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"content": "\u003cp>One day we may tell our kids or grandkids about the first time we ever saw a car drive down the street without a human behind the wheel. Today in California, we are a little closer to that milestone. As of April 2, the DMV can issue permits to test driverless cars on public roads. Unlike previous testing, the new permits will not require cars to have a person behind the wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This technology right now is, by many measures, like teenage drivers. They’re pretty good. They’re not perfect. And they’ve got a ways to go still.’\u003ccite>Nidhi Kalra, RAND Corporation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt spoke with Nidhi Kalra, senior information scientist at the RAND Corporation and an expert on self-driving cars, about what this means for our roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How far are we, do you think, from seeing cars regularly go by on the street without a human driver?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: We’re not far at all. I would say by 2020, which is around the corner, we are going to see self driving cars. We’re going to look over at the car next to us and there will be no one behind the wheel, there may not be a wheel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s talk about the significance of April 2nd. Is today a big change in policy, a big change in opportunity?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: It is a big change. You know, until now there’s had to be a test driver behind a vehicle even if it’s driving itself. And now that changes. And that matters for a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”v1yAWUEFm3MQvL7Sg7IzDZKyZNgv7wkq”]The big benefits of self-driving vehicles are that there doesn’t need to be anyone paying attention. Not even anyone there. To get that [technology] on the road for consumer use we have to get that on the road for testing. That’s what this allows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a mixed bag, though. On the good side, we’re getting towards technology that many people think is going to hold a lot of promise. On the negative side, there’s a lot more risk in having a vehicle that doesn’t have someone paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: As we look at this emerging technology, what are the safety pros and cons of driverless cars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: Let’s do a little context-setting. Every year there are 40,000 fatalities on our roads in the United States alone. So it’s a public health crisis that we sort of take for granted. Over 90 percent of those crashes involve some kind of human error. These vehicles are never tired. They’re never drunk and never distracted. They don’t make the routine mistakes that you and I might make all the time. That’s their potential in terms of safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921897\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits behind a steering wheel, without his hands on it.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi.jpg 539w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ambarella’s autonomous car drives a 5-minute route near the semicconductor company’s headquarters. Gabriele Lini is in the driver seat as a “safety driver.” Starting April 2, 2018 the DMV is offering permits to companies that want to test cars without a back-up driver. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s a risk. One is that they might make mistakes that we would never make or they might not be able to solve all of the safety issues we have. And then there’s issues of cyber security. Will these vehicles be hacked and will we have simultaneous crashes? Or will a bug in the program cause them to do crazy things? So just because we’re terrible drivers doesn’t necessarily mean that the vehicles will be great, but there’s a lot of room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What are the pros and cons of having a driver testing a self-driving car and not having a driver in them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: The obvious pro is that there’s a backup safety driver because this technology right now is by many measures like teenage drivers. They’re pretty good. They’re not perfect. And they’ve got a ways to go still, so that backup driver is this professional who is going to jump in if something goes wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”iGyOxumUpHg9ygnatlXSyvgPlcutIVpl”]But eventually you’ve got to let that technology be on the road without a backup driver because that’s the way we want people to start using it. The public is interested in this technology. So this is a step towards that. It’s not without its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What’s the coolest and most interesting thing you’ve seen so far in this field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: You know the coolest part of it is the brains of the self-driving cars, the stuff you can’t even see. It’s making sense of the world, figuring out what’s going on and deciding what to do. That requires a level of computation and algorithmic sophistication that, a few years ago, wouldn’t have been possible. So this technology couldn’t have happened 10 years earlier, and that’s really exciting that we have it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi.jpg 539w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Data Framework Fusion – Visualizer” in Ambarella’s autonomous car displays the external environment. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Now at any intersection in San Francisco, you’re seeing all kinds of different vehicles. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: It is a big change. You know, until now there’s had to be a test driver behind a vehicle even if it’s driving itself. And now that changes. And that matters for a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The big benefits of self-driving vehicles are that there doesn’t need to be anyone paying attention. Not even anyone there. To get that [technology] on the road for consumer use we have to get that on the road for testing. That’s what this allows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a mixed bag, though. On the good side, we’re getting towards technology that many people think is going to hold a lot of promise. On the negative side, there’s a lot more risk in having a vehicle that doesn’t have someone paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: As we look at this emerging technology, what are the safety pros and cons of driverless cars?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: Let’s do a little context-setting. Every year there are 40,000 fatalities on our roads in the United States alone. So it’s a public health crisis that we sort of take for granted. Over 90 percent of those crashes involve some kind of human error. These vehicles are never tired. They’re never drunk and never distracted. They don’t make the routine mistakes that you and I might make all the time. That’s their potential in terms of safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921897\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921897\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"A man sits behind a steering wheel, without his hands on it.\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi.jpg 539w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30110_SELFDRIVE_087-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ambarella’s autonomous car drives a 5-minute route near the semicconductor company’s headquarters. Gabriele Lini is in the driver seat as a “safety driver.” Starting April 2, 2018 the DMV is offering permits to companies that want to test cars without a back-up driver. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s a risk. One is that they might make mistakes that we would never make or they might not be able to solve all of the safety issues we have. And then there’s issues of cyber security. Will these vehicles be hacked and will we have simultaneous crashes? Or will a bug in the program cause them to do crazy things? So just because we’re terrible drivers doesn’t necessarily mean that the vehicles will be great, but there’s a lot of room for improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What are the pros and cons of having a driver testing a self-driving car and not having a driver in them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: The obvious pro is that there’s a backup safety driver because this technology right now is by many measures like teenage drivers. They’re pretty good. They’re not perfect. And they’ve got a ways to go still, so that backup driver is this professional who is going to jump in if something goes wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But eventually you’ve got to let that technology be on the road without a backup driver because that’s the way we want people to start using it. The public is interested in this technology. So this is a step towards that. It’s not without its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: What’s the coolest and most interesting thing you’ve seen so far in this field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: You know the coolest part of it is the brains of the self-driving cars, the stuff you can’t even see. It’s making sense of the world, figuring out what’s going on and deciding what to do. That requires a level of computation and algorithmic sophistication that, a few years ago, wouldn’t have been possible. So this technology couldn’t have happened 10 years earlier, and that’s really exciting that we have it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921898\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi.jpg 539w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS30103_SELFDRIVE_108-sfi-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “Data Framework Fusion – Visualizer” in Ambarella’s autonomous car displays the external environment. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Now at any intersection in San Francisco, you’re seeing all kinds of different vehicles. You’ve got a lot of fire trucks passing through, city buses, Muni, little scooters. These brains powering these cars, are they ready for all of the nuances of driving on a city street?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: It’s not clear that they’re ready yet, but there’s no way to get them ready without getting them on the street. There’s so much diversity on our roads, not to mention the pedestrians and the dog walkers and squirrels crossing. There’s so much to take in but that can only happen when you actually get the vehicles on the road. And they’re pretty advanced; they can tell you that this is a kind of a vehicle and that’s a two-wheeler. They can put the world together pretty well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So another thing a car might at an intersection is that between the hours of 7 and 9 a.m., say, you can’t make a left turn. This all gets programmed into the into the computer, the “brains” of a self-driving car?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra: Absolutely. Keeping up with not only the rules of the road, which change from time to time, but the signage and what’s happening. So these vehicles need pretty detailed maps of the world and then they have a pretty good idea of where they are within that world. There’s a lot of technology on location, on sensing perception algorithms, and driving execution — a whole lot of stuff that goes inside this technology.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
"headTitle": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XvW8tq5rEZdq0j2MMxoysQoqzkOPsjwk”]“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.[contextly_sidebar id=”W78j62BzZQgCQHG4Uhnb5gMw3bHmzNrJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.[contextly_sidebar id=”7ztdqfj3wRFHxO5rfPD2guBOX7lJUHQJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.[contextly_sidebar id=”0ul4kP3DzeWs0FzlnhMdgFepk98LDj0R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”I4v79I4vD7MYIXswWhic9rNtNP98HPtb”]Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.[contextly_sidebar id=”o9bU6RxRQfRBAmu2y51bCPOsDeuxvWSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.[contextly_sidebar id=”qdmMEBfcIp3vwOTTVG40OwwA7aE0POSd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 262300538 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXxaZrdRAqKYzcHGFu2bpkZlQEEg5Y6t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A state commission recently prescribed radical changes to address the “neglect” of California’s forests.",
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"headline": "Wildfire Prevention Takes a Back Seat in California",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>,\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Kinateder has a keen eye for trees. But when Kinateder, a fire ecologist in the Plumas National Forest, surveys a hillside lush with pines, he doesn’t see abundance or the glory of nature’s bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees a disaster-in-waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“It’s a ticking time bomb,” he said, gazing across the dense, green carpet of trees near Quincy, a small community high in the northern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfires, the worst in modern California history, have put a microscope on the forests that cover a third of the state–in particular, on managing these wooded lands in ways that would reduce the frequency and intensity of such blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is grappling with the counterintuitive dilemma of too many trees, packed too closely together, robbed of the space they need to thrive—and with how to clear out more than 100 million dead trees, felled by drought or insects, that provide tinder for the next infernos.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curing these unhealthy forests is both difficult and expensive, and as with human health, prevention is far less costly than treatment. But these days the state firefighting agency, Cal Fire, spends the bulk of its resources battling fires rather than practicing preventive measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is nothing less than life, property, air quality and the lands that hold most of California’s water. A state commission recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prescribed\u003c/a> radical changes to address what it terms the “neglect” of California’s largest forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th-century California forest would have held fewer than 50 trees an acre. Today the state’s forests have grown to an unnatural 300 to 500 trees an acre, or more. That doesn’t count the 2 million drought-stressed trees a month lost to bark beetles that have killed entire stands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, who in 2014 declared tree mortality a state of emergency, said in his January State of the State address that California needs to manage its forests more intelligently. He vowed to convene a task force “to review thoroughly the way our forests are managed and suggest ways to reduce the threat of devastating fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has dozens of agencies attacking problem but still cannot keep up with the work. Crews around the state have been busy clearing trees as fast as funding allows. This wielding of chainsaws they call “whacking and stacking” leaves massive wood piles along highways in some areas. But it amounts to no more than triage: Cal Fire removes trees on fewer than 40,000 acres a year, far short of its goal of clearing a half-million acres annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-1921881\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1244\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-800x1244.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-160x249.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-768x1194.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1020x1586.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-1180x1835.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-960x1493.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-240x373.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-375x583.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1-520x809.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/1.png 1317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">Kinateder estimates that removing trees in this way costs as much as $1,400 an acre. By comparison, controlled burns—those set by fire managers to remove vegetation from forests—is a bargain at less than $150 an acre. Fighting a wildfire comes in at just over $800 an acre, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from the forest floor, California officials are wrestling with the financial and environmental cost of the state’s forest practices. At a hearing in March in Sacramento, legislators listened to lurid descriptions of raging fire and wrenching stories of human misery recounted by a stream of state and local officials: flames rearing up like an enormous beast, residents running for their lives, neighborhoods leveled, fire burning so hot and for so long that soils were rendered sterile.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A portion of the proceedings focused on a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.lhc.ca.gov/sites/lhc.ca.gov/files/Reports/242/Report242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> about wildfires and forest health from the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency that gave its findings to the governor and Legislature in February. The document pulled no punches, calling the state of the Sierra Nevada’s forests “an unprecedented environmental catastrophe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It cited a century of “mismanaging” the 10 million wooded acres in the Sierra, calling out state and federal firefighting agencies for their longstanding policy of aggressively putting out all fires rather than letting those that can safely burn do so, thereby thinning the choked woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Helge Eng, deputy director of Cal Fire, acknowledged the report was “spot on” in its assessment of the state of the Sierra, adding that the analysis “did an especially good job of recognizing that there are no easy, black-and-white answers to the problems we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire boasts that it stops 95 percent of fires at 10 acres or less, saving lives, property and entire forests from conflagration. Fire experts argue that a negative could be turned into a positive if fire bosses let them burn while still steering them away from people and structures and toward overgrown wildlands in need of clearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an approach sometimes used by the National Park Service, but it’s difficult to defend when forests are ablaze, frightening the public and many elected officials alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the report said, “it is not enough for agency leaders, scientists and advocates to recognize the benefits of fire as a tool; the bureaucracy of the state government and public sentiment as a whole must undergo a culture shift to embrace fire as a tool for forest health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921880\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921880\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/sierra-nevada-600x338-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service employees in the Plumas National Forest near Quincy, in California’s northern Sierra. \u003ccite>(U.S. Forest Service.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eng said Cal Fire is considering adopting the managed-burn approach, when appropriate, but noted that federal firefighters are often working in wild settings, away from development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cal Fire’s mission is different; we protect life and property” in areas that may be densely populated, Eng said in a written response to questions. “There is most often not an opportunity to let a fire burn. The risk to human life is just too great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also detailed a public safety threat from 129 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/drought-pests-and-disease-are-killing-californias-trees/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead trees\u003c/a>, the crushing cost—up to $1,000 a tree—to private property owners to have trees removed from their land and the enormous burden on rural governments to both recover from fire and prepare their forests to mitigate the intensity of the next one. In no uncertain terms, the commission prescribed dramatically ramping up tree-thinning projects and, as awful as the optics are, creating and controlling some fires to achieve the same result.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eng agreed that the state firefighting agency was far from achieving its “aspirational” goal of clearing a half-million acres of land each year, citing such impediments as “the logistics of capacity of staff and equipment and environmental compliance,” among other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a moment notable for its rarity in Sacramento, there was bipartisan agreement in the hearing room this month about the problem, its scope and the appropriate measures to deal with it. Focus more intensely on the problem, they agreed, and throw money at it. The state spent $900 million fighting fires last year. Just one of those late-season blazes caused more than $9 billion in reported property damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve made mistakes, and we’ve created systems that are unwieldy….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all of our fault,” Jim Branham, executive officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Nevada Conservancy\u003c/a>, a state agency, told CALmatters. “Money alone won’t solve it, but we won’t solve it without money, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mosaic of land ownership in California means the state owns only 2 percent of the forests but has legal responsibility over much more: 31 million acres, including land in rural counties.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire received more than $200 million for forest health projects last year and has proposed an additional $160 million for the next fiscal year. Those sums are on top of the agency’s current $2.7 billion budget. Cal Fire, in turn, doles out millions of those dollars in grants to local governments and community groups to do some thinning themselves, and it teams with the federal Forest Service to tackle clearing projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The work to improve forest health dovetails with other state priorities—protecting water sources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra Nevada range is the headwaters for 60 percent of California’s developed water supply. Burned, denuded hillsides don’t store water efficiently when it rains. Sediment cascades downhill, filling streams, affecting water quality and loading up reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The carbon equation is equally direct: When trees burn or decay, they release \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-wildfires-looming-threat-climate-goals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. The 2013 Rim Fire near Yosemite National Park produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevadaconservancy.ca.gov/our-region/rim-fire/rimairqualityfacts.pdf/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emissions \u003c/a>equal to those of 2.3 million cars in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burns emit less carbon than higher-intensity fires, because managed fire is aimed at smaller trees and shrubs. Cleared forest land may still ignite, but it will burn with less intensity and fewer emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, when trees die, they stop absorbing carbon from the atmosphere. The state depends on that critical service to help reduce greenhouse gases. \u003ca href=\"https://nau.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/recovery-of-ponderosa-pine-ecosystem-carbon-and-water-fluxes-from\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research \u003c/a>suggests that severely burned areas regrow with shrubs or grasses, plants that store about 10 percent less carbon than trees do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Moorlach, a Republican state senator from Costa Mesa, suggests the Democratic governor, a champion of the fight against climate change, has a “gigantic blind spot” when it comes to reducing carbon emissions. Moorlach said in an interview that Brown’s emphasis on electric cars, for example, ignores the role of fire in California’s greenhouse gas inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“We’re being absolute phonies about climate change if we are not dealing with the real driver of greenhouse gas; that’s these wildfires,” said Moorlach. He has \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed\u003c/a> that the state dedicate 25 percent of the revenue from its cap and trade grreenhouse-gas-reduction system to help counties’ fire mitigation efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties would welcome the help. Randy Hanvelt, a supervisor in Tuolumne County, said that where forest management is concerned, there’s a “leadership problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talk is cheap,” he said. “We have got ourselves a giant colossal mess. This is a war of sorts. Time is against us. Every available tool has to be applied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such tool is carefully designed burns. But the meticulous planning necessary can take two to three years, and the burns require favorable weather, a permit from the local air district and, crucially, buy-in from local communities that must first be educated about the benefits. And controlled doesn’t mean risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Politically, you have to have the ability to make mistakes and move on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nick Bunch, who plans thinning projects for the Plumas National Forest, pointed to a partly cleared hillside outside of Quincy where one of his extensively planned prescribed burns went awry, undone by a shift in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were about an hour into the burn and the smoke started going into town,” Bunch said, shaking his head at the memory. Even though the burn was going as planned, the smoke was not acceptable to nearby residents, who protested to fire officials. “Phones started ringing. Calls were made, and we shut it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another method is used in Florida, which trains and certifies private property owners to burn their overgrown land and provides limited liability coverage in some cases. Florida cleared 2.1 million acres this way last year. Scott Stephens, who heads a wildland fire research lab at the University of California, Berkeley, said the widespread adoption of the policy has educated residents on both its benefits and risks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Plumas County, a hulking building in a parking lot outside a community health complex may offer the final piece of the forest-health puzzle: creating a market for trees removed from California’s forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of a project managed by the Sierra Institute for Community and Environment, the unremarkable square structure shows a potential use for California trees. The building is the state’s first to be fully constructed from cross-laminated timber—layers of wood pressed together to make thick sheets and posts—equal to or greater than the strength of steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the $2.3 million facility will house a large boiler to provide heat for the health center by consuming 500 tons of local wood chips a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the brainchild of the institute, which envisions it as a way to boost the economies of forest communities. It’s the kind of innovation the governor and Legislature hoped to promote by establishing a \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Wood-Products-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wood Products Working Group\u003c/a> to develop commercial uses for the piles of trees beside the state’s roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little left in California today of the early 20th century’s timber cutters, sawmills and biomass industry. If the state follows the Little Hoover Commission’s recommendations and accelerates forest thinning, an entire segment of state industry would need to be rejuvenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, officials emphasize the need to educate Californians about the role of forests in the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you want people to care about something, they have to understand why it matters,” said Pedro Nava, chairman of the Little Hoover Commission. “They need to understand the deep connection between the health of our state and the state of our forests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Branham, of the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, said that won’t be easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of our messages are counterintuitive: We must cut down healthy living trees to save the forest,” he noted. “It’s a challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Sea Level Rise Could Reduce Habitats for 90 Percent of Freshwater Turtles",
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"content": "\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.[contextly_sidebar id=”WoG3O1xIzxKLExmSaSYu2psBsPipwmDE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.[contextly_sidebar id=”jKDAsdP2AwfnzCZGDWhP0bnh27gyTyoT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Projected sea level rise by the end of the century could threaten 90 percent of coastal freshwater turtles, according \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to a study\u003c/a> published on Monday in the journal Biological Reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, conducted by researchers at UC Davis, marks the first in-depth assessment of how sea level rise could affect habitats for freshwater turtle species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three-quarters of the world’s freshwater turtles live near coastlines that are expected to experience a sea rise of 3 feet by 2011. Of those species, fewer than half are known to sometimes tolerate a slightly saltier environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t yet know whether these turtles can adapt or shift fast enough to move with the changing salinity,” says lead author Mickey Agha, a UC Davis graduate student.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have been studying western pond turtles, California’s only native freshwater turtle species. Classified as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Drought/Projects/Western-Pond-Turtle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species of “special concern”\u003c/a> by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, their populations have significantly dwindled, due in part to habitat loss caused by development, says the report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that western pond turtles face “a triple threat” of sea level rise, drought and water diversions, all of which result in saltier habitats. High levels of salty water can cause some freshwater turtles to lose body mass and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turtles have been on Earth for tens of millions of years, and most species are freshwater turtles. Only about 20 percent of turtles live in the sea or strictly on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to see how freshwater turtles will adapt to their changing environment, the biologists say their findings should raise alarm bells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a species that is slow to evolve,” says Brian Todd, senior author and associate professor at the UC Davis department. “If we rely on natural selection to sustain them, they will likely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a double cosmic conundrum: Lots of stuff that was already invisible has gone missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have found a distant galaxy where there is no dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dark matter\u003c/a> is called “dark” because it can’t be seen. It is the mysterious and invisible skeleton of the universe that scientists figure makes up about 27 percent of the cosmos. Scientists only know dark matter exists because they can observe how it pushes and pulls things they can see, like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s supposed to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Yale University astronomer Pieter van Dokkum and colleagues spied a vast, old galaxy with relatively few stars where what you see truly is what you get. The galaxy’s stars are speeding around with no apparent influence from dark matter, according to a study published in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>. [contextly_sidebar id=”MmOrYQwYfx8hE0OAUtultNbXo6r5N9sn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of shaking the very foundations of physics, scientists say this absence of dark matter may help prove the existence of, wait for it, dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not sure what to make of it, but it is definitely intriguing,” wrote Case Western Reserve astronomer Stacy McGaugh, who was not part of the study, in an email. “This is a weird galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dokkum studies diffuse galaxies, ones that cover enormous areas but have relatively few stars. To look for them he and colleagues built their own makeshift telescope out of 48 telephoto lenses that he first tested by using a toy flashlight to shine a light on a paper clip. The bug-eyed telescope, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca/instrumentation/dragonfly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dragonfly\u003c/a>, peers into the sky from New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Galaxy, Few Stars\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUsing Dragonfly, van Dokkum and colleagues found a large, sparse galaxy called NGC1052-DF2 in the northern constellation Cetus, also known as the whale. It’s as big as the Milky Way but with only one percent of its stars. Then they used larger telescopes on Hawaii and eventually the Hubble Space Telescope to study the galaxy.[contextly_sidebar id=”a2JbIeEdh2fZdDuHyKWdt2JHZ5wdOIDX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the galaxy is mostly empty, they found clusters of densely grouped stars. With measurements from the telescopes, van Dokkum and colleagues calculated how fast those clusters moved. If there were a normal amount of dark matter those clusters would be speeding around at about 67,000 mph. Instead, the clusters were moving at about 18,000 mph. That’s about how fast they would move if there were no dark matter at all, van Dokkum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also calculated the total mass of the galaxy and found the stars account for everything, with little or no room left for dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I find this unlikely in all possible contexts,” said McGaugh, who is a proponent of a “modified gravity” theory that excludes the existence of dark matter altogether. “That doesn’t make it wrong, just really weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How could this absence of dark matter help prove that it exists? By potentially disproving modified gravity theories that suggest gravity acts in a way that the cosmos makes sense without dark matter. But those alternative theories require stars in this galaxy to zip at least twice as fast as they were seen moving in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Theories\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOther outside scientists said the initial look at the calculations appear to be correct, though the results are confounding. A galaxy with so few stars should have more dark matter than others, not none.[contextly_sidebar id=”zGz0llw9lkWJnoPPdIFeyZJDrxrxhcsa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very strong scientists and so I take the results very seriously,” said Marc Kamionkowski, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outsider suggested that perhaps the “galaxy” van Dokkum studied is so diffuse that it may not really be a galaxy. Another suggested that the dark matter might just be outside of the area that van Dokkum measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dokkum dismissed both possibilities. “It’s sort of non-negotiable. There’s nothing else, just the stars,” he said. The only way this can be explained is if dark matter exists in the universe, just not in that galaxy, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no good explanation for why and how this galaxy has no dark matter, van Dokkum said. He proposed four different possibilities — all unproven. His favorite: That the galaxy formed in the very early universe in a way astronomers have never seen or understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so often you get a true surprise,” van Dokkum said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a double cosmic conundrum: Lots of stuff that was already invisible has gone missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have found a distant galaxy where there is no dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dark matter\u003c/a> is called “dark” because it can’t be seen. It is the mysterious and invisible skeleton of the universe that scientists figure makes up about 27 percent of the cosmos. Scientists only know dark matter exists because they can observe how it pushes and pulls things they can see, like stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s supposed to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Yale University astronomer Pieter van Dokkum and colleagues spied a vast, old galaxy with relatively few stars where what you see truly is what you get. The galaxy’s stars are speeding around with no apparent influence from dark matter, according to a study published in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of shaking the very foundations of physics, scientists say this absence of dark matter may help prove the existence of, wait for it, dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not sure what to make of it, but it is definitely intriguing,” wrote Case Western Reserve astronomer Stacy McGaugh, who was not part of the study, in an email. “This is a weird galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dokkum studies diffuse galaxies, ones that cover enormous areas but have relatively few stars. To look for them he and colleagues built their own makeshift telescope out of 48 telephoto lenses that he first tested by using a toy flashlight to shine a light on a paper clip. The bug-eyed telescope, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca/instrumentation/dragonfly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dragonfly\u003c/a>, peers into the sky from New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Galaxy, Few Stars\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUsing Dragonfly, van Dokkum and colleagues found a large, sparse galaxy called NGC1052-DF2 in the northern constellation Cetus, also known as the whale. It’s as big as the Milky Way but with only one percent of its stars. Then they used larger telescopes on Hawaii and eventually the Hubble Space Telescope to study the galaxy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the galaxy is mostly empty, they found clusters of densely grouped stars. With measurements from the telescopes, van Dokkum and colleagues calculated how fast those clusters moved. If there were a normal amount of dark matter those clusters would be speeding around at about 67,000 mph. Instead, the clusters were moving at about 18,000 mph. That’s about how fast they would move if there were no dark matter at all, van Dokkum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also calculated the total mass of the galaxy and found the stars account for everything, with little or no room left for dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I find this unlikely in all possible contexts,” said McGaugh, who is a proponent of a “modified gravity” theory that excludes the existence of dark matter altogether. “That doesn’t make it wrong, just really weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How could this absence of dark matter help prove that it exists? By potentially disproving modified gravity theories that suggest gravity acts in a way that the cosmos makes sense without dark matter. But those alternative theories require stars in this galaxy to zip at least twice as fast as they were seen moving in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Theories\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOther outside scientists said the initial look at the calculations appear to be correct, though the results are confounding. A galaxy with so few stars should have more dark matter than others, not none.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very strong scientists and so I take the results very seriously,” said Marc Kamionkowski, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outsider suggested that perhaps the “galaxy” van Dokkum studied is so diffuse that it may not really be a galaxy. Another suggested that the dark matter might just be outside of the area that van Dokkum measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dokkum dismissed both possibilities. “It’s sort of non-negotiable. There’s nothing else, just the stars,” he said. The only way this can be explained is if dark matter exists in the universe, just not in that galaxy, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no good explanation for why and how this galaxy has no dark matter, van Dokkum said. He proposed four different possibilities — all unproven. His favorite: That the galaxy formed in the very early universe in a way astronomers have never seen or understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not so often you get a true surprise,” van Dokkum said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook?",
"headTitle": "Is It Even Possible To Protect Your Privacy On Facebook? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The recent revelations that personal data from about 50 million Facebook users were used by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/20/595124809/u-k-seeks-search-warrant-on-cambridge-analytica-ceo-seen-in-hidden-camera-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analytics firm\u003c/a> working for the Trump campaign are making a lot of the social network’s users uneasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are wondering if there’s a better way to limit who can access their personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanna Carlile-Roy, a part time student living in a remote area of northern California, is on Facebook, but she’s uncomfortable with its privacy policies. Yet she stays on the site. “I feel trapped with the site because it’s such a form of connection that I’ve become dependent on,” she says.[contextly_sidebar id=”EyH5cxcz9PZU44HfEIuMX4JdFkNZ6ZY2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlile-Roy tries to use Facebook’s privacy settings. But she says it’s not so easy. “You’re expected to go and try to research it yourself, read through all the fine print and it’s still really elusive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few things you can do. Let’s start with apps. Cambridge Analytica, the firm with ties to the Trump campaign, got user data through a researcher who had an app. Apps are one way your Facebook information winds up outside of its walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you use an app for a game, a survey or anything, you’re sharing your data. There is a way to stop this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emory Roane of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse says “users can and certainly should go to their Facebook page and check their connected apps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, go to settings. Click on Apps. Click on Apps, Websites and Plugins. Then you can deny access to all apps by clicking “disable platform.” That’s straightforward.[contextly_sidebar id=”4E4fKwaomliyXcSdVoG74ae4iDZgQcjP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want to deny all apps, you can deny access to certain details about yourself — your religion, your family connections, your interests. Just click on “Edit” for “Apps Others Use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want Facebook following you around, Roane says, turn off location services. “If it’s asking for your location information all the time or when the app is up,” he says, “maybe set it to only when the app is up or disable it altogether.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just don’t use Facebook on your phone. There are other steps you can take, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/privacy/facebook-privacy-settings/\">laid out\u003c/a> by public interest organizations like Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Terrell McSweeny, a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, warns users not to be overly confident of keeping all their information private. There are certain details that will be made public on Facebook no matter what you do.[contextly_sidebar id=”wiOL5HI9xlmWfVQho7mySIQIaTcna1cW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your name, your profile picture, your gender, your cover photos, your networks, your user name are always publicly available,” McSweeny says. “That’s part of the policy of that website.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, a group that advocates for privacy rights, says Facebook has a reputation for suddenly changing its privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could spend all day trying to protect your privacy on Facebook,” he says. “You wouldn’t be able to go to work or school. You’d be spending your day full time dealing with Facebook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester does not think creating better privacy controls is the answer for consumers. “I think for the average person there’s nothing that one can do to protect their privacy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester thinks Europe has the right idea. On May 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eugdpr.org/the-regulation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new law\u003c/a> there will take effect allowing regulators there “to be able to come down heavy on Facebook, Google and the others,” Chester says. The companies will be required “to get your permission first before they can use your data and create new limits on the ways that Facebook and Google and others operate,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester says it will be interesting to see if the new rules in Europe hurt Facebook profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview earlier this week on CNN, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he wouldn’t object to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/21/595793244/zuckerberg-breaks-silence-promises-to-protect-facebook-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some regulation of Facebook\u003c/a>. But it seems unlikely he’d welcome what’s about to happen in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Even+Possible+To+Protect+Your+Privacy+On+Facebook%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The recent revelations that personal data from about 50 million Facebook users were used by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/20/595124809/u-k-seeks-search-warrant-on-cambridge-analytica-ceo-seen-in-hidden-camera-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data analytics firm\u003c/a> working for the Trump campaign are making a lot of the social network’s users uneasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are wondering if there’s a better way to limit who can access their personal information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanna Carlile-Roy, a part time student living in a remote area of northern California, is on Facebook, but she’s uncomfortable with its privacy policies. Yet she stays on the site. “I feel trapped with the site because it’s such a form of connection that I’ve become dependent on,” she says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlile-Roy tries to use Facebook’s privacy settings. But she says it’s not so easy. “You’re expected to go and try to research it yourself, read through all the fine print and it’s still really elusive,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few things you can do. Let’s start with apps. Cambridge Analytica, the firm with ties to the Trump campaign, got user data through a researcher who had an app. Apps are one way your Facebook information winds up outside of its walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you use an app for a game, a survey or anything, you’re sharing your data. There is a way to stop this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emory Roane of the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse says “users can and certainly should go to their Facebook page and check their connected apps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, go to settings. Click on Apps. Click on Apps, Websites and Plugins. Then you can deny access to all apps by clicking “disable platform.” That’s straightforward.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want to deny all apps, you can deny access to certain details about yourself — your religion, your family connections, your interests. Just click on “Edit” for “Apps Others Use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t want Facebook following you around, Roane says, turn off location services. “If it’s asking for your location information all the time or when the app is up,” he says, “maybe set it to only when the app is up or disable it altogether.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just don’t use Facebook on your phone. There are other steps you can take, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.consumerreports.org/privacy/facebook-privacy-settings/\">laid out\u003c/a> by public interest organizations like Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Terrell McSweeny, a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission, warns users not to be overly confident of keeping all their information private. There are certain details that will be made public on Facebook no matter what you do.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your name, your profile picture, your gender, your cover photos, your networks, your user name are always publicly available,” McSweeny says. “That’s part of the policy of that website.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, a group that advocates for privacy rights, says Facebook has a reputation for suddenly changing its privacy rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could spend all day trying to protect your privacy on Facebook,” he says. “You wouldn’t be able to go to work or school. You’d be spending your day full time dealing with Facebook.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester does not think creating better privacy controls is the answer for consumers. “I think for the average person there’s nothing that one can do to protect their privacy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester thinks Europe has the right idea. On May 25, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eugdpr.org/the-regulation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new law\u003c/a> there will take effect allowing regulators there “to be able to come down heavy on Facebook, Google and the others,” Chester says. The companies will be required “to get your permission first before they can use your data and create new limits on the ways that Facebook and Google and others operate,” he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chester says it will be interesting to see if the new rules in Europe hurt Facebook profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview earlier this week on CNN, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he wouldn’t object to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/21/595793244/zuckerberg-breaks-silence-promises-to-protect-facebook-community\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some regulation of Facebook\u003c/a>. But it seems unlikely he’d welcome what’s about to happen in Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Even+Possible+To+Protect+Your+Privacy+On+Facebook%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Contamination Could Cost Santa Rosa an Unexpected $43 Million",
"headTitle": "Water Contamination Could Cost Santa Rosa an Unexpected $43 Million | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chemical contamination from the North Bay Fires could now force Santa Rosa to replace the water delivery system for the severely burned Fountaingrove neighborhood, at an unbudgeted cost of $43 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa water officials \u003ca href=\"https://srcity.org/2801/Water-Quality-Advisory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will present an update\u003c/a> on the problem and a recommendation about how to address it at a meeting Tuesday at 2 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was merciless on Fountaingrove’s hillsides, leaving just 13 homes standing out of hundreds in a nearly 200-square-mile area. Connecting those homes to the water system were pipes made of high-density polyethylene or HDPE — a kind of plastic preferred for its cost, and for its flexibility in terrain that can be shaken by earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic has a downside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics burn,” says Santa Rosa’s Director of Water, Ben Horenstein. “And no question when plastics burn and melt, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class='\"pullquote'>’No question when plastics burn, they give off constituents you would not want in your water supply.’\u003ccite>Ben Horenstein, Santa Rosa Water\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That happened last October, says Horenstein. After an investigation, he says his department believes melted components released cancer-causing benzene, along with other hydrocarbons and contaminants that were then sucked further into the city’s depressurized water system. Sitting in the water mains, the contaminants migrated into the plastic mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water department learned of the problem only when returning residents reported bad odors and tastes. Hundreds of subsequent water samples found benzene in all of the mains and lines within an advisory area, where residents were warned not to boil or drink tap water. Testing beyond the advisory area in greater Santa Rosa \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">found benzene\u003c/a> in some smaller lines, but no water mains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>New Risks to Old Systems\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s Division of Drinking Water \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920335\">has said that\u003c/a> Santa Rosa’s problem is the first of its kind reported in California. But Horenstein suspects this could have happened in other communities, where smell and odor telltales weren’t as apparent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Horenstein believes Santa Rosa’s response could have implications for other communities at risk of a similar incident, even nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think questions are being raised about prudent use of plastics in a water distribution system,” he says. I think there’s a lot of related questions that will slowly come out of this in terms of industry-wide standards, industry-wide approaches and industry-wide responses to similar problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Santa Rosa’s problem is unusual, other California cities have suffered damages to water systems after significant fire events and related natural disasters. In Santa Barbara County, heavy rains \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/mwd-corrects-facts-on-jan-9-debris-flow-incidents/\">drove a debris flow\u003c/a> into the highline distribution water main for the Montecito Water District. Montecito, which is also recovering from major fires, ordered residents \u003ca href=\"http://www.montecitowater.com/latest-news/cancellation-of-boil-water-order/\">to boil water\u003c/a> before drinking for about a month in January. Other communities in that area \u003ca href=\"https://www.noozhawk.com/article/storm_causes_major_damage_montecito_water_distribution_south_coast_conduit\">have suffered\u003c/a> rock falls and mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re seeing a lot of events both in California and around the country and around the world, where we are experiencing how the change in probability of climate extremes has these indirect effects,” says Stanford climatologist Noah Diffenbaugh. “We’ve made decisions about where to site infrastructure, how to construct infrastructure, based on assumptions about climate that are no longer valid in a statistical sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diffenbaugh is a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/climate/climate-safe-infrastructure-working-group/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate-Safe Infrastructure Working Group\u003c/a> convened by California Natural Resources Secretary John Laird, which \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">is\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AB2800_Mtg2_SummaryNotes_final.pdf\">considering\u003c/a> how to better integrate climate considerations into infrastructure design and maintenance. The group will produce a report later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921722\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921722 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg\" alt=\"Map of Fountaingrove water advisory area\" width=\"640\" height=\"827\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1020x1318.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-160x207.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-800x1034.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-768x992.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1920x2481.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-1180x1525.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-960x1241.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-240x310.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-375x485.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea-520x672.jpeg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/FountaingroveAdvisoryArea.jpeg 2012w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click image to enlarge. \u003ccite>(Santa Rosa Water)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Return to Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, Horenstein says the city’s goal is to return people to their homes, and return the area to a pre-fire condition. \u003ca href=\"https://santa-rosa.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=6156758&GUID=B4432391-FB8D-4DF8-8578-A5702DEB7BEA\">According to a city presentation\u003c/a>, the best-case scenario for full replacement in the advisory area would replace the drinking water system over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does feel very important for me to assure people, we are going to solve this thing,” Horenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa could dip into reserves, seek federal aid, or even raise water rates to pay for the full replacement of Fountaingrove’s water delivery system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the city may have to weigh that investment against future fire risk: Fountaingrove has now burned twice in the last 54 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Los Angeles Could Source its Water Locally",
"headTitle": "How Los Angeles Could Source its Water Locally | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).[contextly_sidebar id=”TT0sfF5k0WDI0vLYDHmpmcwKDFNRGj6z”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”[contextly_sidebar id=”YjK1yw8v4IU5TvygFD0paYwStcqGL2N9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.[contextly_sidebar id=”bfAZF6R7og5kNNe7Ujq6Ygxwx97DDf4W”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report challenges the city to think bigger about its plans to source more water locally.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Los Angeles Mayor \u003c/span>Eric Garcetti believes his city is poised for a “second Mulholland moment.” William Mulholland was responsible for the construction, over a century ago, of the 200-mile-long \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/me-aqueduct/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aqueduct\u003c/a> to Owens Valley that helped drive \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>’s growth. In a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2018/03/03/los-angeles-new-mulholland-moment-for-safe-and-adequate-water-eric-garcetti/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent op-ed\u003c/a>, Garcetti wrote, “we have launched a second opportunity to reimagine our water infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time it will take place \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920428/californians-are-struggling-to-pay-for-rising-water-rates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">closer to home.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a plan\u003c/a> in 2015 to reduce imported water 50 percent by 2025 and produce half of the city’s water supply locally by 2035. A vision also supported by the local water utility, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>).\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just a pipe dream. “When we set that 50 percent goal we knew \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1115545/desalination-why-tapping-sea-water-has-slowed-to-a-trickle-in-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it was ambitious\u003c/a>, but we also really feel like it’s achievable,” said Liz Crosson, director of infrastructure for the mayor’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4tp3x8g4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> from the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the city could do more. The report is the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://grandchallenges.ucla.edu/happenings/2015/11/13/100-local-water-for-la-county/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fourth in a series\u003c/a> aimed at helping to provide the city with research to drive an integrated water management strategy. Mark Gold, the associate vice chancellor of environment and sustainability at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span> and one of the report’s authors, said sourcing 100 percent of the city’s water locally could even be possible. But it won’t be cheap, easy or quick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city would need to maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water and groundwater, the latter of which in many cases would also need to be cleaned of pollutants. And the city would need to up its conservation efforts. “It’s not something that would happen overnight but if you look at the next 25–30 years, it’s something that definitely is possible,” Gold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Will\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>There’s quite a difference between possible and probable, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Los Angeles gets the bulk of its water from three faraway sources: Owens Valley, the western side of the Sierra Nevada via the beleaguered Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Rocky Mountain snowmelt, diverted from the Colorado River before it heads to Mexico. As climate change impacts the timing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921626/desalinated-water-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">amount of runoff\u003c/a> in the West’s mountains and pressure for limited water resources increases, developing a more local water supply would increase resilience and reliability for \u003cspan class=\"caps\">L.A.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for more frequent occurrences in extreme weather due to the impacts of climate change, we need to continue to develop local supply strategies, and improve integration efforts that contribute to expanding the city’s overall water supply reliability,” said Christina Holland, senior public relations specialist with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP.\u003c/span> “This is especially relevant at a time when imported supplies continue to be challenged.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span> share a commitment to increasing local water supply for the city, but Crosson said that 100 percent local water is not on the city’s immediate horizon though “it’s definitely something that the city will consider and take a hard look at” while it ramps up efforts to meet its goal of 50 percent local water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report isn’t an exact roadmap that Los Angeles will follow, it’s still helpful to agencies working on expanding the city’s water supplies. “The additional research and opportunities identified in \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report will certainly help guide \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LADWP\u003c/span>’s future planning efforts and potential investments of limited funding in new future local projects,” said Holland. “This additional information could lead to refinements in our strategic plan and ultimately future investments in stormwater capture, water recycling and water use efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biggest Opportunities\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne of the first areas of focus to increase local water supplies is groundwater. The San Fernando Valley has a massive groundwater basin, but it’s been polluted for decades with contaminants from the aerospace industry and other industrial sources, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921690\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-800x572.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-240x172.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Waterdrop-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person costumed as a water drop, supervisor Sheila Kuehl, homeowner Carrie Wassenaar, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti and conservation advocate Andy Lipkis of TreePeople watch as water is released electronically from Wassenaar’s newly installed 1,320-gallon water cistern into a “rain garden” for replenishing groundwater. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Programs like the federal government’s Superfund haven’t proved effective at tackling the problem, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, it just felt like everyone was waiting for Superfund and getting the polluters to pay for the remediation of the aquifer,” said Gold. “But that model just has not worked very well. The federal government agencies go after the potentially responsible parties to get settlement funds to pay for remediation. Funds go to litigation, not remediation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So water districts and municipalities are now taking matters into their own hands because the cost of pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater is now comparable to imported water prices.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really on us to do a large-scale remediation project,” Crosson said. The city recently broke ground on the first of four new remediation projects to clean up the groundwater basin that will eventually provide water for up to 800,000 households a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of efforts are a “transformational change” in the region, said Gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean groundwater is important, too, because part of the city’s long-term water plan is to treat more stormwater and recycled water, which can be used to recharge groundwater. “If we are going to put more water into the groundwater, we need to make sure we have these treatment facilities to be able to use it,” said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is one area in which the city needs to focus more effort and where \u003cspan class=\"caps\">UCLA\u003c/span>’s report is particularly helpful at identifying potential opportunities, said Crosson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been able to identify funding for groundwater remediation, we’ve been able to acquire funding for recycled water projects and we’ve done well in being able to support campaigns to educate folks about water conservation, but stormwater is difficult for municipalities across California to be able to fund,” she said. Because stormwater flows across jurisdictions, it requires coordinating with multiple municipalities and agencies across the entire watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economic Issues\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Of particular note in the report is that it doesn’t factor desalinated seawater into the city’s future water portfolio as a way to augment local supply, as other California cities have done, such as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/12/14/desalination-plant-anniversary-bodes-well-for-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">San Diego\u003c/a>. For a seaside city with little rain, desalinated ocean water might seem like a good investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the numbers don’t add up, at least not yet, said Gold. Recycled water and desalinated brackish water are cheaper, he said, and use less energy, have a small carbon footprint and fewer impacts on marine life. Less energy and fewer resources can be used transforming coastal water treatment plants into water supply plants, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Still, committing to developing local water sources will not be cheap. “These sorts of projects aren’t free, they cost a lot of money to really make this sort of transformation from a 20th-century gray infrastructure to 21st-century green, local water infrastructure,” said Gold, but they also come with other benefits, including reduced carbon emissions, habitat and recreation opportunities and water quality improvements. “We’re talking about billions of dollars,” he said. “There’s got to be either a regulatory requirement or a large cash infusion to help make that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>He finally went up — just like the self-taught rocket scientist always pledged he would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back down in one piece, too — a little dinged up and his steam-powered vessel a little cracked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, mission accomplished for a guy more daredevil than engineer, who drew more comparisons to the cartoon character Wile E. Coyote from his critics than he did to iconic stunt man Evel Knievel.[contextly_sidebar id=”ngRxeodxfUHYtLDpIUYfyQQwe9vt6zrs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mad” Mike Hughes, the rocket man who believes the Earth is flat, propelled himself about 1,875 feet into the air Saturday before a hard landing in the Mojave Desert. He told The Associated Press that outside of an aching back he’s fine after the launch near Amboy, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relieved,” he said after being checked out by paramedics. “I’m tired of people saying I chickened out and didn’t build a rocket. I’m tired of that stuff. I manned up and did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch in the desert town — about 200 miles (321.85 kilometers) east of Los Angeles — was originally scheduled in November. It was scrubbed several times due to logistical issues with the Bureau of Land Management and mechanical problems that kept popping up.[contextly_sidebar id=”a720o37Rx6tWsxaTLmwN9ceEX8gqFLwM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 61-year-old limo driver converted a mobile home into a ramp and modified it to launch from a vertical angle so he wouldn’t fall back to the ground on public land. For months he’s been working on overhauling his rocket in his garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like Saturday might be another in a string of cancellations, given that the wind was blowing and his rocket was losing steam. Ideally, they wanted it at 350 psi for maximum thrust, but it was dropping to 340.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I told Mike we could try to keep charging it up and get it hotter,” said Waldo Stakes, who’s been helping Hughes with his endeavor. “He said, ‘No.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take-Off\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSometime after 3 p.m. PDT, and without a countdown, Hughes’ rocket soared into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes reached a speed that Stakes estimated to be around 350 mph before pulling his parachute. Hughes was dropping too fast, though, and he had to deploy a second one. He landed with a thud and the rocket’s nose broke in two places like it was designed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing wants to kill you 10 different ways,” said Hughes, who had an altimeter in his cockpit to measure his altitude. “This thing will kill you in a heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Am I glad I did it? Yeah. I guess. I’ll feel it in the morning. I won’t be able to get out of bed. At least I can go home and have dinner and see my cats tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921682 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">He got permission to launch on the land owned by Albert Okura, who bought Amboy in 2005 for $435,000. Okura was in attendance and said the event lasted about three to four minutes. The rocket landed about 1,500 feet from the launch ramp, Stakes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mike branded us as ‘Rocket Town,’” Okura said. “It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been quite an undertaking for Hughes, who lives in Apple Valley, California. He’s seen a flurry of reaction to his plans, with detractors labeling him a crackpot for planning the launch in a homemade contraption and his belief that the world is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naysayers have posted things like “He’ll be fine” with a picture of Wile E. Coyote strapped to a rocket.[contextly_sidebar id=”s2Nqg4kPOmkz9e46nlR7mxJchPsN4sRo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he doesn’t blow something up,” retired NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger said as Hughes’ plans captured widespread attention. Linenger orbited the globe more than 2,000 times during four months in 1997. “Rocketry, as our private space companies found out, isn’t as easy as it looks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes often sparred with his critics on social media leading up to the launch, through Facebook comments and a 12-minute video addressed to his doubters. He’s always maintained that his mission isn’t to prove the Earth is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I believe the Earth is shaped like a Frisbee? I believe it is,” he said. “Do I know for sure? No. That’s why I want to go up in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s his project for down the road. He wants to build a “Rockoon,” a rocket that is carried into the atmosphere by a gas-filled balloon, then separated from the balloon and lit. This rocket would take Hughes about 68 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has a documentary crew following him around to record his ambition, with a planned release in August.[contextly_sidebar id=”5929X1na4WjmRq40tT7oaBvvQFY5ffjT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was actually the second time he’s constructed and launched a rocket. He said he jumped on a private property in Winkelman, Arizona, on Jan. 30, 2014, and traveled 1,374 feet. He collapsed after that landing and needed three days to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there wasn’t any footage of him climbing into the craft, leading some to question whether he even took off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one was going to be shown online through Noize TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My story really is incredible,” Hughes said. “It’s got a bunch of story lines — the garage-built thing. I’m an older guy. It’s out in the middle of nowhere, plus the Flat Earth. The problem is it brings out all the nuts also, people questioning everything. It’s the downside of all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His future plans are simple: Fill out the paperwork to run for governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is no joke,” Hughes said. “I want to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_73518 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>He finally went up — just like the self-taught rocket scientist always pledged he would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He came back down in one piece, too — a little dinged up and his steam-powered vessel a little cracked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, mission accomplished for a guy more daredevil than engineer, who drew more comparisons to the cartoon character Wile E. Coyote from his critics than he did to iconic stunt man Evel Knievel.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mad” Mike Hughes, the rocket man who believes the Earth is flat, propelled himself about 1,875 feet into the air Saturday before a hard landing in the Mojave Desert. He told The Associated Press that outside of an aching back he’s fine after the launch near Amboy, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relieved,” he said after being checked out by paramedics. “I’m tired of people saying I chickened out and didn’t build a rocket. I’m tired of that stuff. I manned up and did it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch in the desert town — about 200 miles (321.85 kilometers) east of Los Angeles — was originally scheduled in November. It was scrubbed several times due to logistical issues with the Bureau of Land Management and mechanical problems that kept popping up.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 61-year-old limo driver converted a mobile home into a ramp and modified it to launch from a vertical angle so he wouldn’t fall back to the ground on public land. For months he’s been working on overhauling his rocket in his garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It looked like Saturday might be another in a string of cancellations, given that the wind was blowing and his rocket was losing steam. Ideally, they wanted it at 350 psi for maximum thrust, but it was dropping to 340.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I told Mike we could try to keep charging it up and get it hotter,” said Waldo Stakes, who’s been helping Hughes with his endeavor. “He said, ‘No.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take-Off\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSometime after 3 p.m. PDT, and without a countdown, Hughes’ rocket soared into the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes reached a speed that Stakes estimated to be around 350 mph before pulling his parachute. Hughes was dropping too fast, though, and he had to deploy a second one. He landed with a thud and the rocket’s nose broke in two places like it was designed to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This thing wants to kill you 10 different ways,” said Hughes, who had an altimeter in his cockpit to measure his altitude. “This thing will kill you in a heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Am I glad I did it? Yeah. I guess. I’ll feel it in the morning. I won’t be able to get out of bed. At least I can go home and have dinner and see my cats tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921682 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/26685512_1722178971167770_4099876698236679329_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">He got permission to launch on the land owned by Albert Okura, who bought Amboy in 2005 for $435,000. Okura was in attendance and said the event lasted about three to four minutes. The rocket landed about 1,500 feet from the launch ramp, Stakes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mike branded us as ‘Rocket Town,’” Okura said. “It was amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been quite an undertaking for Hughes, who lives in Apple Valley, California. He’s seen a flurry of reaction to his plans, with detractors labeling him a crackpot for planning the launch in a homemade contraption and his belief that the world is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some naysayers have posted things like “He’ll be fine” with a picture of Wile E. Coyote strapped to a rocket.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope he doesn’t blow something up,” retired NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger said as Hughes’ plans captured widespread attention. Linenger orbited the globe more than 2,000 times during four months in 1997. “Rocketry, as our private space companies found out, isn’t as easy as it looks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes often sparred with his critics on social media leading up to the launch, through Facebook comments and a 12-minute video addressed to his doubters. He’s always maintained that his mission isn’t to prove the Earth is flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I believe the Earth is shaped like a Frisbee? I believe it is,” he said. “Do I know for sure? No. That’s why I want to go up in space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s his project for down the road. He wants to build a “Rockoon,” a rocket that is carried into the atmosphere by a gas-filled balloon, then separated from the balloon and lit. This rocket would take Hughes about 68 miles up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has a documentary crew following him around to record his ambition, with a planned release in August.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was actually the second time he’s constructed and launched a rocket. He said he jumped on a private property in Winkelman, Arizona, on Jan. 30, 2014, and traveled 1,374 feet. He collapsed after that landing and needed three days to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there wasn’t any footage of him climbing into the craft, leading some to question whether he even took off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one was going to be shown online through Noize TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My story really is incredible,” Hughes said. “It’s got a bunch of story lines — the garage-built thing. I’m an older guy. It’s out in the middle of nowhere, plus the Flat Earth. The problem is it brings out all the nuts also, people questioning everything. It’s the downside of all this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His future plans are simple: Fill out the paperwork to run for governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is no joke,” Hughes said. “I want to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_73518 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_73518\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA’s Mars Rover Curiosity Marks 2,000th Day on Red Planet",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity has now marked 2,000 days \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on the red planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s 2,000 days by Martian standards. A Martian sol, or solar day, is equivalent to 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. So 2,000 days on Mars equal 2,055 days here on Earth.[contextly_sidebar id=”ejeTb7QB8zMSBTnREoHLcHJVYhkJBtEe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, it’s a big milestone this week for scientists eager for \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> to begin drilling again, this time into potentially clay-rich rocks on the slopes of Mount Sharp. The six-wheeled rover has traveled 11.6 miles since its arrival in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Opportunity, though, has Curiosity beat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, NASA’s busy Opportunity surpassed its 5,000 day on Mars. It’s been exploring Mars since 2004. NASA plans to send another robotic geologist to Mars in May. Named InSight, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919368/nasas-insight-lander-takes-a-step-closer-to-a-may-launch-and-november-landing-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the lander will stay in one place\u003c/a> as a heat-measuring device burrows deep into the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s flight controllers, meanwhile, are testing a new drilling method. The rover’s drill stopped working properly in 2016, and so engineers devised another way to bore into Martian rocks and get the pulverized rock samples into the rover’s lab instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity has now marked 2,000 days \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on the red planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s 2,000 days by Martian standards. A Martian sol, or solar day, is equivalent to 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds. So 2,000 days on Mars equal 2,055 days here on Earth.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either way, it’s a big milestone this week for scientists eager for \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> to begin drilling again, this time into potentially clay-rich rocks on the slopes of Mount Sharp. The six-wheeled rover has traveled 11.6 miles since its arrival in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Opportunity, though, has Curiosity beat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, NASA’s busy Opportunity surpassed its 5,000 day on Mars. It’s been exploring Mars since 2004. NASA plans to send another robotic geologist to Mars in May. Named InSight, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1919368/nasas-insight-lander-takes-a-step-closer-to-a-may-launch-and-november-landing-on-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the lander will stay in one place\u003c/a> as a heat-measuring device burrows deep into the Martian terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s flight controllers, meanwhile, are testing a new drilling method. The rover’s drill stopped working properly in 2016, and so engineers devised another way to bore into Martian rocks and get the pulverized rock samples into the rover’s lab instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s a hole at the heart of quantum physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a deep hole. Yet it’s not a hole that prevents the theory from working. Quantum physics is, by any measure, astonishingly successful. It’s the theory that underpins nearly all of modern technology, from the silicon chips buried in your phone to the LEDs in its screen, from the nuclear hearts of the most distant space probes to the lasers in the supermarket checkout scanner. It explains why the sun shines and how your eyes can see. Quantum physics works.[contextly_sidebar id=”xEvnZsvV7GVhib7kt4Q6f8mXHQBGgpIt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the hole remains: Despite the wild success of the theory, we don’t really understand what it says about the world around us. The mathematics of the theory makes incredibly accurate predictions about the outcomes of experiments and natural phenomena. In order to do that so well, the theory must have captured some phyessential and profound truth about the nature of the world around us. Yet there’s a great deal of disagreement over what the theory says about reality — or even whether it says anything at all about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The theory must have captured some essential and profound truth about the nature of the world around us’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even the simplest possible things become difficult to decipher in quantum physics. Say you want to describe the position of a single tiny object — the location of just one electron, the simplest subatomic particle we know of. There are three dimensions, so you might expect that you need three numbers to describe the electron’s location. This is certainly true in everyday life: If you want to know where I am, you need to know my latitude, my longitude, and how high above the ground I am. But in quantum physics, it turns out three numbers isn’t enough. Instead, you need an infinity of numbers, scattered across all of space, just to describe the position of a single electron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infinite collection of numbers is called a “wave function,” because these numbers scattered across space usually change smoothly, undulating like a wave. There’s a beautiful equation that describes how wave functions wave about through space, called the Schrödinger equation (after Erwin Schrödinger, the Austrian physicist who first discovered it in 1925). Wave functions mostly obey the Schrödinger equation the same way a falling rock obeys Newton’s laws of motion: It’s something like a law of nature. And as laws of nature go, it’s a pretty simple one, though it can look mathematically forbidding at first.[contextly_sidebar id=”fJNJ9YkhRCQxHcoN6xu4eD9vaE3m5unh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite the simplicity and beauty of the Schrödinger equation, wave functions are pretty weird. Why would you need so much information — an infinity of numbers scattered across all of space — just to describe the position of a single object? Maybe this means that the electron is smeared out somehow. But as it turns out, that’s not true. When you actually look for the electron, it shows up in only one spot. And when you do find the electron, something even stranger happens: The electron’s wave function temporarily stops obeying the Schrödinger equation. Instead, it “collapses,” with all of its infinity of numbers turning to zero except in the place where you found the electron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what are wave functions? And why do they only obey the Schrödinger equation sometimes? Specifically, why do they only obey the Schrödinger equation when nobody is looking? These unanswered questions circumscribe the hole at the heart of quantum physics. The last question, in particular, is notorious enough that it has been given a special name: the “measurement problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurement problem seems like it should stop quantum physics in its tracks. What does “looking” or “measurement” mean? There’s no generally agreed-upon answer to this. And that means, in turn, that we don’t really know when the Schrödinger equation applies and when it doesn’t. And if we don’t know that — if we don’t know when to use this law and when instead to put it aside — how can we use the theory at all?[contextly_sidebar id=”7K16yeFesznbAi5HkIWu1wLrbHippr5t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pragmatic answer is that when we physicists do quantum physics, we tend to think of it only as the physics of the ultra-tiny. We usually assume that the Schrödinger equation doesn’t really apply to sufficiently large objects — objects like tables and chairs and humans, the things in our everyday lives. Instead, as a practical matter, we assume that those objects obey the classical physics of Isaac Newton, and that the Schrödinger equation stops applying when one of these objects interacts with something from the quantum world of the small. This works well enough to get the right answer in most cases. But almost no physicists truly believe this is how the world actually works. Experiments over the past few decades have shown that quantum physics applies to larger and larger objects, and at this point few doubt that it applies to objects of all sizes. Indeed, quantum physics is routinely and successfully used to describe the largest thing there is — the universe itself — in the well-established field of physical cosmology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring the Unobservable\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut if quantum physics really applies at all scales, what’s the true answer to the measurement problem? What’s actually going on in the quantum world? Historically, the standard answer was to say that there is no measurement problem, because it’s meaningless to ask what’s going on when nobody’s looking. The things that happen when nobody’s looking are unobservable, and it’s meaningless to talk about unobservable things. This position is known as the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum physics, after the home of the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr. Bohr was the godfather of quantum physics and the primary force behind the Copenhagen interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its historical status as the default answer to these quantum questions, the Copenhagen interpretation is inadequate. It says nothing about what’s going on in the world of quantum physics. In its stubborn silence on the nature of reality, it offers no explanation of why quantum physics works at all, since it can point to no feature of the world that is anything like the mathematical structures at the heart of the theory. There’s no compelling logical or philosophical grounds for declaring unobservable things meaningless. And the word “unobservable” isn’t much better defined than the word “measurement” anyhow. So declaring unobservable things meaningless is not only a silly position, it’s a vague one. That vagueness has plagued the Copenhagen interpretation from the start; today, the “Copenhagen interpretation” has become a collective label for several mutually contradictory ideas about quantum physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this host of problems, the Copenhagen interpretation was overwhelmingly dominant within the physics community for much of the 20th century, because it allowed physicists to perform accurate calculations without worrying about the thorny questions at the heart of the theory. But over the past 30 years, support for the Copenhagen interpretation has eroded. Many physicists still voice support for it — surveys suggest that a plurality or majority of physicists subscribe to it — but there are live alternatives that now have significant support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ‘Many-Worlds’ Theory\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe best known of these alternatives is the “many-worlds” interpretation of quantum physics, which states that the Schrödinger equation always applies and wave functions never collapse. Instead, the universe continually splits, with every possible outcome of every event occurring somewhere in the “multiverse.” Another alternative, pilot-wave theory, states that quantum particles are guided in their motions by waves, and that the particles in turn can exert faster-than-light influences on far-distant waves (though this cannot be used to send energy or signals faster than light).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two ideas give two very different depictions of reality, but they both line up perfectly with the mathematics of quantum mechanics as we know it. There are also alternative theories that modify the mathematics of quantum physics, such as spontaneous-collapse theories, which suggest that the collapse of the wave function has nothing to do with measurement, and is instead a natural process that happens entirely at random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many, many other alternatives. Quantum foundations, the field that deals in resolving the measurement problem and the other basic questions of quantum theory, is a lively subject brimming with creative ideas. The hole at the heart of quantum physics is still there — there’s still an open problem that needs solving — but there are many fascinating theories that have been proposed to solve these problems. These ideas might also point the way forward on other problems in physics, such as a theory of quantum gravity, the “theory of everything” that has been the ultimate goal of physicists since Albert Einstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that will come to pass remains to be seen. But the problems papered over by the Copenhagen interpretation for so long are finally receiving the attention they deserve. And plumbing the depths of the quantum hole may yield an entirely new perspective, not just on the world of the quantum, but on the nature of reality itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Adam Becker is the author of\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://freelanceastrophysicist.com/whatisreal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Is Real?: The Unfinished Quest For The Meaning Of Quantum Physics,\u003c/a>\u003cem> published March 20. He is a visiting scholar in the University of California, Berkeley, Office for History of Science and Technology. Becker holds a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Michigan and a BA in philosophy and physics from Cornell. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Puzzle+Of+Quantum+Reality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a hole at the heart of quantum physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a deep hole. Yet it’s not a hole that prevents the theory from working. Quantum physics is, by any measure, astonishingly successful. It’s the theory that underpins nearly all of modern technology, from the silicon chips buried in your phone to the LEDs in its screen, from the nuclear hearts of the most distant space probes to the lasers in the supermarket checkout scanner. It explains why the sun shines and how your eyes can see. Quantum physics works.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the hole remains: Despite the wild success of the theory, we don’t really understand what it says about the world around us. The mathematics of the theory makes incredibly accurate predictions about the outcomes of experiments and natural phenomena. In order to do that so well, the theory must have captured some phyessential and profound truth about the nature of the world around us. Yet there’s a great deal of disagreement over what the theory says about reality — or even whether it says anything at all about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The theory must have captured some essential and profound truth about the nature of the world around us’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even the simplest possible things become difficult to decipher in quantum physics. Say you want to describe the position of a single tiny object — the location of just one electron, the simplest subatomic particle we know of. There are three dimensions, so you might expect that you need three numbers to describe the electron’s location. This is certainly true in everyday life: If you want to know where I am, you need to know my latitude, my longitude, and how high above the ground I am. But in quantum physics, it turns out three numbers isn’t enough. Instead, you need an infinity of numbers, scattered across all of space, just to describe the position of a single electron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infinite collection of numbers is called a “wave function,” because these numbers scattered across space usually change smoothly, undulating like a wave. There’s a beautiful equation that describes how wave functions wave about through space, called the Schrödinger equation (after Erwin Schrödinger, the Austrian physicist who first discovered it in 1925). Wave functions mostly obey the Schrödinger equation the same way a falling rock obeys Newton’s laws of motion: It’s something like a law of nature. And as laws of nature go, it’s a pretty simple one, though it can look mathematically forbidding at first.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet despite the simplicity and beauty of the Schrödinger equation, wave functions are pretty weird. Why would you need so much information — an infinity of numbers scattered across all of space — just to describe the position of a single object? Maybe this means that the electron is smeared out somehow. But as it turns out, that’s not true. When you actually look for the electron, it shows up in only one spot. And when you do find the electron, something even stranger happens: The electron’s wave function temporarily stops obeying the Schrödinger equation. Instead, it “collapses,” with all of its infinity of numbers turning to zero except in the place where you found the electron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what are wave functions? And why do they only obey the Schrödinger equation sometimes? Specifically, why do they only obey the Schrödinger equation when nobody is looking? These unanswered questions circumscribe the hole at the heart of quantum physics. The last question, in particular, is notorious enough that it has been given a special name: the “measurement problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measurement problem seems like it should stop quantum physics in its tracks. What does “looking” or “measurement” mean? There’s no generally agreed-upon answer to this. And that means, in turn, that we don’t really know when the Schrödinger equation applies and when it doesn’t. And if we don’t know that — if we don’t know when to use this law and when instead to put it aside — how can we use the theory at all?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pragmatic answer is that when we physicists do quantum physics, we tend to think of it only as the physics of the ultra-tiny. We usually assume that the Schrödinger equation doesn’t really apply to sufficiently large objects — objects like tables and chairs and humans, the things in our everyday lives. Instead, as a practical matter, we assume that those objects obey the classical physics of Isaac Newton, and that the Schrödinger equation stops applying when one of these objects interacts with something from the quantum world of the small. This works well enough to get the right answer in most cases. But almost no physicists truly believe this is how the world actually works. Experiments over the past few decades have shown that quantum physics applies to larger and larger objects, and at this point few doubt that it applies to objects of all sizes. Indeed, quantum physics is routinely and successfully used to describe the largest thing there is — the universe itself — in the well-established field of physical cosmology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring the Unobservable\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut if quantum physics really applies at all scales, what’s the true answer to the measurement problem? What’s actually going on in the quantum world? Historically, the standard answer was to say that there is no measurement problem, because it’s meaningless to ask what’s going on when nobody’s looking. The things that happen when nobody’s looking are unobservable, and it’s meaningless to talk about unobservable things. This position is known as the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum physics, after the home of the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr. Bohr was the godfather of quantum physics and the primary force behind the Copenhagen interpretation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its historical status as the default answer to these quantum questions, the Copenhagen interpretation is inadequate. It says nothing about what’s going on in the world of quantum physics. In its stubborn silence on the nature of reality, it offers no explanation of why quantum physics works at all, since it can point to no feature of the world that is anything like the mathematical structures at the heart of the theory. There’s no compelling logical or philosophical grounds for declaring unobservable things meaningless. And the word “unobservable” isn’t much better defined than the word “measurement” anyhow. So declaring unobservable things meaningless is not only a silly position, it’s a vague one. That vagueness has plagued the Copenhagen interpretation from the start; today, the “Copenhagen interpretation” has become a collective label for several mutually contradictory ideas about quantum physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this host of problems, the Copenhagen interpretation was overwhelmingly dominant within the physics community for much of the 20th century, because it allowed physicists to perform accurate calculations without worrying about the thorny questions at the heart of the theory. But over the past 30 years, support for the Copenhagen interpretation has eroded. Many physicists still voice support for it — surveys suggest that a plurality or majority of physicists subscribe to it — but there are live alternatives that now have significant support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The ‘Many-Worlds’ Theory\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe best known of these alternatives is the “many-worlds” interpretation of quantum physics, which states that the Schrödinger equation always applies and wave functions never collapse. Instead, the universe continually splits, with every possible outcome of every event occurring somewhere in the “multiverse.” Another alternative, pilot-wave theory, states that quantum particles are guided in their motions by waves, and that the particles in turn can exert faster-than-light influences on far-distant waves (though this cannot be used to send energy or signals faster than light).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These two ideas give two very different depictions of reality, but they both line up perfectly with the mathematics of quantum mechanics as we know it. There are also alternative theories that modify the mathematics of quantum physics, such as spontaneous-collapse theories, which suggest that the collapse of the wave function has nothing to do with measurement, and is instead a natural process that happens entirely at random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many, many other alternatives. Quantum foundations, the field that deals in resolving the measurement problem and the other basic questions of quantum theory, is a lively subject brimming with creative ideas. The hole at the heart of quantum physics is still there — there’s still an open problem that needs solving — but there are many fascinating theories that have been proposed to solve these problems. These ideas might also point the way forward on other problems in physics, such as a theory of quantum gravity, the “theory of everything” that has been the ultimate goal of physicists since Albert Einstein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that will come to pass remains to be seen. But the problems papered over by the Copenhagen interpretation for so long are finally receiving the attention they deserve. And plumbing the depths of the quantum hole may yield an entirely new perspective, not just on the world of the quantum, but on the nature of reality itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Adam Becker is the author of\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://freelanceastrophysicist.com/whatisreal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What Is Real?: The Unfinished Quest For The Meaning Of Quantum Physics,\u003c/a>\u003cem> published March 20. He is a visiting scholar in the University of California, Berkeley, Office for History of Science and Technology. Becker holds a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Michigan and a BA in philosophy and physics from Cornell. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Puzzle+Of+Quantum+Reality&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Trash Patch In The Pacific Is Many Times Bigger Than We Thought",
"headTitle": "The Trash Patch In The Pacific Is Many Times Bigger Than We Thought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Between California and Hawaii, there’s a teeming patch of garbage that’s stretched over an area more than double the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We already knew it was huge. There’s a reason it’s called the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” But new research has found that there is many times more garbage in this patch than previously thought – 4 to 16 times more than past estimates, according to a paper published today \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Nature Scientific Reports\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”yD8fsGU5k8vxUrvP95KoKX36B7AOMSmG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the scientists say there are about 79,000 tons of plastic in this patch. Lead researcher Laurent Lebreton, an oceanographer with The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, describes the experience of flying over the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to see one debris, two debris, three debris and so on,” he tells NPR. “Oh, there’s a crate, oh, there’s a buoy, oh, there’s a bottle. And it’s crazy because there’s nothing else around. There’s no land mass, there’s no humans, there’s nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebreton chalks up the difference between this estimate and previous ones to more advanced research methods. The team took more than 7,000 aerial photographs of the area – a method that they say is more accurate compared to previous observations from boats. “We realized by doing this that the overall stark estimate was much bigger than what we thought already,” he says.[contextly_sidebar id=”2ZvfUEPEnydG5SYo0IIW7SsyLnm9ev42″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also trawled for samples of trash that they could analyze. More than three-quarters of the patch’s mass is made of pieces of trash bigger than 5 centimeters, the researchers say, and nearly half of it was made up of fishing nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, “we estimate 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic floating in this area,” Lebreton says. Plastic items that have broken down to very small pieces – also called microplastics – are most worrying because ocean animals can ingest them, then they work their way up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing Plastic Waste\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s probably not just the improved methods that account for the larger estimate, Lebreton adds. The sheer amount of plastic also appears to be increasing. That’s clear when they compare the concentration of microplastics in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tsunami that hit Japan in 2011 also likely played a role in adding to the amount of plastic in the patch, though it’s not easy to tell where the debris is coming from. The best way to research that, he adds, is by identifying “clues, which could be like writings and logos and symbols and so on,” and 30 percent of those items are coming from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is formed because of the Earth’s rotation, which creates water circulation around the equator that, in turn, powers clockwise currents in this area. But the researchers say that not every kind of plastic can travel all the way to the patch – it must be buoyant enough to float on the surface.[contextly_sidebar id=”8twaBFVWSfQnFaPdx7pgAAfB3hhMBbH2″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive study of how much plastic washes into the oceans was published three years ago. Since then, scientists and environmental groups have been trying to figure out where it goes and what happens to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how much plastic goes into the ocean — it’s estimated to be about 8 million tons per year — Lebreton says he expected to see more of it in the gyre, as the floating plastic pancake is known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously a lot of plastic is missing and one explanation is yes, a lot of it is likely sinking on the sea bed,” Lebreton says.[contextly_sidebar id=”gfYrNfr6CMxPcMWcZUqSWDMTT6hkAk0r”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that underscores this ongoing, age-old question — where are all the missing plastics?” says Nick Mallos, the director of the Ocean Conservancy’s Trash Free Seas Program. “There’s a lot of pathways along the way, whether it’s sinking into sediment, whether it’s being ingested by marine organisms, whether it is actually being spit out onto the beaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that it’s crucial to try to prevent fishing gear like nets from getting lost at sea. Part of the conservation strategy, Mallos adds, should focus on “major river arteries, coastal environments where the debris is most concentrated” — before it gets to the open ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cut off the source,” Mallos says, “and then let’s take care of what’s still out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Trash+Patch+In+The+Pacific+Is+Many+Times+Bigger+Than+We+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between California and Hawaii, there’s a teeming patch of garbage that’s stretched over an area more than double the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We already knew it was huge. There’s a reason it’s called the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” But new research has found that there is many times more garbage in this patch than previously thought – 4 to 16 times more than past estimates, according to a paper published today \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Nature Scientific Reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the scientists say there are about 79,000 tons of plastic in this patch. Lead researcher Laurent Lebreton, an oceanographer with The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, describes the experience of flying over the trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start to see one debris, two debris, three debris and so on,” he tells NPR. “Oh, there’s a crate, oh, there’s a buoy, oh, there’s a bottle. And it’s crazy because there’s nothing else around. There’s no land mass, there’s no humans, there’s nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lebreton chalks up the difference between this estimate and previous ones to more advanced research methods. The team took more than 7,000 aerial photographs of the area – a method that they say is more accurate compared to previous observations from boats. “We realized by doing this that the overall stark estimate was much bigger than what we thought already,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also trawled for samples of trash that they could analyze. More than three-quarters of the patch’s mass is made of pieces of trash bigger than 5 centimeters, the researchers say, and nearly half of it was made up of fishing nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, “we estimate 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic floating in this area,” Lebreton says. Plastic items that have broken down to very small pieces – also called microplastics – are most worrying because ocean animals can ingest them, then they work their way up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increasing Plastic Waste\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s probably not just the improved methods that account for the larger estimate, Lebreton adds. The sheer amount of plastic also appears to be increasing. That’s clear when they compare the concentration of microplastics in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tsunami that hit Japan in 2011 also likely played a role in adding to the amount of plastic in the patch, though it’s not easy to tell where the debris is coming from. The best way to research that, he adds, is by identifying “clues, which could be like writings and logos and symbols and so on,” and 30 percent of those items are coming from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is formed because of the Earth’s rotation, which creates water circulation around the equator that, in turn, powers clockwise currents in this area. But the researchers say that not every kind of plastic can travel all the way to the patch – it must be buoyant enough to float on the surface.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most comprehensive study of how much plastic washes into the oceans was published three years ago. Since then, scientists and environmental groups have been trying to figure out where it goes and what happens to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how much plastic goes into the ocean — it’s estimated to be about 8 million tons per year — Lebreton says he expected to see more of it in the gyre, as the floating plastic pancake is known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously a lot of plastic is missing and one explanation is yes, a lot of it is likely sinking on the sea bed,” Lebreton says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that underscores this ongoing, age-old question — where are all the missing plastics?” says Nick Mallos, the director of the Ocean Conservancy’s Trash Free Seas Program. “There’s a lot of pathways along the way, whether it’s sinking into sediment, whether it’s being ingested by marine organisms, whether it is actually being spit out onto the beaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says that it’s crucial to try to prevent fishing gear like nets from getting lost at sea. Part of the conservation strategy, Mallos adds, should focus on “major river arteries, coastal environments where the debris is most concentrated” — before it gets to the open ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cut off the source,” Mallos says, “and then let’s take care of what’s still out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Trash+Patch+In+The+Pacific+Is+Many+Times+Bigger+Than+We+Thought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”hUI6nVdV1PEPfKrni70ff3tufawP4LA6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKThB4hgZBTNSY1ykLSmBw3XA8xhsCgm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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