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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Votes on More Space for Farm Animals ... Again",
"headTitle": "California Votes on More Space for Farm Animals … Again | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California voters will soon decide whether to ban the sale of meat and eggs from farm animals raised in cages. A November ballot measure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/17-0026%20%28Animal%20Cruelty%29_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 12\u003c/a>, would require more spacious digs for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’re experiencing a bit of déjà vu right now, it makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Back Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live.’\u003ccite>Dede Boies, Root Down Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 2\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, and turn around and extend their limbs or wings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10394188/whos-watching-the-henhouse-to-enforce-californias-new-egg-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talked back then\u003c/a> to San Diego chicken farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillikereggs.com/eggs/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Hilliker\u003c/a> about the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chickens don’t do pirouettes,” Hilliker said in 2015. “They don’t soar like an eagle — they don’t extend their wings, they kind of keep them in close and flap them, but they never extend them fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933331 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent;color: #767676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chickens in battery cages at Hilliker Ranch near San Diego. \u003ccite>(Brooke Binkowski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the 2008 law took effect, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages as long as they provided more space within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hilliker met the law’s requirements by moving half of his chickens out of cages, which increased the net space for those remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To end confinement altogether, the Human Society sponsored Proposition 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You know I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans.’\u003ccite>Ken Maschhoff, pork farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure is also endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Sierra Club, the California Democratic Party, the United Farm Workers, and the Center for Food Safety. The \u003ca href=\"https://preventcrueltyca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yes on 12\u003c/a> campaign has raised $6.1 million as of Sept. 28, while the opponents, \u003ca href=\"https://stoptherottenegginitiative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stop the Rotten Egg Initiative, \u003c/a>have raised about $566,000. The next financial reporting \u003ca class=\"customToolTip\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_12,_Farm_Animal_Confinement_Initiative_(2018)#\">deadline\u003c/a> is Oct. 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dede\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boies\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> supports the measure because it aligns with her farming philosophy. She raises chickens, ducks, turkeys and pigs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootdownfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Root Down Farm\u003c/a>, a huge open field in Pescadero, about an hour south of San Francisco.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live,” says Boies. “And to basically give them the best life possible.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Boies, confining animals in cages reduces them to products.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1053px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933346 size-full\" title=\"Lesley McClurg/ KQED\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1053\" height=\"849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg 1053w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1053px) 100vw, 1053px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dede Boies strokes her Berkshire pigs at Root Down Farm in Pescadero, California \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 12 requires each farm animal to have a specific amount of floor space beginning in 2020: 43 square feet for a veal calf; 24 square feet for a breeding pig; and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> oppose Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to \u003cem>all\u003c/em> veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ken Maschhoff is a fifth-generation hog farmer based in Carlyle, Illinois, who runs one of the largest pork operations in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly have a bone to pick with those that try to force their agenda and those costs on to others that would just as soon not bear those,” says Maschhoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1079px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933350 size-full\" title=\"Courtesy of National Pork Producers Council \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg 1079w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pigs in gestation crates. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Pork Producers Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When his pigs are pregnant, which occurs twice a year or so, they’re confined for about 100 days in a gestation crate \u003c/span>that is 7 to 8 feet long and 24 to 30 inches wide. It does not allow the pigs to turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says confining pigs during pregnancy is both humane and cost-effective because it prevents fighting between the animals, allowing more piglets to survive in the womb. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans,” says Maschhoff. “I believe that farmers, ranchers, veterinarians, are animal welfare-ists. So there’s a difference between animal rights and animal welfare.”\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s This Going To Cost Consumers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says Proposition 12 will require the pork industry to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s easier to predict egg prices because cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They’re usually priced at about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> are opposed. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, even if voters approve Proposition 12 on Nov. 6, the battle over how much space farm animals need is likely not over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The ballot measure could end tight cages for veal calves, pigs and egg-laying hens both inside California and beyond state lines. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">California voters will soon decide whether to ban the sale of meat and eggs from farm animals raised in cages. A November ballot measure, \u003ca href=\"https://www.oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/17-0026%20%28Animal%20Cruelty%29_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 12\u003c/a>, would require more spacious digs for pigs, veal calves and egg-laying hens. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’re experiencing a bit of déjà vu right now, it makes sense. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Back in 2008, voters overwhelmingly passed a strikingly similar animal welfare law. It won by 63-37 percent, losing in Central Valley farm counties, but passing in Los Angeles and Bay Area urban communities by as much as 70 percent or more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Back Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live.’\u003ccite>Dede Boies, Root Down Farm\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_2,_Standards_for_Confining_Farm_Animals_(2008)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 2\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promised to give animals enough room to stand up, sit down, and turn around and extend their limbs or wings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But some farmers argued the measure’s language was too vague to interpret in practical terms.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10394188/whos-watching-the-henhouse-to-enforce-californias-new-egg-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">talked back then\u003c/a> to San Diego chicken farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillikereggs.com/eggs/Home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frank Hilliker\u003c/a> about the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chickens don’t do pirouettes,” Hilliker said in 2015. “They don’t soar like an eagle — they don’t extend their wings, they kind of keep them in close and flap them, but they never extend them fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933331\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 880px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933331 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold;background-color: transparent;color: #767676\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"880\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2.jpg 880w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Hens-take-2-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chickens in battery cages at Hilliker Ranch near San Diego. \u003ccite>(Brooke Binkowski/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After the 2008 law took effect, state agriculture officials ruled that farmers could comply with the law without getting rid of their cages as long as they provided more space within them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hilliker met the law’s requirements by moving half of his chickens out of cages, which increased the net space for those remaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To end confinement altogether, the Human Society sponsored Proposition 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You know I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans.’\u003ccite>Ken Maschhoff, pork farmer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The measure is also endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Sierra Club, the California Democratic Party, the United Farm Workers, and the Center for Food Safety. The \u003ca href=\"https://preventcrueltyca.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yes on 12\u003c/a> campaign has raised $6.1 million as of Sept. 28, while the opponents, \u003ca href=\"https://stoptherottenegginitiative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stop the Rotten Egg Initiative, \u003c/a>have raised about $566,000. The next financial reporting \u003ca class=\"customToolTip\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_12,_Farm_Animal_Confinement_Initiative_(2018)#\">deadline\u003c/a> is Oct. 25.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dede\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boies\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> supports the measure because it aligns with her farming philosophy. She raises chickens, ducks, turkeys and pigs on \u003ca href=\"http://www.rootdownfarm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Root Down Farm\u003c/a>, a huge open field in Pescadero, about an hour south of San Francisco.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The point for me is to raise animals in a way that they were intended to live,” says Boies. “And to basically give them the best life possible.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Boies, confining animals in cages reduces them to products.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1053px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933346 size-full\" title=\"Lesley McClurg/ KQED\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1053\" height=\"849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705.jpg 1053w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-1020x822.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-960x774.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-375x302.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/IMG_6685-1-e1539993976705-520x419.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1053px) 100vw, 1053px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dede Boies strokes her Berkshire pigs at Root Down Farm in Pescadero, California \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proposition 12 requires each farm animal to have a specific amount of floor space beginning in 2020: 43 square feet for a veal calf; 24 square feet for a breeding pig; and 1 square foot for an egg-laying hen. Cage-free conditions will be mandatory for hens by 2022. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opponents\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003ca href=\"https://www.eggfarmers.org/item/usa-today-asks-national-egg-farmers-the-reasons-for-opposing-prop-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Association of California Egg Farmers\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://nppc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Pork Producers Council\u003c/a> oppose Proposition 12 primarily because the measure applies to \u003cem>all\u003c/em> veal, pork and eggs sold in California, even when the animals are raised in other states. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ken Maschhoff is a fifth-generation hog farmer based in Carlyle, Illinois, who runs one of the largest pork operations in the U.S.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I certainly have a bone to pick with those that try to force their agenda and those costs on to others that would just as soon not bear those,” says Maschhoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1079px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933350 size-full\" title=\"Courtesy of National Pork Producers Council \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1079\" height=\"771\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599.jpg 1079w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SowHousing010-e1539994352599-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1079px) 100vw, 1079px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pigs in gestation crates. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the National Pork Producers Council)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When his pigs are pregnant, which occurs twice a year or so, they’re confined for about 100 days in a gestation crate \u003c/span>that is 7 to 8 feet long and 24 to 30 inches wide. It does not allow the pigs to turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says confining pigs during pregnancy is both humane and cost-effective because it prevents fighting between the animals, allowing more piglets to survive in the womb. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I don’t believe fundamentally that animals have the same rights as humans,” says Maschhoff. “I believe that farmers, ranchers, veterinarians, are animal welfare-ists. So there’s a difference between animal rights and animal welfare.”\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s This Going To Cost Consumers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maschhoff says Proposition 12 will require the pork industry to spend billions on new facilities, costs that will likely trickle down to pork consumers. Economists, though, say it’s tough to forecast exact price increases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s easier to predict egg prices because cage-free eggs are already on store shelves. They’re usually priced at about 50 cents to a dollar more per dozen than conventional eggs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“People spend $50 to $100 a year on eggs,” says UC Davis economist Dan Sumner. “It’ll go up to $100 to $150.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though another factor could also be at play in egg prices: an uncertain future. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The concern for the people investing in these new standards is that it’s not at all clear that they’re going to last very long,” says Sumner. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In fact, animal welfare groups such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.peta.org/blog/why-we-oppose-californias-farmed-animal-initiative-and-you-should-too/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\u003c/a> are opposed. PETA says the measure doesn’t go far enough to protect chickens, which still can be confined in barns if it passes. So, even if voters approve Proposition 12 on Nov. 6, the battle over how much space farm animals need is likely not over.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will",
"headTitle": "Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovo_T0KqdYg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”[contextly_sidebar id=”sySsxX0TNpCyTcjs0WjKuNkHvdAWB9pa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”nyNxzAGwHdPVtG5ZnMrI4yRUIjRMpB1C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”[contextly_sidebar id=”z74gNyv5Njdi4jnUM2vQbJxa2XHN1A1G”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Birds Got Their Colorful, Speckled Eggs From Dinosaurs",
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"content": "\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.[contextly_sidebar id=”dYwN8IzeZkjGTC8EFvbDSnsZto3vse6g”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.[contextly_sidebar id=”7yFoK9agiDfXhBDNRT8EMxd5Il1xtowT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\">study\u003c/a> found that birds' dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. In today's birds that might produce a color such as robin's egg blue.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The rainbow of hues seen in modern bird eggs probably evolved in birds’ dinosaur ancestors, which had eggs with colorful and speckled shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0646-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of fossil eggs in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Researchers found that birds’ close dinosaur relatives had eggs with traces of two pigments—a red-brown one and a blue-green one. This same pair of pigments mixes and matches in today’s bird eggs to produce colors ranging from robin’s egg blue to red to yellow to green.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a huge diversity in egg color and pattern. For a long, long time people have assumed that egg color is a trait that is unique to our modern birds,” says \u003ca href=\"https://people.earth.yale.edu/profile/jasmina-wiemann/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jasmina Wiemann\u003c/a>, a paleontologist at Yale University. She says that assumption was based on the fact that birds’ closest living relative, the crocodiles, “have completely uncolored, unpigmented eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see if colored eggs might actually go further back in history, she and her colleagues started by looking at the eggs of oviraptors– a relative of the velociraptor made famous in the movie Jurassic Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This dinosaur is particularly interesting because oviraptors are the first dinosaurs that built open nests,” she says, explaining that earlier dinosaurs buried eggs underground, where color wouldn’t be expected to make any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you start to build an open nest, your eggs are exposed to the environment,” she notes. Out there, colors and patterns could provide camouflage or help dinosaurs recognize their own eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside some 66-million-year-old oviraptor egg fossils, her team \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/3706/\">found\u003c/a> small concentrations of both pigments that color modern bird eggs. That was intriguing. Still, it was just one dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the researchers have analyzed egg shells from more. “We tried to cover the major branches of dinosaurs to get a good idea for all non-avian dinosaurs,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found no pigments in birds’ distant dinosaur relatives, such as the groups that include triceratops and the long-necked diplodocus.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The red-brown and blue-green pigments were present, however, in eggshells from the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and their close relatives. These pigments were built into the shells in the same sophisticated way that they are in modern birds’ eggs–and Wiemann thinks this can’t be a coincidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, very likely, a single evolutionary origin of egg color,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the analysis of pigments showed that dinosaur eggs even had spots and speckles. And that surprised \u003ca href=\"https://www.cowbirdlab.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Hauber\u003c/a>, an ornithologist and expert on eggs at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We not only know now that dinosaur eggs were colorful, but they were speckled, which is a whole other aspect of diversity,” says Hauber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dinosaurs may have needed these fancy eggs for all the same reasons as birds, suggesting that their behavior could have been just as complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dinosaur eggs could have been camouflaged, they could have been individually recognized, they could have been mimetic,” says Hauber. “So there are all the functions that are associated with spotting patterns on eggs that we did not even consider for dinosaur eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, says Hauber, maybe distinctive colors and markings were linked to some egg-related dinosaur business we haven’t even thought of. A certain egg color might have warned would-be predators of danger, he says, “and that could be that the mama dinosaur comes back, or papa dinosaur comes back, and will beat you up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Birds+Got+Their+Colorful%2C+Speckled+Eggs+From+Dinosaurs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds",
"headTitle": "Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s elite planet-hunting spacecraft has been declared dead, just a few months shy of its 10th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials announced the Kepler Space Telescope’s demise Tuesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”jqy9UfxCBZ90iOrUTtyPnNP95TxF0iDM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already well past its expected lifetime, the 9 1/2-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> had been running low on fuel for months. Its ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds worsened dramatically at the beginning of October, but flight controllers still managed to retrieve its latest observations. The telescope has now gone silent, its fuel tank empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kepler opened the gate for mankind’s exploration of the cosmos,” said retired NASA scientist William Borucki, who led the original Kepler science team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler discovered 2,681 planets outside our solar system and even more potential candidates. It showed us rocky worlds the size of Earth that, like Earth, might harbor life. It also unveiled incredible super Earths: planets bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Sjtq1fHgMA0vbbF5Mg2P0qERo6HNrz6B”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.[contextly_sidebar id=”GgEd7jnSg1jG313uw74Dfgp2slUrmEqk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s elite planet-hunting spacecraft has been declared dead, just a few months shy of its 10th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials announced the Kepler Space Telescope’s demise Tuesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already well past its expected lifetime, the 9 1/2-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> had been running low on fuel for months. Its ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds worsened dramatically at the beginning of October, but flight controllers still managed to retrieve its latest observations. The telescope has now gone silent, its fuel tank empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kepler opened the gate for mankind’s exploration of the cosmos,” said retired NASA scientist William Borucki, who led the original Kepler science team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler discovered 2,681 planets outside our solar system and even more potential candidates. It showed us rocky worlds the size of Earth that, like Earth, might harbor life. It also unveiled incredible super Earths: planets bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A mountain lion roaming the parking lot of a busy office complex in Pleasanton has been tranquilized and removed with some high-tech help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Pleasanton, California, and California Department of Fish and Wildlife officers used a drone with thermal imaging cameras to track the puma, which appears to be about a year old and healthy at about 80 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Puma was first seen roaming the complex on Hopyard Drive on Monday afternoon. Landscapers\u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2018/10/29/police-wildlife-officials-respond-to-pleasanton-mountain-lion-sighting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> working nearby\u003c/a> first spotted the animal and called police, according to a local paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once located, officers used four tranquilizer darts to sedate the puma, which was then removed from area bushes around 8:20 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/pleasantonpd/status/1057109391130845184\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Wildlife Lt. Clayton Garrett said they were in a hurry to get the job done so that the animal could be released in a more suitable wilderness area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said what they didn’t want is for him to wake up while they’re driving him out to a safer spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Air Pollution is 'The New Tobacco,' Warns World Health Organization",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=”hbedu4oUrO00I6sAXvfWSXYYhIgU5tIP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The vast majority of the world’s children under the age of 15 live in environments with poor air quality, fueling a global public health crisis, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-10-2018-more-than-90-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-children-breathe-toxic-air-every-day\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">new report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> released Monday by the World Health Organization (WHO).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.8 billion children, or 93 percent of the age group, are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO safety guidelines, according to the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Polluted air is poisoning millions of children and ruining their lives,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. “This is inexcusable. Every child should be able to breathe clean air so they can grow and fulfill their full potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, 98 percent of children under the age of 5 who live in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to higher levels of dirty air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, just over half of children in the same age group who live in high-income countries are exposed to levels that exceed WHO’s safety guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The striking new report warns that children who breathe polluted air face a greater risk of developing a host of health problems that can lead to early death, including impaired brain development,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>respiratory disease, childhood cancer, and cardiovascular disease later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, poor air quality \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/air-pollution-child-health/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contributed to\u003c/a> respiratory tract infections that led to the deaths of 543,000 children under the age of five, according to the same report\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report arrives one week ahead of the first global conference on air pollution and health, organized by WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the\u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/airpollution/events/conference/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conference\u003c/a>, which opens in Geneva Oct. 29, participating nations are expected to pledge various initiatives for reducing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution because their bodies are still developing and they breathe more rapidly than adults, causing them to absorb proportionately more pollutants, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Children also tend to breathe closer to the ground, where pollutants are concentrated at greater levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The report’s authors say the damage may even begin before a child is born. Pregnant woman who breathe in dirty air are at a greater risk of giving birth to premature or underweight babies, conditions which can lead to chronic disease later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO director Ghebreyesus \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calls air pollution\u003c/a> the “new tobacco” and blasts what he calls a “smog of complacency” that pervades the international community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The world has turned the corner on tobacco. Now it must do the same for the ‘new tobacco’ – the toxic air that billions breathe every day,” Ghebreyesus wrote in an opinion column for \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/27/air-pollution-is-the-new-tobacco-warns-who-head\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>. “No one, rich or poor, can escape air pollution. It is a silent public health emergency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO estimates that poor air quality kills 7 million people annually, \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255336/9789241565486-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1E5E1F65EE880B020CE71674203530EF?sequence=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">more than the \u003c/a>number of people killed by tobacco smoke per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., about 77 percent of \u003ca href=\"https://gispub.epa.gov/neireport/2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air pollution\u003c/a> comes from power plants and other industrial processes, according to the latest available information. More than 16 percent comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a> smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under President Donald Trump, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed rolling back several key standards that limit air pollution, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920482/protesters-policymakers-and-a-polar-bear-try-to-protect-clean-power-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933612/california-escalates-battle-with-trump-epa-over-clean-car-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean car rules\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931545/trump-administration-eases-regulation-of-methane-leaks-on-public-lands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">methane standards\u003c/a> for oil and gas operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is now closer to the sun than any spacecraft has ever gotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker on Monday surpassed the record of 26.6 million miles set by Helios-2 back in 1976. And it will keep getting closer to the sun until it flies through the corona, or outer atmosphere, for the first time next week, passing within 15 million miles of the solar surface.[contextly_sidebar id=”pdeznxEUqTsWoJImlkAt0rkOrTmZ9CQB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker will make 24 close approaches to the sun over the next seven years, ultimately coming within just 3.8 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in August, Parker is on track to set another record late Monday night. It will surpass Helios-2′s speed record of 153,454 miles per hour, relative to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Mountain Birds Headed to Extinction as Planet Warms",
"headTitle": "Mountain Birds Headed to Extinction as Planet Warms | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A meticulous re-creation of a 3-decade-old study of birds on a mountainside in Peru has given scientists a rare chance to prove how the changing climate is pushing species out of the places they are best adapted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surveys of more than 400 species of birds in 1985 and then in 2017 have found that populations of almost all had declined, as many as eight had disappeared completely, and nearly all had moved to higher elevations in what scientists call “an escalator to extinction.” [contextly_sidebar id=”6gG5vgIlAjF6hOsgaO5jhFk7coUpEZoe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you move up as far as you can go, there’s nowhere else left,” said John W. Fitzpatrick, a study author and director of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. “On this particular mountain, some ridgetop bird populations were literally wiped out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not certain whether the birds shifted ranges because of temperature changes, or indirect impacts, such as shifts in the ranges of insects or seeds that they feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, confirm what biologists had long suspected, but had few opportunities to confirm. The existence of a 1985 survey of birds on the same mountain gave scientists a rare and useful baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has documented habitats of birds and other species moving up in elevation or latitude in response to warming temperatures. But Mark Urban, director of the Center of Biological Risk at the University of Connecticut, who was not involved in the study said it was the first to prove what climate change models predicted: that rising temperatures will lead to local extinctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A study like this where you have historical data you can go back to and compare is very rare,” said Urban. “As long as the species can disperse, you will see species marching up the mountain, until that escalator becomes a stairway to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1985, Fitzpatrick established a basecamp alongside a river running down a mountain slope in southeastern Peru, aiming to catalog the habitat ranges of tropical bird species that lived there. His team spent several weeks trekking up and down the Cerro de Pantiacolla, using fine nets called mist nets to catch and release birds, and keeping detailed journals of birds they caught, spotted or heard chirping in the forests.[contextly_sidebar id=”99E6eWIPdLj4fjPWEK5Gm9yVCbnuDmqc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Two years ago, Fitzpatrick passed his journals, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman, a postdoctoral fellow at the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Freeman, who has been researching tropical birds for more than a decade, set out to recreate the journey in August and September of 2017. Using old photos of mountain views, his team located the same basecamp.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Freeman largely recreated Fitzpatrick’s path and methodology to see what had happened in the intervening years, a period when average mean temperatures on the mountain rose 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the mountain lies at the edge of a national park, the area hadn’t been disturbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to unfurling 40-foot mist nets on the slopes, Freeman’s team placed 20 microphone boxes on the mountain to record the chirps of birds that might not easily be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the bird communities were moving up the slope to reach the climate conditions to which they were originally adapted,” said Freeman, the lead author of the study. Near the top of the mountain the bird species moved higher by 321 feet, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think temperature is the master-switch in explaining why species live where they do on mountain slopes,” said Freeman. “A huge majority of species in our study were doing the same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds adapted to live within narrow temperature bands – in regions without wide seasonal variations – may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, Fitzpatrick said. “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountaintop is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has documented habitats of birds and other species moving up in elevation or latitude in response to warming temperatures. But Mark Urban, director of the Center of Biological Risk at the University of Connecticut, who was not involved in the study said it was the first to prove what climate change models predicted: that rising temperatures will lead to local extinctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A study like this where you have historical data you can go back to and compare is very rare,” said Urban. “As long as the species can disperse, you will see species marching up the mountain, until that escalator becomes a stairway to heaven.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1985, Fitzpatrick established a basecamp alongside a river running down a mountain slope in southeastern Peru, aiming to catalog the habitat ranges of tropical bird species that lived there. His team spent several weeks trekking up and down the Cerro de Pantiacolla, using fine nets called mist nets to catch and release birds, and keeping detailed journals of birds they caught, spotted or heard chirping in the forests.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Two years ago, Fitzpatrick passed his journals, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman, a postdoctoral fellow at the Biodiversity Research Centre at the University of British Columbia. Freeman, who has been researching tropical birds for more than a decade, set out to recreate the journey in August and September of 2017. Using old photos of mountain views, his team located the same basecamp.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Freeman largely recreated Fitzpatrick’s path and methodology to see what had happened in the intervening years, a period when average mean temperatures on the mountain rose 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the mountain lies at the edge of a national park, the area hadn’t been disturbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to unfurling 40-foot mist nets on the slopes, Freeman’s team placed 20 microphone boxes on the mountain to record the chirps of birds that might not easily be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that the bird communities were moving up the slope to reach the climate conditions to which they were originally adapted,” said Freeman, the lead author of the study. Near the top of the mountain the bird species moved higher by 321 feet, on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think temperature is the master-switch in explaining why species live where they do on mountain slopes,” said Freeman. “A huge majority of species in our study were doing the same thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds adapted to live within narrow temperature bands – in regions without wide seasonal variations – may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, Fitzpatrick said. “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountaintop is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Hot Was It In California Homes Last Summer? \u003cem>Really\u003c/em> Hot. Here's the Data",
"headTitle": "How Hot Was It In California Homes Last Summer? Really Hot. Here’s the Data | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Heat kills people, even in the cool, coastal regions of California. Our investigation found that last year, two heat waves killed 14 people in the Bay Area, and sent hundreds more to the hospital. By our count, 79 percent of people who died started to experience heat illness at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, a team of reporters and producers, with consulting from scientists, placed sensors inside dozens of homes around the state. These measurements represent new information in California; no government agency has yet attempted to find out, as the climate warms, what levels of heat Californians actually experience in the place they spend most of their time – at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IT’S HOTTER INDOORS THAN OUT\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Each red, yellow or orange line below represents one of the 31 homes where we measured heat in California. The blue line is outdoor temperature. You can hover over a curve to see the temperature and time, or click on a curve to show one home.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1559682010088\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"#\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1559682010088'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 0.8;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Sensors from Arizona State University/Mary Wright & David Hondula. Sensors placed by Molly Peterson, Osvaldo Pedroza and Miguel Vargas, and picked up by Peterson, Pedroza, Vargas, and Amel Ahmed. Data analysis by Peterson & Carolyn Thompson; visualization by Thompson with Peterson. Funded with a grant from the Resilience Journalism Fellowship at CUNY’s Graduate School of Journalism. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why we placed sensors in homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We know climate change is raising temperatures, especially at night. And we know some scientists spend a lot of time figuring out how much extra heat we get from all the concrete in urban areas – it’s called the heat island effect, and it makes a city core hotter than the surrounding area. But none of that shows exactly what people are experiencing in their homes, which is where they are likely to begin to feel sick from heat. We wanted to know what the heat was like at home, especially at night when people’s bodies need a chance to cool off. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>[contextly_sidebar id=”FzbiJOS8vw2tb5q4nwDhCs68QO3ZVNTv”]How we found people who might be at risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We did it with shoe leather and flyers. We looked for people who are medically vulnerable (elderly or with pre-existing conditions) and people who are socially vulnerable – who have no air conditioning, for example, and can’t afford to buy it. Some studies identify African-Americans, Latinos and immigrants as vulnerable. My brother-in-law translated a flyer into Korean; we did them in Spanish and Vietnamese, too. I became like a traveling salesman – emails, calls, flyers, senior centers, churches – no group too small to visit. Is there a name for driving all the way around the southern half of the bay in one day? That happened, too. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is thousands of points of data gathered over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Our biggest finding\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see in the graphic above that in every home, it’s hotter inside than outside, for a lot of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t expect it would be that much hotter inside, and that frequently. It also surprised us that the heat was so stubborn, hanging on into the evening, as the sun dropped. Last, we didn’t expect it would be so much hotter in San Francisco SRO housing than it was outside: It was a very foggy summer in San Francisco, but it was very warm in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We placed a sensor inside the home of Cristina Sanchez (L) and her husband Felino Chanax (next to L), in Maywood, in southeast Los Angeles. The hottest their home got was 97 degrees. Also pictured are producers Miguel Vargas (next to Chanax) and Osvaldo Pedroza.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What we did to understand all the data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did have a lot of it! Our little sensors took readings of temperature only, or temperature and humidity, inside 31 homes – 24 hours a day, over periods of 2 to 3½ weeks, in 10 cities and four counties. The blue iButton sensors we borrowed from Arizona State University recorded temperature and humidity every 10 minutes, and yellow ones recorded temperature every 20 minutes. Climatologists at ASU helped us retrieve the data from the sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933733\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our sensors were provided by Mary Wright & David Hondula at Arizona State University. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the data had to be edited, to reflect only the time inside homes and apartments, and not in transit, say, or in a car or airplane, or an overnight mail package. A Canadian data journalist named Carolyn Thompson helped analyze the measurements, and together we decided to calculate an average temperature for each hour, and then to visualize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What kinds of problems did you encounter?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not news that people live in precarious housing circumstances in California. But we underestimated just how scared people might be if anything threatened the housing they have. After we put out flyers in various communities, particularly Santa Clara County, people would call, saying something along the lines of, “Heat is a real problem for me, but I can’t talk to you or even let you measure inside my home, because I don’t want my landlord to find out, and evict me.” A few people eventually agreed to let us know their names and measure in their apartments, but didn’t want to be identified in a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did you become interested in the threat of heat from climate change?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I want to think about climate problems people are feeling right now; I got tired of covering climate solutions that aren’t happening yet. When the 2006 heat wave killed people across the state, the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released a study where they concluded that heat illness and death were undercounted, and it stuck with me. And, like most people in the Bay Area and a lot of people in Los Angeles, I don’t have central air conditioning. I love where I live, and I’ve been there for a while. But over the years, I’ve bought a window AC and installed a ceiling fan, and I noticed when my bills went up. I’ve got money to go to the movies, and a table under a tree where I can work when it’s too hot inside. But I wondered how other people were doing in the rising heat, and how it affected their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A team of reporters and producers, with help from scientists, placed heat sensors inside dozens of homes around the state. What they found is that as the climate warms, home is no refuge in a heat wave.",
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"title": "How Hot Was It In California Homes Last Summer? \u003cem>Really\u003c/em> Hot. Here's the Data | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Heat kills people, even in the cool, coastal regions of California. Our investigation found that last year, two heat waves killed 14 people in the Bay Area, and sent hundreds more to the hospital. By our count, 79 percent of people who died started to experience heat illness at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, a team of reporters and producers, with consulting from scientists, placed sensors inside dozens of homes around the state. These measurements represent new information in California; no government agency has yet attempted to find out, as the climate warms, what levels of heat Californians actually experience in the place they spend most of their time – at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>IT’S HOTTER INDOORS THAN OUT\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ci>Each red, yellow or orange line below represents one of the 31 homes where we measured heat in California. The blue line is outdoor temperature. You can hover over a curve to see the temperature and time, or click on a curve to show one home.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tableauPlaceholder\" id=\"viz1559682010088\" style=\"position: relative\">\u003cnoscript>\u003ca href=\"#\">\u003cimg alt=\" \" src=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1_rss.png\" style=\"border: none\">\u003c/a>\u003c/noscript>\u003cobject class=\"tableauViz\" style=\"display:none;\">\u003cparam name=\"host_url\" value=\"https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.tableau.com%2F\">\u003cparam name=\"embed_code_version\" value=\"3\">\u003cparam name=\"site_root\" value=\"\">\u003cparam name=\"name\" value=\"CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1\">\u003cparam name=\"tabs\" value=\"no\">\u003cparam name=\"toolbar\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"static_image\" value=\"https://public.tableau.com/static/images/Ca/CaliforniaHeat-mobile/Dashboard1/1.png\">\u003cparam name=\"animate_transition\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_static_image\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_spinner\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_overlay\" value=\"yes\">\u003cparam name=\"display_count\" value=\"yes\">\u003c/object>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003cscript type=\"text/javascript\"> var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1559682010088'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='420px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='650px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.minHeight='587px';vizElement.style.maxHeight='887px';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); \u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 0.8;\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\">Sensors from Arizona State University/Mary Wright & David Hondula. Sensors placed by Molly Peterson, Osvaldo Pedroza and Miguel Vargas, and picked up by Peterson, Pedroza, Vargas, and Amel Ahmed. Data analysis by Peterson & Carolyn Thompson; visualization by Thompson with Peterson. Funded with a grant from the Resilience Journalism Fellowship at CUNY’s Graduate School of Journalism. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why we placed sensors in homes\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We know climate change is raising temperatures, especially at night. And we know some scientists spend a lot of time figuring out how much extra heat we get from all the concrete in urban areas – it’s called the heat island effect, and it makes a city core hotter than the surrounding area. But none of that shows exactly what people are experiencing in their homes, which is where they are likely to begin to feel sick from heat. We wanted to know what the heat was like at home, especially at night when people’s bodies need a chance to cool off. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>How we found people who might be at risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We did it with shoe leather and flyers. We looked for people who are medically vulnerable (elderly or with pre-existing conditions) and people who are socially vulnerable – who have no air conditioning, for example, and can’t afford to buy it. Some studies identify African-Americans, Latinos and immigrants as vulnerable. My brother-in-law translated a flyer into Korean; we did them in Spanish and Vietnamese, too. I became like a traveling salesman – emails, calls, flyers, senior centers, churches – no group too small to visit. Is there a name for driving all the way around the southern half of the bay in one day? That happened, too. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is thousands of points of data gathered over several months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Our biggest finding\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see in the graphic above that in every home, it’s hotter inside than outside, for a lot of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t expect it would be that much hotter inside, and that frequently. It also surprised us that the heat was so stubborn, hanging on into the evening, as the sun dropped. Last, we didn’t expect it would be so much hotter in San Francisco SRO housing than it was outside: It was a very foggy summer in San Francisco, but it was very warm in there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/family-1-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We placed a sensor inside the home of Cristina Sanchez (L) and her husband Felino Chanax (next to L), in Maywood, in southeast Los Angeles. The hottest their home got was 97 degrees. Also pictured are producers Miguel Vargas (next to Chanax) and Osvaldo Pedroza.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What we did to understand all the data\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We did have a lot of it! Our little sensors took readings of temperature only, or temperature and humidity, inside 31 homes – 24 hours a day, over periods of 2 to 3½ weeks, in 10 cities and four counties. The blue iButton sensors we borrowed from Arizona State University recorded temperature and humidity every 10 minutes, and yellow ones recorded temperature every 20 minutes. Climatologists at ASU helped us retrieve the data from the sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933733\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933733\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS33111_IMG_6078-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our sensors were provided by Mary Wright & David Hondula at Arizona State University. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the data had to be edited, to reflect only the time inside homes and apartments, and not in transit, say, or in a car or airplane, or an overnight mail package. A Canadian data journalist named Carolyn Thompson helped analyze the measurements, and together we decided to calculate an average temperature for each hour, and then to visualize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What kinds of problems did you encounter?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not news that people live in precarious housing circumstances in California. But we underestimated just how scared people might be if anything threatened the housing they have. After we put out flyers in various communities, particularly Santa Clara County, people would call, saying something along the lines of, “Heat is a real problem for me, but I can’t talk to you or even let you measure inside my home, because I don’t want my landlord to find out, and evict me.” A few people eventually agreed to let us know their names and measure in their apartments, but didn’t want to be identified in a story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why did you become interested in the threat of heat from climate change?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I want to think about climate problems people are feeling right now; I got tired of covering climate solutions that aren’t happening yet. When the 2006 heat wave killed people across the state, the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released a study where they concluded that heat illness and death were undercounted, and it stuck with me. And, like most people in the Bay Area and a lot of people in Los Angeles, I don’t have central air conditioning. I love where I live, and I’ve been there for a while. But over the years, I’ve bought a window AC and installed a ceiling fan, and I noticed when my bills went up. I’ve got money to go to the movies, and a table under a tree where I can work when it’s too hot inside. But I wondered how other people were doing in the rising heat, and how it affected their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This reporting is supported by a grant from the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism Impact Fund.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade",
"headTitle": "Before It Turns to ‘Jello,’ Embarcadero Seawall May Get Voter-Approved Upgrade | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Backers say San Francisco Proposition A, a $425 million bond, is the only way to guarantee protection for three-and-a-half miles of San Francisco waterfront against earthquakes and rising seas.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In recent decades, San Franciscans have embraced the reborn Embarcadero waterfront as kind of front yard, and at noon on a weekday it crowds with tourists, skateboarders, entrepreneurs and other locals. But underneath wheels and feet, three and a half miles of seawall is cracking and crumbling, vulnerable to rising waters or a major earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition A would authorize a $425 million general obligation bond to shore up the aging seawall, most of the money needed for initial repairs to its weakest sections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If voters approve it, this bond would be merely the down payment on a multi-decade strengthening project, aimed at the acute risk of earthquakes and the creeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of rising seas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred and sixty years ago, the city’s natural shore was a muddy crescent, arcing nearly a half-mile inland from the current waterfront. The Transamerica Pyramid, had it stood at that time, would be waterfront property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933571\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933571\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png\" alt=\"Diagram: SF waterfront changes\" width=\"1000\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB.png 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-160x84.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-800x422.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-768x406.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-960x507.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-240x127.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-375x198.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/1-Seawall_SanFranciscoBayView_SFPort_448KB-520x275.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s original waterfront was nearly a half-mile inland from the present Embarcadero. \u003ccite>(Yes on A)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those mud flats became a problem after the Gold Rush. Ships, whose return passage to home ports were funded only with prospectors’ dreams, were abandoned in shallow water. Some became saloons, or makeshift hotels. Running a ship aground intentionally helped build up sediment and bolstered legal land claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just a mess,” says Lindy Lowe, resilience program director for the Port of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To tame this wildcat scene, the state of California began filling in coastal flats in 1878, and over 40 years pushed the waterfront farther into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Terra Firma Turns to ‘Jello’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawall, built in pieces over decades, was a rough rock and brick trapezoid, a few feet wide at the bottom, topped with concrete. That’s what is now \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at risk from liquefaction\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If a significant seismic event were to occur, the solid ground would start to behave more like a liquid, like jello and spread,” says Lowe. “And so one of the risks to this seawall is that it could spread at least five feet out into the bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where, exactly, along the seawall Prop A money would go is the subject of a separate, already-funded but not-yet-completed study. A good guess is near the Ferry Building, where a breached seawall could send water into a transit tunnel opening, and cause problems in BART’s Transbay Tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933579\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933579\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: section of SF seawall\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/RS30097_SEAWALL_002-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco’s Gold Rush-era seawall is vulnerable to both earthquakes and rising tides. \u003ccite>( Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Embarcadero roadway, a major quake could leave what Lowe calls “a utility highway” vulnerable too: water, power and communications systems that are critical to both emergency response and daily life throughout the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While earthquake readiness is at the heart of the port’s Phase 1 seawall plans, second and third phases stretching to the end of the century would re-imagine San Francisco’s waterfront entirely, to help protect against climate-driven sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bring Your Waders\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay was rising even as the seawall was being built; it’s come up 8 inches since 1900. Waves crash over the wall now, during high tides, and scientists project waters will rise along the waterfront up to two additional feet by mid-century, and five feet by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Port officials say it could cost up to $5 billion to re-create a waterfront that’s “resilient” to a rising bay, but plans – and future funding – aren’t set yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only public opposition to Prop A comes from the San Francisco Libertarian Party, which argues that sea level rise is a slow-moving threat, and property owners should handle it (and seismic risk) on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters including Dignity Health, the Giants baseball franchise and several tech companies have poured about $900,000 into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.strongerseawall.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwsMDeBRDMARIsAKrOP7FrRoFN12zRwIgKN5aWJR8gSwY2MALCKMEGDnmgHk4Ygza6DWTfs8oaAvoREALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign for seawall strengthening\u003c/a>. The mayor is for it, as is every city supervisor, including Jane Kim, who represents waterfront areas South of Market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is incredibly important that we make prudent investments today to strengthen the sea wall [to] shield and strengthen the unbreakable bond between the city of San Francisco and the waterfront that we love so much,” Kim said, at an April press conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a port-sponsored poll from earlier this year, over 70 percent of San Franciscans agree, so the bond may well get the two-thirds approval required to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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