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"content": "\u003cp>Beached Sea lions are turning up on California’s central coast with domoic acid poisoning, an affliction associated with marine algae blooms. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito has admitted 68 sea lions into its veterinary hospital since July 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That many animals in such a pretty short time period is a severe event,” says Cara Field, staff veterinarian at the Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity-2017.html\">Domoic acid\u003c/a> is a neurotoxin, which is a byproduct of algae blooms that crop up in coastal marine waters throughout the year, especially during the summer months. The noxious compounds are eaten by anchovies and sardines which are then consumed by sea lions and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PalzkxjilU&feature=youtu.be]\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Countdown the sea lion is head-weaving which is a telltale sign of domoic acid poisoning. After being admitted to the Marine Mammal Center, she was able to make a full recovery and was released on August 8th at Point Reyes National Seashore. (Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The symptoms of poisoning are neurological, including tremors and convulsions, which can affect immediate survival or cause long-term brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally sea lions spend a lot of time foraging for food and swimming around,” Field explains. “If they accumulate this bio-toxin, they can have a seizure in the water, drown or be eaten. Often they end up on shore where they may have seizures on the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a cascading effect of this poisoning in the sea lion community, explains Field, because most of the animals currently affected are lactating mothers with offspring that are dependent on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bad prognosis for the pups,” says Field, “because they’re not getting fed or they’re getting stranded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea lions are not an at-risk species and Field says their populations are stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Our rescue teams were…working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment’\u003ccite>Cara Field, Marine Mammal Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The number of affected sea lions is up since last year. A total of 89 animals have been treated so far this year, compared with 70 last year. However, in years with the biggest algae blooms, such as 2014-2015, numbers of affected animals were well above 200.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center started tracking sea lion domoic acid poisoning in 1998, and since then, has seen these events evolve from being a summer-only problem, to a year-round one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afflicted sea lions often display abnormal behaviors including head waving and wobbling, disorientation and a general lack of responsiveness. If you see a sea lion on the beach, Field advises you not to approach it. Instead call the center’s 24-hour \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/what-we-do/rescue/report-a-stranded-marine-mammal.html\">hotline\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>July was a busy month for the hotline. Some days, up to 10 sea lions were reported, many from San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our rescue teams were in that area working all day and all night, collecting animals and bringing them in for treatment,” says Field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914659\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914659\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-%C2%AC-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/4.-CSL_Spoodle_in-rehab_-¬-The-Marine-Mammal-Center-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spoodle was rescued on July 19th at Oceano Dunes in San Luis Obispo. She made a full recovery and was released on August 9th at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Marine Mammal Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once animals are brought to the center, they are treated with anti-seizure medicine and given time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the northern California coast, the primary cause of marine algae blooms are natural factors such as \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">ocean upwelling of nutrient-rich water\u003c/a> combined with warm ocean temperatures. Blooms are also fed by polluted runoff from agriculture and other human activity, and are projected to increase in frequency and severity due to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals such as dolphins, Guadalupe fur seals, northern fur seals and southern sea otters are also affected by the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "WATCH: See a Total Solar Eclipse in This Animated View From Space",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fg1jYgTkyA&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total solar eclipse on August 21 will be the first time many Americans will directly see the moon entirely blocking out the disc of the sun. But with our animation you can catch an early preview of the “Great American Eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zooming out from the earth’s surface, we pan over to the moon in orbit. As the moon slides in front of the sun, it appears as if our lunar satellite is taking larger and larger cookie bites out of the fiery solar surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”2pzQU75WM4O1FOtnhPH1q2wJjqELCCzi”]At the moment of “totality,” when the moon entirely obscures our home star, irregularities in the lunar terrain such as mountains, valleys and canyons become visible as “\u003ca class=\"js-about-module-title module__title__link\" title=\"More at Wikipedia \" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily's_beads\">Baily’s beads\u003c/a>,” and the sun’s corona — its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mysterious, always present but rarely visible\u003c/a> atmosphere — shines bright like a spectacular crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altering our perspective, the view swings around to reveal how the moon casts its shadow on earth: both the ‘penumbra’ (the zone of partial shadow) and the ‘umbra’ (the zone of complete shadow). The eclipse shadow makes first contact in the Pacific Ocean. Zooming in on North America, the eclipse shadow races eastward, to make landfall in the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the solar eclipse passes over the country, cities across the nation will see the sun obscured to a degree and from an angle unique to their location. As the eclipse shadow heads off into the Atlantic Ocean, full light returns to the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Catch more eclipse coverage from KQED Science:\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse Scientists Probe the Mysteries of the Sun’s Atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/15/where-to-watch-the-eclipse-in-the-bay-area/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Where to Watch the Eclipse in the Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/californias-grid-prepares-for-solar-power-to-be-eclipsed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s Grid Prepares for Solar Power to Be Eclipsed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/20/you-know-about-this-summers-spectacular-solar-eclipse-right/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You Know About This Summer’s Spectacular Solar Eclipse, Right?\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don’t Be in the Dark: Answers To Your Burning Questions About the August Eclipse\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans Prepare for First Coast-to-Coast Total Solar Eclipse in Century\u003c/a> \u003cem>(Forum)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Here's how you might see the \"Great American Eclipse\" as an astronaut, orbiting in the vast space between Earth and our moon.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Teodros Hailye and Danielle Venton, KQED Science\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3fg1jYgTkyA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3fg1jYgTkyA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The total solar eclipse on August 21 will be the first time many Americans will directly see the moon entirely blocking out the disc of the sun. But with our animation you can catch an early preview of the “Great American Eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zooming out from the earth’s surface, we pan over to the moon in orbit. As the moon slides in front of the sun, it appears as if our lunar satellite is taking larger and larger cookie bites out of the fiery solar surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>At the moment of “totality,” when the moon entirely obscures our home star, irregularities in the lunar terrain such as mountains, valleys and canyons become visible as “\u003ca class=\"js-about-module-title module__title__link\" title=\"More at Wikipedia \" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily's_beads\">Baily’s beads\u003c/a>,” and the sun’s corona — its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mysterious, always present but rarely visible\u003c/a> atmosphere — shines bright like a spectacular crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altering our perspective, the view swings around to reveal how the moon casts its shadow on earth: both the ‘penumbra’ (the zone of partial shadow) and the ‘umbra’ (the zone of complete shadow). The eclipse shadow makes first contact in the Pacific Ocean. Zooming in on North America, the eclipse shadow races eastward, to make landfall in the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the solar eclipse passes over the country, cities across the nation will see the sun obscured to a degree and from an angle unique to their location. As the eclipse shadow heads off into the Atlantic Ocean, full light returns to the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Catch more eclipse coverage from KQED Science:\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/eclipse-scientists-probe-the-mysteries-of-the-suns-atmosphere/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eclipse Scientists Probe the Mysteries of the Sun’s Atmosphere\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/15/where-to-watch-the-eclipse-in-the-bay-area/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Where to Watch the Eclipse in the Bay Area\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/14/californias-grid-prepares-for-solar-power-to-be-eclipsed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California’s Grid Prepares for Solar Power to Be Eclipsed\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/20/you-know-about-this-summers-spectacular-solar-eclipse-right/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">You Know About This Summer’s Spectacular Solar Eclipse, Right?\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/24/dont-be-in-the-dark-answers-to-your-burning-questions-about-the-august-eclipse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Don’t Be in the Dark: Answers To Your Burning Questions About the August Eclipse\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Help Make History: Eclipse Projects for Citizen Scientists\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/11/help-make-history-eclipse-projects-for-citizen-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/07/26/americans-prepare-for-first-total-solar-eclipse-in-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Americans Prepare for First Coast-to-Coast Total Solar Eclipse in Century\u003c/a> \u003cem>(Forum)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where to Watch the Eclipse in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Where to Watch the Eclipse in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Millions of people will be converging this weekend on the narrow band of darkness where the sun will be in total eclipse next Monday. But if you’re in the Bay Area, you don’t have to miss out. You can walk out the door and see the 75 percent eclipse here (Just don’t look directly at it without safety glasses!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also plenty of events for all ages and interests, from the big wingding at San Francisco’s Exploratorium, to a toddler story time at your local library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if you’re stuck in the office, you can watch the eclipse stream live on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> app, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/total-solar-eclipse/id1230195450?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, call ahead if you’re hoping to pick up eclipse glasses from your local library. Supplies may be limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a roundup of events:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pier 15, The Embarcadero & Green St., San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m. to noon\u003cbr>\nCost: Included in museum admission, $19.95 to $29.95\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum will open early for an all-out eclipse extravaganza. There will be telescopes and solar safety glasses on the Plaza for viewing, and astronomers and experts on hand to explain the science behind the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploratorium scientists in Madras, Oregon and Casper, Wyoming will offer live commentary via satellite on an indoor projection screen. The Oregon eclipse hits totality at 10:19 a.m. – around the same time the Bay Area reaches peak partial eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thinking people can be outside here experiencing the maximum occultation, then they can have their apps open, and they can look at actual totality in Oregon while we’re experiencing peak here,” says spokesman Martin Rock. Then, he says, everyone can head inside to watch Casper’s totality, at 10:43, on the big screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum will begin streaming a live sonification of the Casper eclipse at 9:15 in the Kanbar Forum. The Kronos Quartet will join the sonification live for 30 minutes starting at 10:29. The performance is sold out, but the broadcast and performance is available to stream live on the \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/total-solar-eclipse/id1230195450?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a> app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/total-solar-eclipse-live-usa-08-21-17\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Safe Viewing Techniques | How to View an Eclipse | Exploratorium\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/FWI7iH4H26M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chabot Space and Science Center \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n8 a.m. to 1 p.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expert astronomers and educators will bring the astronomical phenomenon to life. Watch the live feed from NASA and learn all about solar eclipses with hands-on demonstrations, and activities such as making pinhole viewers. Outside on the observatory deck, watch the partial eclipse safely with a variety of viewing instruments, from Sunspotters to eclipse glasses to an historic 8-inch telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The opportunity with the 8-inch is we can magnify,” says Chabot chief astronomer Ben Burress, “so you can potentially see mountains on the moon silhouetted by the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have to wait in line to look through it, but the eclipse is a pretty leisurely experience, he says, taking place over a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/events.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ortega Branch Librar\u003c/strong>y\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3223 Ortega Street, San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n10 to 11:30 a.m\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ortega Branch Library will host a Toddler Tales storytime inside, with a break to head outside and see how the eclipse is progressing. The theme of the storytime will be sun, moon and space. Free eclipse glasses will be available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=1029153001\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23007\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 441px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23007 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipseshannonrosa.jpeg\" alt=\"The moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun in Thursday's eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\" width=\"441\" height=\"441\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area will see a 75 percent partial eclipse on Monday, peaking at 10:15 a.m. Pictured here is a 40 percent partial eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda Free Library\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>2263 Santa Clara Ave., Alameda\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eclipse glasses are available now for pickup at the library for Alameda residents. Join in for a viewing party at the library on the big day. If it’s foggy or cloudy, a live feed from NASA will be projected on a large screen in the Stafford Community Rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/news/2017/06/19/event-alert-alameda-free-library\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSolar Eclipse Watch Party\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nState Capitol Building\u003cbr>\n315 10th St, Sacramento\u003cbr>\n9 to 11 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civic Center Plaza\u003cbr>\nAcross from City Hall\u003cbr>\n10 to 11 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unplug and head outside to watch the solar eclipse at community viewing events in Sacramento and San Francisco sponsored by state energy officials. There will be NASA representatives and scientists on hand and, from Energy Upgrade California, free eclipse viewing glasses that double as coffee sleeves. In Sacramento, there will be arts and crafts with the Powerhouse Science Center. Assemblymember Chris Holden in Sacramento and Mayor Edwin M. Lee in San Francisco will offer people tips on saving energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.caleclipse.org\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Powerhouse Science Center\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3615 Auburn Blvd, Sacramento\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree Solar Eclipse Celebration\u003cbr>\nPlanetarium shows $7 for children and seniors, $8 for adults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powerhouse Science Center and the Sacramento Valley Astronomical Society (SVAS) host a free public Solar Eclipse Celebration and viewing party on Powerhouse grounds. Bring your own eclipse glasses, because the center has sold out. Eclipse-themed planetarium shows with paid admission start at 11 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://powerhousesc.org/eclipse/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oakland Main Library\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>125 14th Street, Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Witnessing a rare astronomical event is fun, but to see it with others makes it even more exciting,” says librarian Kate Conn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conn says there will be pinhole viewers for everyone who shows up for a community viewing event on the day of the eclipse. Or you can pick up your free eclipse glasses ahead of time at any Oakland library location and watch from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlibrary.org/events/main-library/partial-eclipse-viewing-party\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Castro Valley Library\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3600 Northbridge Ave., Castro Valley\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 to 11:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The library won’t be open, but there will be a viewing party in the parking lot and free eclipse glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.eventkeeper.com/code/events.cfm?curOrg=ACL&curKey1=Castro%20Valley%20Branch&curMonth=08&curYear=2017&setRef=new\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Not traveling to the path of totality? You don't have to miss out on California's partial eclipse. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Millions of people will be converging this weekend on the narrow band of darkness where the sun will be in total eclipse next Monday. But if you’re in the Bay Area, you don’t have to miss out. You can walk out the door and see the 75 percent eclipse here (Just don’t look directly at it without safety glasses!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also plenty of events for all ages and interests, from the big wingding at San Francisco’s Exploratorium, to a toddler story time at your local library.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if you’re stuck in the office, you can watch the eclipse stream live on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> app, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/total-solar-eclipse/id1230195450?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, call ahead if you’re hoping to pick up eclipse glasses from your local library. Supplies may be limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a roundup of events:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exploratorium\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pier 15, The Embarcadero & Green St., San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m. to noon\u003cbr>\nCost: Included in museum admission, $19.95 to $29.95\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum will open early for an all-out eclipse extravaganza. There will be telescopes and solar safety glasses on the Plaza for viewing, and astronomers and experts on hand to explain the science behind the eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploratorium scientists in Madras, Oregon and Casper, Wyoming will offer live commentary via satellite on an indoor projection screen. The Oregon eclipse hits totality at 10:19 a.m. – around the same time the Bay Area reaches peak partial eclipse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re thinking people can be outside here experiencing the maximum occultation, then they can have their apps open, and they can look at actual totality in Oregon while we’re experiencing peak here,” says spokesman Martin Rock. Then, he says, everyone can head inside to watch Casper’s totality, at 10:43, on the big screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum will begin streaming a live sonification of the Casper eclipse at 9:15 in the Kanbar Forum. The Kronos Quartet will join the sonification live for 30 minutes starting at 10:29. The performance is sold out, but the broadcast and performance is available to stream live on the \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/total-solar-eclipse/id1230195450?mt=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Total Solar Eclipse\u003c/a> app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/calendar/total-solar-eclipse-live-usa-08-21-17\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Safe Viewing Techniques | How to View an Eclipse | Exploratorium\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/FWI7iH4H26M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chabot Space and Science Center \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>10000 Skyline Blvd, Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n8 a.m. to 1 p.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expert astronomers and educators will bring the astronomical phenomenon to life. Watch the live feed from NASA and learn all about solar eclipses with hands-on demonstrations, and activities such as making pinhole viewers. Outside on the observatory deck, watch the partial eclipse safely with a variety of viewing instruments, from Sunspotters to eclipse glasses to an historic 8-inch telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The opportunity with the 8-inch is we can magnify,” says Chabot chief astronomer Ben Burress, “so you can potentially see mountains on the moon silhouetted by the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have to wait in line to look through it, but the eclipse is a pretty leisurely experience, he says, taking place over a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/events.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ortega Branch Librar\u003c/strong>y\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3223 Ortega Street, San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n10 to 11:30 a.m\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ortega Branch Library will host a Toddler Tales storytime inside, with a break to head outside and see how the eclipse is progressing. The theme of the storytime will be sun, moon and space. Free eclipse glasses will be available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=1029153001\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23007\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 441px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23007 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/eclipseshannonrosa.jpeg\" alt=\"The moon obscured about 40 percent of the sun in Thursday's eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\" width=\"441\" height=\"441\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area will see a 75 percent partial eclipse on Monday, peaking at 10:15 a.m. Pictured here is a 40 percent partial eclipse. (Courtesy of Shannon Rosa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda Free Library\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>2263 Santa Clara Ave., Alameda\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eclipse glasses are available now for pickup at the library for Alameda residents. Join in for a viewing party at the library on the big day. If it’s foggy or cloudy, a live feed from NASA will be projected on a large screen in the Stafford Community Rooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/news/2017/06/19/event-alert-alameda-free-library\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSolar Eclipse Watch Party\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nState Capitol Building\u003cbr>\n315 10th St, Sacramento\u003cbr>\n9 to 11 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civic Center Plaza\u003cbr>\nAcross from City Hall\u003cbr>\n10 to 11 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unplug and head outside to watch the solar eclipse at community viewing events in Sacramento and San Francisco sponsored by state energy officials. There will be NASA representatives and scientists on hand and, from Energy Upgrade California, free eclipse viewing glasses that double as coffee sleeves. In Sacramento, there will be arts and crafts with the Powerhouse Science Center. Assemblymember Chris Holden in Sacramento and Mayor Edwin M. Lee in San Francisco will offer people tips on saving energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.caleclipse.org\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Powerhouse Science Center\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3615 Auburn Blvd, Sacramento\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree Solar Eclipse Celebration\u003cbr>\nPlanetarium shows $7 for children and seniors, $8 for adults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Powerhouse Science Center and the Sacramento Valley Astronomical Society (SVAS) host a free public Solar Eclipse Celebration and viewing party on Powerhouse grounds. Bring your own eclipse glasses, because the center has sold out. Eclipse-themed planetarium shows with paid admission start at 11 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"https://powerhousesc.org/eclipse/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oakland Main Library\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>125 14th Street, Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Witnessing a rare astronomical event is fun, but to see it with others makes it even more exciting,” says librarian Kate Conn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conn says there will be pinhole viewers for everyone who shows up for a community viewing event on the day of the eclipse. Or you can pick up your free eclipse glasses ahead of time at any Oakland library location and watch from home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlibrary.org/events/main-library/partial-eclipse-viewing-party\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Castro Valley Library\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>3600 Northbridge Ave., Castro Valley\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n9 to 11:30 a.m.\u003cbr>\nFree\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The library won’t be open, but there will be a viewing party in the parking lot and free eclipse glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find out more \u003ca href=\"http://www.eventkeeper.com/code/events.cfm?curOrg=ACL&curKey1=Castro%20Valley%20Branch&curMonth=08&curYear=2017&setRef=new\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Grid Prepares for Solar Power To Be Eclipsed",
"headTitle": "California’s Grid Prepares for Solar Power To Be Eclipsed | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceEclipseScienceandSolarPowerVentonandSommer170814.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"California's Grid Prepares for Solar Power To Be Eclipsed\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/NellisAirForceBase2.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectators around the country are gearing up, eclipse glasses at the ready, for the big event on August 21. But another group — perhaps more anxious than eager — is preparing as well: the people who run California’s electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is home to almost half of all the solar power in the country. So even a partial loss of the sun will mean a major dip in the energy supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot of coordination, a lot of preparation,” says Deane Lyon, a manager at the California Independent System Operator (ISO), which manages about 80 percent of the state’s electric grid. “It’s probably the most work this company has done to prepare for a three-hour event in our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’ll be a major thing for the people running the grid at that time to manage.’\u003ccite>Deane Lyon, California ISO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solar power already comes with up and downs, in the form of clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this was a particularly cloudy day,” says Jan Klube of Enphase, pulling up a graph showing the solar output from one California home. The Petaluma-based company monitors rooftop solar systems around the country day in and day out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show how a single cloud can make a difference, he points to the afternoon hours, when the output dips by about a third. “You see the big drop, so there’s a cloud coming and going,” he explains. “That’s why you see the zigzag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your solar panels are in the path of totality during the eclipse, “it will go all the way to zero,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California isn’t squarely in the path, but the moon’s partial shadow will obscure 90 percent of the sun in the north, down to nearly 60 percent in the south. That’s more than enough to cause some anxiety for the people who have to keep California’s lights on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914444\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-768x541.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"440\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06.jpg 440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-160x295.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-240x442.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-375x690.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It’s unprecedented because solar power has been booming in California. Some days, it makes up as much as 40 percent of the state’s power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will cut solar output roughly in half over the course of several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, hundreds of thousands of buildings — both residential and commercial — that normally count on rooftop solar will need to switch to grid power instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to the loss from big utility-scale solar farms and California will need to fill a power gap equal to what six million homes use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily, we had a really good water year this year,” Lyon says. “So we’ll have some pretty good flexibility on the hydro.” That wasn’t the case during the past few summers, when reservoirs were low due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What hydropower dams can’t make up, natural gas power plants will. That includes large power plants that can respond quickly, as well as smaller “peaker” plants. The California ISO is scheduling extra power ahead of time to try to ensure the needs are met and that power prices don’t spike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part is that the sun will disappear and reappear 2-to-3 times faster than normal, which means the grid will have to be balanced carefully. Supply always has to meet demand, otherwise, you get blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grid operators say they’re prepared because, with renewable energy on the rise, they’ve learned to deal with power dips every day. In recent years, the California ISO has beefed up its modeling and forecasting to handle the swings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914443\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"829\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge.jpg 829w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-768x487.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-375x238.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other leading solar states will see an effect, too. Duke Energy in North Carolina expects to lose about 90 percent of its solar supply, though it has about a quarter of what California uses. It plans to use natural gas power plants to fill in the gap. NV Energy in Nevada expects to see an even smaller dip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next total eclipse, in 2024, could be an even bigger challenge for California and other states, when even more solar is in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be a major thing for the people running the grid at that time to manage,” Lyon says. “It won’t be me. I’ll be retired for hopefully several years by then.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy officials are asking Californians to turn off lights and conserve energy for several hours on the morning of August 21, just to give the grid a little extra help.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "California's Grid Prepares for Solar Power To Be Eclipsed",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectators around the country are gearing up, eclipse glasses at the ready, for the big event on August 21. But another group — perhaps more anxious than eager — is preparing as well: the people who run California’s electric grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is home to almost half of all the solar power in the country. So even a partial loss of the sun will mean a major dip in the energy supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re doing a lot of coordination, a lot of preparation,” says Deane Lyon, a manager at the California Independent System Operator (ISO), which manages about 80 percent of the state’s electric grid. “It’s probably the most work this company has done to prepare for a three-hour event in our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’ll be a major thing for the people running the grid at that time to manage.’\u003ccite>Deane Lyon, California ISO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solar power already comes with up and downs, in the form of clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this was a particularly cloudy day,” says Jan Klube of Enphase, pulling up a graph showing the solar output from one California home. The Petaluma-based company monitors rooftop solar systems around the country day in and day out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show how a single cloud can make a difference, he points to the afternoon hours, when the output dips by about a third. “You see the big drop, so there’s a cloud coming and going,” he explains. “That’s why you see the zigzag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your solar panels are in the path of totality during the eclipse, “it will go all the way to zero,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California isn’t squarely in the path, but the moon’s partial shadow will obscure 90 percent of the sun in the north, down to nearly 60 percent in the south. That’s more than enough to cause some anxiety for the people who have to keep California’s lights on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914444\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06.jpg 790w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-768x541.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Desktop_V06-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"440\" height=\"810\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06.jpg 440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-160x295.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-240x442.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Solar_Mobile_V06-375x690.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It’s unprecedented because solar power has been booming in California. Some days, it makes up as much as 40 percent of the state’s power supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The eclipse will cut solar output roughly in half over the course of several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, hundreds of thousands of buildings — both residential and commercial — that normally count on rooftop solar will need to switch to grid power instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to the loss from big utility-scale solar farms and California will need to fill a power gap equal to what six million homes use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Luckily, we had a really good water year this year,” Lyon says. “So we’ll have some pretty good flexibility on the hydro.” That wasn’t the case during the past few summers, when reservoirs were low due to the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What hydropower dams can’t make up, natural gas power plants will. That includes large power plants that can respond quickly, as well as smaller “peaker” plants. The California ISO is scheduling extra power ahead of time to try to ensure the needs are met and that power prices don’t spike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part is that the sun will disappear and reappear 2-to-3 times faster than normal, which means the grid will have to be balanced carefully. Supply always has to meet demand, otherwise, you get blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grid operators say they’re prepared because, with renewable energy on the rise, they’ve learned to deal with power dips every day. In recent years, the California ISO has beefed up its modeling and forecasting to handle the swings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1914443\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"829\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge.jpg 829w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-768x487.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-375x238.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mainlarge-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other leading solar states will see an effect, too. Duke Energy in North Carolina expects to lose about 90 percent of its solar supply, though it has about a quarter of what California uses. It plans to use natural gas power plants to fill in the gap. NV Energy in Nevada expects to see an even smaller dip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next total eclipse, in 2024, could be an even bigger challenge for California and other states, when even more solar is in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll be a major thing for the people running the grid at that time to manage,” Lyon says. “It won’t be me. I’ll be retired for hopefully several years by then.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy officials are asking Californians to turn off lights and conserve energy for several hours on the morning of August 21, just to give the grid a little extra help.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Whale Entanglements Off California Coast Happening at Record Pace",
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"content": "\u003cp>The number of whales becoming entangled in fishing gear off the West Coast this year is on pace to meet or surpass last year’s record, federal officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Viezbicke, marine mammal stranding coordinator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in California, said there are three driving forces behind the surge in whale entanglements in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have increased presence of whales, increased fishing pressures, and better reporting, it all adds up to us seeing what we’ve been seeing,” he told KPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NOAA logged 71 reports of whale entanglements off the entire West Coast, according to NOAA’s annual survey. Fifty-two of those were off California. Viezbicke said so far this year, they’ve received about 30 reports off the West Coast and 20 reports off California alone. That’s double the number of whales spotted between 2000 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mostly gray whales and humpback whales that get trapped in crab fishing lines. Viezbicke says the gear can restrict their movement, making it hard for them to dive below the surface and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get that gear off of that animal, or the animal can’t shake it off on their own, it’s going to die,” Viezbicke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whale in Crescent City videotaped by Ben Lester with Oregon State University became entangled in a fishing line in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej2QDUojVr8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viezbicke says engaging with local fishermen and communities has led to more calls when a whale is in danger. Officials are currently working with crab fishermen to develop better practices that result in less lost fishing gear that could potentially ensnare whales and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But advocacy groups like the Center for Biological Diversity says more needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve worked with regulators and crabbers to address this problem over the past couple of years, and we’ve heard their statements of concern as the problem has gotten worse and worse,” said staff attorney Kristen Monsell in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article164278252.html\">op-ed \u003c/a>for the Sacramento Bee. “But words aren’t enough anymore. It’s time for action now, before the start of the next crab season in November.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/NOI_CA_Crab_Gear_Entanglements_6-28-17.pdf\">plans to sue \u003c/a>the California Department of Fish and Wildlife over the issue at the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine Kilduff, senior attorney at the Center, told KPCC that the state has made some progress. A law passed the Legislature last year aims to help fishermen retrieve lost crab lines and gear. And this year, a bill was introduced that would give more money to teams like Viezbicke’s that go out and disentangle whales and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kilduff says last year’s law still hasn’t been implemented. In the meantime, state recommendations on best fishing practices to prevent excess fishing lines that the Center has advocated for have not been followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A voluntary advisory attempting to reduce the number of crab traps in whale entanglement hotspots like the Monterey Bay also “didn’t have an effect,” Kilduff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this meant that we needed to file a lawsuit in order to get regulations to protect endangered marine wildlife,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kilduff said since the time of notifying the state of their intentions to sue in late June, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/canada/whale-rescuer-killed-canada.html\">long-time whale rescuer in Canada was killed\u003c/a> as he attempted to free an entangled whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s highlighted just how dangerous this is for humans and for whales,” she said. “It lends credence to the fact that we really need to prevent these entanglements from happening in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This year, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration received about 30 reports of whale entanglements off the West Coast and 20 reports off California alone—double the number of whales spotted between 2000 and 2012.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The number of whales becoming entangled in fishing gear off the West Coast this year is on pace to meet or surpass last year’s record, federal officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Viezbicke, marine mammal stranding coordinator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in California, said there are three driving forces behind the surge in whale entanglements in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have increased presence of whales, increased fishing pressures, and better reporting, it all adds up to us seeing what we’ve been seeing,” he told KPCC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, NOAA logged 71 reports of whale entanglements off the entire West Coast, according to NOAA’s annual survey. Fifty-two of those were off California. Viezbicke said so far this year, they’ve received about 30 reports off the West Coast and 20 reports off California alone. That’s double the number of whales spotted between 2000 and 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mostly gray whales and humpback whales that get trapped in crab fishing lines. Viezbicke says the gear can restrict their movement, making it hard for them to dive below the surface and feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t get that gear off of that animal, or the animal can’t shake it off on their own, it’s going to die,” Viezbicke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whale in Crescent City videotaped by Ben Lester with Oregon State University became entangled in a fishing line in late July.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ej2QDUojVr8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Ej2QDUojVr8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Viezbicke says engaging with local fishermen and communities has led to more calls when a whale is in danger. Officials are currently working with crab fishermen to develop better practices that result in less lost fishing gear that could potentially ensnare whales and other sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But advocacy groups like the Center for Biological Diversity says more needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve worked with regulators and crabbers to address this problem over the past couple of years, and we’ve heard their statements of concern as the problem has gotten worse and worse,” said staff attorney Kristen Monsell in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article164278252.html\">op-ed \u003c/a>for the Sacramento Bee. “But words aren’t enough anymore. It’s time for action now, before the start of the next crab season in November.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environmental nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/NOI_CA_Crab_Gear_Entanglements_6-28-17.pdf\">plans to sue \u003c/a>the California Department of Fish and Wildlife over the issue at the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine Kilduff, senior attorney at the Center, told KPCC that the state has made some progress. A law passed the Legislature last year aims to help fishermen retrieve lost crab lines and gear. And this year, a bill was introduced that would give more money to teams like Viezbicke’s that go out and disentangle whales and other marine mammals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kilduff says last year’s law still hasn’t been implemented. In the meantime, state recommendations on best fishing practices to prevent excess fishing lines that the Center has advocated for have not been followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A voluntary advisory attempting to reduce the number of crab traps in whale entanglement hotspots like the Monterey Bay also “didn’t have an effect,” Kilduff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of this meant that we needed to file a lawsuit in order to get regulations to protect endangered marine wildlife,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kilduff said since the time of notifying the state of their intentions to sue in late June, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/world/canada/whale-rescuer-killed-canada.html\">long-time whale rescuer in Canada was killed\u003c/a> as he attempted to free an entangled whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s highlighted just how dangerous this is for humans and for whales,” she said. “It lends credence to the fact that we really need to prevent these entanglements from happening in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Self-Driving Cars Will Compel Changes on California Roads and Highways",
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"content": "\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/001294fa.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Self-Driving Cars Will Compel Changes on California Roads and Highways\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/RS13989_87856673.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are moving rapidly down the road toward the age of self-driving cars. But as the cars change, the roads will have to change with them, and it will likely mean some adjustments, such as different signage and narrower lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s been very difficult for us to fill all our potholes, and now we’re talking about spending money and making investments on new technology.’\u003ccite>Malcolm Dougherty, Caltrans\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, when Governor Jerry Brown appointed \u003ca href=\"https://www.dot.ca.gov/execbios/bio-dougherty.html\">Malcolm Dougherty\u003c/a> to head Caltrans, autonomous cars seemed a lot farther off than they do now. With ridesharing and even car rental companies getting into the game — and more than a dozen regulatory bills before Congress — \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/4/15917180/self-driving-car-congress-bills-waymo-avis\">things are accelerating\u003c/a>. As the car technology races toward him, Dougherty is keeping his eyes on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller spoke with the top man at Caltrans about the future of California’s highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: What are the challenges you face to adapt California’s roads for self-driving cars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Well, some of the challenges are: Where do we start and when do we jump? To date, it’s been very difficult for us to fill all our potholes, and now we’re talking about spending money and making investments on new technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s going to be different technologies and technology is turning over at a very rapid pace. Who goes first? If you’re talking about communications between infrastructure and vehicles, do I put the communication devices out there, first, before the vehicles have them? Do the vehicles start to install the communication devices before I put them out there? Who goes first? And whatever investment I make today is going to be passed up by greater levels of technology in three years, or four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png\" alt=\"Caltrans director Malcolm Dougherty is on Twitter @MalcolmXdough.\" width=\"330\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png 330w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter-160x195.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter-240x293.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans director Malcolm Dougherty is on Twitter @MalcolmXdough. \u003ccite>(Twitter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So we certainly want to jump into the new technology and be innovative, but we also have to be smart with taxpayers’ dollars, and deploy things that are going to be utilized and not get turned over by technology very shortly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: What sort of changes are we looking at?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Well, there’s a lot of opportunities. One thing that we do know is those autonomous vehicles are going to be looking very closely at the infrastructure, because there will be GPS in those vehicles, but they will still need to see their immediate surroundings. Whether or not it’s lane lines, stop bars, different signs, and those types of things, they’re going to have be very visual to a computer or an autonomous vehicle as well as a human-driven car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can lanes start to get narrower because of autonomous vehicles? It depends. There’s some reasons why lanes could be narrower now with human-driven cars, but depending on your setting, we have to thoughtful about the fact that there’s going to be human-driven cars \u003cem>and\u003c/em> autonomous vehicles before we start making the lanes a lot narrower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have already taken the steps to update the standard that we use for lane delineation as we call it. But that’s a two-fold purpose: one, to increase the visibility for the human driver, but at the same time, we were looking to the future, knowing that we were going to have autonomous technology emerging and taking that into consideration as we update our standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: And this has already begun?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: The one significant thing we’re going to be doing is increasing the width of those lane lines from four inches to six inches, making them highly visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: These changes will obviously come at a cost and you’ve already said that keeping the potholes filled is a challenge. Do you see this technology leading to more privatization of roads?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”SXfnDbzlsFsOub5cQ7OACTsEiRDYGKtf”]Dougherty: I don’t know about the privatization of the roadways, but there definitely is an opportunity to partner with companies to be able to deploy new technologies. There’s a lot of companies out there that are providing traveler information through private vendors and private apps, right? So there’s a partnership synergy there between us as an owner-operator, and some of those private companies, who are both trying to improve mobility for the end user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We collect a lot of data, we don’t package that data and necessarily market it to the end consumer, but we provide that data to those companies that are doing that. Those companies also have data that they’re sharing with us, so we’re sharing data again for the ultimate benefit of the end user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Some of the ideas being kicked around involve embedding technology into the roadways — like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/17/charge-as-you-go-electric-cars-sounds-great-but-do-we-really-need-them/\">wireless charging\u003c/a> of moving cars, or \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/infrastructure/good-vibrations-california-to-test-road-vibrations-as-a-power-source\">piezoelectric roads\u003c/a>, that generate electricity from the pressure of traffic moving over them. Implementing any of these would involve huge sums of money. Where might that come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: In some of these experimental ideas that you just talked about, we would be looking to partner with some of those vendors. If you want to show us the value or you want pilot some of that new technology, show us that it works before we can scale it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Getting into your car and having it take you to school to drop your child off and then take you to the supermarket and take you to work without paying attention to the driving — we’re a long ways from that.’\u003ccite>Malcolm Dougherty, Caltrans\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We may talk about solar roads, and putting down a surface that’s actually collecting electricity — is that going to stand up to the wear and tear that we put on roads here in California with all the truck traffic? I don’t know, but we’ll pilot that in a very isolated area to see what its durability is before we put it on any kind of an interstate like I-80 or I-5. And specifically we’ll be testing that in a roadside rest area, where if it doesn’t perform and it fails, it’s not a high consequence for the state of California or taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Meanwhile, how fast is the clock ticking, here, for Caltrans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Let’s say one-two-three-four-five, years from now, we start to see some version and some level of that technology hitting the street — a vast majority of the other cars are still going to be human-driven cars. You fast forward out to 10-15-20 years, you’re still going to have a mix. So before we start talking about making some significant geometric changes to the highway, we have to take into consideration that there’s still going to be human-driven cars out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think in some respects, the autonomous technology is going to be sooner than a lot of people think. But getting into your car and having it take you to school to drop your child off and then take you to the supermarket and take you to work without paying attention to the driving — we’re a long ways from that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Self-Driving Cars Will Compel Changes on California Roads and Highways | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are moving rapidly down the road toward the age of self-driving cars. But as the cars change, the roads will have to change with them, and it will likely mean some adjustments, such as different signage and narrower lanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s been very difficult for us to fill all our potholes, and now we’re talking about spending money and making investments on new technology.’\u003ccite>Malcolm Dougherty, Caltrans\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, when Governor Jerry Brown appointed \u003ca href=\"https://www.dot.ca.gov/execbios/bio-dougherty.html\">Malcolm Dougherty\u003c/a> to head Caltrans, autonomous cars seemed a lot farther off than they do now. With ridesharing and even car rental companies getting into the game — and more than a dozen regulatory bills before Congress — \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/4/15917180/self-driving-car-congress-bills-waymo-avis\">things are accelerating\u003c/a>. As the car technology races toward him, Dougherty is keeping his eyes on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller spoke with the top man at Caltrans about the future of California’s highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: What are the challenges you face to adapt California’s roads for self-driving cars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Well, some of the challenges are: Where do we start and when do we jump? To date, it’s been very difficult for us to fill all our potholes, and now we’re talking about spending money and making investments on new technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s going to be different technologies and technology is turning over at a very rapid pace. Who goes first? If you’re talking about communications between infrastructure and vehicles, do I put the communication devices out there, first, before the vehicles have them? Do the vehicles start to install the communication devices before I put them out there? Who goes first? And whatever investment I make today is going to be passed up by greater levels of technology in three years, or four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914274\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png\" alt=\"Caltrans director Malcolm Dougherty is on Twitter @MalcolmXdough.\" width=\"330\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter.png 330w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter-160x195.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Dougherty_Twitter-240x293.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caltrans director Malcolm Dougherty is on Twitter @MalcolmXdough. \u003ccite>(Twitter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So we certainly want to jump into the new technology and be innovative, but we also have to be smart with taxpayers’ dollars, and deploy things that are going to be utilized and not get turned over by technology very shortly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: What sort of changes are we looking at?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Well, there’s a lot of opportunities. One thing that we do know is those autonomous vehicles are going to be looking very closely at the infrastructure, because there will be GPS in those vehicles, but they will still need to see their immediate surroundings. Whether or not it’s lane lines, stop bars, different signs, and those types of things, they’re going to have be very visual to a computer or an autonomous vehicle as well as a human-driven car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can lanes start to get narrower because of autonomous vehicles? It depends. There’s some reasons why lanes could be narrower now with human-driven cars, but depending on your setting, we have to thoughtful about the fact that there’s going to be human-driven cars \u003cem>and\u003c/em> autonomous vehicles before we start making the lanes a lot narrower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have already taken the steps to update the standard that we use for lane delineation as we call it. But that’s a two-fold purpose: one, to increase the visibility for the human driver, but at the same time, we were looking to the future, knowing that we were going to have autonomous technology emerging and taking that into consideration as we update our standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: And this has already begun?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: The one significant thing we’re going to be doing is increasing the width of those lane lines from four inches to six inches, making them highly visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: These changes will obviously come at a cost and you’ve already said that keeping the potholes filled is a challenge. Do you see this technology leading to more privatization of roads?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dougherty: I don’t know about the privatization of the roadways, but there definitely is an opportunity to partner with companies to be able to deploy new technologies. There’s a lot of companies out there that are providing traveler information through private vendors and private apps, right? So there’s a partnership synergy there between us as an owner-operator, and some of those private companies, who are both trying to improve mobility for the end user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We collect a lot of data, we don’t package that data and necessarily market it to the end consumer, but we provide that data to those companies that are doing that. Those companies also have data that they’re sharing with us, so we’re sharing data again for the ultimate benefit of the end user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Some of the ideas being kicked around involve embedding technology into the roadways — like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/07/17/charge-as-you-go-electric-cars-sounds-great-but-do-we-really-need-them/\">wireless charging\u003c/a> of moving cars, or \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/infrastructure/good-vibrations-california-to-test-road-vibrations-as-a-power-source\">piezoelectric roads\u003c/a>, that generate electricity from the pressure of traffic moving over them. Implementing any of these would involve huge sums of money. Where might that come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: In some of these experimental ideas that you just talked about, we would be looking to partner with some of those vendors. If you want to show us the value or you want pilot some of that new technology, show us that it works before we can scale it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Getting into your car and having it take you to school to drop your child off and then take you to the supermarket and take you to work without paying attention to the driving — we’re a long ways from that.’\u003ccite>Malcolm Dougherty, Caltrans\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We may talk about solar roads, and putting down a surface that’s actually collecting electricity — is that going to stand up to the wear and tear that we put on roads here in California with all the truck traffic? I don’t know, but we’ll pilot that in a very isolated area to see what its durability is before we put it on any kind of an interstate like I-80 or I-5. And specifically we’ll be testing that in a roadside rest area, where if it doesn’t perform and it fails, it’s not a high consequence for the state of California or taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: Meanwhile, how fast is the clock ticking, here, for Caltrans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dougherty: Let’s say one-two-three-four-five, years from now, we start to see some version and some level of that technology hitting the street — a vast majority of the other cars are still going to be human-driven cars. You fast forward out to 10-15-20 years, you’re still going to have a mix. So before we start talking about making some significant geometric changes to the highway, we have to take into consideration that there’s still going to be human-driven cars out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After 13 years and over 27 miles exploring the dry sea bed of Mars’ Meridiani Planum, NASA’s record-shattering rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity is still going\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally slated for a 90-day tour of Mars, Opportunity’s mission has been extended multiple times, making it the longest-operating robot on the red planet. The next longest running, Opportunity’s twin Spirit, lasted 8 years, and the Curiosity rover, also prospecting for signs of Mars’ watery past since 2012, has traveled a little over 5 miles so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after it poked about the rim of the giant Endeavour Crater for the last six years, NASA is preparing to send Opportunity on a challenging and risky (dare we say “heroic”?) trek down a fluid-carved canyon that may have been formed by flowing water in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914144\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 432px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A digital recreation of NASA's Opportunity rover exploring Mars' Endurance Crater early in its mission. \" width=\"432\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A digital recreation of NASA’s Opportunity rover exploring Mars’ Endurance Crater early in its mission. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If this canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/enhanced-color-panorama-above-perseverance-valley-on-mars\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>, was the locale of an ancient mega-cascade, what a fitting final mission for a rover that has spent its long career looking for signs of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Has Opportunity Lasted So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a three month mission to 13 years—how has this little rover lasted so long? Did engineers simply underestimate the lifespan for this rolling robot? Or, is this like a Disneyland line where wait times never match expectations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither. The 90-day expiration date has less to do with the robot’s durability, and more to do with the overall mission plan. Scientists estimate the minimum time a mission should run in order to achieve its goals; anything beyond that is a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914147\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1920x1450.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1180x891.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-520x393.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the initial mission duration is reached, it may be given an extension, and at the end of that, perhaps another. Part of the decision for whether and how long to extend a mission is based on funding, but the potential rewards of exploring further also factor in—as has been the case with Opportunity several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Robot Dedicated to Finding Signs of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity began its career in 2004 when it rolled to a stop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/mro-20061129-c.html\">bottom of the 70-foot wide Eagle Crater\u003c/a>, in the flat expanse of Meridiani Planum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right out of the box the rover spied evidence of past water, in the form of layers of sulfate-rich rock that appear to have been laid down in shallow water in Mars’ past. NASA operators were concerned that the rover might not be able to climb out of the crater. But if it hadn’t rolled to a stop there, it might never have seen sedimentary rock exposed on the inner crater wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along its travels, Opportunity discovered tiny round, gray spherules of hematite, a mineral that can form by accretion in acidic water. Dubbed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2535708/Blueberries-Mars-Stunning-images-red-planet-taken-Spirit-Opportunity-rovers-revealed-new-exhibition.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>” because they appeared blue in false-colored images captured by Opportunity’s microscopic camera, further study of their distribution in the Meridiani rocks suggested that these spherules most likely did form in water, and not by some other process, such as volcanism or wind action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914148\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914148\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Grey hematite spherules, or "blueberries," imaged with Opportunity's microscopic camera instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS.jpg 1077w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grey hematite spherules, or “blueberries,” imaged with Opportunity’s microscopic camera instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/Cornell/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found further stratigraphic evidence of past water in the exposed sedimentary layers of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/index.cfm?ImageID=3724\">Burns Cliff\u003c/a> in Endurance Crater, not far from its landing site. The layered rocks told a story of water that appeared and dried up episodically, indicating that the region underwent wet and dry cycles over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the \u003ca href=\"https://regmedia.co.uk/2015/03/25/opportunity_rover_route.jpg\">signs of past water\u003c/a> popped up in several places along Opportunity’s path, the chemical evidence told us that the water was probably acidic, and not favorable enough to support life. So, past water, yes, but could anything have lived in that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question remained open until Opportunity reached Endeavour Crater in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914149\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 361px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \" width=\"361\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg 634w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-160x198.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There, Opportunity discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">a vein of minerals\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur, and water—identified as gypsum—sticking out of the soil along the crater rim. The vein was likely deposited by mineral-rich water flowing through cracks in the rock. That water would have been less acidic than previously sampled locations, with pH levels closer to neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first indication in Meridiani Planum of a past watery environment suitable to support life—at least life forms as we know them on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next for Opportunity: Taking the Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For six years Opportunity has loitered safely on the rim of the Endeavour Crater, nursing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-05zk.html\">failing front-wheel steering system\u003c/a> but quietly continuing its very extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, NASA has decided that exploring the fluid-carved Perseverance Valley is worth the risk. Opportunity could discover that torrents of water once cascaded down the wall of Endeavour Crater and move in for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/2017/mars-rover-opportunity-on-walkabout-near-rim\">spent time examining the spillway\u003c/a> leading down into Perseverance Valley before \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2017/07-mer-update-opportunity-enters-perseverance-valley.html\">commencing its deeper plunge\u003c/a> down stream, to whatever fate awaits it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Opportunity has surprised everyone with its longevity and marathon crawl across the Martian surface, so I’m not willing to rule out its safe arrival at the bottom of the mysterious canyon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In what may end its record-shattering 13-year career, the plucky rover will trek out in a heroic search for water. ",
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"title": "NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission | KQED",
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"headline": "NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover, Opportunity, Is Destined for Risky Mission",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After 13 years and over 27 miles exploring the dry sea bed of Mars’ Meridiani Planum, NASA’s record-shattering rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity is still going\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally slated for a 90-day tour of Mars, Opportunity’s mission has been extended multiple times, making it the longest-operating robot on the red planet. The next longest running, Opportunity’s twin Spirit, lasted 8 years, and the Curiosity rover, also prospecting for signs of Mars’ watery past since 2012, has traveled a little over 5 miles so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after it poked about the rim of the giant Endeavour Crater for the last six years, NASA is preparing to send Opportunity on a challenging and risky (dare we say “heroic”?) trek down a fluid-carved canyon that may have been formed by flowing water in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914144\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 432px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914144\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A digital recreation of NASA's Opportunity rover exploring Mars' Endurance Crater early in its mission. \" width=\"432\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/enduranceplus_opportunity_big_nasa-jpl-cornell-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A digital recreation of NASA’s Opportunity rover exploring Mars’ Endurance Crater early in its mission. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If this canyon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/enhanced-color-panorama-above-perseverance-valley-on-mars\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>, was the locale of an ancient mega-cascade, what a fitting final mission for a rover that has spent its long career looking for signs of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Has Opportunity Lasted So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a three month mission to 13 years—how has this little rover lasted so long? Did engineers simply underestimate the lifespan for this rolling robot? Or, is this like a Disneyland line where wait times never match expectations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither. The 90-day expiration date has less to do with the robot’s durability, and more to do with the overall mission plan. Scientists estimate the minimum time a mission should run in order to achieve its goals; anything beyond that is a bonus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914147\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914147\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-800x604.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-768x580.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1020x770.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1920x1450.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-1180x891.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-960x725.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-375x283.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/15-049b-520x393.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity’s marathon trek, from its landing site at Eagle Crater in 2004, to its present location at the rim of 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the initial mission duration is reached, it may be given an extension, and at the end of that, perhaps another. Part of the decision for whether and how long to extend a mission is based on funding, but the potential rewards of exploring further also factor in—as has been the case with Opportunity several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Robot Dedicated to Finding Signs of Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity began its career in 2004 when it rolled to a stop at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/mro-20061129-c.html\">bottom of the 70-foot wide Eagle Crater\u003c/a>, in the flat expanse of Meridiani Planum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right out of the box the rover spied evidence of past water, in the form of layers of sulfate-rich rock that appear to have been laid down in shallow water in Mars’ past. NASA operators were concerned that the rover might not be able to climb out of the crater. But if it hadn’t rolled to a stop there, it might never have seen sedimentary rock exposed on the inner crater wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along its travels, Opportunity discovered tiny round, gray spherules of hematite, a mineral that can form by accretion in acidic water. Dubbed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2535708/Blueberries-Mars-Stunning-images-red-planet-taken-Spirit-Opportunity-rovers-revealed-new-exhibition.html\">blueberries\u003c/a>” because they appeared blue in false-colored images captured by Opportunity’s microscopic camera, further study of their distribution in the Meridiani rocks suggested that these spherules most likely did form in water, and not by some other process, such as volcanism or wind action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914148\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1914148\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Grey hematite spherules, or "blueberries," imaged with Opportunity's microscopic camera instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/Mars-Opportunity-blueberries-hematite-Fram-Crater-pia19113-full_NASAJPL-CALTECHCORNELLUSGS.jpg 1077w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grey hematite spherules, or “blueberries,” imaged with Opportunity’s microscopic camera instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech/Cornell/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity found further stratigraphic evidence of past water in the exposed sedimentary layers of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/index.cfm?ImageID=3724\">Burns Cliff\u003c/a> in Endurance Crater, not far from its landing site. The layered rocks told a story of water that appeared and dried up episodically, indicating that the region underwent wet and dry cycles over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the \u003ca href=\"https://regmedia.co.uk/2015/03/25/opportunity_rover_route.jpg\">signs of past water\u003c/a> popped up in several places along Opportunity’s path, the chemical evidence told us that the water was probably acidic, and not favorable enough to support life. So, past water, yes, but could anything have lived in that water?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This question remained open until Opportunity reached Endeavour Crater in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914149\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 361px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914149\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \" width=\"361\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783.jpg 634w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-160x198.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-240x296.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-375x463.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/article-2265635-170F5F64000005DC-187_634x783-520x642.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opportunity casts a long shadow over the rim of Endeavour Crater when it arrived there in 2011. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There, Opportunity discovered \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">a vein of minerals\u003c/a> containing calcium, sulfur, and water—identified as gypsum—sticking out of the soil along the crater rim. The vein was likely deposited by mineral-rich water flowing through cracks in the rock. That water would have been less acidic than previously sampled locations, with pH levels closer to neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the first indication in Meridiani Planum of a past watery environment suitable to support life—at least life forms as we know them on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next for Opportunity: Taking the Plunge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For six years Opportunity has loitered safely on the rim of the Endeavour Crater, nursing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-05zk.html\">failing front-wheel steering system\u003c/a> but quietly continuing its very extended mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, however, NASA has decided that exploring the fluid-carved Perseverance Valley is worth the risk. Opportunity could discover that torrents of water once cascaded down the wall of Endeavour Crater and move in for a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/news/2017/mars-rover-opportunity-on-walkabout-near-rim\">spent time examining the spillway\u003c/a> leading down into Perseverance Valley before \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2017/07-mer-update-opportunity-enters-perseverance-valley.html\">commencing its deeper plunge\u003c/a> down stream, to whatever fate awaits it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And who knows? Opportunity has surprised everyone with its longevity and marathon crawl across the Martian surface, so I’m not willing to rule out its safe arrival at the bottom of the mysterious canyon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/ScienceOilWastewaterISommer170802.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 1\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Pumpjack1.jpg\"]\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”15pcTtN87lI8MC5yd6uoTZdzBsD7cLTU”]“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/08/oilwastewaterpt2.mp3 program=\"KQED Science\" title=\"Oil and Groundwater – Part 2\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Oil-CentralValley.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California survived its historic drought, in large part by using groundwater. It was a lifeline in the Central Valley, where it was the only source of water for many farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California regulators are charged with protecting that groundwater, but for years they failed to do so. Through a series of mistakes and miscommunication, they allowed oil companies to put wastewater into drinking water aquifers that were supposed to be safeguarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a KQED investigation reveals that regulators still know little about the actual impact on the state’s groundwater reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those errors was discovered by an unlikely person: Bill Samarin, a farmer in California’s San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil and agriculture are the big employers in Tulare County, where Samarin lives. Among the citrus and almond orchards, you see steel pumpjacks bobbing above the treetops. So criticizing either of those industries doesn’t make you popular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t set well with people around here,” Samarin said. “You’re some kind of environmentalist, which isn’t a very accepted thing to be if you’re a farmer out in this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin is not an environmentalist. He describes himself as a “pretty conservative guy.” So what he discovered about the oil industry put him in unfamiliar territory, straining relationships in this tight-knit community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Biggest Issue\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with the oil field not far from his orchard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water?’\u003ccite>Bill Samarin, farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“From our house, we could look across and it’s probably about three-quarters of a mile,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County officials had received an application to expand that oil field and allow more drilling. Given how close it was to his property, Samarin started doing some homework.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I looked into it further, I found out actually that the biggest issue out here isn’t the things you see on top of the ground,” he said. “The biggest issue out here is the wastewater and how they’re getting rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies in California produce tons of wastewater. On average, for every barrel of oil, a California oil well produces 19 barrels of water, often laden with salts, trace metals and chemicals like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have to get rid of it somehow and in this area here, they pump it into the ground,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1914135\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/KQED_CAOilWstwtr.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"711\">It’s the standard way in which oil companies dispose of wastewater in California: using injection wells, which are not much more than a pipe going into the ground with a gauge to monitor water pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, the wastewater is deposited pretty deep, below the usable groundwater, into aquifers that are already too salty to be drinkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin decided to look up all the wells near his orchard, to see where the wastewater was going. He couldn’t believe what he found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was just stunned, stunned by how close it was to groundwater,” Samarin said. He uses groundwater on his crops, along with a lot of other farmers in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just drilled a well here,” he said. “We drilled down to 740 feet. The injection wells in this area are injecting at similar depths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alarmed, Samarin went to the local water regulators, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. They told him how a water law, known as the Safe Drinking Water Act, works. Groundwater that’s potentially drinkable is automatically off limits for oil companies for wastewater disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if groundwater quality is already tainted by oil or salts, then companies can get permission from state agencies and the federal Environmental Protection Agency to put wastewater there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulators gave Samarin a map of the land around his orchard that had been approved for wastewater disposal, as well as the areas that were protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people probably would have stopped there, but not Samarin. He wanted to know how close those injection wells were to his protected aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digging Through the Maps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin didn’t have to turn very far for help. His son, Alex, works with maps for a living.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re both curious people,” said the younger Samarin. “Once the question is asked, we want to see what the answer is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He plotted coordinates for all the wastewater wells on top of the land approved for wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Six out of the seven did fall within the allowable aquifer,” he said. “One was completely outside of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That meant an oil company was putting its wastewater into a protected aquifer that was supposed to be off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were just stunned,” recalls Bill. “It was like: is this even possible that they could be taking wastewater and injecting it into drinking water? Can you imagine that that actually occurs in California in this day and age?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1914133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-1180x662.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-960x539.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/injection-well-web-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wastewater injection well in San Joaquin County. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He decided to take it to county officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Tulare County held hearings about whether to allow the oil operation near Samarin’s orchard to expand, and he filed an appeal against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted the county to know about the mistake: that regulators with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> had permitted a wastewater well that it shouldn’t have. Over a decade, it had pumped 80 million gallons of wastewater into the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the hearing, Samarin presented his report, going over everything he and his son had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Produced water associated with oil production can contain many constituents that may endanger the environment or the public health,” he testified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the meeting was opened for comments, Burton Ellison, a recently-retired regulator with DOGGR, challenged Samarin’s findings, calling them untrue. “Every one of those wells went through a rigorous review,” Ellison told the hearing. “As a matter of fact, I reviewed some of them back in 2008.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, county supervisors denied Samarin’s appeal, stating that regulating wastewater was the state’s job, not theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Samarin let it drop for the time being. “I left it to other contacts,” he said. “The state water board knew about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It looks like a completely broken system.’\u003ccite>Briana Mordick, Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Six months later, those state water regulators reviewing wastewater wells discovered that Samarin had been right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ordered the errant injection well that Samarin had found be shut down. The oil company, Modus, Inc., responded that its wastewater didn’t contaminate the aquifer because it had the same salt level as the aquifer it was going into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Samarin didn’t know was that his wasn’t an isolated case. It was happening all over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Broken System”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are thousands of wells spread all across the state that are potentially impacting clean drinking water,” says Briana Mordick of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State oil regulators grant permits for wastewater injection wells, so knowing the boundaries between protected and unprotected aquifers is crucial. But for decades, Mordick says, state regulators confused those boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a pretty shocking state of affairs,” says Mordick. “Just poor communication, poor record-keeping. It looks like a completely broken system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our records weren’t solid,” admits Teresa Schilling, a spokesperson for the division of oil and gas. “They were missing in many cases and it’s essential that we have accurate records.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"program": "KQED Science",
"title": "Oil and Groundwater – Part 1",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIn some cases, the aquifer maps were decades old with fuzzy boundaries. In other cases, the records regulators used to make decisions were mixed up 30 years ago. The Environmental Protection Agency had a complete list of the protected aquifers, but for unknown reasons, California oil regulators were working from an incomplete list that didn’t include 11 protected aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that the public has concern about what’s at stake with their drinking water,” says Schilling. “We all know we have a right to clean drinking water and we have a right to expect that our government will take care of that for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What regulators are doing now, Schilling says, is reviewing records for thousands of wastewater injection wells, looking for mistakes. So far, about 175 wells have been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But six years after the problems emerged, there are still hundreds of wastewater wells operating in protected aquifers, mostly in Kern and Tulare counties. Schilling says these aquifers aren’t drinking-water quality and the state is going through the process of approving them for wastewater disposal. That was supposed to happen by February, but \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the process is still unfinished\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s very hard as a government entity to move fast but this has been a top priority at the Department of Conservation,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Minimal Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not fully understood is what impact all this has had on the quality of California’s drinking-water aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The testing that has been performed has been minimal, I would say,” says John Borkovich of the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has tested some of the drinking water wells within a mile of the wastewater wells that were wrongly permitted. The tests looked at the quality of the drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borkovich says officials have found no correlation between wastewater injection and “anything we’re finding in the water supply wells.” So far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because we haven’t seen anything, doesn’t mean there isn’t an issue out there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next, bigger challenge is determining what the long-term impact of wastewater has been on the larger aquifers. Some wastewater wells have been operating for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED asked oil regulators for records showing contamination levels of the wastewater that oil companies put into the cleanest aquifers. Officials say they can’t produce those records for KQED, because the information is in stacks of paperwork, spread across several regional offices. They also say the division of oil and gas isn’t looking at that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how far back the permitting problems go, it could be a challenge for the state to reconstruct what’s happened underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t necessarily have good records of what the quality of that water would have been 20 years ago when they started doing this,” said NRDC’s Mordick. “So trying to figure out whether their actions have impacted the water is really difficult at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mordick adds that the state may be overlooking certain chemicals in their testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the complicating things is that the state doesn’t require disclosure of most of the stuff that oil and gas operators use,” Mordick says. “Things like drilling fluids, or maintenance fluids, enhanced oil recovery operations, so really, we wouldn’t know what to test for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aquifers in question may not contain groundwater that California needs right now, but future droughts are inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those resources are becoming more and more valuable over time,” says Mordick. “Protecting our groundwater is really important. They need to follow the rules and California needs to step up and take this seriously because they haven’t been for a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water regulators say they hope to figure out what the larger impacts have been in the years ahead, but have no set timeline. The risk is that they’ve allowed oil companies to contaminate drinking water aquifers to such an extent that Californians may have permanently lost those sources of fresh water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene",
"headTitle": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In experimental embryos, scientists were able to repair the gene that causes a serious heart disorder. But more research is needed to confirm the method would produce healthy babies, they say.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesla and wind farm developer \u003ca href=\"http://dwwind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deepwater Wind\u003c/a> are planning to team up to create the largest project in the world that combines an offshore wind farm with large-scale electricity storage, the companies announced Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called the Revolution Wind Farm, would generate electricity about 12 miles off the shore of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., and store some of it in large batteries built by Tesla. The project would have the capacity to generate 144 megawatts of wind power, or enough electricity to power 80,000 homes, according to Deepwater Wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by the state, the wind farm would begin operating in 2023. It is expected to be built next to another wind farm proposed by Deepwater Wind called the South Fork Wind Project. That project would serve Long Island, N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies proposed Revolution Wind as part of \u003ca href=\"https://macleanenergy.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/83d-rfp-and-appendices-final.pdf\">a call in Massachusetts\u003c/a> for new sources of renewable energy across the state. The state hopes to generate more clean energy to meet its climate goals by cutting the state’s greenhouse gas emissions. Electric power plants running on coal and natural gas have historically been America’s largest source of carbon pollution contributing to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">This is the first time Tesla will use its batteries to store wind power.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Revolution Wind brings together two new industries in the U.S. — offshore wind and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/states-batteries-cut-carbon-21573\">electricity storage\u003c/a>. The expansion and scalability of renewables depends in part on new ways to store wind and solar power, which today can only be used when the wind is blowing and the sun is shining. Big batteries are seen as a solution to that problem because they allow renewable energy to be used whenever it’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, batteries are most often used to store solar power. Tesla has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/states-batteries-cut-carbon-21573\">teamed up with\u003c/a> electric companies in California to build batteries to help them use more solar, but it has not used the batteries for offshore wind power anywhere in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla has not said what kind of batteries it plans to use for Revolution Wind, but the large batteries it currently builds, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/powerpack\">Tesla PowerPack\u003c/a>, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-powerpack-2-commercial-battery-facts-features-2016-11/#like-the-powerwall-the-powerpack-draws-energy-from-grid-when-utility-rates-are-low-and-can-function-as-a-backup-generator-it-can-also-store-solar-energy-2\">composed of\u003c/a> 16 pods that together weigh more than 3 tons and are 7 feet tall. The pods are daisy-chained together and provide hundreds of kilowatts of power. Tesla declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved, the Revolution Wind Farm will be built by Deepwater Wind, which switched on America’s first offshore wind farm in Rhode Island last year. That farm \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/offshore-wind-farm-shutters-power-plant-21407\">lead to the shutdown\u003c/a> of a diesel-fired power plant on Block Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Deepwater Wind said the offshore wind-battery storage pairing will provide clean energy during the times of highest electricity demand. The project will prevent the need for new power plants that operate only when power demand is at its daily peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources said he had not seen the proposal and was unable to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesla and wind farm developer \u003ca href=\"http://dwwind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deepwater Wind\u003c/a> are planning to team up to create the largest project in the world that combines an offshore wind farm with large-scale electricity storage, the companies announced Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called the Revolution Wind Farm, would generate electricity about 12 miles off the shore of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., and store some of it in large batteries built by Tesla. The project would have the capacity to generate 144 megawatts of wind power, or enough electricity to power 80,000 homes, according to Deepwater Wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved by the state, the wind farm would begin operating in 2023. It is expected to be built next to another wind farm proposed by Deepwater Wind called the South Fork Wind Project. That project would serve Long Island, N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies proposed Revolution Wind as part of \u003ca href=\"https://macleanenergy.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/83d-rfp-and-appendices-final.pdf\">a call in Massachusetts\u003c/a> for new sources of renewable energy across the state. The state hopes to generate more clean energy to meet its climate goals by cutting the state’s greenhouse gas emissions. Electric power plants running on coal and natural gas have historically been America’s largest source of carbon pollution contributing to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">This is the first time Tesla will use its batteries to store wind power.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Revolution Wind brings together two new industries in the U.S. — offshore wind and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/states-batteries-cut-carbon-21573\">electricity storage\u003c/a>. The expansion and scalability of renewables depends in part on new ways to store wind and solar power, which today can only be used when the wind is blowing and the sun is shining. Big batteries are seen as a solution to that problem because they allow renewable energy to be used whenever it’s needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, batteries are most often used to store solar power. Tesla has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/states-batteries-cut-carbon-21573\">teamed up with\u003c/a> electric companies in California to build batteries to help them use more solar, but it has not used the batteries for offshore wind power anywhere in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla has not said what kind of batteries it plans to use for Revolution Wind, but the large batteries it currently builds, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tesla.com/powerpack\">Tesla PowerPack\u003c/a>, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-powerpack-2-commercial-battery-facts-features-2016-11/#like-the-powerwall-the-powerpack-draws-energy-from-grid-when-utility-rates-are-low-and-can-function-as-a-backup-generator-it-can-also-store-solar-energy-2\">composed of\u003c/a> 16 pods that together weigh more than 3 tons and are 7 feet tall. The pods are daisy-chained together and provide hundreds of kilowatts of power. Tesla declined to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved, the Revolution Wind Farm will be built by Deepwater Wind, which switched on America’s first offshore wind farm in Rhode Island last year. That farm \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/offshore-wind-farm-shutters-power-plant-21407\">lead to the shutdown\u003c/a> of a diesel-fired power plant on Block Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Deepwater Wind said the offshore wind-battery storage pairing will provide clean energy during the times of highest electricity demand. The project will prevent the need for new power plants that operate only when power demand is at its daily peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources said he had not seen the proposal and was unable to comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With the drought officially over and the summer heat upon us, people all across California are heading outdoors. For many, that means a day on the river or relaxing by the lake. The wet winter means there’s plenty of habitat for one of nature’s most curious creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water striders, also called pond skaters, seem to defy gravity. You’ve probably seen them flittering across the water’s surface, dodging ripples as they patrol streams and quiet backwater eddies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like David \u003ca href=\"http://www.hu.gatech.edu/\">Hu\u003c/a> at Georgia Institute of Technology study how water striders move and how they make their living as predators lurking on the water’s surface. It’s an amazing combination of biology and physics best understood by looking up close. Very close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-wide.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892350\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-wide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water striders create circular waves when they move. The waves announce the water strider’s presences to their peers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water striders are insects with six legs. They use the front and back legs to hold themselves up and the middle pair to row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically like little rowboats,” said Hu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the oars of a rowboat, water striders’ legs don’t penetrate the surface of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-row-slow.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892352\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-row-slow.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water striders use their center pair of legs to push against dimples in the water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s because water striders are covered with tiny hairs that repel water, trapping a layer of air next to the strider’s legs and body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That buoyant air keeps the legs from breaking the water’s surface and makes the striders bob back up if they get swamped by a tiny wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weight of the strider pushing down on the water causes the surface to deform—but not so much that it breaks. Instead, the water dimples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It like standing on a trampoline for them,” said Hu. “Their legs are actually under the water line but surrounded by air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu has studied the way striders move by filming them in dishes of water in his lab at Georgia Tech. The researchers dyed water with food coloring to reveal how striders disturb the water as they row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu found that striders move by pushing against the walls of the dimples of water. “They use the water to push on more water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how striders scramble across the nearly frictionless surface of the water. They can even leap off the water in order to dodge attacks from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1892354\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water strider legs are covered in a layer of tiny hairs that repel water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hairs create so much buoyancy that it’s very difficult for water striders to dive. That’s important because the females protect their eggs by laying them under submerged rocks or tree branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1907156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-leaf-floating-.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1907156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-leaf-floating-.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The weight of a leaf deforms the surface of the water but not enough to break it. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This ability to “walk” on water gives striders an incredible advantage over creatures that can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a gently babbling brook to us is a deathtrap to most insects. For something the size of a fly, water is very sticky. Those that can’t free themselves from the grip of the surface tension quickly become exhausted by the struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s exactly what what water striders look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in a world of waves,” said Hu. “Water striders hear by feeling vibrations in the water’s surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to them, the vibrations caused by a cricket or moth struggling to swim sound like a dinner bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striders wait for their prey to float by and then bolt out from the stream’s edge to collect their prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They grab hold with their front legs and use their piercing needle-like mouth to stab into their victim and squirt in digestive enzymes that pre-digest the meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-eat-cricket2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-eat-cricket2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water strider feeds on a young cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving across the stream requires agility and effort, so striders typically hang onto the side of the riverbank to rest between meals or when they feel threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For water striders, keeping their feet dry certainly gives them the upper hand.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With the drought officially over and the summer heat upon us, people all across California are heading outdoors. For many, that means a day on the river or relaxing by the lake. The wet winter means there’s plenty of habitat for one of nature’s most curious creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water striders, also called pond skaters, seem to defy gravity. You’ve probably seen them flittering across the water’s surface, dodging ripples as they patrol streams and quiet backwater eddies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists like David \u003ca href=\"http://www.hu.gatech.edu/\">Hu\u003c/a> at Georgia Institute of Technology study how water striders move and how they make their living as predators lurking on the water’s surface. It’s an amazing combination of biology and physics best understood by looking up close. Very close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-wide.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892350\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-wide.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water striders create circular waves when they move. The waves announce the water strider’s presences to their peers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water striders are insects with six legs. They use the front and back legs to hold themselves up and the middle pair to row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re basically like little rowboats,” said Hu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the oars of a rowboat, water striders’ legs don’t penetrate the surface of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892352\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-row-slow.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892352\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-row-slow.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water striders use their center pair of legs to push against dimples in the water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s because water striders are covered with tiny hairs that repel water, trapping a layer of air next to the strider’s legs and body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That buoyant air keeps the legs from breaking the water’s surface and makes the striders bob back up if they get swamped by a tiny wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weight of the strider pushing down on the water causes the surface to deform—but not so much that it breaks. Instead, the water dimples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It like standing on a trampoline for them,” said Hu. “Their legs are actually under the water line but surrounded by air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu has studied the way striders move by filming them in dishes of water in his lab at Georgia Tech. The researchers dyed water with food coloring to reveal how striders disturb the water as they row.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu found that striders move by pushing against the walls of the dimples of water. “They use the water to push on more water,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how striders scramble across the nearly frictionless surface of the water. They can even leap off the water in order to dodge attacks from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1892354\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-WaterStriders-furry-leg-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water strider legs are covered in a layer of tiny hairs that repel water. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hairs create so much buoyancy that it’s very difficult for water striders to dive. That’s important because the females protect their eggs by laying them under submerged rocks or tree branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1907156\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-leaf-floating-.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1907156\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-leaf-floating-.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The weight of a leaf deforms the surface of the water but not enough to break it. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This ability to “walk” on water gives striders an incredible advantage over creatures that can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a gently babbling brook to us is a deathtrap to most insects. For something the size of a fly, water is very sticky. Those that can’t free themselves from the grip of the surface tension quickly become exhausted by the struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s exactly what what water striders look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They live in a world of waves,” said Hu. “Water striders hear by feeling vibrations in the water’s surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to them, the vibrations caused by a cricket or moth struggling to swim sound like a dinner bell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striders wait for their prey to float by and then bolt out from the stream’s edge to collect their prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They grab hold with their front legs and use their piercing needle-like mouth to stab into their victim and squirt in digestive enzymes that pre-digest the meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1892356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-eat-cricket2.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1892356\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/DL414-Striders-eat-cricket2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water strider feeds on a young cricket. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving across the stream requires agility and effort, so striders typically hang onto the side of the riverbank to rest between meals or when they feel threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For water striders, keeping their feet dry certainly gives them the upper hand.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Thieves Take Neil Armstrong's Solid Gold Lunar Module Replica",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thieves made off with a solid gold replica of the first vehicle to land on the moon Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Wapakoneta, Ohio, say they found the model of the 1969 Lunar Excursion Module missing from the Armstrong Air & Space Museum after they responded to an alarm that went off at the museum late Friday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold replica, given to famed astronaut Neil Armstrong, is one of only three made — one for each astronaut aboard Apollo 11. Police said in a statement that “the value of such an item cannot be determined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum responded to the theft on its Facebook page:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The truth is that you can’t steal from a museum. Museum’s don’t ‘own’ artifacts. We are simply vessels of the public trust. Museums care for and exhibit items on behalf of you, the public. Theft from a museum is a theft from all of us. Three hundred people driving from across the country were robbed of their opportunity to experience the museum today. For every day that an item is missing, we are all robbed of an opportunity to enjoy it and our history.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1906531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1906531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in Paris in 1969. Aldrin holds a lunar module model of similar size and shape to the gold one stolen Friday. \u003ccite>(Keystone/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Readers of French newspaper \u003cem>Le Figaro\u003c/em> gave the 18-karat gold models to Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins during a visit to Paris in October 1969, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-072917a-armstrong-museum-gold-lunar-module-stolen.html\">website collectSPACE\u003c/a>. \u003cem>Le Figaro\u003c/em> commissioned French jewelry-maker Cartier to design and make the models; the newspaper asked its readers “to contribute to the cost — 10 francs, 20 francs, whatever they could afford — with two of [the readers] making the presentation,” Cartier archivist \u003ca href=\"http://www.barrons.com/articles/cartiers-archive-home-to-hidden-treasures-1425096321?mg=prod/accounts-barrons\">Violette Petit told Barron’s\u003c/a> in 2015. Inside each model was a microfilm with the names of readers who contributed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jeweler bought back Collins’ model in a 2003 auction for $56,000, according to the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar module model is only 5 inches tall and 4.5 inches wide, Wapakoneta police say. They say they are investigating with help from the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation and the FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wapakoneta is Armstrong’s hometown. The Armstrong Air & Space Museum \u003ca href=\"https://www.armstrongmuseum.org/about-museum\">opened there in 1972\u003c/a>, exactly three years after Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.armstrongmuseum.org/what-see\">you can see\u003c/a> “one-of-a-kind artifacts including the Gemini VIII spacecraft, Neil Armstrong’s Gemini and Apollo spacesuits, and an Apollo 11 moon rock” at the museum, in addition to two aircraft Armstrong flew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/08/25/160043701/neil-armstrong-first-man-to-walk-on-the-moon-is-dead\">died in 2012\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Thieves+Take+Neil+Armstrong%27s+Solid+Gold+Lunar+Module+Replica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thieves made off with a solid gold replica of the first vehicle to land on the moon Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Wapakoneta, Ohio, say they found the model of the 1969 Lunar Excursion Module missing from the Armstrong Air & Space Museum after they responded to an alarm that went off at the museum late Friday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gold replica, given to famed astronaut Neil Armstrong, is one of only three made — one for each astronaut aboard Apollo 11. Police said in a statement that “the value of such an item cannot be determined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The museum responded to the theft on its Facebook page:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The truth is that you can’t steal from a museum. Museum’s don’t ‘own’ artifacts. We are simply vessels of the public trust. Museums care for and exhibit items on behalf of you, the public. Theft from a museum is a theft from all of us. Three hundred people driving from across the country were robbed of their opportunity to experience the museum today. For every day that an item is missing, we are all robbed of an opportunity to enjoy it and our history.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1906531\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1906531\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/gettyimages-3304172-9c8793f374a3bfdb2d1aece61b21914b3e8e8c5b-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in Paris in 1969. Aldrin holds a lunar module model of similar size and shape to the gold one stolen Friday. \u003ccite>(Keystone/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Readers of French newspaper \u003cem>Le Figaro\u003c/em> gave the 18-karat gold models to Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins during a visit to Paris in October 1969, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-072917a-armstrong-museum-gold-lunar-module-stolen.html\">website collectSPACE\u003c/a>. \u003cem>Le Figaro\u003c/em> commissioned French jewelry-maker Cartier to design and make the models; the newspaper asked its readers “to contribute to the cost — 10 francs, 20 francs, whatever they could afford — with two of [the readers] making the presentation,” Cartier archivist \u003ca href=\"http://www.barrons.com/articles/cartiers-archive-home-to-hidden-treasures-1425096321?mg=prod/accounts-barrons\">Violette Petit told Barron’s\u003c/a> in 2015. Inside each model was a microfilm with the names of readers who contributed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jeweler bought back Collins’ model in a 2003 auction for $56,000, according to the magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lunar module model is only 5 inches tall and 4.5 inches wide, Wapakoneta police say. They say they are investigating with help from the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation and the FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wapakoneta is Armstrong’s hometown. The Armstrong Air & Space Museum \u003ca href=\"https://www.armstrongmuseum.org/about-museum\">opened there in 1972\u003c/a>, exactly three years after Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. Today, \u003ca href=\"https://www.armstrongmuseum.org/what-see\">you can see\u003c/a> “one-of-a-kind artifacts including the Gemini VIII spacecraft, Neil Armstrong’s Gemini and Apollo spacesuits, and an Apollo 11 moon rock” at the museum, in addition to two aircraft Armstrong flew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/08/25/160043701/neil-armstrong-first-man-to-walk-on-the-moon-is-dead\">died in 2012\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Thieves+Take+Neil+Armstrong%27s+Solid+Gold+Lunar+Module+Replica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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