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"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. judge blocked California from requiring that the popular weed-killer Roundup \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/11/08/california-cracks-down-on-weed-killer-as-lawsuits-abound/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carry a label stating\u003c/a> that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence that the product’s main ingredient is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Shubb in Sacramento issued a preliminary injunction on Monday in a lawsuit challenging the state’s decision last year to list glyphosate as a chemical known to cause cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=”kY5lSMHhL8AzkhMONHQweUiZtG5rHRJs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The listing triggered the warning label requirement for Roundup that was set to go into effect in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glyphosate is\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/09/18/epa-weighs-in-on-glyphosate-says-it-doesnt-cause-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> not restricted by\u003c/a> the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been widely used since 1974 to kill weeds while leaving crops and other plants alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France, has classified the chemical as a “probable human carcinogen.” That prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to add glyphosate to its cancer list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shubb said a “reasonable consumer would not understand that a substance is ‘known to cause cancer’ where only one health organization had found that the substance in question causes cancer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”5DGlYE7SZR8ceGlmvVYboRpv0zEapZjj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the evidence before the court, the required warning for glyphosate does not appear to be factually accurate and uncontroversial because it conveys the message that glyphosate’s carcinogenicity is an undisputed fact,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Cancer List\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Delson, a spokesman for the state’s office of environmental health hazard assessment, noted that the judge did not block the state from putting glyphosate on\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/28/california-adds-atrazine-to-list-of-toxic-chemicals-but-no-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> its cancer list\u003c/a>, but only from requiring the warning label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that the listing of glyphosate remains in effect, and we believe our actions were lawful,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”7kFwYwEkgyKQBVknvLn0Y67iPxWjdr61″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the office had not decided yet whether to appeal the ruling on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling came in a lawsuit filed by the national wheat and corn growers associations, state agriculture and business organizations in Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota and South Dakota, and a regional group representing herbicide sellers in California, Arizona and Hawaii. The plaintiffs also include \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/monsanto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis-based Monsanto Co.\u003c/a>, which makes Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every regulatory body in the world that has reviewed glyphosate has found it safe for use, and no available product matches glyphosate with a comparable health and environmental safety profile,” Chandler Goule, CEO of the National Association of Wheat Growers, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit will continue with Shubb’s injunction in place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A U.S. judge blocked California from requiring that the popular weed-killer Roundup \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/11/08/california-cracks-down-on-weed-killer-as-lawsuits-abound/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">carry a label stating\u003c/a> that it is known to cause cancer, saying the warning is misleading because almost all regulators have concluded there is no evidence that the product’s main ingredient is a carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Shubb in Sacramento issued a preliminary injunction on Monday in a lawsuit challenging the state’s decision last year to list glyphosate as a chemical known to cause cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The listing triggered the warning label requirement for Roundup that was set to go into effect in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glyphosate is\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2016/09/18/epa-weighs-in-on-glyphosate-says-it-doesnt-cause-cancer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> not restricted by\u003c/a> the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been widely used since 1974 to kill weeds while leaving crops and other plants alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The International Agency for Research on Cancer, based in Lyon, France, has classified the chemical as a “probable human carcinogen.” That prompted the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to add glyphosate to its cancer list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shubb said a “reasonable consumer would not understand that a substance is ‘known to cause cancer’ where only one health organization had found that the substance in question causes cancer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the evidence before the court, the required warning for glyphosate does not appear to be factually accurate and uncontroversial because it conveys the message that glyphosate’s carcinogenicity is an undisputed fact,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Cancer List\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Delson, a spokesman for the state’s office of environmental health hazard assessment, noted that the judge did not block the state from putting glyphosate on\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/28/california-adds-atrazine-to-list-of-toxic-chemicals-but-no-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> its cancer list\u003c/a>, but only from requiring the warning label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that the listing of glyphosate remains in effect, and we believe our actions were lawful,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the office had not decided yet whether to appeal the ruling on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling came in a lawsuit filed by the national wheat and corn growers associations, state agriculture and business organizations in Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota and South Dakota, and a regional group representing herbicide sellers in California, Arizona and Hawaii. The plaintiffs also include \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/tag/monsanto/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">St. Louis-based Monsanto Co.\u003c/a>, which makes Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every regulatory body in the world that has reviewed glyphosate has found it safe for use, and no available product matches glyphosate with a comparable health and environmental safety profile,” Chandler Goule, CEO of the National Association of Wheat Growers, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit will continue with Shubb’s injunction in place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A California judge has ordered state officials to stop spraying chemicals to kill invasive insects until they prove they can do it safely. Sacramento County Superior Court Judge Timothy Frawley determined current practices to extinguish plants pests pose a risk to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This battle began in 2007 when former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s administration used airplanes to spray chemicals over Bay Area communities to kill the light brown apple moth. The state worried the insect would threaten the $45 billion agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerial spraying angered some residents and sparked lawsuits. Even though the eradication effort ceased in 2008, the issue inspired environmental advocates to push for tighter protections when the California Department of Food and Agriculture attacks non-native insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a decade later, the court has issued an injunction that requires the state to stop using 79 pesticides to ward off foreign bugs until officials address the impacts that spraying has on public health and the environment. The injunction takes effect in about two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers can still spray their fields and officials can continue deploying non-chemical ways to wipe out pests. The ruling does not affect efforts to eradicate invasive species that carry human diseases like the Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is a victory for 11 conservation and food safety organizations as well as the City of Berkeley, who argued that the state’s current program violates many California environmental laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Officials have had the ability to do whatever they feel they need to do to manage any pest for thirty years,” says Paul Towers, advocate with Pesticide Action Network. He wants the state to allow for more public notice and scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is considering an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GtYvC57AGilad5nS8LixjHYFgyORRCxR”]Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8fhBNx5dRmkNAqTdVZR5GsT99sWt4egf”]Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some drinking water in Santa Rosa remains undrinkable months after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/north-bay-fires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Bay fires\u003c/a>, and pressure is mounting on the city’s water department to locate and control the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city is very interested to get people back and rebuilt into their homes, of course, as soon as possible,” says Bennett Horenstein, the City of Santa Rosa’s Water Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire.’\u003ccite>Bennett Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water Department\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fire savaged the neighborhood around Fountaingrove parkway last October. Where more than 350 families once lived, 13 homes remain standing. In November, people returning to the neighborhood complained of foul smelling and tasting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers for Santa Rosa’s water department isolated water service for Fountaingrove, in an aim to prevent wider contamination. The department \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomacountyrecovers.org/not-drink-not-boil-water-advisory-issued-two-specific-areas-fountaingrove/\">ordered\u003c/a> residents not to drink or boil the water there. Then its tests found benzene, a chemical that can cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This contamination is certainly attributable to the fire,” says Horenstein, “specifically the heating and burning of different plastic components in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Initial sampling found benzene in the Fountaingrove water main, the local service components, and the lines that connected to destroyed properties. The city has now \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\">gathered\u003c/a> more than 300 water samples, examining them with the help of a forensic chemist. And water officials say evidence points to burned polyethylene plastic, found in service lines to homes and other components of the water system, as a source of benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service lines fed water from a main to individual properties, and melted above ground, potentially releasing toxic chemicals. The water lines in that part of Santa Rosa lost pressure in the fire, which officials say could have helped benzene to spread further when equipment melted\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1920337\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1020x787.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-160x124.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-800x618.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-768x593.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1920x1482.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-1180x911.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-960x741.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-240x185.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-375x289.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Document-520x401.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Benzene has been found in a number of locations burned in last year’s North Bay Fires. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Test results and forensic science have made other explanations seem less likely. So far, sampling has not found petroleum byproducts in the contamination, which would be expected if the benzene came from underground tanks or soil. But samples have shown the presence of vinyl chloride, which is linked to melted plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very logical source as far as we’re concerned,” says Bruce Burton, Northern California section chief for the State Water Resources Control Board’s Division of Drinking Water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California water regulations set a limit for carcinogenic benzene at one part per billion. Initial samples found 87 instances where that limit was exceeded, mostly, but not exclusively, in the Fountaingrove neighborhood. A second round of sampling in February found more benzene, including at seven locations outside the quarantined area. Horenstein stressed that the benzene in areas outside Fountaingrove was less pervasive, and had not been found in the city’s mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Still, water department investigators \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/documentcenter/view/18949\">now\u003c/a> are looking for melted plastic components, benzene, and explanations in Coffey Park as well as Fountaingrove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We aren’t seeing [the contamination] broad-based, everywhere,” says Horenstein. “We’re just seeing some, maybe 10 percent of these homes, have concerns with benzene. And that, we really don’t know why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as DDW’s Burton knows, plastic pipes spreading water contamination after a catastrophic fire event is unprecedented. But he acknowledges Santa Rosa’s problems may have implications for future fires in other cities\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> “Certainly if we were faced with similar circumstances again, we would want the system to test to see if this had happened,” Burton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressure is mounting on Santa Rosa to take action for another reason too: Horenstein says testing for benzene, finding damaged water systems components, and replacing melted pipe could cost “twenty, forty, fifty” million dollars – an unanticipated cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa will seek disaster response assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency to address this problem. But the clock is ticking. Horenstein says the city has “weeks” to wrap up its investigation, and until mid-April to determine the scope of the contamination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The technology that drives science forward is forever accelerating, but the same can’t be said for science communication. The basic process still holds many vestiges from its early days — that is the 17th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are pressing to change that critical part of the scientific enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what they’re confronting: When researchers studying the biology of disease make a discovery, it typically takes nine months for them to get their results published in a journal.[contextly_sidebar id=”2I9lUjx9iA61t3s0k6bC0z5TeGxZo2NH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for that delay is it goes through a process of peer review that is both necessary and antiquated. The fate of that paper rests on just two or three scientists who have been asked to review it and decide whether it’s worthy of being published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine how this would feel if the matter in question were a consumer product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the only thing Amazon ever published were reviews of the first three people who bought a product, then we’d have a very ineffective system for knowing what was good and bad,” says \u003ca href=\"https://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/ggd/eisenm.html\">Michael Eisen\u003c/a>, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Science moves slower because research isn’t available immediately.’ \u003ccite>Erin O’Shea\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The scientific reviews may be carried out by someone with a personal ax to grind, or people who aren’t trained to evaluate a study’s methods or statistics. And to top it off, reviews are usually anonymous and kept secret by the journal that commissioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you buy pen refills on Amazon, you get far more useful feedback about the benefits and deficits of a particular product than you do about a work of science that represents years and years of peoples’ work and millions of dollars of public investment,” Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is not alone in his concerns. Eisen recently attended \u003ca href=\"http://asapbio.org/meeting-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a meeting\u003c/a> of biomedical researchers who want to find a way to modernize this process, to make it more fitting for a world that now lives online and isn’t so concerned about the price of paper stock for printing presses.[contextly_sidebar id=”Dh5rXIW9uAVaPVxsxtc41ZSbtYiSoGli”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem the community confronts is that peer review isn’t simply about providing feedback to scientists so they can improve the papers they submitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often peer review is being asked to do two things,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/editorial-staff/theodora-bloom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theo Bloom\u003c/a>, executive editor of the \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> (formerly the \u003cem>British Medical Journal)\u003c/em>. “It’s being asked to look at technical quality and to look at whether an article is suitable for a particular journal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom says peer review does a reasonable job of picking studies of interest to journals such as hers, but it does a poor job of improving the quality of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some years ago, for instance, she says scientists sent around papers with nine deliberate errors in them. Peer reviewers generally found just three.[contextly_sidebar id=”3z3KbbMnaMzloDncp5vz4nycVQMtMwU0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major question the attendees considered was whether to make peer reviews available to all readers. The \u003cem>BMJ,\u003c/em> unlike most journals that publish biomedical research, already does that. The identities of the reviewers are even made public — a suggestion that caused some consternation at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t solve problems of research quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/michael-lauer-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Lauer\u003c/a>, a deputy director of the National Institutes of Health, told the meeting that one huge problem is that scientists often fail to ask a fundamental question before starting an experiment, which is how many people or animals should be included in a study. By the time a study is done and submitted for publication, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer review is not going to help,” he told the scientists. “It doesn’t matter how transparent the peer review is, we’re not going to be able to solve this problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is that today scientists are judged primarily by which journal publishes their work. The greatest rewards tend to go to scientists who can get their papers into major journals such as \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>. It matters less what the actual findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me that is one of the very biggest problems in the system today,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/about/leadership/senior-executive-team/erin-oshea\">Erin O’Shea\u003c/a>, president of HHMI, “and it drives a lot of behavior — behavior that we don’t want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if a top journal reviews a paper and decides not to publish it, the scientist needs to start the process of getting to print all over again — which is a waste of resources. “Science moves slower because research isn’t available immediately,” O’Shea said at the meeting. “To me, those are big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way forward is to encourage scientists to make their work publicly available on the Internet before it has been peer-reviewed or accepted in a journal. Biologists are starting to do that, using a preprint server called \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bioRxiv\u003c/a>. Physicists have been doing \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this\u003c/a> for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer review can come later, Eisen says. In fact, he’s \u003ca href=\"http://asapbio.org/eisen-appraise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">putting together a system\u003c/a> that will facilitate that, and it’s set to debut this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to see happen next is to allow the scientists who are reading papers [as part of their normal work] … to review them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he envisions it, “you post a work, people comment on it, you update it, and if it gets better through that process, that’s great — now you’ve produced something good,” he says. “If, through the process of review and assessment, you and the community realize the work wasn’t right, it just sorts of fades and you mark it as such. And I think we’ll all be better off if that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, it will change the incentives for publication. Right now, because scientists are rewarded for getting papers past peer review in the top journals, attention-grabbing findings are valued over careful work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisen says his system of review before publication would flip those priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that people are going to be reviewing and assessing the work … should provide a very strong incentive back to authors to try to produce work that’s actually reproducible and durable, rather than work that is just flashy and gets into the right journal,” Eisen tells Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the challenges he faces is that scientists will struggle to find the time to do careful reviews of papers published online. They may also be tempted to game the system. But people who sign their name to their reviews, or are certified by a trusted body, would have an incentive not to simply shower praise on studies posted by friends and colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to develop a reputation as someone who just says nice things about your buddy,” Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Posting articles prior to peer review raises other issues, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a worry that the Wild West version [where] everyone posts what they like will lead to a lot more garbage out there that people can’t make out what to make of it,” says \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> editor Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she still sees a role for journalists, if not as gatekeepers, at least as curators. “I think probably for a while we’ll see a parallel track where the journals still provide some imprint of thorough review, statistical review, methodological review,” she says, while preprints will “allow the community to share more with each other much more rapidly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Aim+To+Pull+Peer+Review+Out+Of+The+17th+Century&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The technology that drives science forward is forever accelerating, but the same can’t be said for science communication. The basic process still holds many vestiges from its early days — that is the 17th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists are pressing to change that critical part of the scientific enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what they’re confronting: When researchers studying the biology of disease make a discovery, it typically takes nine months for them to get their results published in a journal.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason for that delay is it goes through a process of peer review that is both necessary and antiquated. The fate of that paper rests on just two or three scientists who have been asked to review it and decide whether it’s worthy of being published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine how this would feel if the matter in question were a consumer product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the only thing Amazon ever published were reviews of the first three people who bought a product, then we’d have a very ineffective system for knowing what was good and bad,” says \u003ca href=\"https://mcb.berkeley.edu/faculty/ggd/eisenm.html\">Michael Eisen\u003c/a>, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator at University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Science moves slower because research isn’t available immediately.’ \u003ccite>Erin O’Shea\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The scientific reviews may be carried out by someone with a personal ax to grind, or people who aren’t trained to evaluate a study’s methods or statistics. And to top it off, reviews are usually anonymous and kept secret by the journal that commissioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you buy pen refills on Amazon, you get far more useful feedback about the benefits and deficits of a particular product than you do about a work of science that represents years and years of peoples’ work and millions of dollars of public investment,” Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is not alone in his concerns. Eisen recently attended \u003ca href=\"http://asapbio.org/meeting-information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a meeting\u003c/a> of biomedical researchers who want to find a way to modernize this process, to make it more fitting for a world that now lives online and isn’t so concerned about the price of paper stock for printing presses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem the community confronts is that peer review isn’t simply about providing feedback to scientists so they can improve the papers they submitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Often peer review is being asked to do two things,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/editorial-staff/theodora-bloom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theo Bloom\u003c/a>, executive editor of the \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> (formerly the \u003cem>British Medical Journal)\u003c/em>. “It’s being asked to look at technical quality and to look at whether an article is suitable for a particular journal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bloom says peer review does a reasonable job of picking studies of interest to journals such as hers, but it does a poor job of improving the quality of the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some years ago, for instance, she says scientists sent around papers with nine deliberate errors in them. Peer reviewers generally found just three.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major question the attendees considered was whether to make peer reviews available to all readers. The \u003cem>BMJ,\u003c/em> unlike most journals that publish biomedical research, already does that. The identities of the reviewers are even made public — a suggestion that caused some consternation at the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t solve problems of research quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/michael-lauer-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Lauer\u003c/a>, a deputy director of the National Institutes of Health, told the meeting that one huge problem is that scientists often fail to ask a fundamental question before starting an experiment, which is how many people or animals should be included in a study. By the time a study is done and submitted for publication, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Peer review is not going to help,” he told the scientists. “It doesn’t matter how transparent the peer review is, we’re not going to be able to solve this problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is that today scientists are judged primarily by which journal publishes their work. The greatest rewards tend to go to scientists who can get their papers into major journals such as \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em>. It matters less what the actual findings are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me that is one of the very biggest problems in the system today,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/about/leadership/senior-executive-team/erin-oshea\">Erin O’Shea\u003c/a>, president of HHMI, “and it drives a lot of behavior — behavior that we don’t want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if a top journal reviews a paper and decides not to publish it, the scientist needs to start the process of getting to print all over again — which is a waste of resources. “Science moves slower because research isn’t available immediately,” O’Shea said at the meeting. “To me, those are big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way forward is to encourage scientists to make their work publicly available on the Internet before it has been peer-reviewed or accepted in a journal. Biologists are starting to do that, using a preprint server called \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bioRxiv\u003c/a>. Physicists have been doing \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this\u003c/a> for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peer review can come later, Eisen says. In fact, he’s \u003ca href=\"http://asapbio.org/eisen-appraise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">putting together a system\u003c/a> that will facilitate that, and it’s set to debut this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to see happen next is to allow the scientists who are reading papers [as part of their normal work] … to review them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he envisions it, “you post a work, people comment on it, you update it, and if it gets better through that process, that’s great — now you’ve produced something good,” he says. “If, through the process of review and assessment, you and the community realize the work wasn’t right, it just sorts of fades and you mark it as such. And I think we’ll all be better off if that happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, it will change the incentives for publication. Right now, because scientists are rewarded for getting papers past peer review in the top journals, attention-grabbing findings are valued over careful work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisen says his system of review before publication would flip those priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that people are going to be reviewing and assessing the work … should provide a very strong incentive back to authors to try to produce work that’s actually reproducible and durable, rather than work that is just flashy and gets into the right journal,” Eisen tells Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the challenges he faces is that scientists will struggle to find the time to do careful reviews of papers published online. They may also be tempted to game the system. But people who sign their name to their reviews, or are certified by a trusted body, would have an incentive not to simply shower praise on studies posted by friends and colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t want to develop a reputation as someone who just says nice things about your buddy,” Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Posting articles prior to peer review raises other issues, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a worry that the Wild West version [where] everyone posts what they like will lead to a lot more garbage out there that people can’t make out what to make of it,” says \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> editor Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she still sees a role for journalists, if not as gatekeepers, at least as curators. “I think probably for a while we’ll see a parallel track where the journals still provide some imprint of thorough review, statistical review, methodological review,” she says, while preprints will “allow the community to share more with each other much more rapidly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Aim+To+Pull+Peer+Review+Out+Of+The+17th+Century&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science Says: European Art Scene Began with Neanderthals",
"headTitle": "Science Says: European Art Scene Began with Neanderthals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From the murky depths of Spanish caves comes a surprising insight: Neanderthals created art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been proposed before, but experts say two new studies finally give convincing evidence that our evolutionary cousins had the brainpower to make artistic works and use symbols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key finding: New age estimates that show paintings on cave walls and decorated seashells in Spain were created long before our species entered Europe. So there’s no way Homo sapiens could have made them or influenced Neanderthals to merely copy their artwork.[contextly_sidebar id=”EHrkRLCP4BtuYxmPUy7RLWeQ4fPThh1Z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most scientists thought all cave paintings were the work of our species. But the new work concludes that some previously known paintings — an array of lines, some disks and the outline of a hand — were rendered about 20,000 years before H. sapiens moved into Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a surprise that “constitutes a major breakthrough in the field of human evolution studies,” said Wil Roebroeks of Leiden University in the Netherlands, an expert on Neanderthals who didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said in an email, Neanderthal “ownership of some cave art is a fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second study provided evidence that Neanderthals used pigments and piercings to modify shells some 115,000 years ago, which is far earlier than similar artifacts are associated with H. sapiens anywhere. That shows Neanderthals “were quite capable of inventing the ornaments themselves,” said Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, who also didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia before disappearing about 40,000 years ago, around the time H. sapiens moved into Europe from Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, released Thursday by the journals\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org./\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaar5255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Advances\u003c/a> , focused on determining the ages of previously known artifacts.[contextly_sidebar id=”GUT8Sp90Ob1iJMjQ1XYztxfDYP8opBrS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Meaningful Symbols’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of European researchers concentrated on painted artwork in three caves in northern, southern and west-central Spain. They carefully removed tiny bits of rocky crust that had formed on the artwork surfaces and analyzed them in a lab. Results indicated artwork from all three were around 65,000 years old, much older than the arrival of H. sapiens in Europe, which occurred some 45,000 to 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artwork is rudimentary, but a study author, Dirk Hoffmann of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said it’s symbolic. One work is a collection of lines that look like a ladder, and others include red dots and disks on curtainlike rock formations. Another is a stenciled outline of a hand, made by spewing pigment over a hand held against the wall, Hoffmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the hand stencil involves so many steps, including preparation of the pigment, that it’s clearly a deliberate creation, he and other authors wrote in the paper. What’s more, a number of hand stencils seem to have been placed with care rather than randomly, so they are certainly “meaningful symbols,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other study sought to find the age of shells that had been colored and punctured in another cave, in southeast Spain. Previous studies had estimated an age of 45,000 to 50,000 years old, too young to rule out a link to H. sapiens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the new work, researchers analyzed rock that had formed above where the shells had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results indicated the shells were around 115,000 years old. That is some 20,000 to 40,000 years older than comparable artifacts in Africa or western Asia that are attributed to H. sapiens. The finding shows Neanderthals shared symbolic thinking with H. sapiens, and suggests the two species were “indistinguishable” in terms of overall mental ability, the researchers wrote.[contextly_sidebar id=”0SxWtG9P8g01TRiYDKdxjjM9fDLS6dBP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows what the shells symbolized. Maybe they indicated membership in a group like a clan, said Joao Zilhao of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies in Barcelona, Spain, who did the study with Hoffmann and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all experts were convinced by the studies. Harold Dibble, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Neanderthal behavior, wondered if the shell color and holes could have occurred naturally. And he said he’d like to see the dating in the cave art paper confirmed by another lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren Sharp of the Berkeley Geochronology Center in California, an expert on the dating technique used in both papers, said he found the results of both studies to be “very solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They show “we are not the only ones capable of ‘modern’ behavior,” he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the murky depths of Spanish caves comes a surprising insight: Neanderthals created art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s been proposed before, but experts say two new studies finally give convincing evidence that our evolutionary cousins had the brainpower to make artistic works and use symbols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key finding: New age estimates that show paintings on cave walls and decorated seashells in Spain were created long before our species entered Europe. So there’s no way Homo sapiens could have made them or influenced Neanderthals to merely copy their artwork.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most scientists thought all cave paintings were the work of our species. But the new work concludes that some previously known paintings — an array of lines, some disks and the outline of a hand — were rendered about 20,000 years before H. sapiens moved into Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a surprise that “constitutes a major breakthrough in the field of human evolution studies,” said Wil Roebroeks of Leiden University in the Netherlands, an expert on Neanderthals who didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said in an email, Neanderthal “ownership of some cave art is a fact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second study provided evidence that Neanderthals used pigments and piercings to modify shells some 115,000 years ago, which is far earlier than similar artifacts are associated with H. sapiens anywhere. That shows Neanderthals “were quite capable of inventing the ornaments themselves,” said Paola Villa of the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, who also didn’t participate in the new work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia before disappearing about 40,000 years ago, around the time H. sapiens moved into Europe from Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, released Thursday by the journals\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org./\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaar5255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Advances\u003c/a> , focused on determining the ages of previously known artifacts.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Meaningful Symbols’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One team of European researchers concentrated on painted artwork in three caves in northern, southern and west-central Spain. They carefully removed tiny bits of rocky crust that had formed on the artwork surfaces and analyzed them in a lab. Results indicated artwork from all three were around 65,000 years old, much older than the arrival of H. sapiens in Europe, which occurred some 45,000 to 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artwork is rudimentary, but a study author, Dirk Hoffmann of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said it’s symbolic. One work is a collection of lines that look like a ladder, and others include red dots and disks on curtainlike rock formations. Another is a stenciled outline of a hand, made by spewing pigment over a hand held against the wall, Hoffmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the hand stencil involves so many steps, including preparation of the pigment, that it’s clearly a deliberate creation, he and other authors wrote in the paper. What’s more, a number of hand stencils seem to have been placed with care rather than randomly, so they are certainly “meaningful symbols,” the authors wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other study sought to find the age of shells that had been colored and punctured in another cave, in southeast Spain. Previous studies had estimated an age of 45,000 to 50,000 years old, too young to rule out a link to H. sapiens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the new work, researchers analyzed rock that had formed above where the shells had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results indicated the shells were around 115,000 years old. That is some 20,000 to 40,000 years older than comparable artifacts in Africa or western Asia that are attributed to H. sapiens. The finding shows Neanderthals shared symbolic thinking with H. sapiens, and suggests the two species were “indistinguishable” in terms of overall mental ability, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nobody knows what the shells symbolized. Maybe they indicated membership in a group like a clan, said Joao Zilhao of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies in Barcelona, Spain, who did the study with Hoffmann and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all experts were convinced by the studies. Harold Dibble, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania who studies Neanderthal behavior, wondered if the shell color and holes could have occurred naturally. And he said he’d like to see the dating in the cave art paper confirmed by another lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren Sharp of the Berkeley Geochronology Center in California, an expert on the dating technique used in both papers, said he found the results of both studies to be “very solid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They show “we are not the only ones capable of ‘modern’ behavior,” he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Will California's Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum?",
"headTitle": "Will California’s Water Wars Create A Constitutional Conundrum? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “[contextly_sidebar id=”YZxhkODn2tSAEK3h8N7xJTANCBGykjBn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal observers expect a protracted battle ahead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With nearly half the state \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">back in drought\u003c/a>, California’s water regulator held a contentious hearing in Sacramento on Tuesday on whether to make permanent the temporary water bans enacted by Governor Jerry Brown during the 2014-2017 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board announced it will revisit the proposed measures in March while it makes some minor revisions to the draft proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the proposed measures \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/09/06/drought-rules-lone-gone-yet-california-keeps-saving-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">relate to restrictions\u003c/a> against over watering lawns; hosing down driveways and sidewalks; washing vehicles with hoses not equipped with a shut-off nozzle; and running non-recirculated water in an ornamental fountain. Certain exceptions would apply for public health and safety reasons or commercial agricultural purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Water Resources Control Board, which wants to make these rules permanent, holds that even though the measures were passed in a time of emergency they should be understood as part of a broader effort to make conservation a way of life in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought-prone state.\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920251\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-768x526.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1020x698.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1920x1314.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-1180x808.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-960x657.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-452187706-520x356.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker uses a hose to wash the sidewalk in front of a residential hotel on July 15, 2014 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water Board Chairwoman Felicia Marcus said that climate change is causing more frequent and longer droughts in California. She pointed to the Sierra Nevada snowpack, which remains at levels well below the average. The Sierra snowpack, a source of about a third of the state’s water supply, is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/15/snowpack-far-below-normal-is-a-wakeup-call/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently at 22 percent\u003c/a> of the long term average for early February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is why making conservation in California a way of life is so important,” said Marcus. “The Sierra water content shows we are worse off than we were three years ago, at the peak of the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Only “Reasonable” Use\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut the proposed rules, which would carry fines of up to $500 per violation, faced strong push back from some water agencies who accuse the regulatory board \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/11/how-californias-water-rights-make-it-tough-to-manage-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">of a power grab.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue, opponents say, is constitutional. The California Constitution contains a provision that prohibits the “waste or unreasonable use” of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority.’\u003ccite>Jeff Stephenson, San Diego Water Authority\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Water administrators fear that the board is going to rely on the constitutional provision to erode the water rights belonging to California landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Erratic individuals can occupy great positions of power in government, and you had better believe they will occupy your chair someday,” said Jackson Minasian, an attorney for Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Co. “Their view of what is ‘waste and unreasonable use’ will be radically different than yours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Stephenson, of the San Diego County Water Authority, said the proposal marks an unauthorized expansion of the water board’s authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board appears intent on expanding and exceeding its jurisdictional authority on this matter and several others,” said Stephenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board pushed back however, arguing that it was operating within its statutory authority to prevent\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/01/12/the-water-in-your-jeans-how-two-consumer-products-giants-are-cutting-back-on-water-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> wasteful water\u003c/a> uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel confident that the board is acting squarely within its authority,” said David Rose, Water Board staff counsel. “We made sure specific uses were being addressed and that they would not impact water rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1259645\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 475px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1259645\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"475\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi.jpg 534w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-240x162.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-375x253.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/12/RS14773_468383616-sfi-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sprinklers water the lawn in Golden Gate Park on April 2, 2015 in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rose added that water banned for use in one area, could always be put to another use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Prohibiting these specific discreet, wasteful and unreasonable water uses would allow suppliers, water users and water rights holders to use any amount of water that they couldn’t use . . . on a reasonable and beneficial use,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Water: Private or Public Right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nRichard M. Frank, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/frank/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Environmental Law & Policy Center\u003c/a> at UC Davis, says that lost in these debates is the understanding that water is a different kind of property right, compared to for example owning a car or home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a limited property right, which is something that is lost on a lot of people in the ongoing California debate on water. The courts have long held that water is owned by the public, and that is also embedded in California statutes. “\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private parties who seek to appropriate water have since 1914 had to first obtain a license from the state to use water and that license is subject to restrictions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important of these restrictions is the constitutional provision stating that all water use must be ‘reasonable,'” Frank said. “And the state can limit, ban, and penalize unreasonable uses of water. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 349px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23419\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/iStock_000022187403_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\" width=\"349\" height=\"209\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water officials say people often forget to turn off lawn sprinklers when it starts raining. (iStock/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Heather Welles, an attorney who works on water rights at the law firm \u003ca href=\"https://www.omm.com/professionals/heather-welles/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O’Melveny in Los Angeles\u003c/a>,\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>says the courts have been pretty deferential to the board’s authority to identify specific practices as wasteful or unreasonable. And in this case, the board has provided safeguards within the proposed regulations to allow water users to protest a citation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a general matter, if the board is going to take action that limits specific water rights, it would have to engage in a process that would give water rights holders the ability to dispute the grounds\u003cstrong>,” \u003c/strong>said Welles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Here, the proposed regulations incorporate a process by which if the board is actually issuing a notice or penalty, then the water user may request a hearing before the board and, of course, seek judicial review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frank noted that if Governor Brown declares another drought emergency, the move will only strengthen the board’s hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The board will have broader legal authority than it has now,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as the state plunges back into drought, just months after emerging from the last one, permanent water restrictions in California may be\u003cb> \u003c/b>imminent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not in an emergency right now, but shame on us if we just\u003cbr>\nbury our heads in the sand,” Marcus, Water Board Chairwoman, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8020998-181/california-weighs-bringing-back-drought-era\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told\u003c/a> the \u003cem>Santa Rosa Press Democrat.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Silicon Valley Billionaire Takes Case Over Public Beach Access to U.S. Supreme Court",
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"content": "\u003cp>Billionaire investor Vinod Khosla is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review a California appeals court decision ordering him to open an access road to Martins Beach, a popular recreational spot near Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday the co-founder of Sun Microsystems asked the court to let him keep the gates to the beach closed to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”9mkEAMiX48xBpSUdXtJIfnlOsh86oZYh”]The appeal challenges state law guaranteeing public access to beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal activists are worried that if the current court, which has been protective of private property rights, accepts the case, it could dismantle the California Coastal Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the San Jose Mercury New\u003cem>s\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Whether the court takes up the case is a question, but the powerful venture capitalist has hired a high-profile legal team to turn the battle over a San Mateo County beach into a fight over the future of California’s coastal laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 151-page legal filing calls the case a “textbook physical invasion of private property.” It describes the Coastal Act, which was approved by voters in 1972 to ensure public access to the shoreline, as “Orwellian” for requiring property owners to obtain permits when they want to build homes or businesses along the California coastline.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/22/martins-beach-silicon-valley-billionaire-takes-case-to-u-s-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read the full Mercury News online here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s Khosla’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Martins-Beach-v.-Surfrider-Found.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petition\u003c/a> to the court …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" title=\"Petition for Writ of Certiorari - Martins Beach v. Surfrider Found\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/372234541/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-XhOo24J5M69YH2VdMhQZ&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"0.7729220222793488\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_31676\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Billionaire investor Vinod Khosla is asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review a California appeals court decision ordering him to open an access road to Martins Beach, a popular recreational spot near Half Moon Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday the co-founder of Sun Microsystems asked the court to let him keep the gates to the beach closed to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The appeal challenges state law guaranteeing public access to beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal activists are worried that if the current court, which has been protective of private property rights, accepts the case, it could dismantle the California Coastal Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the San Jose Mercury New\u003cem>s\u003c/em> reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Whether the court takes up the case is a question, but the powerful venture capitalist has hired a high-profile legal team to turn the battle over a San Mateo County beach into a fight over the future of California’s coastal laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His 151-page legal filing calls the case a “textbook physical invasion of private property.” It describes the Coastal Act, which was approved by voters in 1972 to ensure public access to the shoreline, as “Orwellian” for requiring property owners to obtain permits when they want to build homes or businesses along the California coastline.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/22/martins-beach-silicon-valley-billionaire-takes-case-to-u-s-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read the full Mercury News online here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A second federal judge has rejected the Trump administration’s efforts to delay an Obama-era regulation aimed at restricting harmful methane emissions from oil and gas production on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of the Northern District of California ordered the Interior Department to reinstate the regulation, which the Trump administration has repeatedly moved to delay or suspend.[contextly_sidebar id=”dwApIDW24HepgpoPhXfZWB9j8oHAyEk9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orrick said Interior’s delay was “untethered to evidence” and likely to cause “irreparable injury” to California, New Mexico and other states in the form of increased air pollution and negative impacts on public health and the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling marks the second time a federal judge has rebuffed the Trump administration for failing to enforce the methane rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Magistrate Judge Elizabeth Laporte ordered the Obama rule reinstated in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s attorney general has charged five former and current employees of the Panoche Water District in central California with felonies, including using public funds for personal items and illegally burying barrels of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Toxic Substances Control at California’s Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/HazardousWaste/Projects/upload/Final-PWD-Press-Release_2-22-18.pdf\">says it found 86 drums,\u003c/a> each holding between 35 and 55 gallons of “chlorine, caustic soda, iron chloride and a mixture of used antifreeze, used solvents, and used oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press_releases/FILED%20Felony%20Complaint%20Fresno%20F18901227.pdf\">Xavier Becerra accused\u003c/a> former Panoche Water District General Manager Dennis Falaschi and former employees Jack Hurley and Dubby West of disposing of the chemicals at an unauthorized site, specifically burying them “in a pit or in the soil at the Panoche Water District yard” near Firebaugh, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West and another former employee, Julie Cascia, were also charged with transporting hazardous waste including a drum from the Panoche Water District Auto Shop to an unpermitted site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction workers discovered barrels about a year ago on the district’s land in Fresno County, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article136125043.html\">The Fresno Bee.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When workers from the DTSC removed the barrels, they found “that the liquid hazardous waste was leaking into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says the “contamination is being remediated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general’s office also alleged that Falaschi, Cascia, Hurley, West and a current employee, Atomic Falaschi — Dennis Falaschi’s son — were engaged in “widespread corruption,” much of which began in 2011 and continued for several years. Prosecutors claim the employees misused more than $100,000 in public money and spent it on a variety of personal items including slot machines, kitchen appliances, car repairs — even pistachio trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint accuses Atomic Falaschi of transferring 1,500 pistachio trees owned by the water district to his personal property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dennis Falaschi allegedly “ran the District as his own personal operation and bank account,” Becerra’s office \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-announces-embezzlement-charges-against-former-panoche\">said in a statement\u003c/a> Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Panoche Water District is a public agency that distributes water for 38,000 acres of western Merced and Fresno counties, according to the DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water management in California could soon be receiving more attention with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\">predictions of drought\u003c/a> in the state this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Water+Agency+Officials+Charged+With+Burying+Hazardous+Waste+And+Corruption&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s attorney general has charged five former and current employees of the Panoche Water District in central California with felonies, including using public funds for personal items and illegally burying barrels of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Toxic Substances Control at California’s Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/HazardousWaste/Projects/upload/Final-PWD-Press-Release_2-22-18.pdf\">says it found 86 drums,\u003c/a> each holding between 35 and 55 gallons of “chlorine, caustic soda, iron chloride and a mixture of used antifreeze, used solvents, and used oil.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press_releases/FILED%20Felony%20Complaint%20Fresno%20F18901227.pdf\">Xavier Becerra accused\u003c/a> former Panoche Water District General Manager Dennis Falaschi and former employees Jack Hurley and Dubby West of disposing of the chemicals at an unauthorized site, specifically burying them “in a pit or in the soil at the Panoche Water District yard” near Firebaugh, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West and another former employee, Julie Cascia, were also charged with transporting hazardous waste including a drum from the Panoche Water District Auto Shop to an unpermitted site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction workers discovered barrels about a year ago on the district’s land in Fresno County, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article136125043.html\">The Fresno Bee.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When workers from the DTSC removed the barrels, they found “that the liquid hazardous waste was leaking into the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says the “contamination is being remediated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general’s office also alleged that Falaschi, Cascia, Hurley, West and a current employee, Atomic Falaschi — Dennis Falaschi’s son — were engaged in “widespread corruption,” much of which began in 2011 and continued for several years. Prosecutors claim the employees misused more than $100,000 in public money and spent it on a variety of personal items including slot machines, kitchen appliances, car repairs — even pistachio trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint accuses Atomic Falaschi of transferring 1,500 pistachio trees owned by the water district to his personal property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dennis Falaschi allegedly “ran the District as his own personal operation and bank account,” Becerra’s office \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-announces-embezzlement-charges-against-former-panoche\">said in a statement\u003c/a> Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Panoche Water District is a public agency that distributes water for 38,000 acres of western Merced and Fresno counties, according to the DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water management in California could soon be receiving more attention with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/02/22/californias-recurring-nightmare-nearly-half-the-state-is-back-in-drought/\">predictions of drought\u003c/a> in the state this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Water+Agency+Officials+Charged+With+Burying+Hazardous+Waste+And+Corruption&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought",
"headTitle": "California’s Recurring Nightmare: Nearly Half the State is Back in Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/02/24/watch-how-fast-a-five-year-drought-can-disappear/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">all-too-brief reprieve\u003c/a>, the Golden State is once again starting to brown up — at least on government drought maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor now has nearly \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">48 percent of the state\u003c/a> categorized as being in at least “moderate drought.” More than 91 percent of the state is listed as at least “abnormally dry,” the precursor stage to drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1056px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg\" alt=\"US Drought Monitor map\" width=\"1056\" height=\"816\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-768x593.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-960x742.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-375x290.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/usdm_20180220_CA_text-520x402.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Nat'l Drought Mitigation Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “drought,” is of course, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">highly subjective\u003c/a> and has different meanings to different people. But the gradually returning shades of yellow and brown to the widely cited map are unnerving to many, with the state’s most punishing drought on record so fresh in California’s collective memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 543px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png\" alt=\"CNAP Probablities Map\" width=\"543\" height=\"544\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219.png 543w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-160x160.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-375x376.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-520x521.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/PrecipOdds_180219-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By mid-February, a normal precipitation year was almost out of reach. \u003ccite>(Western Regional Climate Ctr.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The stage is certainly being set for some sort of drought. This week as the State Water Resources Control Board considered permanent statewide restrictions on a list of wasteful water uses, members were told that, measured by a key collection of gauges in the northern Sierra Nevada, the December-through-February period has been California’s third driest on record (exceeded only by 1977 and 1991, when a “March Miracle” saved the wet season). In the central Sierra, this December through February was measured as the driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three months typically provide the state with half of its total annual precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration project dry conditions to “develop or persist” in California over the next three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920159\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 781px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920159\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png\" alt=\"NOAA 3-mo. Drought Outlook map\" width=\"781\" height=\"551\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802.png 781w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-160x113.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-768x542.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-240x169.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-375x265.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/DroughtOutlook_1802-520x367.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA’s three-month outlook does not bode well for California precipitation. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The weekly Drought Monitor \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/10/color-me-dry-drought-maps-blend-art-and-science-but-no-politics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maps are compiled\u003c/a> by a rotating stable of authors, in consultation with various government agencies, and they take into account more than 100 indicators. And while some have argued that they are given too much weight, John Leahigh, head of operations for California’s State Water Project, told the water board that an “ugly picture” is beginning to form of the state’s current water year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the notable exception of Lake Oroville, which engineers have kept at cautiously low levels \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/10/23/rebuilding-oroville-spillway-with-the-rainy-season-just-around-the-corner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">after last year’s near spillway disaster\u003c/a>, major reservoirs remain flush from last year’s precipitation. But Leahigh told regulators that expectations are “dramatically decreasing” for runoff from the state’s key watersheds to replenish water supplies this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Salmonella Outbreak in 20 States Linked to Popular Herbal Supplement Kratom",
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"content": "\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.[contextly_sidebar id=”mMDaODYL30i2OmcqGTTECgnVuAaxFwKG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”[contextly_sidebar id=”0EqC9euyWnTn90qV5iBBmDwqlID3iaF0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A popular herbal supplement that some people use in lieu of powerful opioid drugs has been linked to an outbreak of salmonella, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far 28 people in 20 states are believed to have been sickened by contaminated kratom, a plant native to Southeast Asia that’s variously ingested as pills or powder or brewed into tea. Eleven people have been hospitalized.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Gieraltowski, the CDC’s foodborne outbreak team lead, said it’s not yet known how the kratom would have come to be contaminated with salmonella, noting it could have happened in processing, or the plants could have been contaminated in the field. But Gieraltowski said the CDC has seen outbreaks caused by supplements before, including powders used in smoothies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She suggested there are probably more cases that haven’t come to the attention of the medical community. Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps that can last for up to a week, but most people recover without treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom can be purchased easily and legally — at least at present. But it is under intense scrutiny by the Food and Drug Administration. Earlier this month the agency reported that its studies had found the plant was an opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kratom should not be used to treat medical conditions, nor should it be used as an alternative to prescription opioids,” FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a statement. “There is no evidence to indicate that kratom is safe or effective for any medical use.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016 the Drug Enforcement Administration touched off a firestorm when it announced that on an emergency basis it was going to unilaterally classify ingredients in the supplement as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are defined as having no accepted medical use and a high risk for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drugs in that classification include heroin, ecstasy and LSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Kratom Association and patients who use the supplement for pain control immediately pushed back on that decision. A few months later, in the autumn of 2016, the DEA said it would delay rendering a decision on kratom until the FDA was able to complete a scientific evaluation of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been several signs since then that the legal status of the supplement may be headed for a change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an earlier statement issued last fall, Gottlieb warned that the agency knew of 36 deaths linked to kratom use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom goes by a variety of names including Thang, Kakuam, Thom, Ketom, and Biak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC said so far the outbreak investigation has not pointed to a common brand or supplier of the supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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