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"content": "\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.[contextly_sidebar id=”Yf9INRFhGQhyMKr7rwTccXcKgANj2po3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some critters bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green. Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For some lizards it’s easy being green. It’s in their blood. Six species of lizards in New Guinea bleed lime green thanks to evolution gone weird.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual, but there are critters that bleed different colors of the rainbow besides red. The New Guinea lizards’ blood — along with their tongues, muscles and bones — appear green because of incredibly large doses of a green bile pigment. The bile levels are higher than other animals, including people, could survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists still don’t know why this happened, but evolution is providing some hints into this nearly 50-year mystery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By mapping the evolutionary family tree of New Guinea lizards, researchers found that green blood developed inside the amphibians at four independent points in history, likely from a red-blooded ancestor, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal Science Advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t a random accident of nature but suggests this trait of green blood gives the lizards an evolutionary advantage of some kind, said Christopher Austin of Louisiana State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Evolution can do amazing things given enough time,” Austin said. “The natural world is a fascinating place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Austin first thought that maybe being green and full of bile would make New Guinea lizards taste bad to potential predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I actually ate several lizards myself and they didn’t taste bad,” Austin said. He also fed plenty of them to a paradise kingfisher bird with no ill effects except maybe a fatter bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bile Link\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding bile is probably key. Blood cells don’t last forever. After they break down, the iron is recycled for new red blood cells, but toxins are also produced, which is essentially bile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the New Guinea lizards, levels of a green bile pigment are 40 times higher than what would be toxic in humans. It’s green enough to overwhelm the color of the red blood cells and turn everything green, Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In people, elevated green bile pigment levels sometimes kill malaria parasites. Austin thinks that might be why lizards evolved to be green-blooded because malaria is an issue for New Guinea and lizards. It might be the result of evolution trying to kill the malaria parasite in lizards or it might be past lizards were infected so heavily that this was the body’s reaction, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to search for the specific genes involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Michael Oellermann, a researcher at the University of Tasmania in Australia, praised Austin’s work and wondered if there is an evolutionary cost to having green blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otherwise more critters would bleed green or another color, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many insects, spiders and molluscs have the copper-containing blood pigment that’s clear unless it attaches to oxygen and then it turns blue. Squids and octopuses have intense blue blood. Icefish in Antarctica have clear blood, while little crustaceans from Lake Baikal in Siberia have blood that’s blue or red or green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine worms called \u003ca href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/issues/best-of-chemmatters/sample-lesson-plan-the-many-colors-of-blood.pdf\">lamp shells\u003c/a> have violet to pink blood, according to the American Chemical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biology is incredibly diverse,” Austin said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. [contextly_sidebar id=”F9fTXKD61b6f4obxbVkwtBqIncumIMgJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A San Francisco conservation group has signed a deal to buy the world’s second-largest sequoia grove in private ownership. The historic agreement with Save the Redwoods League aims to preserve the planet’s most precious, prehistoric trees. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The league will pay $3.3 million for 160 acres of sequoias located in Tulare County on a parcel of land known as Red Hill property. Formerly owned by the Nicholas family, it contains 110 ancient giant sequoia. Some of the trees are more than 250 feet tall and more than 1,500 years old, says Hodder. The area houses key habitats for several endangered animals, such as the California spotted owl, Sierra marten, and the Pacific fisher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These sequoia trees are of global significance because they don’t grow anywhere else in the world other than the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada,” says Sam Hodder, president of Save the Redwoods League. “They are the largest living things in the world. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property, which sits adjacent to the Giant Sequoia National Monument, has been in the hands of the Nicholas family since 1970. Former owner Mike Nicholas told Paul Rogers, KQED Science managing editor and environment writer for the\u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/17/5250679/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Mercury News\u003c/a>, that he sold the property to the Redwoods League to ensure it remains protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hodder expects the property to be open to the public by 2021. It will serve as a “living laboratory” to study how the ancient sequoia are responding to climate change, according to the league’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plan is to do some assessments first and look for existing nearby trails,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Hodder says, his organization plans to convey the property to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Giant Sequoia National Monument. For now, Save the Redwoods League is pursuing \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Dh6SC5yWjXSLykYcVhBIK?domain=savetheredwoods.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private fundraising dollars\u003c/a> to help with the land acquisition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 667px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923976\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web.jpg 667w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PaoloVescia_6926_RedHillGrove_GiantSequoia-web-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A giant sequoia in Red Hill Grove dwarfs a visitor. \u003ccite>(Paolo Vescia/Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This comes at an exciting time for Save the Redwoods League, which turned 100 this year,” says Hodder. “And as a 100 year-old organization dedicated to protecting giant sequoias, we are thrilled to be sharing this opportunity with our supporters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Save the Redwoods has helped protect more than 200,000 acres of redwood forests —about the size of New York City— since its founding in 1918.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Emissions of Banned Ozone-Eating Chemical Are Somehow Rising",
"headTitle": "Emissions of Banned Ozone-Eating Chemical Are Somehow Rising | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZuKSbg4FpAN0pU3VtJrjRng5Ri2Iv9Wp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countries have reported close to zero production of the chemical since 2006 but the study found about 14,300 tons (13,000 metric tons) a year has been released since 2013. Some seeps out of foam and buildings and machines, but scientists say what they’re seeing is much more than that.[contextly_sidebar id=”gTHE9U1Mye9bIZCzAQyKx8vJCwq51Tbh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rogue Production\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurements from a dozen monitors around the world suggest the emissions are coming from somewhere around China, Mongolia and the Koreas, according to the study. The chemical can be a byproduct in other chemical manufacturing, but it is supposed to be captured and recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either someone’s making the banned compound or it’s sloppy byproducts that haven’t been reported as required, Montzka said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside expert, Ross Salawitch, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland, is less diplomatic. He calls it “rogue production,” adding that if it continues “the recovery of the ozone layer would be threatened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature removes 2 percent of the CFC11 out of the air each year, so concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere are still falling, but at a slower rate because of the new emissions, Montzka said. The chemical stays in the air for about 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Something strange is happening with a now-banned chemical that eats away at Earth’s protective ozone layer: Scientists say there’s more of it — not less — going into the atmosphere and they don’t know where it is coming from.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a hole in the ozone formed over Antarctica, countries around the world in 1987 agreed to phase out several types of ozone-depleting chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/about/cfc.html\">chlorofluorocarbons\u003c/a> (CFCs). Production was banned, emissions fell and the hole slowly shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But starting in 2013, emissions of the second most common kind started rising, according to a study in Wednesday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> . The chemical, called CFC11, was used for making foam, degreasing stains and for refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most surprising and unexpected observation I’ve made in my 27 years” of measurements, said study lead author Stephen Montzka, a research chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emissions today are about the same as it was nearly 20 years ago,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countries have reported close to zero production of the chemical since 2006 but the study found about 14,300 tons (13,000 metric tons) a year has been released since 2013. Some seeps out of foam and buildings and machines, but scientists say what they’re seeing is much more than that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rogue Production\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurements from a dozen monitors around the world suggest the emissions are coming from somewhere around China, Mongolia and the Koreas, according to the study. The chemical can be a byproduct in other chemical manufacturing, but it is supposed to be captured and recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Either someone’s making the banned compound or it’s sloppy byproducts that haven’t been reported as required, Montzka said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An outside expert, Ross Salawitch, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Maryland, is less diplomatic. He calls it “rogue production,” adding that if it continues “the recovery of the ozone layer would be threatened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High in the atmosphere, ozone shields Earth from ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer, crop damage and other problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature removes 2 percent of the CFC11 out of the air each year, so concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere are still falling, but at a slower rate because of the new emissions, Montzka said. The chemical stays in the air for about 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Icy Moon Of Jupiter Spews Water Plumes Into Space",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have new evidence that there are plumes of water erupting from the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa — plumes that could, maybe, possibly contain signs of life.[contextly_sidebar id=”lhhH3P0dzWqBFpmIC7odLSXqjw9Dj2bw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes from data collected by the now-defunct \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a> spacecraft. Although the data has been available since it was collected in 1997, it’s only now that an analysis confirms the existence of water plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than two decades, scientists have been convinced Europa has a liquid water ocean sloshing around beneath its icy outer crust. In the past six years, two teams of researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope reported the possible existence of plumes. But as powerful as Hubble is, seeing something as small as a plume on a moon more than 380-million miles away is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking for effects that are relatively small, and are pushing the spatial resolution of the telescope,” says astrophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/~deustua/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Susana Deutsua\u003c/a> of the Space Telescope Science Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, it made sense that Europa had plumes, since the Cassini spacecraft had definitely seen water plumes from Enceladus, an icy moon orbiting Saturn that’s similar to Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we first saw those images, I think a lot of us in the community were very excited,” says planetary scientists \u003ca href=\"http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/xzjia/FACULTY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xianzhe Jia\u003c/a> from the University of Michigan. Jia did his graduate work at the University of California Los Angeles where he focused on data collected by Galileo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, Jia heard a scientific talk about the plumes. He learned that they were near the equator of Europa, a region Galileo had flown directly over in 1997.[contextly_sidebar id=”dshL1joGFmqBaaAAwA9tY2XN40CLoiMX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the moment where we realized that we might have something in the old Galileo data that we never paid much attention to,” Jia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo recorded tons of data in the seven plus years it orbiting Jupiter. Jia was particularly familiar with data from an instrument known as a \u003ca href=\"https://junomag.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnetometer\u003c/a> that measures magnetic fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out plumes give off a distinctive signal that a magnetometer can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at those data carefully, what we found is there’s some strange magnetic signals in those data that have never been explained before,” Jai says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Jia and his colleagues report in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0450-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Astronomy\u003c/a>, the best explanation was the signals were indeed generated by plumes of water coming from Europa. This means future missions to Jupiter could fly through these plumes and look directly for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why hadn’t scientists figured this out when these data were recorded back in the 1997?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson.html\">Margaret Kivelson\u003c/a> was principle investigator of the magnetometer on Galileo. She remembers puzzling over the magnetometer signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her team had already made the outlandish but ultimately accurate suggestion that there was a liquid ocean under Europa’s icy crust. “To go from there to also there are geysers coming up from that ocean, we just weren’t ready for that,” Kivelson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kivelson has been studying Jupiter and its moons for a long time. She’s looking forward to NASA’s next mission to the giant planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate to tell you how old I’ll be when the mission gets to Europa, but that’s OK,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kivelseon is 89 now. The mission may not arrive until 2028. You can do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Icy+Moon+Of+Jupiter+Spews+Water+Plumes+Into+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have new evidence that there are plumes of water erupting from the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa — plumes that could, maybe, possibly contain signs of life.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence comes from data collected by the now-defunct \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a> spacecraft. Although the data has been available since it was collected in 1997, it’s only now that an analysis confirms the existence of water plumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than two decades, scientists have been convinced Europa has a liquid water ocean sloshing around beneath its icy outer crust. In the past six years, two teams of researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope reported the possible existence of plumes. But as powerful as Hubble is, seeing something as small as a plume on a moon more than 380-million miles away is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking for effects that are relatively small, and are pushing the spatial resolution of the telescope,” says astrophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/~deustua/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Susana Deutsua\u003c/a> of the Space Telescope Science Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, it made sense that Europa had plumes, since the Cassini spacecraft had definitely seen water plumes from Enceladus, an icy moon orbiting Saturn that’s similar to Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we first saw those images, I think a lot of us in the community were very excited,” says planetary scientists \u003ca href=\"http://clasp.engin.umich.edu/people/xzjia/FACULTY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xianzhe Jia\u003c/a> from the University of Michigan. Jia did his graduate work at the University of California Los Angeles where he focused on data collected by Galileo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, Jia heard a scientific talk about the plumes. He learned that they were near the equator of Europa, a region Galileo had flown directly over in 1997.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the moment where we realized that we might have something in the old Galileo data that we never paid much attention to,” Jia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo recorded tons of data in the seven plus years it orbiting Jupiter. Jia was particularly familiar with data from an instrument known as a \u003ca href=\"https://junomag.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnetometer\u003c/a> that measures magnetic fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out plumes give off a distinctive signal that a magnetometer can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at those data carefully, what we found is there’s some strange magnetic signals in those data that have never been explained before,” Jai says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Jia and his colleagues report in the journal, \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0450-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Astronomy\u003c/a>, the best explanation was the signals were indeed generated by plumes of water coming from Europa. This means future missions to Jupiter could fly through these plumes and look directly for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why hadn’t scientists figured this out when these data were recorded back in the 1997?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson.html\">Margaret Kivelson\u003c/a> was principle investigator of the magnetometer on Galileo. She remembers puzzling over the magnetometer signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her team had already made the outlandish but ultimately accurate suggestion that there was a liquid ocean under Europa’s icy crust. “To go from there to also there are geysers coming up from that ocean, we just weren’t ready for that,” Kivelson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kivelson has been studying Jupiter and its moons for a long time. She’s looking forward to NASA’s next mission to the giant planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate to tell you how old I’ll be when the mission gets to Europa, but that’s OK,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kivelseon is 89 now. The mission may not arrive until 2028. You can do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Icy+Moon+Of+Jupiter+Spews+Water+Plumes+Into+Space&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rhino in San Diego Pregnant, Could Help Save Subspecies",
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"content": "\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=”z16rNEfdsXTZ2SoejDPHHIExlY5fBRYZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.[contextly_sidebar id=”yuiSF3t9vRRgJb0v0NuC8zsOAwK4JASP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A southern white rhino has become pregnant through artificial insemination at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park — giving hope for efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals, researchers announced Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists will be watching closely to see if the rhino named Victoria can carry her calf to term over 16 to 18 months of gestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If she does, researchers hope someday she could serve as a surrogate mother and could give birth to the related northern white rhino, whose population is down to two females after decades of decimation by poachers. The mother and daughter northern white rhinos live in a Kenya wildlife preserve but are not believed to be capable of bearing calves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Victoria’s pregnancy was confirmed two months after the death of the last northern white male rhino \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921460/worlds-last-male-northern-white-rhino-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">named Sudan\u003c/a>, who was also at the Kenya preserve and was euthanized because of ailing health in old age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria is the first of six female southern white rhinos the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research is testing to determine if they are fit to be surrogate mothers before using the limited sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino that are in storage to impregnate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists want to use the frozen sperm and eggs that were taken from dead northern white rhinos to bring back a herd through artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The confirmation of this pregnancy through artificial insemination represents an historic event for our organization but also a critical step in our effort to save the northern white rhino,” said Barbara Durrant, director of reproductive Sciences at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more challenges lie ahead, with artificial insemination of rhinos in zoos rare so far and resulting in only a few births.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victoria and the other five female rhinos were relocated to San Diego’s Safari Park in 2015 and scientists will soon start developing artificial insemination techniques and embryo transfer techniques for them in their effort to produce northern white rhino calves.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will know that they have proven themselves to be capable of carrying a fetus to term before we would risk putting a precious northern white rhino embryo into one of these southern white rhinos as a surrogate,” Durrant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Once that happens, there will be more work to develop techniques that include maturing eggs, fertilizing eggs and growing embryos to the stage where they can be transferred into the surrogate rhinos. While embryos have been created for southern white rhinos, they haven’t been for northern white rhinos — so there’s no guarantee that the process will work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research has the cell lines of 12 different northern white rhinos stored in freezing temperatures at its “Frozen Zoo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 northern white rhinos that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups have said in vitro fertilization is being developed too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 20,000 southern white rhinos in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Yearlong Bay 'Challenge' Ends with Lofty Plans for Staving Off Sea Level Rise",
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"content": "\u003cp>Design teams from around the world unveil their visions today for a ring of ambitious projects circling San Francisco Bay, all aimed at increasing “resilience” to the challenges of rising sea levels and other growing threats to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917797/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a year’s worth of ground work\u003c/a>, nine teams participating in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> take the wraps off of their various visions. Some are long on lofty language and short on concrete plans, but all are the product of some of the world’s most forward-thinking urban designers, funded mainly by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really been able to raise awareness around flood risk and come up with big ideas,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, the project’s director. “And we believe that some of these ideas will be ready to take next steps — that we can move toward implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though none of the concepts will come cheap, some have fairly specific aims. The team known as Common Ground has a plan for relieving a major bottleneck at the north end of the bay. Designers envision raising State Highway 37 twenty feet off the ground to create a “Grand Bayway” that would both speed traffic between Sears Point and Vallejo and allow tidal flows to restore the marshlands underneath. Team members propose taking another year to establish “agreed goals and criteria” for their “far-ranging and ambitious” plan, while at the same time starting a series of smaller “bottom up” projects that would ultimately weave into the overall project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highway 37, much of which is one lane in each direction, has become a major headache for North Bay commuters even when it’s not closed by traffic mishaps or flooding, as it was several times in the wet winter of 2016-17.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years.’\u003ccite>Kristina Hill, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the All Bay Collective team says it is “rethinking the shoreline” around San Leandro with “a network of flourishing greenways” that would provide recreation and ecological benefits, as well as a buffer against rising bay waters. The plan counts on pulling together eight different communities from East Oakland to San Leandro to create and manage the resulting “Estuary Commons,” which would include floating housing. Some of it is pretty “out there” compared to conventional notions of urban development. But designers say that’s what’s called for with projections for sea level rise ratcheting up, seemingly with each new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that what people are missing is that conventional development is going to fail,” says Kristina Hill, an urban ecologist at UC Berkeley and member of the All Bay Collective. “It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years. This is baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's rendering of redesigned East Bay shoreline\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Softening” shorelines is a common strategy among designs for managing rising sea levels. \u003ccite>(All Bay Collective/Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of separate cities (more than 100) and counties surrounding the bay has always been an obstacle to this kind of cooperative planning. Add in port authorities, Caltrans, regional park districts, fish & wildlife agencies, BART, and so on, and the ensuing three-dimensional chess game can quickly become mind-boggling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about what flood risk looks like, it doesn’t stop at jurisdictional boundaries,” says Brown-Stevens, who holds up the RBD effort as a pilot for cooperative planning. “We really do need to collaborate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of the collaboration panned out. One of the ten teams essentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/general-news/20180511/team-uplift-vallejo-dropped-from-resilient-by-design-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped out of the race\u003c/a>, possibly after meeting with resistance from stakeholders in Vallejo, where the team had envisioned a sweeping plan to address — not only rising seas — but transportation and housing woes, as well. The Los Angeles-based Team UPLIFT reportedly turned over its work to local officials, who will either run with the ball or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the formal “challenge” winds down this week, the hardest tasks may lie ahead: getting some of these projects funded and accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do see this as a beginning,” says Brown-Stevens. “Really, the success of this challenge will be measured by what on-the-ground impact there’s been in the next year, the next five years, the next ten, twenty years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Design teams from around the world unveil their visions today for a ring of ambitious projects circling San Francisco Bay, all aimed at increasing “resilience” to the challenges of rising sea levels and other growing threats to communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917797/racing-rising-seas-in-the-bay-area-design-teams-roll-out-big-ideas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a year’s worth of ground work\u003c/a>, nine teams participating in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient by Design Bay Area Challenge\u003c/a> take the wraps off of their various visions. Some are long on lofty language and short on concrete plans, but all are the product of some of the world’s most forward-thinking urban designers, funded mainly by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve really been able to raise awareness around flood risk and come up with big ideas,” says Amanda Brown-Stevens, the project’s director. “And we believe that some of these ideas will be ready to take next steps — that we can move toward implementation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though none of the concepts will come cheap, some have fairly specific aims. The team known as Common Ground has a plan for relieving a major bottleneck at the north end of the bay. Designers envision raising State Highway 37 twenty feet off the ground to create a “Grand Bayway” that would both speed traffic between Sears Point and Vallejo and allow tidal flows to restore the marshlands underneath. Team members propose taking another year to establish “agreed goals and criteria” for their “far-ranging and ambitious” plan, while at the same time starting a series of smaller “bottom up” projects that would ultimately weave into the overall project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highway 37, much of which is one lane in each direction, has become a major headache for North Bay commuters even when it’s not closed by traffic mishaps or flooding, as it was several times in the wet winter of 2016-17.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years.’\u003ccite>Kristina Hill, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile the All Bay Collective team says it is “rethinking the shoreline” around San Leandro with “a network of flourishing greenways” that would provide recreation and ecological benefits, as well as a buffer against rising bay waters. The plan counts on pulling together eight different communities from East Oakland to San Leandro to create and manage the resulting “Estuary Commons,” which would include floating housing. Some of it is pretty “out there” compared to conventional notions of urban development. But designers say that’s what’s called for with projections for sea level rise ratcheting up, seemingly with each new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that what people are missing is that conventional development is going to fail,” says Kristina Hill, an urban ecologist at UC Berkeley and member of the All Bay Collective. “It’s not that we’re doing this to be green. We’re doing this just to make it over the next 50 to 100 years. This is baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's rendering of redesigned East Bay shoreline\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/VIGNETTE_CMG-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Softening” shorelines is a common strategy among designs for managing rising sea levels. \u003ccite>(All Bay Collective/Resilient by Design)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of separate cities (more than 100) and counties surrounding the bay has always been an obstacle to this kind of cooperative planning. Add in port authorities, Caltrans, regional park districts, fish & wildlife agencies, BART, and so on, and the ensuing three-dimensional chess game can quickly become mind-boggling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about what flood risk looks like, it doesn’t stop at jurisdictional boundaries,” says Brown-Stevens, who holds up the RBD effort as a pilot for cooperative planning. “We really do need to collaborate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of the collaboration panned out. One of the ten teams essentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.timesheraldonline.com/general-news/20180511/team-uplift-vallejo-dropped-from-resilient-by-design-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dropped out of the race\u003c/a>, possibly after meeting with resistance from stakeholders in Vallejo, where the team had envisioned a sweeping plan to address — not only rising seas — but transportation and housing woes, as well. The Los Angeles-based Team UPLIFT reportedly turned over its work to local officials, who will either run with the ball or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the formal “challenge” winds down this week, the hardest tasks may lie ahead: getting some of these projects funded and accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do see this as a beginning,” says Brown-Stevens. “Really, the success of this challenge will be measured by what on-the-ground impact there’s been in the next year, the next five years, the next ten, twenty years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science reporter Molly Peterson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Projects Massive Northward Shift of Species as Oceans Warm",
"headTitle": "Study Projects Massive Northward Shift of Species as Oceans Warm | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZWaC88LRXs3J7FU8fyQV618GAKLNrFBh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right'] “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Marine life across North America will experience a substantial shift northward over the next few decades, according to a new comprehensive report that looks at how climate change will alter the habitats of 686 marine species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As water warms up in some places it allows fish to colonize,” says\u003cspan class=\"\"> \u003ca href=\"https://marine.rutgers.edu/main/malin-pinsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malin Pinsky\u003c/a>, an ecologist at Rutgers University and co-author of the study. \u003c/span> “But if it gets too hot, the species gets driven out of the region. This is something that we already see happening all over North America, all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says it’s hard to say how far, how soon this redistribution of marine life will play out gradually over the next 80 years and could continue long past the 21st century, depending on what choices society makes in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It could also have big implications for California’s iconic crab and salmon fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://pinsky.marine.rutgers.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutgers University\u003c/a> combined data from U.S. and Canadian government surveys that looked at where species have historically been found, with models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that project future environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then did projections using both low and high estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Taking the lowest estimates into account, researchers found there will still be a substantial shift toward the North Pole, although it would reduce the extent of the shifts by one-half to two-thirds. Pinsky says “pretty much” all species would be affected, though not by as much as with higher emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “So from the perspective of fishing communities and fishing managers, there are real benefits to sticking to the Paris Accord,” referring to the international climate agreement, from which the Trump administration has withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The projection models are particularly useful for California fisheries, where management decisions depend on a range of possible environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rug is getting slowly pulled out from under coastal fishing communities,” says Pinsky. “That may mean longer trips and higher fuel costs. For others with smaller boats, it may mean needing to find a new species to catch, which can be challenging because buying permits for new fisheries can be really expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when smaller shifts in marine life distribution have happened in the past, it has often led to conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something we see starting to happen, especially on the east coast. There have been ongoing debates about who should get access to species like flounder, black sea bass, all found in new locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Fisheries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitats for some species will shift up to 900 miles north, including those that are crucial for California fisheries, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dungeness crab for instance, one of the most valuable fisheries in the state, is expected to shift up to 500 miles north. While the Chinook salmon, an important staple of California fisheries, is projected to move up to 200 miles north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a substantial decline in habitat availability for certain species is expected over time, says Pinsky. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.thecordovatimes.com/2018/01/31/tanner-crab-fishery-opens-march-1-31/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tanner crab\u003c/a>, important to the Alaskan fishing industry, could experience a 95 percent decline in habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says entire ecosystems could face disruption from the impact of climate change on marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know is that different fish and other animals shift at different rates,” he says. “So it often means that a predator may lose one of its prey, or a prey may gain a new predator. So these changes are disrupting food webs as well. And it’s quite hard to predict what the consequences of that will be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinsky says these developments are likely to lead to more surprises in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, climate change isn’t about uncertainty,” he says. “Unfortunately, we actually have a lot of certainty especially towards the direction these species will shift. And that is almost entirely towards the north.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.[contextly_sidebar id=”MZIIX4X0g03kP0hWMZS4EUb3EtsJl5yh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.[contextly_sidebar id=”hnlYrmvGH1mqREWIz0pg84ccVZjuw3W8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report from scientists at UCLA paints two scenarios for the Sierra Nevada. Neither is great, but cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate impacts substantially.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine a California where springtime temperatures are 7F warmer than they are today, where snowmelt runoff comes 50 days earlier and the average snowpack is just 36 percent of the 1981–2000 average.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the reality by the end of the century if we don’t curb greenhouse gas emissions, say researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles. A recent report from the UCLA Center for Climate Science analyzes how climate change will impact the Sierra Nevada and what that will mean for water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular the research examines changes to temperature, the amount of snowpack and the timing of runoff and which elevations and watersheds will be most affected as the climate warms. It also compares how these factors may change with “business as usual” and do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions, versus a scenario in which greenhouse gas emissions begin to level off around 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither forecast is great, but the research does show that curbing greenhouse gas emissions can make a difference. “Business as usual is the path we’re on, but it isn’t a foregone conclusion,” the report states. “Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate end-of-century impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with one of the report’s coauthors, Neil Berg, associate director of science at the UCLA Center for Climate Science and the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, to discuss the findings and their implication for Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What prompted this report?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNeil Berg: If you look at a place like California, the global climate models really don’t capture the fine-scale topography and regional characteristics that we know shape our weather and climate around us. So we embarked on two studies, and they used a process called downscaling, which translates global models to a finer resolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We took about a year, maybe 18 months, to do all the modeling, and it’s run on numerous supercomputers, both at UCLA and other national laboratories. And then we got to work analyzing the huge amounts of data and thinking through the most interesting variables and questions related to climate impacts for Californians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That included, how was snowpack changing? How was runoff changing? And how was temperature changing behind each of those?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What did you find?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you look at the entire Sierra Nevada, if we don’t curb our climate emissions, so if we stay on the business as usual pathway, we would expect a 7F rise in springtime temperature. But if we do take some significant action to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, that amount of change could be nearly cut in half. So, somewhere around 3–4F of warming by the spring, and this is for the end of the century, so from roughly 2080 to 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Your study found that the middle elevations, around 5,000–8,000ft, are the most vulnerable as temperatures warm. Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Those middle elevations tend to be located where that freezing line, that 32F line, lies within the Sierra Nevada mountains. So even small changes in temperature – 1 degree, 2 degrees, 3 degrees – increase significantly the type of precipitation that falls in those mid elevations from frozen to liquid. The highest elevations, above 8,000ft, are so high that they in many cases remain sheltered from even a significant amount of warming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1806825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1806825\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1020x683.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-960x643.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/img_6079_custom-8d1c76f9fb93e4b6597fddfb3439222c1490b6ba-1920x1285-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kern River’s water is 10-times stronger than it was a year ago, after near-record snowmelt from California’s wet winter flows down from Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And then there’s this really interesting thing called the snow albedo feedback, which is a cyclical process where you start out with some snow at these mid elevations and you have some future warming that melts away part of that snow, or just more rain instead of snow falls, and that exposes a darker underlying surface, either vegetation or bare soils. And they have a lower reflectivity or albedo of sunlight, so it’s absorbing more incoming sunlight which further warms the ground and the surrounding air, which further shrinks the snowpack, which further exposes more land, further shrinking snowpack, and so forth. Those mid elevations are most sensitive to changes in temperature and then it kicks off this snow albedo feedback in those elevation bands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Snowpack in those middle elevation areas is really crucial to the state’s water supply, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: Yes, it’s a critical area for water resources across the state. In my opinion this was one of the more dramatic and alarming findings that was produced from this paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Most of this research focused on projections of future impacts from warming, but you have also done research about what’s been happening already. What did you find there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berg: There was a companion study that I authored a couple of years ago, and this was during the 2011–15 drought, looking at what the snowpack in the Sierra would be in the absence of any existing or observed warming over California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And using advanced modeling tools we were able to simulate a hypothetical natural world over that drought period and we found that in the absence of observed warming, which was on the level of 1–2C [1.8–3.6F], right now, that snowpack in the Sierra would have been about 25 percent more during that drought period. It’s a pretty significant finding to say that in the last drought climate change removed a quarter of the snowpack in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So in other words, climate change is not something that’s only happening in the future.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: Oh definitely, the projected changes are dramatic and huge and really sobering, but to me it was surprising to see there was a huge impact happening right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What should water managers be taking away from your research?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: That the snowpack in the Sierra will not under any greenhouse gas emissions scenario be as full and healthy as it has been in the past, and to see that as an opportunity to rethink a snow-based water transport system across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think water managers need to be looking at much more local water storage and capture and recycling. The resizing of reservoirs is an option, but that has to be weighed against the huge financial cost and ecological concerns. But I see an opportunity to not be so reliant on this water conveyance system, and particularly for these major urban areas like L.A. The limited amount of rain that we do get should be used to its maximum potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I was a water manager, I’d view this as a challenging opportunity, but a feasible opportunity to actually develop more local water solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It seems like there is also a call to action in presenting these two different scenarios of what the world may hold if we work to curb greenhouse gas emissions and if we don’t.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBerg: There is no question that the only way to avoid the worst outcomes is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. That has to be part of the dialogue, and if we don’t do anything on the mitigation then our adaptation becomes even harder. I don’t think there is any question that the need to reduce global emissions is an absolute necessity in order to avoid some of the most dire projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/05/09/impact-of-a-warming-climate-on-the-sierra-nevada-and-californias-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes",
"headTitle": "In a First, California Will Require Solar Panels On All New Homes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”93h9RBR6lqw8T1KvE3fdh7sWuT8MWkTU”]”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Wednesday, the California Energy Commission unanimously voted to approve new energy standards that will require all new homes in California to have solar panels and other measures geared toward making buildings more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is just a milestone. There’s a hell of a lot of work to do between now and 2020,” said chairman Robert Weisenmiller. “The bottom line is we’re going to stay focused on making this happen, and happen smoothly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission held a hearing before the vote to solicit public comment from various trade groups. The majority of those present, which included environmental groups, solar companies, and utilities, voiced their strong support for the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one manufacturing trade group, however, urged the commission to delay the move. A spokesperson for the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute expressed concern over late changes in the standards that would affect high efficiency air filters and water heaters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the request, a representative for the commission said there’s no valid legal basis for the delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that we’re good to go,” the representative said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California Energy Commission\u003c/a> is expected to approve \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new standards\u003c/a> on Wednesday that will require solar panels for nearly all new homes starting in 2020, marking an historic leap in the state’s efforts to slash greenhouse emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future.’\u003ccite>State Senator Scott Wiener\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The new standards will apply to homes, condos and multi-family buildings up to three stories high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move would be a key step in meeting the state’s ambitious zero net energy goals, says state Senator Scott Wiener (D-San Francisco). In 2007, the energy commission called for all new residential buildings to produce as much energy as they consume by 2020. New commercial buildings have to meet the standard by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who led the successful effort to pass a solar mandate for San Francisco construction in 2016, says solar energy is a necessary component of California’s zero net energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to achieve zero net energy, you have to have a renewable energy source,” says Wiener. “With everything happening in the country right now and President Trump’s obsession with coal and the continuing strength of the oil industry, California needs to be aggressive in moving towards a clean energy future, and this is one step in that direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the step is significant, California has been preparing for the transition to solar energy for years, according to a spokeswoman for the state energy commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We update energy codes every three years and in 2013 we required that all new homes be solar-ready,” says spokeswoman Amber Beck. “Homes had to have a certain amount of space on the roof so a homeowner could add a solar panel later on if he chooses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making California homes more energy-efficient is part of a broader initiative to shrink the state’s greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electricity consumed by residential and commercial buildings is responsible for 14 percent of the state’s greenhouse pollutants, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/cpucblog.aspx?id=12374&blogid=1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/a> \u003cspan id=\"ctl00_MainContent_BlogEntries1\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics, though, question the wisdom of the transition to solar at a time when California is struggling with a dire housing crisis and skyrocketing housing costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, only 12 percent of households can afford a median-priced home, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.paragon-re.com/trend/bay-area-housing-affordability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent report\u003c/a> by Paragon Real Estate Group. And in California overall, half as many people can afford median priced housing as in the rest of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It absolutely will increase the cost of homes,” says Lisa Vorderbrueggen, director of governmental affairs for the Bay Area Building Industry Association. “But on the other hand, increasing the energy efficiency of homes has long been a state priority, so there’s no free lunch. We certainly would like to see local jurisdictions reduce costs elsewhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy commission’s Beck says the solar mandate will add about $40 a month to the average monthly mortgage payment. But, she adds, the new standards will cut energy use by more than half, and homeowners can expect to save about $80 per month in energy costs over the course of a 30-year mortgage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiener, who has made housing affordability \u003cspan class=\"st\">a centerpiece of his agenda\u003c/span>, says homeowners will also have the option of leasing their solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can have a third party come in and install and maintain those solar panels,” he says, “so they end up paying for themselves over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides the solar mandate, the new standards to be voted on Wednesday include lighting upgrades for all new commercial buildings and high-rise construction above three stories, a transition that will help buildings use 30 percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, new ventilation requirements will apply to new homes and healthcare facilities. The measures \u003ca href=\"http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/17-BSTD-02/TN222224_20180118T161546_2019_Standards_Notice_of_Proposed_Action.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will protect\u003c/a> residents from air pollution originating from outdoor and indoor sources, according to the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge's Final Ruling Clears the Way",
"headTitle": "Cancer Warnings at Calif. Starbucks? Judge’s Final Ruling Clears the Way | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0teFDtcBreWWQS4FC3FZdWkLoUHPY5OR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.[contextly_sidebar id=”SKNr2ZmlOPyVlTmK9PImjJm76yYgdkJv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. 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Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vV6z214hD9mRJ4Q2alM2i421KYBHPkhw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the latest to settle was 7-Eleven, which agreed to pay $900,000. BP West Coast Products, which operates gas station convenience stores, agreed to pay $675,000. Yum Yum Donuts Inc. agreed to pay about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A court ruling that gave coffee drinkers a jolt earlier this year was finalized Monday when a Los Angeles judge said coffee sold in California must carry cancer warnings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee, but they argued it was at harmless levels.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle said Starbucks Corp. and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any risks from a carcinogen that is a byproduct of the roasting process. He had tentatively made the same written decision in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit group sued about 90 coffee companies, including Keurig Green Mountain Inc. and Peet’s Operating Co. Inc., under a state law that requires warnings on products and in places where chemicals that can cause cancer are present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coffee industry did not deny that the chemical acrylamide was found in coffee. But they argued it was at harmless levels and their product should be exempt from the law because the chemical results naturally from cooking necessary for flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final ruling clears the way for the Council for Education and Research on Toxics to seek a permanent injunction that would either lead to ominous warning labels or a commitment by the industry to remove the chemical from their product — as the potato chip industry did years ago when sued by the same group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attorney Raphael Metzger, who represents the nonprofit, said he hopes mediation will lead to some settlement of the case that has been brewing for eight years. If no agreement is reached, another phase of trial would determine civil penalties as high as $2,500 per person exposed each day since the suit was filed in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all the years I’ve been practicing, I’ve never had a case that got to this point,” Metzger said. “They’ve lost all their defenses and we proved our case. The only issues left are the nature and form of the injunction and the amount of penalties to be assessed. It’s not a pretty place for them to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berle had ruled about two years ago against the industry’s best defense before issuing the tentative decision March 29 that rejected a secondary defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the coffee industry said it was considering all options, including appeals. It said that cancer warnings would be misleading and said numerous studies have shown health benefits of drinking coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry and lawyers in the case did not immediately reply to an email seeking comment sent after business hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>World Health Organization Says No Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer — the cancer agency of the World Health Organization — moved coffee off its “possible carcinogen” list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies indicate coffee is unlikely to cause breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer, and it seems to lower the risks for liver and uterine cancers, the agency said. Evidence is inadequate to determine its effect on dozens of other cancer types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California legal case has been brewing for eight years and is still not over. A third phase of trial will later determine any civil penalties that coffee companies must pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With potential penalties up to $2,500 per person exposed each day over eight years, that figure could be astronomical in a state with close to 40 million residents, though a massive figure is unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was brought under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, passed by voters as Proposition 65 in 1986. It allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law has been credited with reducing chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, such as lead in hair dyes, mercury in nasal sprays and arsenic in bottled water. But it’s also been widely criticized for abuses by lawyers shaking down businesses for quick settlements.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger, who drinks a few cups of coffee a day, said he wants the industry to remove the chemical from its process. Coffee companies have said that’s not feasible and would make their product taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metzger’s group brought a similar case later taken up by the state attorney general that resulted in potato-chip makers agreeing in 2008 to pay $3 million and remove acrylamide from their products rather than post startling warnings that can be found throughout California and are largely ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parking garages, for example, post signs saying, “This area contains chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive harm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations adopted in recent years now require more specific warnings that list the chemical consumers may be exposed to and list a website with more information. Parking garages, for example, will have to post that breathing air there exposes drivers to carbon monoxide and gas and diesel exhaust and that people should not to linger longer than necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many coffee companies have already posted warnings that specifically say acrylamide is found in coffee and is among chemicals that cause cancer. However, many of those warnings are posted in places not easily visible, such as below the counter where cream and sugar are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first phase of the trial, Berle said the defense failed to present enough credible evidence to show there was no significant risk posed by acrylamide in coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law put the burden on the defense to show that the level of the chemical won’t result in one excess case of cancer for every 100,000 people exposed. Berle said the epidemiology studies presented were inadequate to evaluate that risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half of the defendants in the coffee case have settled at some point during the long legal process and agreed to post warnings, Metzger said. About 50 defendants remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers warn that the surge in global tourism is outstripping the “decarbonization” of tourism-related technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study of its kind, researchers found that carbon emissions from world travel contribute about 8 percent of all carbon emissions, four times more than previously estimated. [contextly_sidebar id=”WwPRBfmtHn2sVbSTzCwHnqIYz1n4TcRl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rate is expected to grow 4 percent annually, outpacing the footprints of many other economic sectors, according \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to the study\u003c/a> published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Nature Climate Change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study takes a sweeping look at the environmental impact of global tourism by examining the entire supply chain, from flights, dining, to shopping purchases. High-income countries account for the majority of this footprint, with the U.S. topping the list followed by China, Germany and India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our analysis is a world-first look at the true cost of tourism — including consumables such as food from eating out and souvenirs — it’s a complete life-cycle assessment of global tourism, ensuring we don’t miss any impacts,” said senior author Arunima Malik, who teaches sustainability at the University of Sydney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>[contextly_sidebar id=”SfQTBPnRfwqRsxtdVFmfbJVBNg8kSqiz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which did not distinguish between business travel and tourism, found that domestic travel accounts for the majority of these carbon footprints. Transportation, shopping and food were cited as significant contributors to tourism-generated emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings suggest a natural tension between efforts to slow global warming and spending that drives many local and even national economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco had a total of 24.6 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 2.7 percent over 2014, according to the\u003ca href=\"http://www.sftravel.com/article/san-francisco-travel-reports-record-breaking-year-tourism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> San Francisco Travel Association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors spent $8.5 billion in the city while meeting planners and exhibitors for “goods and services” shelled out another $723 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some smaller nations such as the Maldives, Mauritius, Cyrus and the Seychelles, international tourism accounted for 30 to 80 percent of all national emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the growing environmental impact of world travel, the study authors say that international climate talks should include tourism-generated emissions in the agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon taxes or carbon trading schemes — in particular for aviation — may be required to curtail unchecked future growth in tourism-related emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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