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"content": "\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stephen Hawking, Who Awed Scientists and the Public, Dies at 76",
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"content": "\u003cp>There aren’t very many scientists who achieved rock-star status. Stephen Hawking, who has died at the age of 76, family members told British media early Wednesday, was definitely a contender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy will live on for many years,” the family statement said, according to The Guardian. “His courage and persistence with his brilliance and humour inspired people across the world. He once said, ‘It would not be much of a universe if it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him for ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking was probably the best-known scientist in the world. He was a theoretical physicist whose early work on black holes transformed how scientists think about the nature of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his fame wasn’t just a result of his research. Hawking, who suffered from a debilitating neurological disease that made it impossible for him to move his limbs or speak, was also a popular public figure and best-selling author. There was even a biopic about his life, The Theory of Everything, that won an Oscar for the actor, Eddie Redmayne, who portrayed Hawking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide Appeal And A Sense Of Humor\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he came to scientific conferences, the audience hung on every word. And it wasn’t just the scientists who stood in awe: the general public flocked to him as well. His popular book about his work was a huge best-seller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He agreed that that book, Brief History of Time, was probably the least-read, most-bought book ever,” says Leonard Mlodinow, a physicist and science writer at the California Institute of Technology. Mlodinow collaborated with Hawking on a less technical version of Hawking’s first book, called A Briefer History of Time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That title hints at what Mlodinow says was a central part of his character — Hawking’s sense of humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As hard as it was for him to communicate, he would sit there sometimes, and would take five or six minutes to be typing something out,” Mlodinow says. “And then when he hit speak, and his system voices his words, it would be a joke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sense of humor, along with his fame, allowed Hawking to land some pretty unusual gigs for a physicist. He appeared on The Simpsons several times — as well as on a number of other popular shows, including Futurama and Star Trek, The Next Generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one episode of The Simpsons, Hawking showed a willingness to poke fun at himself — and, in a way, the entire culture of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your theory of a donut-shaped universe is intriguing, Homer,” Hawking tells Homer Simpson. “I may have to steal it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing Our Understanding Of Physics\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did this man who re-envisioned the universe really do? What was his science all about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Krauss, a theoretical physicist at the Arizona State University and a friend and colleague of Hawking’s, says that at a young age, Hawking discovered something “truly remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuss says before Hawking, physicists thought that the immense gravity of a black hole would draw everything in and nothing could escape. But by combining quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, Hawking showed something astonishing: That theoretically, at least, some kind of particle had to defy what physicists classically expected from gravity, and radiate out of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That radiation is now called Hawking radiation,” Krauss told NPR in 2012. “And it changed everything about the way we think about gravity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krauss says Hawking pointed out a fundamental problem with the way physicists understand our world — a problem that Krauss says has yet to be resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And therefore,” Krauss says, “his influence and his legacy is quite profound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his life, Hawking’s disease left him virtually paralyzed. It took an enormous effort for Hawking to communicate, using the tiny movements he could make to control a computer interface. It’s tempting to say that Hawking achieved his fame in spite of his physical challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a way, Hawking’s physical challenges may have contributed to his mental prowess, says Kip Thorne, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology who frequently collaborated with Hawking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was because of this handicap that he developed new ways of thinking,” Thorne says, “new ways of wrapping his brain around things that enabled him to out-think anybody else in the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he out-thought people with great regularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free From Gravity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Hawking was up for a challenge. For example, in 2007, he accepted an offer from Zero G Corporation to experience weightlessness. The company uses a plane that climbs and then dives in such a way that for 25 seconds at a time, everyone inside the plane is weightless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference before his flight, Hawking said, “I have been wheelchair-bound for almost four decades, and the chance to float in zero-G will be wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pictures taken during the flight show what appears to be a very happy physicist floating, chair-free, around the plane’s cabin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitting, really, for the scientist who changed the way we think of gravity to spend a few minutes of his life without it. [Copyright 2018 NPR]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Image Credit: Sion Touhig/Getty Images\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he came to scientific conferences, the audience hung on every word. And it wasn’t just the scientists who stood in awe: the general public flocked to him as well. His popular book about his work was a huge best-seller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He agreed that that book, Brief History of Time, was probably the least-read, most-bought book ever,” says Leonard Mlodinow, a physicist and science writer at the California Institute of Technology. Mlodinow collaborated with Hawking on a less technical version of Hawking’s first book, called A Briefer History of Time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That title hints at what Mlodinow says was a central part of his character — Hawking’s sense of humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As hard as it was for him to communicate, he would sit there sometimes, and would take five or six minutes to be typing something out,” Mlodinow says. “And then when he hit speak, and his system voices his words, it would be a joke.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sense of humor, along with his fame, allowed Hawking to land some pretty unusual gigs for a physicist. He appeared on The Simpsons several times — as well as on a number of other popular shows, including Futurama and Star Trek, The Next Generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one episode of The Simpsons, Hawking showed a willingness to poke fun at himself — and, in a way, the entire culture of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your theory of a donut-shaped universe is intriguing, Homer,” Hawking tells Homer Simpson. “I may have to steal it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing Our Understanding Of Physics\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did this man who re-envisioned the universe really do? What was his science all about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Krauss, a theoretical physicist at the Arizona State University and a friend and colleague of Hawking’s, says that at a young age, Hawking discovered something “truly remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuss says before Hawking, physicists thought that the immense gravity of a black hole would draw everything in and nothing could escape. But by combining quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, Hawking showed something astonishing: That theoretically, at least, some kind of particle had to defy what physicists classically expected from gravity, and radiate out of black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That radiation is now called Hawking radiation,” Krauss told NPR in 2012. “And it changed everything about the way we think about gravity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krauss says Hawking pointed out a fundamental problem with the way physicists understand our world — a problem that Krauss says has yet to be resolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And therefore,” Krauss says, “his influence and his legacy is quite profound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his life, Hawking’s disease left him virtually paralyzed. It took an enormous effort for Hawking to communicate, using the tiny movements he could make to control a computer interface. It’s tempting to say that Hawking achieved his fame in spite of his physical challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a way, Hawking’s physical challenges may have contributed to his mental prowess, says Kip Thorne, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology who frequently collaborated with Hawking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was because of this handicap that he developed new ways of thinking,” Thorne says, “new ways of wrapping his brain around things that enabled him to out-think anybody else in the field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he out-thought people with great regularity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free From Gravity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his life, Hawking was up for a challenge. For example, in 2007, he accepted an offer from Zero G Corporation to experience weightlessness. The company uses a plane that climbs and then dives in such a way that for 25 seconds at a time, everyone inside the plane is weightless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference before his flight, Hawking said, “I have been wheelchair-bound for almost four decades, and the chance to float in zero-G will be wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pictures taken during the flight show what appears to be a very happy physicist floating, chair-free, around the plane’s cabin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitting, really, for the scientist who changed the way we think of gravity to spend a few minutes of his life without it. [Copyright 2018 NPR]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Image Credit: Sion Touhig/Getty Images\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A team of researchers have gathered at \u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford’s SLAC National Accelerator\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> L\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ab \u003c/a> this week in a high-tech treasure hunt.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their quarry is a hidden text — a 6th century medical manuscript holding the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iep.utm.edu/galen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writings of Galen\u003c/a>, the Greek physician whose teachings dominated the practice of medicine for more than a millennium. Sometime in the 11th century the original writing was scraped off the parchment and overwritten. The newer writing, holding psalms for days of the week, is primarily what can be seen with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the original writing isn’t necessarily gone. Some traces of ink may linger behind, waiting to be revealed by the \u003ca href=\"https://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource\u003c/a>. At SSRL researchers study use high-intensity X-rays to study everything from fossils to batteries to large bio-molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here at the synchrotron because the X-rays can pass through the ink and the parchment without any trouble at all,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-syriac-galen-palimpsest-galens-on-simple-drugs-and-the-recovery-of-lost-texts-through-sophisticated-imaging-techniques-project(ecd41ea6-7c60-461b-958a-fbe9f4eac9ec).html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Sellers\u003c/a>, a scientist specializing in large data from the University of Manchester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sellers is able to take the data from the scans and shape it so scholars can read the underlying text. Fortunately, the old ink and the new ink respond to X-rays in slightly different ways, using a technique known as X-ray fluorescence imaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What my software has to do is spot effectively these different colors that come off and we can use that to split apart different text layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working around the clock, the team, aided by staff from the Lightsource, has already uncovered a completely new piece of writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENZWaHKXj5s&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very excited because we’ve identified one of the last missing leaves [of the document],” says Professor of Classics and Greco-Arabic Studies, \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-syriac-galen-palimpsest-galens-on-simple-drugs-and-the-recovery-of-lost-texts-through-sophisticated-imaging-techniques-project(ecd41ea6-7c60-461b-958a-fbe9f4eac9ec).html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter E. Pormann\u003c/a>, also from the University of Manchester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through these scans they’ve found a preface written by the translator who took the writings from Greek and rendered them in Syriac, a form of Aramaic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to do more deciphering, but the initial results are mind blowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is racing to uncover what it can before the week is out. After that, a new research team will come in, using SLAC’s advanced hardware to seek answers to other mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A team of researchers have gathered at \u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford’s SLAC National Accelerator\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> L\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/?utm_source=Media+List+%28Hand-Curated%29&utm_campaign=d4050e7670-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2da964dfb8-d4050e7670-41680377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ab \u003c/a> this week in a high-tech treasure hunt.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their quarry is a hidden text — a 6th century medical manuscript holding the \u003ca href=\"https://www.iep.utm.edu/galen/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writings of Galen\u003c/a>, the Greek physician whose teachings dominated the practice of medicine for more than a millennium. Sometime in the 11th century the original writing was scraped off the parchment and overwritten. The newer writing, holding psalms for days of the week, is primarily what can be seen with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the original writing isn’t necessarily gone. Some traces of ink may linger behind, waiting to be revealed by the \u003ca href=\"https://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource\u003c/a>. At SSRL researchers study use high-intensity X-rays to study everything from fossils to batteries to large bio-molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here at the synchrotron because the X-rays can pass through the ink and the parchment without any trouble at all,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-syriac-galen-palimpsest-galens-on-simple-drugs-and-the-recovery-of-lost-texts-through-sophisticated-imaging-techniques-project(ecd41ea6-7c60-461b-958a-fbe9f4eac9ec).html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Sellers\u003c/a>, a scientist specializing in large data from the University of Manchester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sellers is able to take the data from the scans and shape it so scholars can read the underlying text. Fortunately, the old ink and the new ink respond to X-rays in slightly different ways, using a technique known as X-ray fluorescence imaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What my software has to do is spot effectively these different colors that come off and we can use that to split apart different text layers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working around the clock, the team, aided by staff from the Lightsource, has already uncovered a completely new piece of writing.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ENZWaHKXj5s'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ENZWaHKXj5s'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“We’re very excited because we’ve identified one of the last missing leaves [of the document],” says Professor of Classics and Greco-Arabic Studies, \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-syriac-galen-palimpsest-galens-on-simple-drugs-and-the-recovery-of-lost-texts-through-sophisticated-imaging-techniques-project(ecd41ea6-7c60-461b-958a-fbe9f4eac9ec).html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter E. Pormann\u003c/a>, also from the University of Manchester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through these scans they’ve found a preface written by the translator who took the writings from Greek and rendered them in Syriac, a form of Aramaic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to do more deciphering, but the initial results are mind blowing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is racing to uncover what it can before the week is out. After that, a new research team will come in, using SLAC’s advanced hardware to seek answers to other mysteries.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.[contextly_sidebar id=”pYT2UC3yizTWZTbVAhbQsLs7wMAIg0iD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.[contextly_sidebar id=”yRbjvplWb5QobaxW1Mu8CTsT9nbEUHYN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species",
"headTitle": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZNa7EivuxUmiiCSjqiv7hAV37IKMFxQ1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SESip0mwjDHlPmRknDzv4AAzFIQl6cdh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”dt6ORmIOjyltDK7Qr6OpJRRt9s0xR4LW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.[contextly_sidebar id=”A29mpotHTm0AeeMiKPynWklPIMruGxvh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.[contextly_sidebar id=”M2fw5fqr5nNNhXxF2LG5VxbSX2nFr8tU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.[contextly_sidebar id=”GHmUsyZfpUCh2MDK2hYC4Ak75px9dYJy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.[contextly_sidebar id=”El9wuMXx11S8FZbK9cd9EQMlzP7Gvncv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”VZ7twXvSlZ6p2W7R5hF8UnzAhBBoGGxP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”8st0m0rgfavfMo8lG1TQpIcPkT62cfeg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean?",
"headTitle": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”PHNPZJw7BtCE8SvYWQmNIJKtUbQ6YzgX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Salmon Will Have Places To Chill With Dam Removal",
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"content": "\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.[contextly_sidebar id=”Wnl1esZEWwI0RGWMI67sN9snATu87BxN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.[contextly_sidebar id=”TUM1sPcjPTogGxLHO2AxtAwv3IHxUCJ9″][contextly_sidebar id=”JUkFdSmcSiNj1Ys5GfmRNJJ36MwaNtwX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.[contextly_sidebar id=”6KC5eP8J65H7YZuU7bTTLYRCVphAHRwk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth",
"headTitle": "Study Finds False Stories Travel Way Faster Than The Truth | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .[contextly_sidebar id=”Vupmk4xaDXVozxxmbAzhN2mrm5PSx8XI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twitter loves lies. A new study finds that false information on the social media network travels six times faster than the truth and reaches far more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you can’t blame bots; it’s us, say the authors of the largest study of online misinformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looked at more than 126,000 stories tweeted millions of times between 2006 and the end of 2016 — before Donald Trump took office but during the combative presidential campaign. They found that “fake news” sped through Twitter “farther, faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information,” according to the study in Thursday’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, falsity wins out,” said co-author Deb Roy, who runs MIT’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.media.mit.edu/groups/social-machines/overview/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory for Social Machines\u003c/a> and is a former chief media scientist at Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twitter funded the study but had no say in the outcome, according to the researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retweeting Fake News\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe scientists calculated that the average false story takes about 10 hours to reach 1,500 Twitter users, versus about 60 hours for the truth. On average, false information reaches 35 percent more people than true news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While true news stories almost never got retweeted to 1,000 people, the top 1 percent of the false ones got to as many as 100,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers looked at how stories cascade — how they link from one person to another like a family tree — false information reached as many as 24 generations, while true information maxed out at a dozen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concern over bogus stories online has escalated in recent months because of evidence the Russians spread disinformation on social media during the 2016 presidential campaign to sow discord in the U.S. and damage Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-642085\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/642084-thumb-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Social media companies have experimented with using computer algorithms and human fact-checkers to try to weed out false information and abuse online. Twitter earlier this month said it is seeking help from outside experts to better deal with the problem. And Facebook this week announced a partnership with The Associated Press to identify and debunk false and misleading stories about the midterm elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have witnessed abuse, harassment, troll armies, manipulation through bots and human-coordination, misinformation campaigns and increasingly divisive echo chambers,” tweeted Twitter co-founder and CEO Jack Dorsey. “We aren’t proud of how people have taken advantage of our service, or our inability to address it fast enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fact-Checking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe MIT study took the 126,285 stories and checked them against six independent fact-checking sites — snopes.com, politifact.com, factcheck.org, truthorfiction.com, hoax-slayer.com and urbanlegends.about.com— to classify them as true, false or mixed. Nearly two-thirds were false, just under one-fifth were true, and the rest were mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six fact-checking websites agreed with each other on classification at least 95 percent of the time, plus two outside researchers did some independent fact-checking to make sure everything was OK, said co-author Sinan Aral, an MIT management professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead author Soroush Vosoughi, an MIT data scientist, said the three false stories that traveled the farthest and fastest were about a Muslim \u003ca href=\"https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/zouheir/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guard\u003c/a> called a hero in the Paris bombings of 2015; an Iraq war veteran finishing as runner-up to Caitlyn Jenner for an ESPN courage \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jun/04/facebook-posts/no-iraq-veteran-wasnt-runnerup-caitlyn-jenner-espn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award\u003c/a> ; and an episode of “The Simpsons” that had a story line in 2000 about a Trump presidency. (It was in 2015.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson, a co-founder of factcheck.org, had problems with the way the study looked at true and false stories. The MIT team characterized a story’s truth on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 being completely false. Factcheck.org, Jamieson said, looks more at context and does not label something either true or false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also suggested that calling this bogus information “false stories” does not capture how malignant it is. She said it would “better be called viral deception. VD. And treated as analogous to venereal disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bots & Cyborgs\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe researchers looked at obvious bots — automated accounts — and took them out. While the bots tweeted false information at a higher rate than humans, it wasn’t that much of a difference, and even without bots, lies still spread faster and farther, Roy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lazer, a political and computer scientist at Northeastern University who wasn’t part of the study but wrote an accompanying report, praised the MIT research but said the scientists may have missed a lot of bots and cyborgs — sort of in-between humans. His ongoing, not-yet-published research has found that about 80 percent of false stories come from just one-tenth of 1 percent of users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers dug deeper to find out what kind of false information travels faster and farther. False political stories — researchers didn’t separate conservative versus liberal — and stuff that was surprising or anger-provoking spread faster than other types of lies, Aral said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Falsehood was significantly more novel than the truth,” Aral said. “It’s easy to be novel when you make things up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits perfectly with previous research on the psychology of fake information, said Yale University’s Dan Kahan and Dartmouth College’s Brendan Nyhan, scientists who study the phenomenon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more strange and more sensational the story sounds, the more likely they are going to retweet,” Kahan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan and Lazer said that while more fact-checking and education of people on how to tell fake from real can be helpful, the more effective solution will have to come from the social media platforms themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy said the study results reminded him of the often-cited quotation that essentially says a lie can travel halfway around the world before the truth can get its boots — or pants — on. It’s been attributed to Mark Twain and Winston Churchill. But that would be misinformation. Politifact traced a version of it back to Jonathan Swift in 1710.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jupiter’s poles are blanketed by geometric clusters of cyclones and its atmosphere is deeper than scientists suspected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just some of the discoveries reported by four international research teams Wednesday, based on observations by NASA’s Juno spacecraft circling Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group uncovered a constellation of nine cyclones over Jupiter’s north pole and six over the south pole. The wind speeds exceed Category 5 hurricane strength in places, reaching 220 mph.[contextly_sidebar id=”gkPmPsRyr9hAuLCtrGSUPolQL923T90P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive storms haven’t changed position much — or merged — since observations began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Team leader Alberto Adriani of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome was surprised to find such complex structures. Scientists thought they’d find something similar to the six-sided cloud system spinning over Saturn’s north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were wrong about it,” he said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found an octagon-shaped grouping over the north pole, with eight cyclones surrounding one in the middle, and a pentagon-shaped batch over the south pole. Each cyclone measures several thousand miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth planet from our sun, gas giant Jupiter is by far the largest planet in our solar system. Launched in 2011, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">Juno\u003c/a> has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 and peering beneath the thick ammonia clouds. It’s only the second spacecraft to circle the planet; Galileo did it from 1995 to 2003.[contextly_sidebar id=”VJbfmb5nr1LtMaoMRUzqAS1V11QKpzLK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the studies in this week’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> finds that Jupiter’s crisscrossing east-west jet streams actually penetrate thousands of miles beneath the visible cloud tops. Refined measurements of Jupiter’s uneven gravity field enabled the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Yohai Kaspi in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues to calculate the depth of the jet streams at about 3,000 kilometers, or 1,865 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The result is a surprise because this indicates that the atmosphere of Jupiter is massive and extends much deeper than we previously expected,” Kaspi said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QNrZc0pyosQt2330F17dykOXLPcw78wL”]By better understanding these strong jet streams and the gravity field, Kaspi said scientists can better decipher the core of Jupiter. A similar situation may be occurring at other big gas planets like Saturn, where the atmosphere could be even deeper than Jupiter’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Fortney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the research, called the findings “extremely robust” and said they show “high-precision measurements of a planet’s gravitational field can be used to answer questions of deep planetary dynamics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using similar techniques, Juno could help scientists determine the depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, a colossal swirling storm, Fortney said in a companion article in the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory researchers Glenn Orton and Fachreddin Tabataba-Vakili, who both took part in the cyclone study, said all these new discoveries “show Jupiter from a new perspective” unseen before Juno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot say how many mysteries are left to uncover,” they wrote in an email. “We are already finding way more fascinating results than we ever expected!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jupiter’s poles are blanketed by geometric clusters of cyclones and its atmosphere is deeper than scientists suspected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just some of the discoveries reported by four international research teams Wednesday, based on observations by NASA’s Juno spacecraft circling Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group uncovered a constellation of nine cyclones over Jupiter’s north pole and six over the south pole. The wind speeds exceed Category 5 hurricane strength in places, reaching 220 mph.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive storms haven’t changed position much — or merged — since observations began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Team leader Alberto Adriani of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome was surprised to find such complex structures. Scientists thought they’d find something similar to the six-sided cloud system spinning over Saturn’s north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were wrong about it,” he said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found an octagon-shaped grouping over the north pole, with eight cyclones surrounding one in the middle, and a pentagon-shaped batch over the south pole. Each cyclone measures several thousand miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth planet from our sun, gas giant Jupiter is by far the largest planet in our solar system. Launched in 2011, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">Juno\u003c/a> has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 and peering beneath the thick ammonia clouds. It’s only the second spacecraft to circle the planet; Galileo did it from 1995 to 2003.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the studies in this week’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> finds that Jupiter’s crisscrossing east-west jet streams actually penetrate thousands of miles beneath the visible cloud tops. Refined measurements of Jupiter’s uneven gravity field enabled the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Yohai Kaspi in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues to calculate the depth of the jet streams at about 3,000 kilometers, or 1,865 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The result is a surprise because this indicates that the atmosphere of Jupiter is massive and extends much deeper than we previously expected,” Kaspi said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By better understanding these strong jet streams and the gravity field, Kaspi said scientists can better decipher the core of Jupiter. A similar situation may be occurring at other big gas planets like Saturn, where the atmosphere could be even deeper than Jupiter’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Fortney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the research, called the findings “extremely robust” and said they show “high-precision measurements of a planet’s gravitational field can be used to answer questions of deep planetary dynamics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using similar techniques, Juno could help scientists determine the depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, a colossal swirling storm, Fortney said in a companion article in the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory researchers Glenn Orton and Fachreddin Tabataba-Vakili, who both took part in the cyclone study, said all these new discoveries “show Jupiter from a new perspective” unseen before Juno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot say how many mysteries are left to uncover,” they wrote in an email. “We are already finding way more fascinating results than we ever expected!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Prescription Opioids Fail Rigorous New Test for Chronic Pain",
"headTitle": "Prescription Opioids Fail Rigorous New Test for Chronic Pain | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A year long study offers rigorous new evidence against using prescription opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In patients with stubborn back aches or hip or knee arthritis, opioids worked no better than over-the-counter drugs or other nonopioids at reducing problems with walking or sleeping. And they provided slightly less pain relief.[contextly_sidebar id=”DeI5FTobRIDirMlmfHpXOBtry0YyTRp9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioids tested included generic Vicodin, oxycodone or fentanyl patches although few patients needed the most potent opioids. Nonopioids included generic Tylenol, ibuprofen and prescription pills for nerve or muscle pain. The study randomly assigned patients to take opioids or other painkillers. That’s the gold standard design for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don’t work better than less risky drugs, there’s no reason to use opioids given “their really nasty side effects — death and addiction,” said lead author Dr. Erin Krebs, a physician and researcher with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results likely will surprise many people “because opioids have this reputation as being really powerful painkillers, and that is not what we found,” Krebs said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results echo less rigorous studies and bolster guidelines against routine use of opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal\u003c/a> of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Overdose Deaths\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAbout 42,000 drug overdose deaths in the U.S. in 2016 involved opioids, including prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. Many people get hooked while taking opioids prescribed for injuries or other short-term pain and move on to cheaper, more accessible illicit drugs like heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released Tuesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found emergency rooms saw a big jump in overdoses from opioids last year. Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent late last summer, compared to the same three-month period in 2016. The biggest jumps were in the Midwest and in cities, but increases occurred nationwide. The report did not break down overdoses by type of opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-841668 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">U.S. government guidelines in 2016 said opioids are not the preferred treatment for chronic pain, and they recommend non-drug treatment or nonopioid painkillers instead. Opioids should only be used if other methods don’t work for chronic pain, the guidelines recommend. Prescribing rates have declined slightly in recent years although they are still much higher than two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krebs said the strongest evidence from other studies shows that physical therapy, exercise or rehabilitation therapy works best for chronic pain. And she said noted that there are a variety of nonopioid drugs to try if one type doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 234 patients from Minneapolis-area VA clinics who were assigned to use generic versions of opioids or nonopioids for a year. Follow-up ended in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very important study,” said Dr. David Reuben, geriatrics chief at UCLA’s medical school. “It will likely change the approach to managing long-term back, hip and knee pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Participants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHe noted one limitation — most study participants were men, but Krebs said the results in women studied were similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s opioid patients started on relatively low daily doses of morphine, oxycodone or generic Vicodin. They switched to higher doses if needed or to long-acting opioids or fentanyl patches. The nonopioid group started on acetaminophen, ibuprofen or similar anti-inflammatory drugs. They also could switch to higher doses or prescription nonopioid pain pills. Few in either group used the strongest medicines.[contextly_sidebar id=”O6pDbM1ee8t0UncZ6dP9CFNxvb3diHPM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients reported changes in function or pain on questionnaires. Function scores improved in each group by about two points on an 11-point scale, where higher scores meant worse function. Both groups started out with average pain and function scores of about 5.5 points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain intensity dropped about two points in the nonopioid group and slightly less in the opioid patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research has shown that over-the-counter medicines can also work as well as opioids at treating short-term pain, including from broken bones, kidney stones or dental work.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP reporter Mike Stobbe in New York contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year long study offers rigorous new evidence against using prescription opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In patients with stubborn back aches or hip or knee arthritis, opioids worked no better than over-the-counter drugs or other nonopioids at reducing problems with walking or sleeping. And they provided slightly less pain relief.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioids tested included generic Vicodin, oxycodone or fentanyl patches although few patients needed the most potent opioids. Nonopioids included generic Tylenol, ibuprofen and prescription pills for nerve or muscle pain. The study randomly assigned patients to take opioids or other painkillers. That’s the gold standard design for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don’t work better than less risky drugs, there’s no reason to use opioids given “their really nasty side effects — death and addiction,” said lead author Dr. Erin Krebs, a physician and researcher with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results likely will surprise many people “because opioids have this reputation as being really powerful painkillers, and that is not what we found,” Krebs said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results echo less rigorous studies and bolster guidelines against routine use of opioids for chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal\u003c/a> of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Overdose Deaths\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAbout 42,000 drug overdose deaths in the U.S. in 2016 involved opioids, including prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. Many people get hooked while taking opioids prescribed for injuries or other short-term pain and move on to cheaper, more accessible illicit drugs like heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released Tuesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found emergency rooms saw a big jump in overdoses from opioids last year. Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent late last summer, compared to the same three-month period in 2016. The biggest jumps were in the Midwest and in cities, but increases occurred nationwide. The report did not break down overdoses by type of opioid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-841668 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_18222596_XXXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">U.S. government guidelines in 2016 said opioids are not the preferred treatment for chronic pain, and they recommend non-drug treatment or nonopioid painkillers instead. Opioids should only be used if other methods don’t work for chronic pain, the guidelines recommend. Prescribing rates have declined slightly in recent years although they are still much higher than two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krebs said the strongest evidence from other studies shows that physical therapy, exercise or rehabilitation therapy works best for chronic pain. And she said noted that there are a variety of nonopioid drugs to try if one type doesn’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 234 patients from Minneapolis-area VA clinics who were assigned to use generic versions of opioids or nonopioids for a year. Follow-up ended in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very important study,” said Dr. David Reuben, geriatrics chief at UCLA’s medical school. “It will likely change the approach to managing long-term back, hip and knee pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Study Participants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHe noted one limitation — most study participants were men, but Krebs said the results in women studied were similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s opioid patients started on relatively low daily doses of morphine, oxycodone or generic Vicodin. They switched to higher doses if needed or to long-acting opioids or fentanyl patches. The nonopioid group started on acetaminophen, ibuprofen or similar anti-inflammatory drugs. They also could switch to higher doses or prescription nonopioid pain pills. Few in either group used the strongest medicines.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients reported changes in function or pain on questionnaires. Function scores improved in each group by about two points on an 11-point scale, where higher scores meant worse function. Both groups started out with average pain and function scores of about 5.5 points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain intensity dropped about two points in the nonopioid group and slightly less in the opioid patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research has shown that over-the-counter medicines can also work as well as opioids at treating short-term pain, including from broken bones, kidney stones or dental work.\u003cbr>\n___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP reporter Mike Stobbe in New York contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says",
"headTitle": "2017 Wildfires Affected the Atmosphere Like a Volcanic Eruption, Study Says | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”S3C0e0WUKFKCoLcjv17gBGqipRAoZjY1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 8
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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