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"content": "\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Look What the Big Storm Brought to the Sierra",
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"content": "\u003cp>A powerful storm visible in satellite images has dramatically changed the state’s seasonal snowpack totals, according to today’s monthly survey — but it still leaves California’s water supplies well below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Watch how you use water.’\u003ccite>Frank Gherke,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada’s biggest storm of the year attracted (and threatened) skiiers and closed some roads; Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/explore/blog/over-7-feet-storm-totals-and-over-100-inches-9-days\">reported\u003c/a> 7 feet of snow this weekend. The storm also delayed state scientists’ monthly trek out to Phillips Station, just off highway 50 near Echo Summit. This is just one spot in the California Cooperative Snow Survey (CCSS) managed by the Department of Water Resources (DWR).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, survey chief, Frank Gehrke, found 41.5 inches of snow at the site, with a water content of just over nine inches. That’s more than triple what the site held a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7700848e-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s an encouraging start to March, but we’ve got a long way to go,” Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from the larger network of stations comprising the CCSS find the state’s snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">at around 37% of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year. That’s a potential problem since the frozen reservoir of water in California’s snowpack has, in the past, provided around a third of the state’s supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would take two more of the sort of storms we just went through” to approach normal snowpack by April 1, Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials ended the state declaration of drought in 2017, buoyed by last year’s near-record winter rains. But paltry winter precipitation has returned nearly half the state to drought again, \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">according to the U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=38d377de-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much snow dumped in the last few days that the Sierra Avalanche Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory%20of%20deep%20slab%20and%20wind-driven%20avalanches\">is warning\u003c/a> of considerable risk. And recent rainstorms \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">have filled\u003c/a> reservoirs to capacity or close to it even in overdry Southern California. Those conditions have helped stave off a return to declared drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climatologist Dan Swain points out that changing climatic conditions may force change in policy considerations, too. Historically, California has swung between lean water years and fat ones, between warm years and cold. However, he says, “we’re definitely drifting in a certain temperature right now, which is warmer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=01cbfb8a-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nWhat that means, Swain says, is that California is likely to see two conditions thought to be contradictory: more rain years as well as more severe and prolonged droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These systems that we have in place right now were designed for a particular climate that no longer exists,” Swain says, “and will be even further from the climate we’re likely to have just a couple of decades from now,.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Gehrke says the survey offers a simpler and immediate lesson: “Watch how you use water.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A powerful storm visible in satellite images has dramatically changed the state’s seasonal snowpack totals, according to today’s monthly survey — but it still leaves California’s water supplies well below normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Watch how you use water.’\u003ccite>Frank Gherke,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Department of Water Resources\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada’s biggest storm of the year attracted (and threatened) skiiers and closed some roads; Squaw Valley and Alpine Meadows \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/explore/blog/over-7-feet-storm-totals-and-over-100-inches-9-days\">reported\u003c/a> 7 feet of snow this weekend. The storm also delayed state scientists’ monthly trek out to Phillips Station, just off highway 50 near Echo Summit. This is just one spot in the California Cooperative Snow Survey (CCSS) managed by the Department of Water Resources (DWR).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, survey chief, Frank Gehrke, found 41.5 inches of snow at the site, with a water content of just over nine inches. That’s more than triple what the site held a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=7700848e-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n“It’s an encouraging start to March, but we’ve got a long way to go,” Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements from the larger network of stations comprising the CCSS find the state’s snowpack \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">at around 37% of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year. That’s a potential problem since the frozen reservoir of water in California’s snowpack has, in the past, provided around a third of the state’s supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would take two more of the sort of storms we just went through” to approach normal snowpack by April 1, Gehrke said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials ended the state declaration of drought in 2017, buoyed by last year’s near-record winter rains. But paltry winter precipitation has returned nearly half the state to drought again, \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">according to the U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=38d377de-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So much snow dumped in the last few days that the Sierra Avalanche Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory%20of%20deep%20slab%20and%20wind-driven%20avalanches\">is warning\u003c/a> of considerable risk. And recent rainstorms \u003ca href=\"https://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/products/rescond.pdf\">have filled\u003c/a> reservoirs to capacity or close to it even in overdry Southern California. Those conditions have helped stave off a return to declared drought in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCLA climatologist Dan Swain points out that changing climatic conditions may force change in policy considerations, too. Historically, California has swung between lean water years and fat ones, between warm years and cold. However, he says, “we’re definitely drifting in a certain temperature right now, which is warmer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/juxtapose/latest/embed/index.html?uid=01cbfb8a-20b6-11e8-b263-0edaf8f81e27\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nWhat that means, Swain says, is that California is likely to see two conditions thought to be contradictory: more rain years as well as more severe and prolonged droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These systems that we have in place right now were designed for a particular climate that no longer exists,” Swain says, “and will be even further from the climate we’re likely to have just a couple of decades from now,.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR’s Gehrke says the survey offers a simpler and immediate lesson: “Watch how you use water.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Wins Appeal Affirming Roundup Listing as Probable Carcinogen",
"headTitle": "State Wins Appeal Affirming Roundup Listing as Probable Carcinogen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: April 20, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A California Appellate Court affirmed that the main ingredient in the popular weed killer Round-up can be listed as a probable carcinogen under \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>. Last year the state determined consumers should be warned that glyphosate could cause cancer. Monsanto challenged the ruling about their herbicide but lost the battle yesterday. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Proposition 65 requires notification and labeling of all chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and prohibits their discharge into drinking waters of the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 5, 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Claims that the active ingredient in the widely used weed killer Roundup can cause cancer have been evaluated by international agencies, U.S. and foreign regulators and the product’s manufacturer — agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a federal judge in San Francisco will conduct his own review during an unusual set of court hearings scheduled to start Monday. It has big stakes for Monsanto and hundreds of farmers and others who have sued the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria will spend a week hearing from experts to help decide whether there is valid scientific evidence to support the lawsuits’ claim that exposure to Roundup can cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.[contextly_sidebar id=”HjEwa348Joj3qmYbjKbXSdj8hUL33ynu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria is presiding over more than 300 lawsuits against Monsanto Co. by cancer victims and their families who say the company long knew about Roundup’s cancer risk but failed to warn them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs must first persuade Chhabria, however, that he should allow their epidemiologists and other doctors to testify to a jury that Roundup can cause cancer. Many regulators have rejected the link, and Monsanto vehemently denies it and says hundreds of studies have found glyphosate — Roundup’s active ingredient — is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria will not determine if the cancer connection exists, but whether the claim has been tested, reviewed and published and is widely accepted in the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s game over for the plaintiffs if they can’t get over this hurdle,” said David Levine, an expert in federal court procedure at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbicide Glyphosate On Trial\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMonsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries. Farmers in California use it on more than 200 types of crops. Homeowners use it to keep their lawns and gardens pristine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Louis-based Monsanto also sells seeds genetically modified to produce crops that can tolerate being sprayed with glyphosate as the surrounding weeds die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer fills his agricultural sprayer with roundup, a glyphosate based herbicide made by agrochemical giant Monsanto, in Piace, northwestern France, on December 29, 2017. \u003ccite>(Jean-Francois Monier/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France — part of the World Health Organization — classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015. A flurry of lawsuits against Monsanto in federal and states courts followed, and California added glyphosate to its list of chemicals known to cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Sheppard, among those suing Monsanto, said she sprayed Roundup for years to control weeds on her Hawaii coffee farm. In 2003, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and given six months to live. Now 68, she is in remission but experiences severe pain in her hands and legs from her cancer treatment and has a weak immune system. She believes Roundup is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that really gets to me right now is when I walk into Home Depot and places like that and see Roundup still for sale, still advertised as the best thing people can use,” said Sheppard, who now lives near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for humans when used in accordance with label directions. A draft report by the agency last year concluded the herbicide is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. The report noted science reviews by numerous other countries as well as a 2017 National Institute of Health survey had reached the same conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more than 800 published studies — scientific, medical and peer-reviewed — which demonstrate that glyphosate is safe and there is no association whatsoever with any form of cancer,” said Scott Partridge, vice president of strategy at Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warning Label Blocked\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA federal judge in Sacramento last week blocked California from requiring that Roundup carry a label stating that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence glyphosate is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Litzenburg, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said the connection between glyphosate and cancer is not “junk science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just do a literature search and find many, many peer-reviewed, published articles concluding that glyphosate exposure increases the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In an unusual set of hearings scheduled this week, a federal judge will conduct his own Monsanto review.",
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"title": "State Wins Appeal Affirming Roundup Listing as Probable Carcinogen | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UPDATE: April 20, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A California Appellate Court affirmed that the main ingredient in the popular weed killer Round-up can be listed as a probable carcinogen under \u003ca href=\"https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65\">Proposition 65\u003c/a>. Last year the state determined consumers should be warned that glyphosate could cause cancer. Monsanto challenged the ruling about their herbicide but lost the battle yesterday. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Proposition 65 requires notification and labeling of all chemicals known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm, and prohibits their discharge into drinking waters of the state.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Story, March 5, 2018:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Claims that the active ingredient in the widely used weed killer Roundup can cause cancer have been evaluated by international agencies, U.S. and foreign regulators and the product’s manufacturer — agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a federal judge in San Francisco will conduct his own review during an unusual set of court hearings scheduled to start Monday. It has big stakes for Monsanto and hundreds of farmers and others who have sued the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabria will spend a week hearing from experts to help decide whether there is valid scientific evidence to support the lawsuits’ claim that exposure to Roundup can cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria is presiding over more than 300 lawsuits against Monsanto Co. by cancer victims and their families who say the company long knew about Roundup’s cancer risk but failed to warn them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plaintiffs must first persuade Chhabria, however, that he should allow their epidemiologists and other doctors to testify to a jury that Roundup can cause cancer. Many regulators have rejected the link, and Monsanto vehemently denies it and says hundreds of studies have found glyphosate — Roundup’s active ingredient — is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chhabria will not determine if the cancer connection exists, but whether the claim has been tested, reviewed and published and is widely accepted in the scientific community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s game over for the plaintiffs if they can’t get over this hurdle,” said David Levine, an expert in federal court procedure at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbicide Glyphosate On Trial\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMonsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries. Farmers in California use it on more than 200 types of crops. Homeowners use it to keep their lawns and gardens pristine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>St. Louis-based Monsanto also sells seeds genetically modified to produce crops that can tolerate being sprayed with glyphosate as the surrounding weeds die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 401px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1920x1278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer fills his agricultural sprayer with roundup, a glyphosate based herbicide made by agrochemical giant Monsanto, in Piace, northwestern France, on December 29, 2017. \u003ccite>(Jean-Francois Monier/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France — part of the World Health Organization — classified it as a “probable human carcinogen” in 2015. A flurry of lawsuits against Monsanto in federal and states courts followed, and California added glyphosate to its list of chemicals known to cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Sheppard, among those suing Monsanto, said she sprayed Roundup for years to control weeds on her Hawaii coffee farm. In 2003, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and given six months to live. Now 68, she is in remission but experiences severe pain in her hands and legs from her cancer treatment and has a weak immune system. She believes Roundup is to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing that really gets to me right now is when I walk into Home Depot and places like that and see Roundup still for sale, still advertised as the best thing people can use,” said Sheppard, who now lives near San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency’s opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for humans when used in accordance with label directions. A draft report by the agency last year concluded the herbicide is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. The report noted science reviews by numerous other countries as well as a 2017 National Institute of Health survey had reached the same conclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are more than 800 published studies — scientific, medical and peer-reviewed — which demonstrate that glyphosate is safe and there is no association whatsoever with any form of cancer,” said Scott Partridge, vice president of strategy at Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Warning Label Blocked\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA federal judge in Sacramento last week blocked California from requiring that Roundup carry a label stating that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence glyphosate is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Litzenburg, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said the connection between glyphosate and cancer is not “junk science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just do a literature search and find many, many peer-reviewed, published articles concluding that glyphosate exposure increases the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-contentious-future-of-point-reyes-heres-what-you-need-to-know",
"title": "The Contentious Future of Point Reyes -- Here's What You Need to Know",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On a rocky peninsula with sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean, an hour north of San Francisco, cows, tule elk, and people have shared the land for several hundred years — but lately, with growing conflict. That’s why the National Park Service is rethinking how to manage the rangelands in the Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Everything is on the table.’\u003ccite>Melanie Gunn\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes National Seashore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>President John F. Kennedy established the national park at Point Reyes in 1962, but the government only owned some of the land. The rest had been cattle and dairy land for 100 years. So federal authorities paid out $50 million in the 1960s and 70s to buy the land from the cattle and dairy ranchers. Ranchers were able to stay under long-term leases, and some two million people visit annually, from all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After an effort to restore tule elk, the herds now roam over the park’s wildlands, as they did before human development nearly drove them to extinction. But they’ve also spread to the ranchlands, becoming a little too free-range for the liking of ranchers, who make their livelihood on public lands. And a bacteria common to dairy and cattle has sickened some of the elk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These conditions brewed a sour fight among conservationists, the park service, and ranchers, culminating in litigation four years ago. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle belonging to Marin Sun Farms, Inc. graze the land on Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As a result, the park service now is modifying its General Management Plan, a kind of road map to the next twenty years on rangelands at Point Reyes. In doing that, the park service must consider cutting ranching out of the national seashore altogether. Other ideas for the future include expanding farming and eliminating some of the elk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The question we need to resolve through this planning process is whether or not we can have elk and cattle coexisting and what it takes to make it work,” says Dave Press, a National Park Service wildlife ecologist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1336\" height=\"1075\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1920716\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg 1336w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-800x644.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-768x618.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-1020x821.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-1180x949.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-960x772.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-520x418.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1336px) 100vw, 1336px\">\u003c/a>Melanie Gunn, a spokeswoman for the seashore, says it’s a public process, “so everything is on the table.” Even the alternatives the public has seen so far aren’t set in stone. “We’re in listening mode,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park service has now released thousands of comments about the park’s future, but the actual planning is only just beginning. Here’s what you need to know to make sense of, or participate in, the process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Point Reyes is the only national park where tule elk are visible. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tule elk disappeared from the peninsula in the mid-nineteenth century; they didn’t move back until 1978, after the seashore was established. Today the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk_tomales_point_faq.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tomales Point Elk Preserve\u003c/a> holds around 450 of them, behind a tall fence on the north side of the seashore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule elk are native to California, and were reintroduced to Point Reyes National Seashore beginning 40 years ago. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Elk have spread along the seashore. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fenced preserve was so successful, wildlife managers added a free-range herd in 1998. That second herd has split, with more than a hundred elk hanging out down by Drake’s Estero, and Limantour Road, and a smaller number further north, by Drake’s Beach. Our map shows the range for both free-range herds, based on NPS data. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cattle fences don’t work on elk.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Tule elk are the smallest elk species (of three) in California, but they’re still 600 pounds, and nimble. They can jump a cattle fence easily, to graze the organic grasses ranchers maintain for their grass-fed beef and organic cheese. Ranch fences keep cattle away from some sensitive waterways and wilderness at the seashore. But the only fencing at Point Reyes that controls elk is at the elk preserve, where a three-mile long, ten-foot high, wood-and-wire fence confines the original herd.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pasture of fresh grass belonging to Marin Sun Farms, Inc. is ready for grazing. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A wasting disease has struck elk and cattle out on the Point Reyes peninsula.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A bacteria found at Tomales Point decades ago, probably connected to a defunct ranching operation, has caused outbreaks of Johne’s Disease over the years – a contagious, chronic, common, and often fatal sickness in dairy operations. Its symptoms include weight loss and diarrhea for affected animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dtU0Yc0WDKONGgcKXeia50w0azAM1epd”]\u003cb>We haven’t fully sleuthed out the disease – in part because no testing is required for it. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park service tests and quarantines elk from the free-range herd, but the last tests for elk in the fenced reserve were a decade ago. The park service says there’s no money for genetic tests for the bacterium that causes the disease, and the test itself can be hard to interpret. Finally, cattle and dairy operations may or may not test for Johne’s in their herds. All that means it’s hard to say with certainty which animals have passed the disease to each other, and when. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Everyone agrees the federal government paid fair market value for land bought from ranchers, but grazing fees may be a different story.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Between 1963-1978, the government paid ranching families nearly $50 million for their lands, then allowed them to run dairy and cattle operations on public land under successive 20- and 30-year leases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Evans and his wife Claire Herminjard of Marin Sun Farms say they rotate their cattle and take care to protect habitats for endangered species. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ranchers pay $7 a cow a month to graze on public land. That’s higher than other federal lands, and park management says those fees \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/assets/100/94025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cover the cost\u003c/a> of administering the lands,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> still, conservationists point out that grazing costs are as much as double on other Marin lands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>Want to see row crops at Point Reyes? Ranchers do.\u003c/b> The word artichoke appears 92 times in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/getinvolved/upload/planning_gmp_amendment_initial_public_comments.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public comments file\u003c/a>, and for a reason: the Point Reyes Seashore Ranchers Association is pushing for something called “agricultural diversification.” It would permit pigs, sheep and row crops within park boundaries; interested West Marin residents have weighed in for and against the idea.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And ranchers argue cattle grazing can be beneficial to grassland. David Evans and Claire Herminjard, who manage Marin Sun Farms and Mindful Meats on park service land, say they control the timing and severity of grazing to manage the land. “Our central love and goal is to make sure that we are doing the best possible job we can, in taking care of the land, the pastures, and all of the layers of ecosystem that are out here, in tandem with our livestock,” Herminjard says, “and our livestock do the best job at being able to keep grasslands viable.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920703\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-768x498.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-1180x765.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-960x623.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-520x337.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule Elk graze on grass in a field at Point Reyes National Seashore Elk Preserve. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Environmental groups who sued the National Park Service in 2014 remain skeptical about federal rangeland management at Point Reyes.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “From impacts to endangered species, to water pollution, invasive species, soil erosion and conflicts with native wildlife – there’s enough negative impacts from grazing that the park service has to look at them,” says the Center for Biological Diversity’s Jeff Miller. Grazing is a privilege, not a right, say environmental advocates, and the government should take it away if ranching doesn’t meet high standards. “We feel that the general management plan should prioritize the protection of wildlife and habitat, and also it being a resource for visitors,” says Deb Moskowitz, with the Resource Renewal Institute of Mill Valley, “and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">then\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> see how ranching could possibly fit into that.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Climate change may mean that the national seashore looks different in 20 years. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We know that we’re going to have sea level rise, average temperature changes, rainfall total changes, distribution of native and non native invasive species, are also going to change,” says Morgan Patton, a fourth-generation Marin resident who runs the Environmental Action Center of West Marin. “We would like to see some discussion about how climate change is going to impact the park’s resources.” NPS ecologist Dave Press says that discussion will happen. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Marin Sun Farms, Inc. calf chewing on foliage at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thirty national parks (out of 417) permit some sort of grazing — and at least one permits agriculture.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> When the law was passed to create the national park service a hundred years ago, then-Interior Secretary Franklin K. Lane announced that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/farming-in-a-national-park.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grazing would be permitted\u003c/a> in park areas away from visitors, where it wouldn’t interfere with natural resources. During World War I and II, grazing expanded; in western states, operations remain particularly active. And in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, sustainable \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvcountryside.org/farm-farming-home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">row-crop agriculture\u003c/a> is managed by a collective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What happens in Point Reyes will help shape an evolving and communal understanding of what our national parkland is for.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Can farming and ranching coexist with wildlife in a national park? At Point Reyes National Seashore, the question is the center of a battle over the park's future.",
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"title": "The Contentious Future of Point Reyes -- Here's What You Need to Know | KQED",
"description": "Can farming and ranching coexist with wildlife in a national park? At Point Reyes National Seashore, the question is the center of a battle over the park's future.",
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"headline": "The Contentious Future of Point Reyes -- Here's What You Need to Know",
"datePublished": "2018-03-05T07:30:28-08:00",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Molly Peterson\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On a rocky peninsula with sweeping views of the Pacific Ocean, an hour north of San Francisco, cows, tule elk, and people have shared the land for several hundred years — but lately, with growing conflict. That’s why the National Park Service is rethinking how to manage the rangelands in the Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Everything is on the table.’\u003ccite>Melanie Gunn\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes National Seashore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>President John F. Kennedy established the national park at Point Reyes in 1962, but the government only owned some of the land. The rest had been cattle and dairy land for 100 years. So federal authorities paid out $50 million in the 1960s and 70s to buy the land from the cattle and dairy ranchers. Ranchers were able to stay under long-term leases, and some two million people visit annually, from all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After an effort to restore tule elk, the herds now roam over the park’s wildlands, as they did before human development nearly drove them to extinction. But they’ve also spread to the ranchlands, becoming a little too free-range for the liking of ranchers, who make their livelihood on public lands. And a bacteria common to dairy and cattle has sickened some of the elk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These conditions brewed a sour fight among conservationists, the park service, and ranchers, culminating in litigation four years ago. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920695\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29680_Point-Reyes_480-qut-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle belonging to Marin Sun Farms, Inc. graze the land on Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As a result, the park service now is modifying its General Management Plan, a kind of road map to the next twenty years on rangelands at Point Reyes. In doing that, the park service must consider cutting ranching out of the national seashore altogether. Other ideas for the future include expanding farming and eliminating some of the elk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The question we need to resolve through this planning process is whether or not we can have elk and cattle coexisting and what it takes to make it work,” says Dave Press, a National Park Service wildlife ecologist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1336\" height=\"1075\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1920716\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302.jpg 1336w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-800x644.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-768x618.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-1020x821.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-1180x949.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-960x772.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-240x193.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/PtReyes_Desktop_Final_180302-520x418.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1336px) 100vw, 1336px\">\u003c/a>Melanie Gunn, a spokeswoman for the seashore, says it’s a public process, “so everything is on the table.” Even the alternatives the public has seen so far aren’t set in stone. “We’re in listening mode,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park service has now released thousands of comments about the park’s future, but the actual planning is only just beginning. Here’s what you need to know to make sense of, or participate in, the process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Point Reyes is the only national park where tule elk are visible. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tule elk disappeared from the peninsula in the mid-nineteenth century; they didn’t move back until 1978, after the seashore was established. Today the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/tule_elk_tomales_point_faq.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tomales Point Elk Preserve\u003c/a> holds around 450 of them, behind a tall fence on the north side of the seashore. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920679\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29679_Point-Reyes_463-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule elk are native to California, and were reintroduced to Point Reyes National Seashore beginning 40 years ago. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Elk have spread along the seashore. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fenced preserve was so successful, wildlife managers added a free-range herd in 1998. That second herd has split, with more than a hundred elk hanging out down by Drake’s Estero, and Limantour Road, and a smaller number further north, by Drake’s Beach. Our map shows the range for both free-range herds, based on NPS data. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cattle fences don’t work on elk.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Tule elk are the smallest elk species (of three) in California, but they’re still 600 pounds, and nimble. They can jump a cattle fence easily, to graze the organic grasses ranchers maintain for their grass-fed beef and organic cheese. Ranch fences keep cattle away from some sensitive waterways and wilderness at the seashore. But the only fencing at Point Reyes that controls elk is at the elk preserve, where a three-mile long, ten-foot high, wood-and-wire fence confines the original herd.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29693_Point-Reyes_727-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pasture of fresh grass belonging to Marin Sun Farms, Inc. is ready for grazing. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A wasting disease has struck elk and cattle out on the Point Reyes peninsula.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A bacteria found at Tomales Point decades ago, probably connected to a defunct ranching operation, has caused outbreaks of Johne’s Disease over the years – a contagious, chronic, common, and often fatal sickness in dairy operations. Its symptoms include weight loss and diarrhea for affected animals. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cb>We haven’t fully sleuthed out the disease – in part because no testing is required for it. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park service tests and quarantines elk from the free-range herd, but the last tests for elk in the fenced reserve were a decade ago. The park service says there’s no money for genetic tests for the bacterium that causes the disease, and the test itself can be hard to interpret. Finally, cattle and dairy operations may or may not test for Johne’s in their herds. All that means it’s hard to say with certainty which animals have passed the disease to each other, and when. \u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Everyone agrees the federal government paid fair market value for land bought from ranchers, but grazing fees may be a different story.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Between 1963-1978, the government paid ranching families nearly $50 million for their lands, then allowed them to run dairy and cattle operations on public land under successive 20- and 30-year leases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920681\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920681\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29684_Point-Reyes_502-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Evans and his wife Claire Herminjard of Marin Sun Farms say they rotate their cattle and take care to protect habitats for endangered species. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ranchers pay $7 a cow a month to graze on public land. That’s higher than other federal lands, and park management says those fees \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/assets/100/94025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cover the cost\u003c/a> of administering the lands,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> still, conservationists point out that grazing costs are as much as double on other Marin lands. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cb>Want to see row crops at Point Reyes? Ranchers do.\u003c/b> The word artichoke appears 92 times in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/getinvolved/upload/planning_gmp_amendment_initial_public_comments.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">public comments file\u003c/a>, and for a reason: the Point Reyes Seashore Ranchers Association is pushing for something called “agricultural diversification.” It would permit pigs, sheep and row crops within park boundaries; interested West Marin residents have weighed in for and against the idea.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And ranchers argue cattle grazing can be beneficial to grassland. David Evans and Claire Herminjard, who manage Marin Sun Farms and Mindful Meats on park service land, say they control the timing and severity of grazing to manage the land. “Our central love and goal is to make sure that we are doing the best possible job we can, in taking care of the land, the pastures, and all of the layers of ecosystem that are out here, in tandem with our livestock,” Herminjard says, “and our livestock do the best job at being able to keep grasslands viable.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920703\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1245\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-800x519.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-768x498.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-1180x765.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-960x623.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS15482_GettyImages-470387040-qut-520x337.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tule Elk graze on grass in a field at Point Reyes National Seashore Elk Preserve. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Environmental groups who sued the National Park Service in 2014 remain skeptical about federal rangeland management at Point Reyes.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “From impacts to endangered species, to water pollution, invasive species, soil erosion and conflicts with native wildlife – there’s enough negative impacts from grazing that the park service has to look at them,” says the Center for Biological Diversity’s Jeff Miller. Grazing is a privilege, not a right, say environmental advocates, and the government should take it away if ranching doesn’t meet high standards. “We feel that the general management plan should prioritize the protection of wildlife and habitat, and also it being a resource for visitors,” says Deb Moskowitz, with the Resource Renewal Institute of Mill Valley, “and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">then\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> see how ranching could possibly fit into that.” \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Climate change may mean that the national seashore looks different in 20 years. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We know that we’re going to have sea level rise, average temperature changes, rainfall total changes, distribution of native and non native invasive species, are also going to change,” says Morgan Patton, a fourth-generation Marin resident who runs the Environmental Action Center of West Marin. “We would like to see some discussion about how climate change is going to impact the park’s resources.” NPS ecologist Dave Press says that discussion will happen. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29689_Point-Reyes_622-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Marin Sun Farms, Inc. calf chewing on foliage at Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Thirty national parks (out of 417) permit some sort of grazing — and at least one permits agriculture.\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> When the law was passed to create the national park service a hundred years ago, then-Interior Secretary Franklin K. Lane announced that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/cuva/learn/historyculture/farming-in-a-national-park.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grazing would be permitted\u003c/a> in park areas away from visitors, where it wouldn’t interfere with natural resources. During World War I and II, grazing expanded; in western states, operations remain particularly active. And in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, sustainable \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvcountryside.org/farm-farming-home.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">row-crop agriculture\u003c/a> is managed by a collective. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What happens in Point Reyes will help shape an evolving and communal understanding of what our national parkland is for.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods",
"headTitle": "California Launches Environmental Justice Unit to Protect Vulnerable Neighborhoods | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ddd8eFNoCX4pnjsLz68jDKO0soOYCwDw”]Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Gm3fR5HiYhpFWii7VSdOZw7MixnAyNjE”]A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8epGbOrco4QRXafClKjAijgiwnLEsYSf”]The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is getting an Environmental Justice Bureau charged with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/20/bike-car-or-train-which-commute-has-the-worst-air-pollution-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking into polluters\u003c/a> who operate in low-income and minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution. In fact, they usually go hand in hand.’\u003ccite>Vien Truong, Green for All\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for state Attorney General Xavier Becerra says the new team will have four lawyers when it’s fully staffed, and is funded from the department’s existing budget. It’s unclear, however, where the funds are being apportioned from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The harsh reality is that some communities in California – particularly low-income communities and communities of color – continue to bear the brunt of pollution from industrial development, poor land use decisions, transportation, and trade corridors,” Becerra said in a statement. “Meeting the needs of these communities requires our focused attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pollution Follows Poverty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in minority neighborhoods. One long-term \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> that reviewed 30 years of demographic data found a “consistent pattern” of placing hazardous waste sites where poor people and people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Minorities and low-income communities are seen as the path of least resistance because they have fewer resources and political clout to oppose the siting of unwanted facilities,” said the 2016 report, published by the University of Michigan and University of Montana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Another long-term \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Toxic Waste and Race at Twenty\u003c/em>, found more than half of all people in the U.S. who live within 1.86 miles of a hazardous waste facility are minorities, exposing neighborhoods dominated by people of color to higher rates of air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new environmental justice unit will focus on cleaning up contaminated drinking water; reducing exposure to toxics in consumer products; and penalizing illegal discharges to air and water affecting low-income and minority neighborhoods. The office will continue to challenge federal decisions that could affect the health of vulnerable neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the issues the new unit is expected to look at includes a federal case concerning the storage of coal at the Port of Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A spokesman for Becerra’s office said the state joined the suit by filing an \u003cem>amicus\u003c/em> brief in support of Oakland’s coal ordinance in order to “send a strong message that the time for taking advantage of communities of color is no more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra’s new unit has injected optimism among local activists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Far too many families in California suffer from both poverty and pollution — in fact, they usually go hand in hand,” said Vien Truong, director of Oakland-based nonprofit Green For All. “Families across the state will breathe a sigh of relief with the promise of justice and accountability for polluters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> introduced by Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) would establish an environmental justice fund for monies from penalties and court settlements, which can then be used for further investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California vs. Trump\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has emerged as a prominent challenger to the Trump administration’s efforts to restructure U.S. environmental policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the lawyers, and we’re ready to fight,” Governor Jerry Brown said during a speech to the American Geophysical Union last December.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Trump took office, Becerra has filed more than two dozen lawsuits against the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, Department of Interior, and others. The lawsuits include challenges to federal decisions to repeal fracking regulations and suspend a 2015 rule that would have protected more California rivers under the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Justice Bureau is part of a broader effort by Becerra to clamp down on polluters in the state. According to his office, almost half of the 26\u003cb> \u003c/b>federal lawsuits he has filed so far have focused on children’s access to clean air and drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The announcement of the unit comes just weeks after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eliminated a key Clinton-era measure that regulated air pollutants such as arsenic, mercury and lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is among the most dangerous actions that the Trump EPA has taken yet against public health,” John Walke, clean air director at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/media/2018/180125-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for Becerra’s office says positions in the new unit will be filled soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Say New Reservoirs Will Not Offset Dramatically Declining Snowpack",
"headTitle": "Scientists Say New Reservoirs Will Not Offset Dramatically Declining Snowpack | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have found dramatically declining snowpack across the American West over the past six decades that will likely cause water shortages in the region that cannot be managed by building new reservoirs, according to a study published Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study led by scientists from Oregon State University and the University of California, Los Angeles found drops in snow measurements at more than 90 percent of regional snow monitoring sites that have consistently tracked snow levels since 1955, said Philip Mote, director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University.[contextly_sidebar id=”jcs4HmnmHGGYIdQil2jF8LYi0Zf0cc86″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors also used modeling to show the average snowpack in the region dropped between 15 and 30 percent in a little more than a century, he said, and that modeling paralleled the actual findings based on existing measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the region’s average snowpack has lost the equivalent volume of water that it would take to fill Lake Mead, the West’s largest man-made reservoir, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study appeared in NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science and was a follow-up study to one completed in 2005. This analysis found the loss of snowpack has accelerated, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bigger decline than we expected,” he said. “In many lower-elevation sites, what used to fall as snow is now rain. Upper elevations have not been affected nearly as much, but most states don’t have that much area at 7,000-plus feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the region’s snowpack is roughly the same as all the water stored in the region’s reservoirs, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infrastructure Lost Cause\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“The solution isn’t in infrastructure. New reservoirs could not be built fast enough to offset the loss of snow storage,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found California had the most gains in snowpack since 1955, but recent droughts erased those gains and caused the snowpack to fall in many locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Oregon and northern Nevada saw the worst decreases in snowpack over the span of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual sites in California, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Arizona saw snowpack declines of more than 70 percent, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mote said it’s not snowing less, but that the snow is melting sooner in the season at higher elevations, leading to low levels in river and reservoir levels during the driest days of summer and early fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study focused on data from 1,766 snowpack monitoring sites across the western U.S., most of them tracked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at snow measurements taken April 1, which is typically at the height of the snowpack, but also looked at measurements taken in January, February, March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found declining trends in all months, states and climates,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack levels are below average in the western U.S. so far in 2018 as well, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have found dramatically declining snowpack across the American West over the past six decades that will likely cause water shortages in the region that cannot be managed by building new reservoirs, according to a study published Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study led by scientists from Oregon State University and the University of California, Los Angeles found drops in snow measurements at more than 90 percent of regional snow monitoring sites that have consistently tracked snow levels since 1955, said Philip Mote, director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute at Oregon State University.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study authors also used modeling to show the average snowpack in the region dropped between 15 and 30 percent in a little more than a century, he said, and that modeling paralleled the actual findings based on existing measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the region’s average snowpack has lost the equivalent volume of water that it would take to fill Lake Mead, the West’s largest man-made reservoir, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study appeared in NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science and was a follow-up study to one completed in 2005. This analysis found the loss of snowpack has accelerated, Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a bigger decline than we expected,” he said. “In many lower-elevation sites, what used to fall as snow is now rain. Upper elevations have not been affected nearly as much, but most states don’t have that much area at 7,000-plus feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the region’s snowpack is roughly the same as all the water stored in the region’s reservoirs, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infrastructure Lost Cause\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“The solution isn’t in infrastructure. New reservoirs could not be built fast enough to offset the loss of snow storage,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found California had the most gains in snowpack since 1955, but recent droughts erased those gains and caused the snowpack to fall in many locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastern Oregon and northern Nevada saw the worst decreases in snowpack over the span of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individual sites in California, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Arizona saw snowpack declines of more than 70 percent, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mote said it’s not snowing less, but that the snow is melting sooner in the season at higher elevations, leading to low levels in river and reservoir levels during the driest days of summer and early fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study focused on data from 1,766 snowpack monitoring sites across the western U.S., most of them tracked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the California Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at snow measurements taken April 1, which is typically at the height of the snowpack, but also looked at measurements taken in January, February, March and May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found declining trends in all months, states and climates,” Mote said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowpack levels are below average in the western U.S. so far in 2018 as well, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Astronomers Glimpse Cosmic Dawn — When the Stars First Switched On",
"headTitle": "Astronomers Glimpse Cosmic Dawn — When the Stars First Switched On | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After the Big Bang, it was cold and black. And then there was light. Now, for the first time, astronomers have glimpsed that dawn of the universe 13.6 billion years ago when the earliest stars were turning on the light in the cosmic darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that’s not enough, they may have detected mysterious dark matter at work, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes.’\u003ccite>Avi Loeb, Astronomer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The glimpse consisted of a faint radio signal from deep space, picked up by an antenna that is slightly bigger than a refrigerator and costs less than $5 million but in certain ways can go back much farther in time and distance than the celebrated, multibillion-dollar Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judd Bowman of Arizona State University, lead author of a study in Wednesday’s journal Nature, said the signal came from the very first objects in the universe as it was emerging out of darkness 180 million years after the Big Bang.[contextly_sidebar id=”jYUPSkU2tZwLi55vgQcexrim3lcYquVw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the universe just lighting up, even though it was only a faint signal, is even more important than the Big Bang because “we are made of star stuff, and so we are glimpsing at our origin,” said astronomer Richard Ellis, who was not involved in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal showed unexpectedly cold temperatures and an unusually pronounced wave. When astronomers tried to figure out why, the best explanation was that elusive dark matter may have been at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If verified, that would be the first confirmation of its kind of dark matter, which is a substantial part of the universe that scientists have been searching for over decades.[contextly_sidebar id=”PmBWerFeR4tVqYlsxbEMobhjwtBFs999″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes” for both capturing the signal of the first stars and potential dark matter confirmation, said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the research team. Cautioning that “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” he said independent tests are needed to verify the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on.’\u003ccite>Rennan Barkana, Astrophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowman agreed independent tests are needed even though his team spent two years double- and triple-checking their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a time of the universe we really don’t know anything about,” Bowman said. He said the discovery is “like the first sentence” in an early chapter of the history of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is nothing that astronomers could actually see. In fact, it’s all indirect, based on changes in the wavelengths produced by radio signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our Cosmic Origin\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe early universe was dark and cold, filled with just hydrogen and helium. Once stars formed, they emitted ultraviolet light into the dark areas between them. That ultraviolet light changes the energy signature of hydrogen atoms, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers looked at a specific wavelength. If there were stars and ultraviolet light, they would see one signature. If there were no stars, they would see another. They saw a clear but faint signal showing there were stars, probably many of them, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding that trace signal wasn’t easy because the Milky Way galaxy alone booms with radio wave noise 10,000 times louder, said Peter Kurczynski, advanced program technology director for the National Science Foundation, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding the impact of the first stars in that cacophony would be like trying to hear the flap of a hummingbird’s wing from inside a hurricane,” Kurczynski said in an NSF video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the high end of the frequency they were looking in is the same as FM radio, the astronomers had to go to the Australian desert to escape interference. That was where they installed their antennas.[contextly_sidebar id=”XxM9A254Z8TSh5SKWxJ62eObPNsddh6D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then labored to confirm what they found, in part by testing it against dummy signals in the lab, and it all showed that what they spotted was the existence of the first stars, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the scientists know little about these early stars. They were probably hotter and simpler than modern stars, Ellis and Bowman said. But now that astronomers know where and how to look, others will confirm this and learn more, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research does not establish exactly when these stars turned on, except that at 180 million years after the Big Bang, they were on. Scientists had come up with many different time periods for when the first stars switched on, and 180 million years fits with current theory, said Ellis, a professor at University College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this signal was found and examined, it showed that the hydrogen between stars was “even colder than the coldest we thought possible,” said Rennan Barkana, a Tel Aviv University astrophysicist who wrote a companion study on the dark matter implications of the discovery. The researchers expected temperatures to be 10 degrees above absolute zero, but they were 5 degrees above absolute zero (minus 451 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 268 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on,” Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Dark Matter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat seems likely is dark matter — which scientists have never seen interacting with anything — may be cooling that hydrogen, he said. Dark matter makes up about 27 percent of the universe, but scientists know little about it except that it’s not made of normal matter particles called baryons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known dark matter exists, indirectly, through measurements based on gravity. If this interpretation of the data is correct, it would be the first confirmation of dark matter outside of gravity calculations, Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also potentially reveals something new about the nature of dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the result is correct it constitutes an indirect detection of dark matter and, moreover suggests something of fundamental importance (its interaction with baryons),” Johns Hopkins University astrophysicist Marc Kamionkowski, who wasn’t part of the study, said in an email. “This therefore is about as important as you can get in cosmology.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After the Big Bang, it was cold and black. And then there was light. Now, for the first time, astronomers have glimpsed that dawn of the universe 13.6 billion years ago when the earliest stars were turning on the light in the cosmic darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that’s not enough, they may have detected mysterious dark matter at work, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes.’\u003ccite>Avi Loeb, Astronomer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The glimpse consisted of a faint radio signal from deep space, picked up by an antenna that is slightly bigger than a refrigerator and costs less than $5 million but in certain ways can go back much farther in time and distance than the celebrated, multibillion-dollar Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judd Bowman of Arizona State University, lead author of a study in Wednesday’s journal Nature, said the signal came from the very first objects in the universe as it was emerging out of darkness 180 million years after the Big Bang.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the universe just lighting up, even though it was only a faint signal, is even more important than the Big Bang because “we are made of star stuff, and so we are glimpsing at our origin,” said astronomer Richard Ellis, who was not involved in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal showed unexpectedly cold temperatures and an unusually pronounced wave. When astronomers tried to figure out why, the best explanation was that elusive dark matter may have been at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If verified, that would be the first confirmation of its kind of dark matter, which is a substantial part of the universe that scientists have been searching for over decades.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes” for both capturing the signal of the first stars and potential dark matter confirmation, said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the research team. Cautioning that “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” he said independent tests are needed to verify the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on.’\u003ccite>Rennan Barkana, Astrophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowman agreed independent tests are needed even though his team spent two years double- and triple-checking their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a time of the universe we really don’t know anything about,” Bowman said. He said the discovery is “like the first sentence” in an early chapter of the history of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is nothing that astronomers could actually see. In fact, it’s all indirect, based on changes in the wavelengths produced by radio signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our Cosmic Origin\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe early universe was dark and cold, filled with just hydrogen and helium. Once stars formed, they emitted ultraviolet light into the dark areas between them. That ultraviolet light changes the energy signature of hydrogen atoms, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers looked at a specific wavelength. If there were stars and ultraviolet light, they would see one signature. If there were no stars, they would see another. They saw a clear but faint signal showing there were stars, probably many of them, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding that trace signal wasn’t easy because the Milky Way galaxy alone booms with radio wave noise 10,000 times louder, said Peter Kurczynski, advanced program technology director for the National Science Foundation, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding the impact of the first stars in that cacophony would be like trying to hear the flap of a hummingbird’s wing from inside a hurricane,” Kurczynski said in an NSF video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the high end of the frequency they were looking in is the same as FM radio, the astronomers had to go to the Australian desert to escape interference. That was where they installed their antennas.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then labored to confirm what they found, in part by testing it against dummy signals in the lab, and it all showed that what they spotted was the existence of the first stars, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the scientists know little about these early stars. They were probably hotter and simpler than modern stars, Ellis and Bowman said. But now that astronomers know where and how to look, others will confirm this and learn more, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research does not establish exactly when these stars turned on, except that at 180 million years after the Big Bang, they were on. Scientists had come up with many different time periods for when the first stars switched on, and 180 million years fits with current theory, said Ellis, a professor at University College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this signal was found and examined, it showed that the hydrogen between stars was “even colder than the coldest we thought possible,” said Rennan Barkana, a Tel Aviv University astrophysicist who wrote a companion study on the dark matter implications of the discovery. The researchers expected temperatures to be 10 degrees above absolute zero, but they were 5 degrees above absolute zero (minus 451 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 268 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on,” Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Dark Matter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat seems likely is dark matter — which scientists have never seen interacting with anything — may be cooling that hydrogen, he said. Dark matter makes up about 27 percent of the universe, but scientists know little about it except that it’s not made of normal matter particles called baryons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known dark matter exists, indirectly, through measurements based on gravity. If this interpretation of the data is correct, it would be the first confirmation of dark matter outside of gravity calculations, Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also potentially reveals something new about the nature of dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the result is correct it constitutes an indirect detection of dark matter and, moreover suggests something of fundamental importance (its interaction with baryons),” Johns Hopkins University astrophysicist Marc Kamionkowski, who wasn’t part of the study, said in an email. “This therefore is about as important as you can get in cosmology.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "NASA Launches Advanced Weather Satellite for Western US | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA launched another of the world’s most advanced weather satellites on Thursday, this time to safeguard the western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOES-S satellite thundered toward orbit aboard an Atlas V rocket, slicing through a hazy late afternoon sky. Dozens of meteorologists gathered for the launch, including TV crews from the Weather Channel and WeatherNation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOES-S is the second satellite in an approximately $11 billion effort that’s already revolutionizing forecasting with astonishingly fast, crisp images of hurricanes, wildfires, floods, mudslides and other natural calamities.[contextly_sidebar id=”ifWUokdwRkV8aMEkWoRirjPPS7jWfecr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first spacecraft in the series, GOES-16, has been monitoring the Atlantic and East Coast for the past year for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> . The same first-class service is now coming to the Pacific region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the West Coast, Alaska and Hawaii, GOES-S also will keep watch over Mexico and Central America. It will become GOES-17 once reaching its intended 22,000-mile-high orbit over the equator in a few weeks, and should be officially operational by year’s end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t wait!” tweeted the National Weather Service in Anchorage just before liftoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these two new satellites, NOAA’s high-definition coverage will stretch from the Atlantic near West Africa, a hotbed for hurricane formation, all the way across the U.S. and the Pacific out to New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third weather tracker launched by NASA in just over a year: “three brilliant eyes in the sky,” as NOAA satellite director Stephen Volz puts it. GOES-16 launched in late 2016 and an environmental satellite rocketed into a polar orbit from California last November.[contextly_sidebar id=”rMXk9cThFNCarijB7YklcVjykCwyDCXh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These next-generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, or GOES, are “a quantum leap above” the federal agency’s previous weather sentinels, Volz said. This is the 18th launch of a GOES since 1975; one was lost in a launch explosion and all but three of the satellites are retired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as it was still being checked in orbit, GOES-16 provided invaluable data to firefighters battling blazes in Texas, Oklahoma and elsewhere last March and to Houston-area rescue teams in the flooded aftermath of Hurricane Harvey last August, according to officials. GOES-16 also observed the uncertain path of Hurricanes Irma and the rapidly intensifying Hurricane Maria in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOES-16 “turned out to be better than we expected it to be,” said National Weather Service director Louis Uccellini, on hand for Thursday’s launch. The satellite wasn’t officially on duty yet, “and we were just standing there gawking at the imagery,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Bad Weather\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs Hurricane Harvey approached the Texas coast, the satellite revealed the clouds sinking in the eye and the eye expanding as the storm morphed from a category 2 to 4, Uccellini said. Those images helped determine when it was safe for rescue teams to go out and save stranded residents, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite also alerted authorities in Texas and Oklahoma to the eruption of new blazes even before the 911 calls came in, Uccellini said. He said the satellite also tracked the direction of the fires like never before, prompting first responders to later tell NOAA: “You saved lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more are planned in this four-satellite series: GOES-T in 2020 and GOES-U in 2024. The $10.8 billion cost includes the development, launch and operation of all four satellites as well as ground systems through 2036.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA launched another of the world’s most advanced weather satellites on Thursday, this time to safeguard the western U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOES-S satellite thundered toward orbit aboard an Atlas V rocket, slicing through a hazy late afternoon sky. Dozens of meteorologists gathered for the launch, including TV crews from the Weather Channel and WeatherNation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOES-S is the second satellite in an approximately $11 billion effort that’s already revolutionizing forecasting with astonishingly fast, crisp images of hurricanes, wildfires, floods, mudslides and other natural calamities.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first spacecraft in the series, GOES-16, has been monitoring the Atlantic and East Coast for the past year for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> . The same first-class service is now coming to the Pacific region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the West Coast, Alaska and Hawaii, GOES-S also will keep watch over Mexico and Central America. It will become GOES-17 once reaching its intended 22,000-mile-high orbit over the equator in a few weeks, and should be officially operational by year’s end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t wait!” tweeted the National Weather Service in Anchorage just before liftoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these two new satellites, NOAA’s high-definition coverage will stretch from the Atlantic near West Africa, a hotbed for hurricane formation, all the way across the U.S. and the Pacific out to New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third weather tracker launched by NASA in just over a year: “three brilliant eyes in the sky,” as NOAA satellite director Stephen Volz puts it. GOES-16 launched in late 2016 and an environmental satellite rocketed into a polar orbit from California last November.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These next-generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, or GOES, are “a quantum leap above” the federal agency’s previous weather sentinels, Volz said. This is the 18th launch of a GOES since 1975; one was lost in a launch explosion and all but three of the satellites are retired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as it was still being checked in orbit, GOES-16 provided invaluable data to firefighters battling blazes in Texas, Oklahoma and elsewhere last March and to Houston-area rescue teams in the flooded aftermath of Hurricane Harvey last August, according to officials. GOES-16 also observed the uncertain path of Hurricanes Irma and the rapidly intensifying Hurricane Maria in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOES-16 “turned out to be better than we expected it to be,” said National Weather Service director Louis Uccellini, on hand for Thursday’s launch. The satellite wasn’t officially on duty yet, “and we were just standing there gawking at the imagery,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predicting Bad Weather\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs Hurricane Harvey approached the Texas coast, the satellite revealed the clouds sinking in the eye and the eye expanding as the storm morphed from a category 2 to 4, Uccellini said. Those images helped determine when it was safe for rescue teams to go out and save stranded residents, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The satellite also alerted authorities in Texas and Oklahoma to the eruption of new blazes even before the 911 calls came in, Uccellini said. He said the satellite also tracked the direction of the fires like never before, prompting first responders to later tell NOAA: “You saved lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more are planned in this four-satellite series: GOES-T in 2020 and GOES-U in 2024. The $10.8 billion cost includes the development, launch and operation of all four satellites as well as ground systems through 2036.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Winter Storm Pelts Bay Area, Bringing Gusty Winds, Snow",
"headTitle": "Winter Storm Pelts Bay Area, Bringing Gusty Winds, Snow | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A major winter storm moved across Northern California on Thursday, bringing heavy snow and strong winds to the Sierra Nevada and steady rain through the region that disrupted the morning commute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of collisions had been reported by 6 a.m. Thursday on San Francisco Bay Area highways, the California Highway Patrol said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service describes it as one of the strongest systems this winter, with wind speeds between 20 and 35 miles per hour and gusts as high as 50 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory for much of the Bay Area was issued for Thursday between 2 a.m. and 10 p.m., according to the NWS. Heavy rainfall is expected to last through Friday. [contextly_sidebar id=”T3UkhrcaDCuRxQytG4p5QODloXCE2sYW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents should be on the lookout for blowing debris, hazardous driving conditions, gusty winds, potential downed trees and powerlines, and possible flooding throughout Thursday, according to the NWS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the Sierra, officials warned people to stay off mountain roads. The California Department of Transportation said there were chain controls or snow-tire requirements in place on stretches of Interstate 80, U.S. Highway 50 and U.S. 395.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blizzard warning was issued for parts of the Sierra Nevada, where winds could gust up to 125 mph on the ridges and 40 to 60 mph in some valleys, the National Weather Service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County Burn Scars\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Santa Rosa Fire Department issued a weather \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SantaRosaFire/status/968978125651456001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warning\u003c/a> for areas located near the burn scars in Sonoma County, citing concerns over potential flooding and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"paragraph\">Santa Rosa is expected to see 1 to 1.5 inches of rain. Areas located near the burn scars could see anywhere from one to four inches of rain, according to the NWS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Upcoming rain and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NorthBay?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NorthBay\u003c/a> burn scars. Potential is low for debris flows, but have a plan regardless. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/castorm?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#castorm\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofNapa?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@CountyofNapa\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@CountyofSonoma\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/qbxF0o7gZr\">pic.twitter.com/qbxF0o7gZr\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/968974405878583301?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://public.coderedweb.com/cne/en-US/BF7053564662\">Sign-up for Sonoma County Weather Alerts\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An official \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/rain-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of the damage caused by the devastating October wildfires found that properties located within the burned areas are at greater risk of flash floods, mudflows and debris flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920516 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/rain-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Recovery website\u003c/a>, launched in the immediate aftermath of the\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/22/sonoma-county-faces-heightened-risk-of-landslides-after-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> October wildfire\u003c/a>s, has issued a set of safety recommendations in the event of bad weather including clearing debris from drainages to reduce flooding and keeping cell phones turned on to receive emergency alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A major winter storm pelted Northern California, bringing steady rain that disrupted the morning commute.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A major winter storm moved across Northern California on Thursday, bringing heavy snow and strong winds to the Sierra Nevada and steady rain through the region that disrupted the morning commute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of collisions had been reported by 6 a.m. Thursday on San Francisco Bay Area highways, the California Highway Patrol said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service describes it as one of the strongest systems this winter, with wind speeds between 20 and 35 miles per hour and gusts as high as 50 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory for much of the Bay Area was issued for Thursday between 2 a.m. and 10 p.m., according to the NWS. Heavy rainfall is expected to last through Friday. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents should be on the lookout for blowing debris, hazardous driving conditions, gusty winds, potential downed trees and powerlines, and possible flooding throughout Thursday, according to the NWS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the Sierra, officials warned people to stay off mountain roads. The California Department of Transportation said there were chain controls or snow-tire requirements in place on stretches of Interstate 80, U.S. Highway 50 and U.S. 395.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blizzard warning was issued for parts of the Sierra Nevada, where winds could gust up to 125 mph on the ridges and 40 to 60 mph in some valleys, the National Weather Service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sonoma County Burn Scars\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Santa Rosa Fire Department issued a weather \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SantaRosaFire/status/968978125651456001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warning\u003c/a> for areas located near the burn scars in Sonoma County, citing concerns over potential flooding and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"paragraph\">Santa Rosa is expected to see 1 to 1.5 inches of rain. Areas located near the burn scars could see anywhere from one to four inches of rain, according to the NWS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Upcoming rain and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NorthBay?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NorthBay\u003c/a> burn scars. Potential is low for debris flows, but have a plan regardless. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/castorm?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#castorm\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofNapa?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@CountyofNapa\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CountyofSonoma?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@CountyofSonoma\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/qbxF0o7gZr\">pic.twitter.com/qbxF0o7gZr\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/968974405878583301?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 28, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://public.coderedweb.com/cne/en-US/BF7053564662\">Sign-up for Sonoma County Weather Alerts\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>An official \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/rain-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis\u003c/a> of the damage caused by the devastating October wildfires found that properties located within the burned areas are at greater risk of flash floods, mudflows and debris flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1920516 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DXJ6YO3WAAQSX1L-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/rain-ready/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Recovery website\u003c/a>, launched in the immediate aftermath of the\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/22/sonoma-county-faces-heightened-risk-of-landslides-after-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> October wildfire\u003c/a>s, has issued a set of safety recommendations in the event of bad weather including clearing debris from drainages to reduce flooding and keeping cell phones turned on to receive emergency alerts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Gun Injuries in US Drop 20 Percent During NRA Conventions, Study Says. But Why?",
"headTitle": "Gun Injuries in US Drop 20 Percent During NRA Conventions, Study Says. But Why? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After 17 people died during the Parkland school shooting in Florida two weeks ago, many lawmakers and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/10/05/does-gun-ownership-really-make-you-safer-research-says-no/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> have called for tighter regulations on who can buy and keep guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Rifle Association has rebuffed those calls. But a new study published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine is suggesting that firearm injuries actually drop during the group’s annual conventions — when roughly 80,000 members, and their guns, are off the street and in meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study addresses the question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”[contextly_sidebar id=”43E2TybZjAnduvRcPWI8FcCamTwxHmkr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study analyzed nearly 76 million private insurance claims filed nationwide for people under age 65 — specifically, from emergency department visits during convention dates between 2007 and 2015, plus three weeks before and three weeks after each annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conventions weren’t happening during that roughly six-week window, firearm injuries occurred at a rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people, the report says. But during conventions, that rate dipped to 1.2 per 100,000 people — a 20-percent drop nationwide, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anupam Jena, the lead author on the study, is an economist and physician with an eye for Freakonomics-style research. He has studied how marathon routes clog city streets and hurt survival rates for heart attack patients. He has explored the relationship between major cardiology conferences and health outcomes for heart disease patients.[contextly_sidebar id=”sLD4Xg58WapNaQBgevyWRBsQvFIgDUwL”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his latest study, Jena, an associate professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, wanted to know what data revealed about firearms injuries nationwide when tens of thousands of gun owners suddenly leave home and head to the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drove Jena to conduct this analysis was the argument that if people were trained to use guns more safely, then fewer gun injuries would occur. In the report, the authors suggest “firearm-safety concerns and risks of injury are relevant even among experienced gun owners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This observational study does not provide conclusive evidence about the NRA’s influence on gun safety overall and “cannot be causally attributed to the meetings themselves,” the report said. But Jena said the study does raise an important question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that has dominated political debates in the days since a gunman entered Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire on students and teachers, killing 17 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not much federal research on gun violence. In 1996, Congress passed a provision known as the Dickey Amendment, that said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can’t use funding to “advocate or promote gun control.” That does not directly rule out research, but has had what many have called “a chilling effect” on what data the agency has produced. Some lawmakers have called for rolling back that provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Data \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis latest study, while statistically significant, is “not necessarily meaningful,” said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. It highlights the fact that the United States has “so little meaningful data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has “so little meaningful data” on gun violence that “we’res so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions” about gun violence, said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. “If you don’t know what works, you can claim anything works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg said the country needs to appropriate money so the CDC can collect “large-scale, multi-jurisdictional data” about gun violence to better understand what the problem is, what causes are driving it, what solutions work and how to scale them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city.’\u003ccite>Andrew Arulanandam, NRA Public Affairs.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Republican Govs. Rick Scott of Florida and Bill Haslam of Tennessee , split from the NRA and their party on tightening gun control laws after Parkland. Both said they want to ban bump stocks, and Scott, who has been Florida’s governor during three mass shootings since 2016, said he wanted require that a person must be at least 21 before buying a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) near Washington, D.C., NRA Executive Vice-President Wayne LaPierre criticized Democrats and the media as being elitists eager to attack the NRA and “eradicate all individual freedom.”[contextly_sidebar id=”ayC6v0wKZgoDEsIucWU8M8v2MD3ewjQI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city … We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As usual, the opportunists wasted not one second to exploit tragedy for political gain” with calls for more gun control, LaPierre said, adding that the “breathless national media” was “eager to smear the NRA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 19, Dallas Mayor Pro-Tem Dwaine Caraway stood before a bank of microphones and said the NRA should “reconsider coming to Dallas” this May for its annual convention. A self-professed “believer in the Second Amendment” who owns five guns, Caraway said he didn’t want to host the group until it came to the table “to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Caraway’s comments, Andrew Arulanandam, the NRA’s managing director of public affairs, said in a written statement to the PBS NewsHour: “Dallas, like every American city and community, is populated by NRA members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city,” he said. “We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, Jena said he wanted to analyze state Medicaid data to see if similar trends emerged during NRA convention dates.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After 17 people died during the Parkland school shooting in Florida two weeks ago, many lawmakers and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/10/05/does-gun-ownership-really-make-you-safer-research-says-no/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> have called for tighter regulations on who can buy and keep guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Rifle Association has rebuffed those calls. But a new study published Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine is suggesting that firearm injuries actually drop during the group’s annual conventions — when roughly 80,000 members, and their guns, are off the street and in meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study addresses the question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study analyzed nearly 76 million private insurance claims filed nationwide for people under age 65 — specifically, from emergency department visits during convention dates between 2007 and 2015, plus three weeks before and three weeks after each annual meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When conventions weren’t happening during that roughly six-week window, firearm injuries occurred at a rate of 1.5 per 100,000 people, the report says. But during conventions, that rate dipped to 1.2 per 100,000 people — a 20-percent drop nationwide, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anupam Jena, the lead author on the study, is an economist and physician with an eye for Freakonomics-style research. He has studied how marathon routes clog city streets and hurt survival rates for heart attack patients. He has explored the relationship between major cardiology conferences and health outcomes for heart disease patients.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his latest study, Jena, an associate professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, wanted to know what data revealed about firearms injuries nationwide when tens of thousands of gun owners suddenly leave home and head to the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drove Jena to conduct this analysis was the argument that if people were trained to use guns more safely, then fewer gun injuries would occur. In the report, the authors suggest “firearm-safety concerns and risks of injury are relevant even among experienced gun owners.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NRA did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This observational study does not provide conclusive evidence about the NRA’s influence on gun safety overall and “cannot be causally attributed to the meetings themselves,” the report said. But Jena said the study does raise an important question: “What is the risk of a gun injury just simply by using guns alone?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a question that has dominated political debates in the days since a gunman entered Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and opened fire on students and teachers, killing 17 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not much federal research on gun violence. In 1996, Congress passed a provision known as the Dickey Amendment, that said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can’t use funding to “advocate or promote gun control.” That does not directly rule out research, but has had what many have called “a chilling effect” on what data the agency has produced. Some lawmakers have called for rolling back that provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Enough Data \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis latest study, while statistically significant, is “not necessarily meaningful,” said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. It highlights the fact that the United States has “so little meaningful data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has “so little meaningful data” on gun violence that “we’res so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so ill-prepared to answer the most compelling questions” about gun violence, said Mark Rosenberg, the president emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health and the founding director of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. “If you don’t know what works, you can claim anything works.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg said the country needs to appropriate money so the CDC can collect “large-scale, multi-jurisdictional data” about gun violence to better understand what the problem is, what causes are driving it, what solutions work and how to scale them up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city.’\u003ccite>Andrew Arulanandam, NRA Public Affairs.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Republican Govs. Rick Scott of Florida and Bill Haslam of Tennessee , split from the NRA and their party on tightening gun control laws after Parkland. Both said they want to ban bump stocks, and Scott, who has been Florida’s governor during three mass shootings since 2016, said he wanted require that a person must be at least 21 before buying a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) near Washington, D.C., NRA Executive Vice-President Wayne LaPierre criticized Democrats and the media as being elitists eager to attack the NRA and “eradicate all individual freedom.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city … We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As usual, the opportunists wasted not one second to exploit tragedy for political gain” with calls for more gun control, LaPierre said, adding that the “breathless national media” was “eager to smear the NRA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 19, Dallas Mayor Pro-Tem Dwaine Caraway stood before a bank of microphones and said the NRA should “reconsider coming to Dallas” this May for its annual convention. A self-professed “believer in the Second Amendment” who owns five guns, Caraway said he didn’t want to host the group until it came to the table “to solve the problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding to Caraway’s comments, Andrew Arulanandam, the NRA’s managing director of public affairs, said in a written statement to the PBS NewsHour: “Dallas, like every American city and community, is populated by NRA members.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No politician anywhere can tell the NRA not to come to their city,” he said. “We are already there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going forward, Jena said he wanted to analyze state Medicaid data to see if similar trends emerged during NRA convention dates.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The health of the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://video.kqed.org/video/3009671402/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last male northern white rhino\u003c/a> has deteriorated, bringing the rhino subspecies a step closer to extinction caused by poaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 45-year-old rhino named Sudan, listed as “The Most Eligible Bachelor in the World” on the Tinder dating app last year as a fundraiser, lives with the last two female northern white rhinos. Kenya’s Ol Pejeta Conservancy said Thursday that Sudan was struggling despite 24-hour care by veterinarians.[contextly_sidebar id=”ziL3lh5VAv8FPMAREXOHlJ9Hygfmq1N2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan appeared to recover well from an infection that developed on his back right leg at the end of 2017 but another, deeper infection was recently discovered in the same area, the conservancy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very concerned about him — he’s extremely old for a rhino and we do not want him to suffer unnecessarily,” the conservancy said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan and the females Najin and Fatu, along with a second male from the same subspecies that since died, arrived at Ol Pejeta from a Czech zoo in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/06/05/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hope to save\u003c/a> the northern white rhino from extinction by using southern white rhinos as surrogates to carry northern white rhino embryos and give birth. The in vitro process would be conducted using sperm from dead rhinos that is stored in Berlin and eggs extracted by surgery from the females at Ol Pejeta, according to the conservancy.[contextly_sidebar id=”0aU7KTrXFso00QmPYvFslFrKBeHabt2c”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Diego’s zoo had some northern white rhinos, but the last one died in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern white rhinos once roamed parts of Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic, and there were more than 2,000 remaining as recently as 1960, according to Save the Rhino International, a London-based group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last northern white rhinos in the wild were observed more than a decade ago in Congo’s Garamba National Park, whose animals have often been targeted by armed groups amid conflict in the region. Efforts to safeguard the subspecies by moving a small number to Kenya collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are roughly 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa after efforts to save them from extinction began in the 1950s. Their numbers had dwindled to fewer than 100 in the late 19th century because of uncontrolled hunting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African rhinos remain under intense pressure from poachers who kill them to meet demand for their horns in illegal markets, primarily in Vietnam and China. There are about 5,000 critically endangered black rhinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Asia, the greater one-horned rhino species has been recovering and has a population of several thousand. The Sumatran and Javan rhinos are in extreme peril, with fewer than 100 of each species remaining.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
