem>Editor’s note: These descriptions were edited for brevity and clarity\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calm in the Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The colors in this photo are enhanced, so they look richer. But in truth, Jupiter is more pastel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843620\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-800x1854.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-160x371.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-768x1780.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1020x2364.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-1180x2735.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-960x2225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-240x556.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-375x869.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1-520x1205.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Juno1.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a deep red here—the core of the red spot. We don’t have all the details yet from Juno, but based on Earth-based observations, we suspect those are much higher clouds. Whatever chemistry is taking place in these clouds makes things turn red, due to UV radiation. We think it’s happening there because the clouds are higher in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surrounding the core, there’s a lot of mottled structures. There are swirls, typically associated with a counterclockwise motion. We know from past observations the wind currents at the center of the Great Red Spot are quite still. Everything around it increases in angular velocity, until you reach a maximum velocity at the edge of the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam/processing?id=1620\">If you download the image\u003c/a> and blow it up, in the upper right—the 1 o’clock position—there’s a whole bunch of brighter regions and a couple of streaks. Those look like white puffy clouds. I can’t call them thunderstorms, because thunder implies lightning, which we haven’t seen in the red spot, but they’re likely local upwellings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, look closely at the 12 o’clock position, right where the red starts to fade to white. There’s a very narrow set of vertical lines: |||||||||||. Those are gravity waves. [Gravity waves happen when a fluid or gas gets disturbed, and gravity pulls it back into a flat, balanced state. Examples include surf at a beach or wavy looking clouds on Earth or \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/hang-10-venus-huge-wave-spotted-planets-cloudy-atmosphere/\">Venus\u003c/a>].\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This set of gravity waves are right along a region where we expect the speed of air rotation is slowing down rapidly. Wind speeds at the center are essentially zero, they build to 290 to 335 miles per hour as you move toward the edge, and then drop to 223 miles per hour at the very edge. Each of those gravity waves is likely tens of kilometers long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas in the photo that look black aren’t really black. They’re just slightly less red than everything else. The regions that look darkest are likely deeper clouds in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the white region that’s south of the red spot, at the bottom of the image, you can see similar mottles of upwellings—tiny bright clouds, where you are beginning to see hints of shadows. We call that the South White Belt region. Those are high clouds, though they are not as high as the Great Red Spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows yet how deep the clouds in the red spot are, but we’re hopefully getting an answer soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Stovepipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843622\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Stovepipe.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photo is inverted, so the Great Red Spot is toward the bottom of the strip. The red levels are also adjusted, so the spot appears blue. The blue-white curls is a flow of gases exiting the Great Red Spot. \u003ccite>(NASA/SwRI/MSSS/O.Sli)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The processing is doing some artsy work in this one. But it’s interesting because what looks like a stovepipe feature — the curly cue going toward the upper right — is actually the flow of gas going out of the red spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s microwave radiometer should be able to look deep into the atmosphere, where we expect to see an enhancement in ammonia levels over the Great Red Spot. We’re hoping to answer the question of how deep the ammonia is, which could be an indication of how deep the general wind circulation of Jupiter goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are competing theories about the winds of Jupiter. Some say all the action happens toward the outside of the planet, the outer few kilometers or so. Others argue the winds actually go really deep, and create columns from one latitude in the north to the same latitude in the south, like big cylinders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwave radiometer measurements from the previous flybys have had mixed answers to that question so far. At the equator and just north of the equator, the turbulence goes immensely deep. There’s this huge plume, with a very concentrated ammonia level, coming from very deep in the atmosphere. But at higher latitudes toward the north and south poles, this turbulence doesn’t go as deep. What we see at the Great Red Spot will tell us what camp the mid-latitudes fall into and that’s really interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Anti-Cyclone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1843626\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1843626\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-960x631.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-375x246.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/anticyclone.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An anti-cyclone called NN-LRS-1 (upper left) swirls in the northern reaches of Jupiter. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/SwRI/Kevin M. Gill)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This photo isn’t taken from the Great Red Spot. It’s much higher in latitude in the north. But in the upper left, you can see a small anti-cyclone that has been changing colors recently. It’s typically white, but it’s been turning pink, then red and then back again. We’re trying to track this color change with readings in other wavelengths to determine how high things are in the atmosphere and whether these shifts are due to elevation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the right, there’s another cyclone or anti-cyclone. Here, there are darker circles, with relatively light stuff on the outside. We don’t know what that is. On the far right, you can see really turbulent and chaotic stuff. It’s an upwelling that’s been going on for sometime in the north. These types of turbulence happen from time to time, and we’re not quite sure why.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds",
"headTitle": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan",
"headTitle": "Ravens Surprise Scientists by Showing They Can Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As recently as 10 years ago, humans were thought to be the only species with the ability to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent studies on great apes showed the ability is not uniquely human. Now, scientists in Sweden have come to the surprising conclusion that ravens can also deliberately prepare for future events.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ravens’ ability to plan ahead may have developed in reaction to their complex social hierarchy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It is conservative to conclude that ravens perform similarly to great apes and young children,” the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/07/12/357.6347.202.DC1/aam8138-Kabadayi-SM.pdf\">researchers write\u003c/a>. However, monkeys have failed similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known that ravens, and other members of the corvid family, are smart. Previously, they were shown to think ahead by caching food to eat later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists argued that food caching was not proof of an ability to plan because the birds could simply be biologically wired to do so, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lucat/user/a31714f93191502f261ac513e14b797d\">cognitive zoologist Can Kabadayi\u003c/a> from Lund University tells The Two-Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Kabadayi and co-author Mathias Osvath set up a series of experiments to see if five ravens could flexibly plan during tasks that they don’t do in the wild: using tools and bartering. These are similar to studies done on great apes. Their findings were published Thursday \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/202\">in the journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers trained the birds how to use a simple tool, a rock, that could be used to open a box containing a treat (a piece of dog food) if the birds dropped it through a small tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then tested whether the birds could pick the right tool from a series of “distracter” objects — such as a wheel, a ball, a metal pipe and a toy car — then save it and use it later to open the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One version of the experiment had a delay of 15 minutes between selecting an object and being presented with the reward box, and the ravens succeeded 86 percent of the time. The second extended that period to 17 hours, and the success rate was even higher, at 88 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birds were also trained to use a specific token to barter with a human for a food reward. Then, a different experimenter offered them a tray with the token on it along with other distracter objects. “When the ravens knew that trading would only happen on the next day, they chose and stored these tokens as soon as they were offered to them,” scientists Markus Boeckle and Nicola S. Clayton wrote in a separate \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6347/126\">Science paper\u003c/a> on the Lund University research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that the birds would tend to opt out of immediate food rewards because of the promise of larger, tastier treats later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were more likely to be willing to endure delayed gratification when they had to wait only a few seconds, rather than minutes for the larger treat, which is also a key component of human decision-making. “We basically found that the further ahead in the future a reward for ravens, the less value it gets,” says Kabadayi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s safe to say that ravens and mammals have not inherited planning skills through a common ancestor, says Kabadayi. They last shared an ancestor about 320 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To plan, “you need a lot of different skill sets to work together and that’s interesting, because how can that be similar between corvids and great apes given they are so different to each other evolutionarily?” says Kabadayi. The skills likely evolved independently, through convergent evolution, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why would ravens develop the ability to plan? Kabadayi says there are many different theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this kind of complex cognition may have developed in reaction to ravens’ complex social hierarchy. For example, they would need to remember previous interactions with other birds, which could contribute to memory and planning skills. However, he says there are many other hierarchical species that don’t have planning abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Factors like environmental pressures or the fact that they are scavengers competing with each other could also contribute, he says. The sheer density of neurons in a bird’s brain, even though it is small compared to apes, might also play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kabadayi says that scientists would need to test a large number of species for their abilities to plan, and see how this correlates with the possible explanations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parrots would be interesting to test next, he says, because they have a “huge number of neurons in their brains” and have been shown to have good memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ravens+Surprise+Scientists+By+Showing+They+Can+Plan&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn't Cutting It",
"headTitle": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn’t Cutting It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Y7TXOzoCrWtiybZGX436TyHD5Ty0BWPR”]Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica",
"headTitle": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say the iceberg is one of the largest seen by satellites. But the full implications of its separation off remain to be seen.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West",
"headTitle": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/photos4u2c/status/883909747874963456\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A scorcher of a heat wave broke temperature records across the West and helped fuel new wildfires.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Can't Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court",
"headTitle": "EPA Can’t Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dIiNBwfnjN5A4JLfH72IoQl1bIGVRBjZ”]Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The U.S. Court of Appeals for D.C. notes the EPA can choose to rewrite a rule designed to prevent leaks from natural gas facilities. But it can't just put it off for two years, the judges decided.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The world’s best-known living physicist, Stephen Hawking, says that President Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate change accord could lead humanity to a tipping point, “turning the Earth into Venus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cambridge professor and renowned cosmologist made the remarks in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40461726\">an interview with the BBC\u003c/a> that aired Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are close to the tipping point where global warming becomes irreversible,” Hawking told the BBC. “Trump’s action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of 250 degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking, who is best known for his discoveries about black holes, called climate change “one of the great dangers we face, and it’s one we can prevent if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By denying the evidence for climate change, and pulling out of the Paris Climate Agreement, Donald Trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to our beautiful planet, endangering the natural world, for us and our children,” Hawking told the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time that Hawking has blurred the lines between science and politics in his public pronouncements. In December, for example, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/stephen-hawking-dangerous-time-planet-inequality\">wrote in an editorial in The Guardian\u003c/a> newspaper that Brexit and the election of Donald Trump were “a cry of anger” aimed at the elites, such as himself, in both America and Britain. He said that we are “at the most dangerous moment in the development of humanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Trump+Pushing+Earth%27s+Climate+%27Over+The+Brink%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s best-known living physicist, Stephen Hawking, says that President Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate change accord could lead humanity to a tipping point, “turning the Earth into Venus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cambridge professor and renowned cosmologist made the remarks in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40461726\">an interview with the BBC\u003c/a> that aired Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are close to the tipping point where global warming becomes irreversible,” Hawking told the BBC. “Trump’s action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of 250 degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking, who is best known for his discoveries about black holes, called climate change “one of the great dangers we face, and it’s one we can prevent if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By denying the evidence for climate change, and pulling out of the Paris Climate Agreement, Donald Trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to our beautiful planet, endangering the natural world, for us and our children,” Hawking told the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On July 4th, 1997 as Americans were stoking their barbecues, a NASA spacecraft touched down on Mars and bounced like a beach ball. The Pathfinder mission was an unlikely and stunning success that marked the beginning of a roaming robotic presence on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful feat surprised everyone—including the team behind the mission, a mission that didn’t have the best reputation in the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Trosper applied to work at NASA in the nineties. “And I got a phone call,” Trosper says. “He [the recruiter] said, ‘Well, we got this project out here. Nobody really wants to work on it, because nobody thinks it’s going to work.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA was trying something new: space travel for a bargain price. Pathfinder’s mantra was \u003cem>cheaper, faster, \u003c/em>\u003cem>better\u003c/em>. The goal was to cut down on red tape and dream of solutions no one had else had thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be crazy and bold and innovative,” says Pathfinder’s chief engineer Rob Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Cheaper, Faster, Better’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trosper arrived in Los Angeles, she joined a team of scrappy aerospace engineers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> (JPL) willing to work on a lean budget and try something revolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t follow all the rules. We had some good leadership, but it was a very small team,” Trosper says, “And we were landing on the surface of Mars with air bags!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"NASA at Mars: 20 years of 24/7 exploration\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/JXZa8cmab1g?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKYC6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airbags were designed to cushion Pathfinder’s landing. Touching down on Mars can be tricky because the atmosphere is so thin. That’s one reason no other country had had a successful landing for twenty years. NASA’s last success was the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiter-lander in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low Budget Inspires Innovation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning says the team settled on a parachute to slow the spacecraft down as it hurtled through the Martian atmosphere. The engineers also wrapped the machine in a cocoon to protect it when it touched down on the rocky landscape—kind of like a beach ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ydG3BtuLQBhWZAiZ4ojhjUkOgqckWcSE”]Manning says the idea was that the ball “would bounce and roll on the surface. And finally open up like a flower and have a little rover drive off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, the tiny rover—about the size of a microwave—would become the first wheeled vehicle to explore the surface of another planet. NASA named it Sojourner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven months after the launch, NASA engineers monitored the spacecraft’s status as it neared its icy destination. A nervous tension filled the control room at JPL. And then at the exact moment Pathfinder was expected to bounce down, a faint signal sounded, back on Earth. The room erupted with loud applause and cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By late afternoon for us we were getting our first picture,” Manning says, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miraculously, Pathfinder had traveled millions of miles and landed upright on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1783060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1783060 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-768x591.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-520x400.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sojourner Rover at the Yogi rock on Mars. \u003ccite>(Mars Pathfinder Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA uploaded the images to a new realm known as the World Wide Web. Jon Brooks, a science editor at KQED, remembers the moment vividly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see a little more, a little more, a little more,” Brooks says, “and the anticipation was truly great because you were going to catch a glimpse of Mars for the first time. You actually saw the barren landscape and the red color.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Most Important Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sojourner was expected to take pictures for one week before its batteries died. Instead, the little spacecraft weathered the frigid climate for nearly three months. Pathfinder beamed thousands of pictures back to Earth, says Manning, to help his team answer one central question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was Mars at some point in its past a place with lakes and an atmosphere and places where presumably life could actually get started?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to find an answer has inspired three more NASA rovers after Pathfinder. The latest, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is the size of an SUV and has been driving around Mars for nearly five years looking for clues about how and when the red planet went from warm and wet to cold and dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers are still searching for signs of life, but they have confirmed the presence of water. Observations suggest that habitable lakes and streams likely existed in the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doesn’t say anything about whether there was life there,” Manning says. “But it does say this planet is much more interesting than we ever dreamed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is the only planet inhabited solely by robots (as far as we know). Next year the U.S. will send the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/insight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InSight\u003c/a> lander to Mars, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020 \u003c/a>wil\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">l \u003c/a>follow. NASA hopes to land a human on the red planet within the \u003cem>next\u003c/em> twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On July 4th, 1997 as Americans were stoking their barbecues, a NASA spacecraft touched down on Mars and bounced like a beach ball. The Pathfinder mission was an unlikely and stunning success that marked the beginning of a roaming robotic presence on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful feat surprised everyone—including the team behind the mission, a mission that didn’t have the best reputation in the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Trosper applied to work at NASA in the nineties. “And I got a phone call,” Trosper says. “He [the recruiter] said, ‘Well, we got this project out here. Nobody really wants to work on it, because nobody thinks it’s going to work.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA was trying something new: space travel for a bargain price. Pathfinder’s mantra was \u003cem>cheaper, faster, \u003c/em>\u003cem>better\u003c/em>. The goal was to cut down on red tape and dream of solutions no one had else had thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Be crazy and bold and innovative,” says Pathfinder’s chief engineer Rob Manning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Cheaper, Faster, Better’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trosper arrived in Los Angeles, she joined a team of scrappy aerospace engineers at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u003c/a> (JPL) willing to work on a lean budget and try something revolutionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t follow all the rules. We had some good leadership, but it was a very small team,” Trosper says, “And we were landing on the surface of Mars with air bags!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"NASA at Mars: 20 years of 24/7 exploration\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/JXZa8cmab1g?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKYC6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airbags were designed to cushion Pathfinder’s landing. Touching down on Mars can be tricky because the atmosphere is so thin. That’s one reason no other country had had a successful landing for twenty years. NASA’s last success was the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiter-lander in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low Budget Inspires Innovation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning says the team settled on a parachute to slow the spacecraft down as it hurtled through the Martian atmosphere. The engineers also wrapped the machine in a cocoon to protect it when it touched down on the rocky landscape—kind of like a beach ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Manning says the idea was that the ball “would bounce and roll on the surface. And finally open up like a flower and have a little rover drive off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, the tiny rover—about the size of a microwave—would become the first wheeled vehicle to explore the surface of another planet. NASA named it Sojourner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven months after the launch, NASA engineers monitored the spacecraft’s status as it neared its icy destination. A nervous tension filled the control room at JPL. And then at the exact moment Pathfinder was expected to bounce down, a faint signal sounded, back on Earth. The room erupted with loud applause and cheering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By late afternoon for us we were getting our first picture,” Manning says, smiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miraculously, Pathfinder had traveled millions of miles and landed upright on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1783060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1783060 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-768x591.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552-520x400.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/marspath_81696-e1498774365552.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sojourner Rover at the Yogi rock on Mars. \u003ccite>(Mars Pathfinder Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>NASA uploaded the images to a new realm known as the World Wide Web. Jon Brooks, a science editor at KQED, remembers the moment vividly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see a little more, a little more, a little more,” Brooks says, “and the anticipation was truly great because you were going to catch a glimpse of Mars for the first time. You actually saw the barren landscape and the red color.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Most Important Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sojourner was expected to take pictures for one week before its batteries died. Instead, the little spacecraft weathered the frigid climate for nearly three months. Pathfinder beamed thousands of pictures back to Earth, says Manning, to help his team answer one central question:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Was Mars at some point in its past a place with lakes and an atmosphere and places where presumably life could actually get started?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest to find an answer has inspired three more NASA rovers after Pathfinder. The latest, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, is the size of an SUV and has been driving around Mars for nearly five years looking for clues about how and when the red planet went from warm and wet to cold and dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers are still searching for signs of life, but they have confirmed the presence of water. Observations suggest that habitable lakes and streams likely existed in the ancient past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doesn’t say anything about whether there was life there,” Manning says. “But it does say this planet is much more interesting than we ever dreamed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is the only planet inhabited solely by robots (as far as we know). Next year the U.S. will send the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/insight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InSight\u003c/a> lander to Mars, and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020 \u003c/a>wil\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">l \u003c/a>follow. NASA hopes to land a human on the red planet within the \u003cem>next\u003c/em> twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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