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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even after being carefully washed or peeled, nearly 70 percent of fruit and vegetables sold in the U.S. contained pesticide residues, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/summary.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a review\u003c/a> of recent tests conducted by the Department of Agriculture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is vitally important that everyone eats plenty of produce, but it is also wise to avoid dietary exposure to toxic pesticides, from conception through childhood,” said Sonya Lunder, senior analyst with nonprofit Environmental Working Group, which conducted the analysis.[contextly_sidebar id=”O0cpPxNFGgzCXffMm7o1WNVaL4GDVESD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reviewed data revealed a total of 230 pesticides and pesticide breakdown products in thousands of crops that were sampled.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/release/out-now-ewg-s-2018-shopper-s-guide-pesticides-produce#.Ws1HEZPwZAb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report’s key findings: \u003c/a>mo\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">re than one-third of strawberry samples analyzed in 2016 contained 10 or more pesticide residues. M\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ore than 98 percent of apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, potatoes, and strawberries tested positive for at least one pesticide residue.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinach\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had almost twice as much pesticide residue by weight compared to other crops. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EWG publishes a separate \u003ca href=\"https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">annual shoppers guide\u003c/a> based on the underlying review of USDA data. The guide consists of the “Dirty Dozen,” a list of produce with high levels of pesticide residue, and the “Clean Fifteen,” a list of produce with the least residue detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce on the healthy list include avocados and sweet corn, which had less than one percent of pesticide residues. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In this year’s main report, m\u003c/span>ore than 80 percent of the following fruits and vegetables had no sign of pesticide residues: pineapples, papayas, asparagus, onions and cabbage. [contextly_sidebar id=”0Lgkj01P40FcCNzCg9DSvcfg67qFp0yS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hot peppers was added this year to the dirty dozen list after researchers found that 739 samples of hot peppers contained residues of three “highly toxic” insecticides, including a neurotoxin called chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have found that pregnant women who are exposed to high levels of chlorpyrifos have children who display \u003ca href=\"https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003160/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lower IQ scores \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/e1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poorer mental development\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to hot peppers, researchers found chlorpyrifos residue in apples, nectarines, and peaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was slated to ban the use of chlorpyrifos in foods. But incoming EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt overturned the scheduled ban.[contextly_sidebar id=”pHl5s4r9Obq1OdAQd6AvkbBBjQlK64Fy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report notes that cooking the hot peppers typically diminishes any pesticide levels in the vegetable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EWG report also cites two studies that link \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poor fertility\u003c/a> with consuming high-residue produce. The studies, conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, looked at couples seeking treatment at a fertility clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2659557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who ate\u003c/a> two or more servings per day of high-residue produce were 26 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, according to the 2018 study. Researchers looked at the diets of more than 340 women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going into the study, I was positive that we would find absolutely no relation between exposure to pesticide residues and adverse reproductive outcomes,” senior author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, told \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/30/health/pesticides-in-food-fertility-study/index.html\">CNN. \u003c/a>“While I think we need more studies to confirm or refute our findings, I am now more willing to pay the extra money for organic apples and strawberries than I was when we started this project.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A separate Harvard study in 2015 found that male participants who consumed high-residue produce showed poorer sperm quality. The men \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">were tested\u003c/a> over an 18-month period.[contextly_sidebar id=”sazEaynRryWJ9yYri7whIak6pwM1GWG8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at pesticide residue in food, it’s consistent with a number of studies that look at diet as a source of exposure. When you switch to organic food, you find lower levels of exposure to pesticides,” said Asa Bradman, the associate director at the Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he cautions against alarmism and says that the issue is more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at government data, very few samples actually exceed the standards for exposure,” said Bradman. “There is tension between the public health folks who want people to eat healthier, and those who want to encourage people to minimize pesticide exposure. But the American diet is really not optimal and I would never want to discourage anyone from eating more fruits and vegetables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bradman said in California at least, the use of more toxic pesticides has been declining for a number of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there is some potential benefit to organic agriculture in terms of lower exposure rates and perhaps lower impact on the environment,” he said. “In the general agriculture sector, there’s already a movement towards a more environmentally friendly and safer food production.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries",
"headTitle": "In Napa, Watershed and Woodlands Initiative Clashes With Wineries | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”[contextly_sidebar id=”5DVYbPNRwkfZMOy27qEhEV69rFtqr0Rm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”[contextly_sidebar id=”2KcFoFXTIzqos23WFk0McupfIBiMKLic”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.[contextly_sidebar id=”qJ1lpo9Ys7lvXjcEv4jCQPSCQin2hguz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.[contextly_sidebar id=”dX7LbcUxibHxfJjpF4vBr0e7PifnRByn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/napa-measure-c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">This story\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci> first appeared on the \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003ci>Bay Area Monitor\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s oak woodlands.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">After years of \u003c/span>trying to save the oak trees he loves in Napa County, California, Jim Wilson may be about to realize his dream. He’s part of the team behind \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/2329/Measure-C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa’s Measure C\u003c/a>, an initiative on the June ballot with the twin goals of preserving oak woodlands and protecting water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hillsides are beautiful and also filter rain, keeping water clean as it replenishes aquifers,” said Wilson, a retired Anheuser-Busch chemist who lives on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in Napa. “Ninety-five percent of oaks on the valley floor are gone and we want to do a better job reducing deforestation on hills.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2006 report by the California Oak Foundation, oak woodlands cover about one-eighth of the state and are densest in Napa, covering some 167,000 acres, or one-third of the county. More than 90 percent of Napa’s remaining oak woodlands are privately owned and about one-third are on soil that could be agriculturally productive, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.countyofnapa.org/1894/Voluntary-Oak-Woodlands-Management-Plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2010 Napa County Voluntary Oak Woodlands Management Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture covers about one-fifth of the county, and today’s oak woodland loss is primarily due to vineyard development. Napa vineyards covered nearly 50,000 acres in 2006, and the county’s General Plan projects that they will cover another 10,000 acres by 2030. About 3,000 acres of this vineyard expansion is projected to replace woodlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current oak woodland protections include requiring that two replacement oaks be planted or preserved for every mature oak felled. In addition, some oaks on private land are protected now – including those on slopes steeper than 35 percent and in riparian forests along streams – but many are not. So Wilson decided to take matters into his own hands, coauthoring the Napa County Watershed and Oak Woodland Protection Initiative. “Developers wield an awful lot of power,” he said. “They are used to being able to say how we use our natural resources in Napa.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initiative’s key provisions include increasing the number of replacement oaks from two to three, and extending riparian protections to the ephemeral streams that are dry most of the year but channel rainfall during storms. Most controversially, beginning in 2030 the initiative would also limit oak removal to 795 acres. After that, landowners would need a county permit to remove more oaks and even then could remove only 10 percent of the oak canopy cover on a given parcel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the initiative include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Club’s Redwood Chapter\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.forestsforever.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley-based nonprofit Forests Forever\u003c/a>, while opponents include the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://napavintners.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa Valley Vintners\u003c/a> and the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://napafarmbureau.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> – and there are local grape growers and vintners on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The local farm bureau objects most strongly to the initiative’s limit on removing oaks. “Napa County has some of the most stringent oak woodland protections in the country,” said Ryan Klobas, policy director for the Napa County Farm Bureau. “There is no scientific evidence to substantiate claims that the initiative is needed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bureau also believes that the initiative is anti-agriculture. “It narrowly targets vineyard development,” Klobas said. “There are exceptions to the oak removal limit but agriculture is not one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exceptions include oak removal to make room for affordable housing and other projects required by state or federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922282\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-800x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/grose370421-520x365.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pick cabernet sauvignon grapes at Trinchero Napa Valley during the 2017 grape harvest near St. Helena, California. Many wineries oppose an initiative on the June ballot aimed at protecting the region’s remaining oak woodlands. \u003ccite>(George Rose/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also cite a legal analysis of the initiative commissioned by the county board of supervisors, which concluded that there is a “significant likelihood” of legal challenges. The analysis, conducted by real estate law firm Miller Starr Regalia, also said that “at least portions of [the initiative] would likely survive any legal challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach to protecting Napa’s water from vineyard development is already in the works. In 2017, the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a> adopted a regulation to control pollutants from vineyards in the Napa River and Sonoma Creek watersheds. Potential pollutants include nutrients from fertilizer as well as pesticides, notably those that mimic estrogen and might have the unintended effect of feminizing salmon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the water board regulation, vineyards are also “significant sources” of sediment, which can cause a host of problems in waterways such as clogging the loose gravel where salmon spawn. Moreover, converting forests to vineyards can “significantly increase” storm runoff and erosion. Under the new regulation, cutting down native trees above a certain size will require approval from the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a>, as well as planting three replacements for every tree that is cut. The regulation will be phased in over the next five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, oak woodlands do far more than protect water quality. Oak canopies capture up to one-third more rainfall than grasslands, boosting groundwater supplies. In addition, oak woodlands are among the most diverse ecosystems in California, with more than 300 animal species, nearly 5,000 insect species and more than 2,000 plant species, according to the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>. And many of these species depend on oaks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Slutzkin has what may be an unusual take on the initiative. “I find myself in the awkward position of opposing it, but supporting the preservation of oak woodlands and watersheds,” said Slutzkin, a retired commercial developer who is a longtime Sierra Club member and served on the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://naparcd.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napa County Resource Conservation District\u003c/a> board for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees initiatives as a failure of governance. “You get them when the political process doesn’t work,” he said. “Supporters of the watershed and oak woodland initiative are well-meaning and the goal is good – but you can’t write a perfect initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Slutzkin favors an inclusive process like the one that culminated in Napa’s Living River project, which combines flood control with environmental restoration. “I would like to see the county take leadership as it did with the Living River to create community consensus,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initiative has divided Napa, Slutzkin noted that “there are no bad people on either side.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ci>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/napa-measure-c/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">This story\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003ci> first appeared on the \u003c/i>\u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://bayareamonitor.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u003ci>Bay Area Monitor\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands",
"headTitle": "California, Trump Administration Clash Over Sale of Public Lands | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.[contextly_sidebar id=”sK92V9fMLxxVMFicYKmfUA37cfBeZBmt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.[contextly_sidebar id=”tDvVCJXAC02E3drmXcSZGdBrMkZbdOiK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IYTR9q4Ma734TYhUCB9sivFVD2S9i0y6”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.[contextly_sidebar id=”lfQGINmX1ayg6vxqxlv3Jiw0nZQJ5Vl9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration is suing California over a legislative hurdle that effectively prevents the federal government from selling public land to large oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department announced on April 2 plans to challenge a state law passed in 2017 that allows California the right to intervene in the sale of federal public lands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump Administration is arguing the law constitutes improper state interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-lawsuit-invalidate-new-california-law-restricting-federal-land-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a DOJ release\u003c/a> Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the state legislation “extreme” and blasted California for causing the department to waste “valuable time and resources” in filing the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Xavier Becerra\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AGBecerra/status/980897241756942336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fired back on Twitter\u003c/a> the same day with, “Our public lands should not be on the auction block to the highest bidder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.slc.ca.gov/Info/SB50.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 50\u003c/a>, allows the state the right of first refusal in the sale of federal public lands, meaning the state can match the sale price that another purchaser has offered. If it chooses to forego the option, it provides the purchaser with a compliance certificate. The certificate allows the purchaser to record the transfer at the county land records office.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not invalidating the sale itself, the law prevents the purchaser from recording it with the land recorder’s office unless California signs off. That can impact the purchaser’s ability to sell the land or obtain a mortgage, says Eric Biber, an environmental law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While not a requirement, there are important reasons for why a landowner might want to record their deed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reasons you want to record your transfer is because you don’t want to risk losing your land to a subsequent transaction on that property,” says Biber. “In addition, no bank will ever lend you money or a mortgage if you do a transfer without that land recording.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal complaint alleges that California has already intervened in multiple land sales since SB50 was passed. Among those cited include the\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Army’s plan to convey public land in Alameda County to a developer for the purpose of constructing facilities. The Veterans Affairs Department in Los Angeles also wants to lease part of their land to create housing for veterans. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Legislation & the Constitution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Legal experts say California’s law may be difficult to defend in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Constitution’s Property Clause broadly restricts states from interfering with federal land disposal. In addition, the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that the federal law prevails over the state law if a conflict arises between the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the essence of the whole system,” says John Cary Sims, a constitutional law professor at the McGeorge School of Law. “So if the federal government says that racial segregation is illegal, then states don’t have a choice in whether they’re going to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1047936/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> complaint\u003c/a> also points to the act that formally admitted California as a state in 1850. In return for statehood, California promised not to interfere with the disposal of public lands. Several federal laws also provide for land disposal, say legal experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">’If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?’\u003ccite>John Cary Sims, Constitutional Law Professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>California does not see the issue as a conflict between federal and state law, but as California’s right to control the environment. Nearly 46 percent of land in California is federally owned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the SB 50 was introduced, Senator Ben Allen \u003ca href=\"http://focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/preserveca/SB-50_Fact-Sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said it was aimed at\u003c/a> protecting California’s public lands from being sold off to the oil and gas industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[W]e have seen a drastic shift in Congress which has culminated in efforts to open federal public lands for more oil and gas exploration and to even give lands away outright to corporations or states,” said Allen. “There are significant questions about the Trump administration’s support, or lack of support, of public lands based on his appointments and their stated positions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Targeting the Buyer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome legal experts say California may have a case because of \u003cem>who\u003c/em> the law targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing here, at least from the state’s perspective, is that they aren’t directly regulating the sale,” says Biber. “What they’re doing stems from this concept of land recording that has existed for centuries in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California will argue that they aren’t regulating the federal government, only the purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental law professor Richard Frank says the phrasing of the statute is a “clever attempt” to avoid preemption by focusing on the purchaser rather than the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California may try to advance this argument but I’m not sure that’s a persuasive or powerful argument,” says Frank. “A federal judge might well conclude that the state of California can’t do indirectly what the state can’t do directly.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sims says it would all depend on the mechanics of the statute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t impair the actual sale, then who cares who buys the land from the federal government’s point of view?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims says the court might look to the historical record to see whether federal policy reflects any preference for who can buy the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California cares about who ultimately buys the land but there is no manifested federal policy that prefers one purchaser over the other, than maybe what California is doing is fine,” says Sims. “Those who happen to sit in office may care but the law may not embody any federal policy about the purchaser.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain federal laws on land transfers also require federal agencies to comply with state law, says Biber.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That goes to the state’s second argument — they would say, ‘Sure, we are regulating you, but the law says we can.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those laws are those aimed at conservation efforts such as the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which applies to large swathes of the California desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FLPMA in part prohibits transfers of public lands that contain restrictions that would violate “any law or regulation pursuant to state and local land use plans, or programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Mantle of State’s Rights\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegal experts point to a potential double standard, between the Trump Administration’s position in this case versus their position on federal monuments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the context of national monuments, the Trump administration has argued that the federal government has a duty to transfer federal lands to the state,” says Alex Camacho, professor of environmental law at the University of California, Irvine. “This issue of states rights has been levied by this administration to support states that fall within agreement with the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Frank says while ironic, the practice is nothing new and refers to it as “situational federalism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think Republicans and Democrats both invoke states’ rights when it involves their agenda. There isn’t a whole lot of ideological purity when it comes to the issue of federalism and states rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, it was then-Texas’ attorney general Greg Abbott, who during the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2013/may/10/greg-abbott/greg-abbott-says-he-has-sued-obama-administration-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said\u003c/a> “I go into the office, I sue the federal government and I go home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pubic lands case is slated for initial hearings on August 13, 2018 in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A $20 million international competition to make profitable products from a gas that otherwise would contribute to global warming has entered its final stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists in the contest sponsored by a U.S. energy company and a group of Canadian oil sands producers have shown in a lab they can use carbon dioxide from power plants to potentially turn a profit making everything from concrete to methanol, an alcohol used in a range of products.[contextly_sidebar id=”ozexLDEtLHzrUKaHmWU2485uuX4uP10b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists announced Monday — from India, China, Scotland, Canada and the U.S. — will collect $5 million in prize money, or $500,000 apiece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teams also get the chance to put their ideas to work using much larger volumes of CO2 obtained from actual power plant emissions. The 1 metric ton of CO2 they will need to use daily is 10 times more than they had to demonstrate in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A ton is still only about 1 percent of a power plant’s daily output of CO2. But the competition is more about inspiring than immediate solutions to climate change, said Marcius Extavour, senior director of energy and resources for the XPRIZE Foundation organizing the contest.[contextly_sidebar id=”FR5pE3YPpyk9SubIfy2pa6aUReRbVgOs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.[contextly_sidebar id=”VBJ5NyD2v8hkuy5uJzZ6c211OG4H21M6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s about opening people’s minds and really demonstrating what is possible,” Extavour said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the finalists will compete to make use of actual flue gases from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant. The other five will compete at a gas-fired power plant in Alberta, Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting this summer, they will have a year to practice at the plants before data collection for competition begins. The two winners, one at each site, will each collect a $7.5 million grand prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemistry is why the competition has two tracks. Carbon dioxide concentrations at the Wyoming Integrated Test Center, a new research facility at the Dry Fork Station coal-fired power plant near Gillette, are about double those at the Alberta Carbon Conversion Technology Centre, a new research facility at the Shepard Energy Centre gas-fired power plant in Calgary, Alberta.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 10 finalists scored highest among 20 semifinalists on how much CO2 they could put to use, as well as the value of their products. Making concrete, for example, scores high on volume but not product value, while making relatively small amounts of pricey carbon fiber scores low on volume but high on value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finalists include C2CNT, a team from Ashburn, Virginia, making carbon nanotubes, and CarbonCure, of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, which already has been using carbon dioxide on a commercial scale to chemically create limestone in concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CarbonCure works with almost 100 concrete plants in the U.S. and Canada but gets its CO2 from a variety of sources, said Jennifer Wagner, CarbonCure’s XPRIZE team leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the technology works. We know there is an environmental benefit and an economic benefit to the concrete producers,” Wagner said. “What we need to show for the purposes of the XPRIZE is that technology can score the highest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides saving concrete producers money, the process can potentially reduce demand for cement from plants that are responsible for up to 5 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition is sponsored by NRG Energy and Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance. XPRIZE is an organizer of technological innovation contests including one that awarded $10 million for the first private organization to launch a manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "students-with-autism-excel-in-working-with-data-helping-scientists",
"title": "Students With Autism Excel in Working With Data, Helping Scientists",
"publishDate": 1523278880,
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"headTitle": "Students With Autism Excel in Working With Data, Helping Scientists | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Twenty-year-old Ryan Karsner is surrounded by rocks. Thousands of them overflow from boxes and cabinets in a cramped storeroom at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks range from rust-hued sandstone to smooth grey basalt. Some have been collecting dust in rooms like this for more than 50 years, until now. Ryan’s task is to catalog the collection into a massive spreadsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922176\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922176 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storeroom at USGS in Menlo Park, Calif: Some of the rocks Ryan Karsner works with have waited to be cataloged for over 50 years. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He might seem like your typical college-aged research assistant. He’s dedicated and enthusiastic about science. But Ryan has struggled with autism his whole life. In elementary school, he had trouble with the most basic math and reading. Ryan’s teachers told his family he would be lucky to one day work at a 7-Eleven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now he helps scientists conduct important research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The obsessions or passionate interests of autistic people often provide the basis of a career or a pathway forward.’\u003ccite>Steve Silberman, author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If someone told me I would be working here ten years ago,” says Ryan, “I would never have believed them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan is one of 12 Bay Area students participating in a new job training program called \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/step-science-engaging-young-adults-disabilities\">STEP-UP\u003c/a>, or Secondary Transition to Employment Program – USGS Partnership. The program pairs young adults with autism and other developmental disabilities with scientists to assist with research projects. The students, aged 18 to 22, volunteer at the agency’s headquarters in Menlo Park a few times a week, and receive a stipend from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS geologist Scott Bennett says that since the program launched in January, the STEP-UP students have made an “invaluable” contribution to his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their ability to focus and complete the task at hand is really exceptional,” says Bennett. “They’re just doing a great job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922165\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">20-year-old Carla Young scans handwritten geological field notebooks dating back to the 1940’s for Scott Bennett’s lab at USGS. Carla commutes two hours each way for the opportunity to participate in STEP-UP. She says, “My goal was trying new things. I started taking things slowly, and I love it so much.” \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bennett is in the map-making business. His lab uses rock samples and field measurements collected throughout the Pacific Northwest to locate geologic hazards like fault-lines and landslide-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not glamorous work to be honest,” Bennett says of the archival project the students are undertaking. But it’s essential to the preservation of their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Ryan Karsner, whose passion is the outdoors, the opportunity is a chance to do something meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922175 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ryan Karsner holds a thin section of volcanic rock. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I like rocks a lot,” he says, “and to know that I am assisting in building maps that could help people, it’s kind of like, ‘Wow.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan’s parents, Janine and Richard Karsner, learned about the STEP-UP program from a teacher from Santa Clara Unified School District. Ryan came a long way since elementary school, but at 20, he still doesn’t have a high school diploma. Without clear college or job prospects on the table, his parents worried about his future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a special needs child, your options a lot of times are limited, and you don’t know what’s out there,” Janine Karsner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is real concern for families like the Karsner’s. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thehrdigest.com/66-adults-autism-unemployed-blame/\">unemployment rate\u003c/a> for autistic adults is more than 15 times the national average — even though the majority don’t have impaired intelligence. This can fuel \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/21/401243060/young-adults-with-autism-more-likely-to-be-unemployed-isolated\">anxiety and depression\u003c/a> in a group prone to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/01/554461501/many-young-adults-with-autism-also-have-mental-health-issues\">emotional distress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These students are tuned to unique and wonderful wavelengths. And when you get them on that wavelength, they are just incredible.’\u003ccite>Chris Hammond, USGS STEP-UP program manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal law requires public schools offer job training to students with disabilities. Melissa Mitchell, the teacher who told the Karsner’s about STEP-UP, says this mandate doesn’t come with funding. It’s left up to the individual school districts to develop and, for the most part, pay for programs out of their already strained budgets. This limits the number and variety of what’s offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karsner’s found that most programs prepared students for simple tasks like folding laundry or bagging groceries. While beneficial to many, Richard Karsnser says these one-size-fit-all options overlook the potential people like his son have to contribute to a workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STEP-UP, he says, is different. Richard still remembers the first day his son came home from the program in January. He couldn’t stop talking about a particular rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922170 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ryan Karsner shows off his favorite rock – a piece of fault line that was formed millions of years ago. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He walks in the door and he has a smile ear to ear, and he goes, ‘You’ll never believe what happened. I got to hold a piece of a fault line and it’s 6 million years old. How awesome is that?’ And I was like, ‘This is going to be a great place.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While new to California, the program was pioneered in 2012 at USGS’s main office in Reston, Virginia. It proved \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/a-grand-slam-students-schools-and-science\">so beneficial\u003c/a> to students and scientists, the agency decided to expand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Hammond, who manages the program for USGS, says he’s been amazed by what students have been able to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know much about autism before I got involved with this group,” says Hammond. “But what I’m finding is these students are tuned to very fine, unique and wonderful wavelengths. And when you get them on that wavelength, they are just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922167\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STEP-UP alumnus Kevin Kim now works part-time for USGS in Virginia. While in the program, Kevin worked so fast, he crashed one of the agency’s email servers. \u003ccite>(Chris Hammond/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data entry, archiving, and digitization make up the bulk of the tasks assigned to the students. Hammond says the error rate of most people USGS hires for this type of work is around three percent. The STEP-UP cohort in Virginia averages point-three percent. The students often find mistakes in other people’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do things that neurotypical people just wouldn’t have the time, patience or attention to detail on,” Hammond says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zcbWqU8dMmaNg6QfR9Dh8HOPoaFEroa5″]When students turn 22, they age out of STEP-UP, and many of the services offered to autistic people. So far, USGS in Virginia has hired four out of the eight students that have graduated the program as part-time employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what is the key to unlocking the potential of someone on the spectrum?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalist Steve Silberman got to know hundreds of young people with autism for his book \u003ca href=\"http://stevesilberman.com/book/neurotribes/\">NeuroTribes\u003c/a>. He says each one is passionate about something — whether it’s Pokemon or computer games or collecting rocks. The interests of autistic people can seem like obsessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the obsessions or, if you will, passionate interests, of autistic people often provide the basis of a career or a pathway forward,” Silberman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traits associated with autistic people, like hyper-focus and repetitive behavior, can translate into them becoming hard-working, detail-oriented employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922173\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janine, Ryan and Richard Karsner inside USGS offices in Menlo Park. Janine and Richard say working at the Geological Survey has given Ryan a new perspective on his future. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, by supporting those interests,” says Silberman, “you actually give the person the best chance of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vocational training programs like STEP-UP play a big role in this. They help young people with autism figure out what they like, and what they’re good at. They also teach employers the value of their skills and how to work with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the chance to put their abilities to use, autistic kids can find it difficult to transition to adulthood.[contextly_sidebar id=”vpol7h4P27cHZoAdp0gLj9JzPESwyjNo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suicide is a serious problem for autistic adults because they never found a career or perhaps don’t have any way to make a meaningful contribution to society,” says Silberman. “So we’re not just talking about making people’s lives more fun or something, we’re actually talking about issues of life and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford psychiatrist Antonio Hardan has been treating autistic children and adults for over 25 years. He says there’s a growing awareness of the hidden potential of many people on the spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sky’s the limit, if you find an area that matches the person’s interests,” Hardan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STEP-UP student Diya Rao helps geologists measure the water content of soil. She says the best part is running the samples through the soil splitter (pictured left). \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With this this awareness comes a greater need to fund opportunities like STEP-UP. “It’s a great thing,” says Hardan. “We need more programs like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardan says local, state and federal governments need to put more financial backing behind these resources. He’s looking to universities like Stanford to lead the way in developing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s still too early to tell whether Ryan Karsner will have job waiting for him at the end of the STEP-UP program. Scott Bennett from USGS says he hopes they’ll be able to keep him on to finish the rock archival project, and maybe even get him out into the field to collect samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Ryan says the experience has him rethinking what’s possible. He’s realizing he can, “be somebody that I want to be,” instead of have everyone tell him what he can’t.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twenty-year-old Ryan Karsner is surrounded by rocks. Thousands of them overflow from boxes and cabinets in a cramped storeroom at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks range from rust-hued sandstone to smooth grey basalt. Some have been collecting dust in rooms like this for more than 50 years, until now. Ryan’s task is to catalog the collection into a massive spreadsheet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922176\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922176 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Samples-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storeroom at USGS in Menlo Park, Calif: Some of the rocks Ryan Karsner works with have waited to be cataloged for over 50 years. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He might seem like your typical college-aged research assistant. He’s dedicated and enthusiastic about science. But Ryan has struggled with autism his whole life. In elementary school, he had trouble with the most basic math and reading. Ryan’s teachers told his family he would be lucky to one day work at a 7-Eleven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now he helps scientists conduct important research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The obsessions or passionate interests of autistic people often provide the basis of a career or a pathway forward.’\u003ccite>Steve Silberman, author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“If someone told me I would be working here ten years ago,” says Ryan, “I would never have believed them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan is one of 12 Bay Area students participating in a new job training program called \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/step-science-engaging-young-adults-disabilities\">STEP-UP\u003c/a>, or Secondary Transition to Employment Program – USGS Partnership. The program pairs young adults with autism and other developmental disabilities with scientists to assist with research projects. The students, aged 18 to 22, volunteer at the agency’s headquarters in Menlo Park a few times a week, and receive a stipend from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS geologist Scott Bennett says that since the program launched in January, the STEP-UP students have made an “invaluable” contribution to his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their ability to focus and complete the task at hand is really exceptional,” says Bennett. “They’re just doing a great job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922165\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922165\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30328_Carla-Young-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">20-year-old Carla Young scans handwritten geological field notebooks dating back to the 1940’s for Scott Bennett’s lab at USGS. Carla commutes two hours each way for the opportunity to participate in STEP-UP. She says, “My goal was trying new things. I started taking things slowly, and I love it so much.” \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bennett is in the map-making business. His lab uses rock samples and field measurements collected throughout the Pacific Northwest to locate geologic hazards like fault-lines and landslide-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not glamorous work to be honest,” Bennett says of the archival project the students are undertaking. But it’s essential to the preservation of their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Ryan Karsner, whose passion is the outdoors, the opportunity is a chance to do something meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922175 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Ryan-Archiving-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ryan Karsner holds a thin section of volcanic rock. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I like rocks a lot,” he says, “and to know that I am assisting in building maps that could help people, it’s kind of like, ‘Wow.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan’s parents, Janine and Richard Karsner, learned about the STEP-UP program from a teacher from Santa Clara Unified School District. Ryan came a long way since elementary school, but at 20, he still doesn’t have a high school diploma. Without clear college or job prospects on the table, his parents worried about his future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have a special needs child, your options a lot of times are limited, and you don’t know what’s out there,” Janine Karsner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is real concern for families like the Karsner’s. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thehrdigest.com/66-adults-autism-unemployed-blame/\">unemployment rate\u003c/a> for autistic adults is more than 15 times the national average — even though the majority don’t have impaired intelligence. This can fuel \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/21/401243060/young-adults-with-autism-more-likely-to-be-unemployed-isolated\">anxiety and depression\u003c/a> in a group prone to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/01/554461501/many-young-adults-with-autism-also-have-mental-health-issues\">emotional distress\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These students are tuned to unique and wonderful wavelengths. And when you get them on that wavelength, they are just incredible.’\u003ccite>Chris Hammond, USGS STEP-UP program manager\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Federal law requires public schools offer job training to students with disabilities. Melissa Mitchell, the teacher who told the Karsner’s about STEP-UP, says this mandate doesn’t come with funding. It’s left up to the individual school districts to develop and, for the most part, pay for programs out of their already strained budgets. This limits the number and variety of what’s offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Karsner’s found that most programs prepared students for simple tasks like folding laundry or bagging groceries. While beneficial to many, Richard Karsnser says these one-size-fit-all options overlook the potential people like his son have to contribute to a workplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STEP-UP, he says, is different. Richard still remembers the first day his son came home from the program in January. He couldn’t stop talking about a particular rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922170 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30334_Ryan-Rock-3-cropped-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ryan Karsner shows off his favorite rock – a piece of fault line that was formed millions of years ago. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He walks in the door and he has a smile ear to ear, and he goes, ‘You’ll never believe what happened. I got to hold a piece of a fault line and it’s 6 million years old. How awesome is that?’ And I was like, ‘This is going to be a great place.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While new to California, the program was pioneered in 2012 at USGS’s main office in Reston, Virginia. It proved \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/news/a-grand-slam-students-schools-and-science\">so beneficial\u003c/a> to students and scientists, the agency decided to expand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Hammond, who manages the program for USGS, says he’s been amazed by what students have been able to accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know much about autism before I got involved with this group,” says Hammond. “But what I’m finding is these students are tuned to very fine, unique and wonderful wavelengths. And when you get them on that wavelength, they are just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922167\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922167\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30332_Kevin-Kim-USGS-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STEP-UP alumnus Kevin Kim now works part-time for USGS in Virginia. While in the program, Kevin worked so fast, he crashed one of the agency’s email servers. \u003ccite>(Chris Hammond/USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data entry, archiving, and digitization make up the bulk of the tasks assigned to the students. Hammond says the error rate of most people USGS hires for this type of work is around three percent. The STEP-UP cohort in Virginia averages point-three percent. The students often find mistakes in other people’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do things that neurotypical people just wouldn’t have the time, patience or attention to detail on,” Hammond says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>When students turn 22, they age out of STEP-UP, and many of the services offered to autistic people. So far, USGS in Virginia has hired four out of the eight students that have graduated the program as part-time employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what is the key to unlocking the potential of someone on the spectrum?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalist Steve Silberman got to know hundreds of young people with autism for his book \u003ca href=\"http://stevesilberman.com/book/neurotribes/\">NeuroTribes\u003c/a>. He says each one is passionate about something — whether it’s Pokemon or computer games or collecting rocks. The interests of autistic people can seem like obsessions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that the obsessions or, if you will, passionate interests, of autistic people often provide the basis of a career or a pathway forward,” Silberman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traits associated with autistic people, like hyper-focus and repetitive behavior, can translate into them becoming hard-working, detail-oriented employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922173\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/RS30336_Ryan-and-Family-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Janine, Ryan and Richard Karsner inside USGS offices in Menlo Park. Janine and Richard say working at the Geological Survey has given Ryan a new perspective on his future. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So, by supporting those interests,” says Silberman, “you actually give the person the best chance of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vocational training programs like STEP-UP play a big role in this. They help young people with autism figure out what they like, and what they’re good at. They also teach employers the value of their skills and how to work with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without the chance to put their abilities to use, autistic kids can find it difficult to transition to adulthood.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suicide is a serious problem for autistic adults because they never found a career or perhaps don’t have any way to make a meaningful contribution to society,” says Silberman. “So we’re not just talking about making people’s lives more fun or something, we’re actually talking about issues of life and death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford psychiatrist Antonio Hardan has been treating autistic children and adults for over 25 years. He says there’s a growing awareness of the hidden potential of many people on the spectrum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sky’s the limit, if you find an area that matches the person’s interests,” Hardan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/Diya-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">STEP-UP student Diya Rao helps geologists measure the water content of soil. She says the best part is running the samples through the soil splitter (pictured left). \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With this this awareness comes a greater need to fund opportunities like STEP-UP. “It’s a great thing,” says Hardan. “We need more programs like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardan says local, state and federal governments need to put more financial backing behind these resources. He’s looking to universities like Stanford to lead the way in developing programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s still too early to tell whether Ryan Karsner will have job waiting for him at the end of the STEP-UP program. Scott Bennett from USGS says he hopes they’ll be able to keep him on to finish the rock archival project, and maybe even get him out into the field to collect samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, Ryan says the experience has him rethinking what’s possible. He’s realizing he can, “be somebody that I want to be,” instead of have everyone tell him what he can’t.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Virgin Galactic's New Spaceship Takes Off in 1st Powered Flight",
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"content": "\u003cp>Virgin Galactic’s new spaceship climbed at supersonic speed over California’s Mojave Desert on Thursday in the company’s first powered flight since the fatal crash of its original rocketship in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flight of VSS Unity was a major step forward, said the company, which plans to carry tourists on suborbital hops into the lower reaches of space where they can see the Earth far below and the stars beyond.[contextly_sidebar id=”E1QZ1TQPrLnMO0ErRd9wwd5iQjRfimf1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic said the milestone marked the start of the final portion of Unity’s flight test program, which began after a 2014 test-flight crash of its predecessor, VSS Enterprise, that killed one of its two pilots and set back the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back on track … Space feels tantalisingly close now,” Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson tweeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In previous test flights, Unity either remained attached to Virgin Mother Ship Eve, the specially designed jet that carries it aloft, or was released to glide back to the ground without lighting its engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pilots Mark “Forger” Stucky and Dave Mackay were in the cockpit of Unity as it took off from Mojave Air & Space Port at 8:02 a.m. attached to VMS Eve and climbed to an altitude of 46,500 feet over the Sierra Nevada.[contextly_sidebar id=”DUw5EDWpdF5tkWBDDUlOR5JTtvHYwBLM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unity was released and a few seconds later its engine ignited. The spaceship climbed steeply and went supersonic — Mach 1.87 — during the 30-second rocket burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the engine shut down, Unity coasted upward to an apogee of 84,271 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilots raised the craft’s unique twin tail booms to a 60-degree angle to the fuselage to slow and stabilize Unity during the initial stages of descent, and then lowered them back to the conventional configuration lower in the atmosphere. The runway landing was described as smooth.[contextly_sidebar id=”0pvdoMrKaK3UpanxI7YILRPSvaSGBUnx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tail booms are known as “feathers” because their function is likened to the feathers of a badminton shuttlecock. The Enterprise accident occurred when the co-pilot prematurely unlocked the “feathers” and the ship broke apart. Virgin Galactic noted that Unity has safety mechanisms resulting from the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “feathers” concept was developed by maverick aerospace designer Burt Rutan and demonstrated during the 2004 suborbital flights of the experimental SpaceShipOne, which was funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and won the $10 million Ansari X Prize as the first privately developed, manned rocket to reach space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unity is a follow-on production model called SpaceShipTwo, built by The Spaceship Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic envisions a fleet operating from Spaceport America in New Mexico. The company also plans to offer flights for research and satellite deployment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pilots Mark “Forger” Stucky and Dave Mackay were in the cockpit of Unity as it took off from Mojave Air & Space Port at 8:02 a.m. attached to VMS Eve and climbed to an altitude of 46,500 feet over the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unity was released and a few seconds later its engine ignited. The spaceship climbed steeply and went supersonic — Mach 1.87 — during the 30-second rocket burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the engine shut down, Unity coasted upward to an apogee of 84,271 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilots raised the craft’s unique twin tail booms to a 60-degree angle to the fuselage to slow and stabilize Unity during the initial stages of descent, and then lowered them back to the conventional configuration lower in the atmosphere. The runway landing was described as smooth.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tail booms are known as “feathers” because their function is likened to the feathers of a badminton shuttlecock. The Enterprise accident occurred when the co-pilot prematurely unlocked the “feathers” and the ship broke apart. Virgin Galactic noted that Unity has safety mechanisms resulting from the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “feathers” concept was developed by maverick aerospace designer Burt Rutan and demonstrated during the 2004 suborbital flights of the experimental SpaceShipOne, which was funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and won the $10 million Ansari X Prize as the first privately developed, manned rocket to reach space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unity is a follow-on production model called SpaceShipTwo, built by The Spaceship Company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic envisions a fleet operating from Spaceport America in New Mexico. The company also plans to offer flights for research and satellite deployment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The center of our galaxy is teeming with black holes, sort of like a Times Square for strange super gravity objects, astronomers discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists theorized that circling in the center of galaxies, including ours, were lots of stellar \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-58.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black holes\u003c/a>, collapsed giant stars where the gravity is so strong even light doesn’t get out. But they hadn’t seen evidence of them in the Milky Way core until now.[contextly_sidebar id=”EPeHYoT77MLs2fyTaPCWDfqARflYGVUG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers poring over old x-ray observations have found signs of a dozen black holes in the inner circle of the Milky Way. And since most black holes can’t even be spotted that way, they calculate that there are likely thousands of them there. They estimate it could be about 10,000, maybe more, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s lots of action going on there,” said study lead author Chuck Hailey, a Columbia University astrophysicist. “The galactic center is a strange place. That’s why people like to study it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stellar black holes are in addition to — and essentially circling — the already known supermassive black hole, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/black-hole-SagittariusA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagittarius A\u003c/a> , that’s parked at the center of the Milky Way.[contextly_sidebar id=”xeGSdf76nOv4nqIR5CjuDGTaFoaqZ2Z9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the rest of the massive Milky Way, scientists have only spotted about five dozen black holes so far, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered black holes are within about 19.2 trillion miles (30.9 trillion kilometers) of the supermassive black hole at the center. So there’s still a lot of empty space and gas amid all those black holes. But if you took the equivalent space around Earth there would be zero black holes, not thousands, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth is in spiral arm around 3,000 light years away from the center of the galaxy. (A light year is 5.9 trillion miles, or 9.5 trillion kilometers.)[contextly_sidebar id=”3idd2wyepG5LZUnYabKEQrB7xGViaV3v”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the study, praised the finding as exciting but confirming what scientists had long expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly confirmed black holes are about 10 times the mass of our sun, as opposed to the central supermassive black hole, which has the mass of 4 million suns. Also the ones spotted are only the type that are \u003ca href=\"https://www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk/xray_introduction/Blackholebinary.html\">binary\u003c/a> , where a black hole has partnered with another star and together they emit large amount of x-rays as the star’s outer layer is sucked into the black hole. Those x-rays are what astronomers observe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers look at closer binary black hole systems they could then see the ratio between what’s visible and what’s too faint to be observed from far away. Using that ratio, Hailey figures that even though they only spotted a dozen there must be 300 to 500 binary black hole systems.[contextly_sidebar id=”yKXjmnp8YGHXY6ZiQfruUaJaEsEgL9Wy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But binary black hole systems are likely only 5 percent of all black holes, so that means there are really thousands of them, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are good reasons the Milky Way’s black holes tend to be in the center of the galaxy, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, their mass tends to pull them to the center. But mostly the center of the galaxy is the perfect “hot house” for black hole formation, with lots of dust and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hailey said it is “sort of like a little farm where you have all the right conditions to produce and hold on to a large number of black holes.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The center of our galaxy is teeming with black holes, sort of like a Times Square for strange super gravity objects, astronomers discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, scientists theorized that circling in the center of galaxies, including ours, were lots of stellar \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-58.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black holes\u003c/a>, collapsed giant stars where the gravity is so strong even light doesn’t get out. But they hadn’t seen evidence of them in the Milky Way core until now.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers poring over old x-ray observations have found signs of a dozen black holes in the inner circle of the Milky Way. And since most black holes can’t even be spotted that way, they calculate that there are likely thousands of them there. They estimate it could be about 10,000, maybe more, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s lots of action going on there,” said study lead author Chuck Hailey, a Columbia University astrophysicist. “The galactic center is a strange place. That’s why people like to study it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stellar black holes are in addition to — and essentially circling — the already known supermassive black hole, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/black-hole-SagittariusA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagittarius A\u003c/a> , that’s parked at the center of the Milky Way.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the rest of the massive Milky Way, scientists have only spotted about five dozen black holes so far, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered black holes are within about 19.2 trillion miles (30.9 trillion kilometers) of the supermassive black hole at the center. So there’s still a lot of empty space and gas amid all those black holes. But if you took the equivalent space around Earth there would be zero black holes, not thousands, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth is in spiral arm around 3,000 light years away from the center of the galaxy. (A light year is 5.9 trillion miles, or 9.5 trillion kilometers.)\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the study, praised the finding as exciting but confirming what scientists had long expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly confirmed black holes are about 10 times the mass of our sun, as opposed to the central supermassive black hole, which has the mass of 4 million suns. Also the ones spotted are only the type that are \u003ca href=\"https://www-xray.ast.cam.ac.uk/xray_introduction/Blackholebinary.html\">binary\u003c/a> , where a black hole has partnered with another star and together they emit large amount of x-rays as the star’s outer layer is sucked into the black hole. Those x-rays are what astronomers observe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When astronomers look at closer binary black hole systems they could then see the ratio between what’s visible and what’s too faint to be observed from far away. Using that ratio, Hailey figures that even though they only spotted a dozen there must be 300 to 500 binary black hole systems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But binary black hole systems are likely only 5 percent of all black holes, so that means there are really thousands of them, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are good reasons the Milky Way’s black holes tend to be in the center of the galaxy, Hailey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, their mass tends to pull them to the center. But mostly the center of the galaxy is the perfect “hot house” for black hole formation, with lots of dust and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hailey said it is “sort of like a little farm where you have all the right conditions to produce and hold on to a large number of black holes.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Greenland Ice Sheet is Melting at its Fastest Rate in 400 years",
"headTitle": "Greenland Ice Sheet is Melting at its Fastest Rate in 400 years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is melting at its fastest rate in 400 years at a pace that has nearly doubled since the end of the 19th century, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076641\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZLLASi7HqKFpu3kwwCEA9Dvfw7aITKt4″]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could have major consequences for global sea level rise, according to online environmental magazine \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/digest/greenland-ice-sheet-melting-doubled-over-the-last-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yale Environment 360\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet contains about 8 percent of the ice on earth, and if all of it were to melt in the coming centuries, global sea levels \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/icesheets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would rise by 20 feet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.9c8a7ee7200a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post \u003c/a>notes that the melting is already impacting sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, as Arctic air and ocean temperatures have risen, Greenland has been losing more ice through melting on its surface and through iceberg breaks at its periphery. It’s currently contributing almost a millimeter annually to the rising of the oceans, more even than Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And the research suggests that global warming is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he study also noted that during past eras of warm seas or high blocking, melt wasn’t as extreme — suggesting that the steady global warming trend, representing a more than 2 degree Fahrenheit rise in Greenland since the preindustrial era, is the key to separating the present from past. — \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.6fa40cff7b6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When placed in the broader context of our planet’s history, the findings are pretty alarming,\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.a958fd93b435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> says lead researcher\u003c/a> Erich Osterberg, a Dartmouth glaciologist.[contextly_sidebar id=”MytjPi8UgzRIur6IN8Mna1d9DKB7HCsm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The last time it was as warm as now, we were getting much more radiation from the sun because of Earth’s orbit, and that was probably [7,000] or 8,000 years ago,” Osterberg told the Post.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">[contextly_sidebar id=”rRSdCg2zvXamqLMPS9kVMUihA41c7ueg”]Meanwhile “Scientific American” notes that while\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> icebergs get plenty\u003c/a> of media coverage, more attention needs to be paid to surface melting when assessing Greenland’s ice loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the recent attention on Greenland’s ice loss has focused on icebergs breaking away from the ice sheet’s glaciers, eye-catching events that often draw media attention and capture the public’s imagination. But research suggests that melting from the surface of the ice sheet actually accounts for more than half of Greenland’s ice loss. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And with global warming becoming the norm, looking at the impact of greenhouse emissions will become crucial when making evaluations of sea level rise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Essentially, the weather patterns that control these year-to-year changes become less and less important when you look over longer time scales,” Osterberg told \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a>. “Several decades into the future, the long-term warming trend from greenhouse gases — that’s going to dominate the signal.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is melting at its fastest rate in 400 years at a pace that has nearly doubled since the end of the 19th century, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL076641\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">That could have major consequences for global sea level rise, according to online environmental magazine \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/digest/greenland-ice-sheet-melting-doubled-over-the-last-century\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yale Environment 360\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greenland ice sheet contains about 8 percent of the ice on earth, and if all of it were to melt in the coming centuries, global sea levels \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/icesheets.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would rise by 20 feet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.9c8a7ee7200a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington Post \u003c/a>notes that the melting is already impacting sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, as Arctic air and ocean temperatures have risen, Greenland has been losing more ice through melting on its surface and through iceberg breaks at its periphery. It’s currently contributing almost a millimeter annually to the rising of the oceans, more even than Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And the research suggests that global warming is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he study also noted that during past eras of warm seas or high blocking, melt wasn’t as extreme — suggesting that the steady global warming trend, representing a more than 2 degree Fahrenheit rise in Greenland since the preindustrial era, is the key to separating the present from past. — \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.6fa40cff7b6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Washington Post\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">When placed in the broader context of our planet’s history, the findings are pretty alarming,\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/03/28/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-450-years-at-least/?utm_term=.a958fd93b435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> says lead researcher\u003c/a> Erich Osterberg, a Dartmouth glaciologist.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The last time it was as warm as now, we were getting much more radiation from the sun because of Earth’s orbit, and that was probably [7,000] or 8,000 years ago,” Osterberg told the Post.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile “Scientific American” notes that while\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> icebergs get plenty\u003c/a> of media coverage, more attention needs to be paid to surface melting when assessing Greenland’s ice loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Much of the recent attention on Greenland’s ice loss has focused on icebergs breaking away from the ice sheet’s glaciers, eye-catching events that often draw media attention and capture the public’s imagination. But research suggests that melting from the surface of the ice sheet actually accounts for more than half of Greenland’s ice loss. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And with global warming becoming the norm, looking at the impact of greenhouse emissions will become crucial when making evaluations of sea level rise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Essentially, the weather patterns that control these year-to-year changes become less and less important when you look over longer time scales,” Osterberg told \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greenland-is-melting-faster-than-at-any-time-in-the-last-400-years1/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a>. “Several decades into the future, the long-term warming trend from greenhouse gases — that’s going to dominate the signal.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Target Unique Waiver That Allows California to Steer Emissions Limits",
"headTitle": "Feds Target Unique Waiver That Allows California to Steer Emissions Limits | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.[contextly_sidebar id=”kYiX9Yy6kOaTLV1xzkFzRsqTmkFo9o8n”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.[contextly_sidebar id=”LLlksREiLTb7Uw9l5MEKa7ouFx7mppmb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, turned his sights this week on a nearly half-century-old federal waiver that allows California to pursue its own, tough tailpipe emission standards, and allows other states to opt in to California’s standards rather than federal ones if they choose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waiver has allowed California, the U.S. state with the most people and the biggest economy, to steer the rest of nation toward tougher limits on car and truck emissions that pollute the air and change the climate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt said this week the agency will work with all states, including California, to set new pollution and mileage standards for gas- and diesel-powered vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a look at California’s unique waiver from federal emissions standards for cars, why it matters to the rest of the country, and what could happen if the Trump administration moves against California’s ability to set its own vehicle-emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>A combination of climate, geography and a lot of cars and trucks has given California some of the worst smog in the country, especially in the Los Angeles basin and other inland valleys. To fight that, California has regulated vehicle-tailpipe emissions since before 1970, when the EPA and the federal Clean Air Act came into force. Because of that, Congress wrote an exemption into the landmark Clean Air Act: California could seek waivers to set its own limits for pollutants from cars as long as its rules were at least as tough as federal standards. Since then, Democratic and Republican administrations have renewed California’s waiver dozens of times. A Trump administration challenge would revive an abortive 2007 effort by the Bush administration to block California’s power to set its own emissions rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Does the Waiver Matter?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>While California’s waiver is unique, at least 12 other states in the Northeast and elsewhere have chosen to opt into the tougher tailpipe emissions standards that California sets. That means up to 40 percent of cars on the road nationwide follow California’s emissions standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gasoline and diesel exhaust is a main source of pollutants and gases that endanger public health and are changing the climate. California Gov. Jerry Brown, a Democrat, wants to reduce the state’s climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Receiving continued federal waivers for progressively tougher state emissions standards will be a critical part of that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the federal and California standards are the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some car manufacturers and conservative groups want the EPA to roll back federal controls on greenhouse-gas emissions from vehicles, arguing for a single emission standard set by the federal government. That makes the question of whether California’s waiver survives still more critical nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happens if the Trump Administration Moves Against the Waiver?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>California officials have vowed to fight to preserve the state’s waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re ready to file suit if needed to protect these critical standards and to fight the Administration’s war on our environment,” California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said Monday in a statement. “California didn’t become the sixth-largest economy in the world by spectating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration would have a tough fight legally if it tries to revoke California’s waiver outright, especially since it’s stood for nearly a half-century, said Richard Frank, director of the California Environmental Law and Policy Center at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California would have “somewhat less of a powerful argument” legally, however, if the Trump administration refuses to renew the waiver the next time the state comes before the EPA with a plan to tighten state emissions rules, Frank said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President George W. Bush’s administration made its own move against California’s unique say on emissions standards in 2007, for the first time denying California its waiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before courts could decide the matter conclusively, the Obama administration reversed that waiver denial in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought",
"headTitle": "Californians Go Back to Using About as Much Water as Before the Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since Gov. Jerry Brown called off California’s drought emergency a year ago, we Californians seem to have gotten a little lazy when it comes to water conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve started watering our lawns more often. We’re not putting buckets in our showers as much. (In fact, we’re taking longer showers.) And we don’t let yellow mellow — meaning, we flush our pee instead of just letting it sit in the toilet bowl, according to Southern California residents KPCC queried for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It definitely is the messaging,” said Isaiah Leslie of Anaheim Hills, a former yellow-mellower who now flushes after every use. “If we were still in a drought, mandated by the governor, then I think we would still do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these tiny decisions to relax and use a bit more water have added up. Statewide, Californians are using 18 percent more water than at the same time in 2017 — nearly the same amount as before the drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Californians used about 71 gallons per person per day. That’s almost as much as the 74 gallons we were using in January 2013 — a year before California’s drought emergency was declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, we appear to be almost back to our free-wheeling attitudes about water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921985\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1921985 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200826-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">KPCC reporter Emily Guerin empties her shower bucket on the orange tree in her side yard. She no longer uses the bucket now that the drought has been called off. (Kyle Stokes/KPCC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That trend has taken on added urgency this week — the traditional end of California’s rain and snow season. State water officials use the first week of April to assess the water content in the Sierra Nevada snowpack. Runoff from melting snow provides about a third of California’s freshwater for drinking and agriculture. By the end of the March, electronic sensors indicated the water content in the snowpack was less than 60 percent of average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did Gov. Brown declare the drought over in the first place?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It has to do with the historic amount of snow that fell last year in the Sierra. On April 7, 2017, the day Brown issued an executive order calling off the drought emergency, the Sierra snowpack was 164 percent of average. Lake Oroville, the state’s largest reservoir, was completely full — so full that just two months earlier, Oroville dam operators were forced to use the emergency spillway for the first time in its 49-year history. The spillway eroded so much there was concern the dam could breech and flood the town of Oroville downstream. The six-year drought, which had left the Sierra Nevada nearly bare of snow in 2015, was clearly over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did calling off the drought change anything on the ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Yes! Gov. Brown’s executive order put an end to mandatory water conservation in California. Since May 2015, the State Water Resources Control Board, an agency that emerged during the drought as California water cop, had been requiring every city and water district to cut its water use by a certain amount. The Water Board relaxed those rules a little bit in May 2016, when cities just had to prove they had enough water to make it through three dry years. But after April 2017, all those requirements went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did we start using more water after the drought ended?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Oh yeah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1921983\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-375x209.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full-520x290.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/200824-full.jpg 946w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"o-article__body\">\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How come?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake a city like Palmdale, where water use rose 5 percent after the drought was called off compared to the same period in 2016. Palmdale allowed people to water their lawns more often, and backed off on enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to maintain credibility with our customers,” said Dennis LaMoreaux, the general manager of the Palmdale Water District. “And if the state says the drought is over, and if customers don’t see a change in the rules, that kind of undermines the credibility of next time we really need them to save water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other cities, like Redlands, didn’t change any of its water rules, but officials suspect their customers started to slack off because they’re hearing mixed messages about the need to conserve. Water use during the six months following the end of the drought was up 18 percent compared to the same period in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made the point to them that even though the state has declared the drought over, all the restrictions remain in place for Redlands customers,” said Cecilia Grado, a water resources specialist with the city of Redlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she added, “We can’t compete with the media.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does the media have to do with it?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMedia coverage of drought may be critically important in encouraging conservation, according to a 2017 study in \u003cem>Science Advances.\u003c/em> Researchers at Stanford University surveyed nine daily newspapers during two droughts, looking for stories having to do with “California drought,” “water conservation” and similar terms. The first drought occurred during the Great Recession and received relatively little media coverage, where as during the second, beginning in 2012, media coverage was “extraordinarily high.” They found that over a two-month period, an increase in 100 drought-related articles was associated with an 11 to 18 percent reduction in water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the media coverage wasn’t happening in a vacuum – reporters were covering changes in rules and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Political action was being broadcast by the media,” said Newsha Ajami, the head of Urban Water Policy at Stanford University, who co-authored the study. “And then that was impacting people’s behavior. And that was feeding back into more political action, and more media coverage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since Brown called off the drought, media coverage has also dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water issues in California have fallen off that priority list,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should we all still be cutting back on water?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFor Ajami, that depends on what we’re doing with the water we’re using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people were collecting shower water to flush their toilets, I think they should take a break,” she said. “But if we’re using more water outdoors because we want to have lush lawns and green spaces, then that’s not OK. If we’re washing our cars, that’s not OK. We need to be mindful of the fact that this water comes to us through a lot of effort, and also, it’s not an infinite resource.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jelena Hartman, a senior scientist at the State Water Resources Control Board, the main challenge is to get Californians to switch from an emergency conservation mindset, with shower buckets and dead grass, into a long-term, water-saving way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means replacing lawns with artificial turf or native plants, fixing leaks, ripping out old toilets and washing machines and putting in more efficient ones instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a state there is a lot of work to be done to move away from those short-term emergency conservation measures to something that can be a permanent change,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can we save water in the long-term?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At the state level, the Water Resources Control Board is working on a proposal to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/19/80855/state-to-ban-wasteful-uses-of-water-but-it-won-t-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permanently ban wasteful uses of water\u003c/a> like watering your lawn until it runs into the street, washing a car without a shut-off nozzle and irrigating street medians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also two bills in the state legislature, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1668&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 1668\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB606&firstNav=tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SB 606,\u003c/a> that would clamp down on water use in cities by forcing them to use water more wisely. The bills would set a limit of 55 gallons per person, per day, for indoor use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But outdoor use is by far the bigger problem. More than half of all the water used in cities in California is sprinkled on lawns, flowers and ornamental trees. So the two bills would set limits on how much you can use depending on where you live. Cooler, denser cities with smaller lots and multi-family homes, like San Francisco and Santa Monica, would be required to use less water than hotter, more suburban cities with larger homes and yards like Riverside and Redlands. The State Water Board would slowly begin ratcheting up enforcement, with no fines until after the first five years of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about in my city?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some cities are still doing a lot too! Places like Los Angeles and Redlands never let up on the rules and regulations they had during the drought. Others, like Santa Monica, are passing new, even more ambitious ordinances to keep water use low. \u003ca href=\"https://www.smgov.net/Departments/OSE/Categories/Water/Water_Neutrality.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica’s new water neutrality ordinance\u003c/a>, passed three months after Gov. Brown declared the drought over, requires new developments to use the same amount of water as the building they are replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others cities are phasing in “smart meters” that read water use data in real time and allow city staff to quickly detect leaks. In Beverly Hills, water conservation manager Debby Figoni gets a list every day of the biggest water users in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at graphs of their water use, she can tell if they’ve got “continuous flow issues” like leaky pipes, a broken sprinkler or a running toilet. When she calls residents to tell them about the leak, she offers them a rebate on their bill for fixing it – but only if they agree to reduce outdoor water use first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So now, I’ve had this opportunity because of this issue to also educate them on efficient irrigation,” she said. “And that’s very important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some cities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-conservation/a-w-c-landscap?_afrLoop=691427684342227&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=180ktyer6k_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">like Los Angeles,\u003c/a> are still offering rebates to remove grass lawns, the largest source of additional rebates, the Metropolitan Water District, has dried up. The agency is voting in April whether to resume the program. However, MWD \u003ca href=\"http://www.bewaterwise.com/pdfs/mwd_rebates.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does still offers rebates \u003c/a>on low-flow toilets, high-efficiency washers and irrigation controllers. It may boost the amount of those incentives to encourage people to switch them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/04/02/81967/californians-go-back-to-wasting-as-much-water-as-b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> is part of Elemental: Covering Sustainability, a new multimedia collaboration between Cronkite News, Arizona PBS, KJZZ, KPCC, Rocky Mountain PBS and PBS SoCal.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Moves To Weaken Landmark Fuel Efficiency Rules",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QfUGaDbIHqcY1JRkHpkaOE16MgcR5n0o”]In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.[contextly_sidebar id=”IXBWYDYsS0Q8BSuLFcqAU1VGIKondheQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”g2CCVDMEc35bEmI6e9k1QYuI0D829yIx”]But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump Administration today \u003ca href=\"http://createsend.com/t/d-4AC988BD1868DDC72540EF23F30FEDED\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved to weaken fuel economy standards\u003c/a> for automobiles, saying the current ones are inappropriate and wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-anticipated move is a win for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied for lower fuel-economy standards. It’s also a rejection of one of former President Barack Obama’s biggest efforts to combat climate change by curbing greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In making the announcement, Scott Pruitt, head of the Environmental Protection Agency, accused Obama of making incorrect assumptions when setting the standards, which led to them being set “too high.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration, working with California, aimed to nearly double the fleet wide average fuel economy for passenger cars and SUVs to more than 50 miles per gallon by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Automobile emissions and transportation are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the largest sources\u003c/a> of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pruitt’s EPA is abandoning those goals and says it will work with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to set more appropriate standards at a later date.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move puts the Trump administration on the path toward another legal showdown with California, which has said that it will keep the stricter air standards in place. The state has a federal waiver under the Clean Air Act that allows it to set \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/26/521590802/in-conflict-with-trump-agenda-california-sets-stricter-auto-emissions-standards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its own standards for vehicle emissions\u003c/a>. Twelve other states follow California’s lead, and together they account for a third of all car sales in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a politically motivated effort to weaken clean vehicle standards with no documentation, evidence or law to back up that decision,” said Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, in a statement. She accused EPA of aiming to “demolish the nation’s clean car program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, the federal government and California work together to set shared auto emissions and fuel economy standards. Car manufacturers want uniformity nationwide, so they’re not having to build different types of vehicles for consumers in different states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But the Trump administration and California are at odds on a number of issues, and it’s unclear if either side would be willing to make a concession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cooperative federalism doesn’t mean that one state can dictate standards for the rest of the country,” Pruitt said in a statement. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to have a national standard, and we look forward to working with all states, including California, as we work to finalize that standard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement said California’s environmental waiver “is still being reexamined by EPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Gov. Jerry Brown also criticized the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This cynical and meretricious abuse of power will poison our air and jeopardize the health of all Americans,” he said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any split in the nation’s car market would be troublesome for auto manufacturers, which had lobbied the Trump administration to lower the standards. They argued that with low gas prices, consumers are buying more larger vehicles — SUV’s and pickup trucks — making the push for fuel-efficient electric vehicles and hybrids a costly burden. Lowering the fuel economy standards, they said, would give them more flexibility to meet consumer demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessica Caldwell, executive director of industry analysis at the automotive website Edmunds, said in a statement that flexibility will come with a cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unfortunate reality is that this decision comes with a logistical nightmare in the short term,” she said. If states divide into a patchwork of competing fuel economy standards, while a long court battle drags out, “it puts automakers in a very challenging scenario from a product development perspective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Moves+To+Weaken+Landmark+Fuel+Efficiency+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
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