window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"science_1941261": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941261",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941261",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941258,
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/D5TxhDwWsAAVK_i-1200x800-1-e1557163363407.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"height": 800
}
},
"publishDate": 1557163072,
"modified": 1557163343,
"caption": "In a new study, marine scientist Imogen Napper demonstrates that even after years underwater, bags billed as biodegradable can still hold a load of groceries. Image courtesy of the University of Plymouth",
"description": null,
"title": "D5TxhDwWsAAVK_i-1200x800 (1)",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941252": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941252",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941252",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941251,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-e1557165220459.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1440
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/dna-pipette-gene-editing-6b1118334ef1833789bfe24e0c42d6e282de57a8-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
}
},
"publishDate": 1557161079,
"modified": 1557165199,
"caption": "As scientists learn more about the complex way genes combine and work together to create human traits, the idea of 'designer babies' becomes less and less likely.",
"description": "As scientists learn more about the complex way genes combine and work together to create human traits, the idea of \"designer babies\" becomes less and less likely.",
"title": "As scientists learn more about the complex way genes combine and work together to create human traits, the idea of \"designer babies\" becomes less and less likely.",
"credit": "BlackJack3D/Getty",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941293": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941293",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941293",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941283,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-e1557173756724.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1439
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-1920x1439.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1439
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
}
},
"publishDate": 1557173591,
"modified": 1557174736,
"caption": "A red-Legged frog released Friday, May 3, 2019, in Cooks Meadow, Yosemite Valley.\n \n",
"description": null,
"title": "Red-Legged Frog Release.",
"credit": "Al Golub/Yosemite Conservancy",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941188": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941188",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941188",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941182,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1288
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-1020x684.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 684
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-1200x805.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 805
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-1920x1288.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1288
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-800x537.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 537
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/05/Santa-Barbara-oil-spill-768x515.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 515
}
},
"publishDate": 1556919463,
"modified": 1556938097,
"caption": "President Richard Nixon visiting an oil-soaked beach in Santa Barbara on March 21, 1969, after a blowout at an offshore oil platform.",
"description": null,
"title": "Santa-Barbara-oil-spill",
"credit": "Oliver F. Atkins, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_12082": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_12082",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "12082",
"found": true
},
"parent": 12063,
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/NoTunnels.jpg",
"width": 640,
"height": 360
}
},
"publishDate": 1386984058,
"modified": 1556829894,
"caption": "A sign protesting Gov. Jerry Brown's Delta Tunnels project in 2013. ",
"description": null,
"title": "NoTunnels",
"credit": "Craig Miller/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941114": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941114",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941114",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1940982,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-160x111.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 111
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-e1556823741485.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1338
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-1020x711.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 711
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-1200x836.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 836
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-1920x1338.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1338
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-800x557.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 557
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/McKibben-768x535.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 535
}
},
"publishDate": 1556823707,
"modified": 1556823894,
"caption": "Honoree Bill McKibben accepts an environmental media award October 2013. ",
"description": null,
"title": "23rd Annual Environmental Media Awards Presented By Toyota And Lexus - Show",
"credit": "Jason Merritt/Getty Images for Environmental Media Association",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941050": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941050",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941050",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941045,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
}
},
"publishDate": 1556751390,
"modified": 1556815216,
"caption": "Theranos whistleblowers Erika Cheung and Tyler Shultz. ",
"description": null,
"title": "GettyImages-1088810266-1024x576",
"credit": "Daniel Boczarski/Getty Images for New York Magazine",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941033": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941033",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941033",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1941025,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 683
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-800x534.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 534
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/amputations-6_1350-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
}
},
"publishDate": 1556746627,
"modified": 1556752785,
"caption": "Jackson Moss lost part of his right foot due to a complication of diabetes. He is trying to save the rest of it with the help of his wife, Bernadette.",
"description": null,
"title": "diabetic amputations",
"credit": "Heidi de Marco/KHN",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1941003": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1941003",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941003",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1940997,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-1038x576.jpeg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-160x120.jpeg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-672x372.jpeg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072.jpeg",
"width": 1950,
"height": 1463
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-1020x765.jpeg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-1200x900.jpeg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-1920x1440.jpeg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-800x600.jpeg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Retrofit_2072-768x576.jpeg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
}
},
"publishDate": 1556738994,
"modified": 1556739284,
"caption": "A worker drills into the foundation of a house in east Oakland. The entire brace-and-bolt procedure can cost $10,000 or more per house.",
"description": "A worker drills into the foundation of a house in east Oakland. The entire brace-and-bolt procedure can cost $10,000 or more per house.",
"title": "Retrofit_2072",
"credit": "Craig Miller/KQED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1940968": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1940968",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940968",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1940933,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/yucca-160x104.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 104
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/yucca-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/yucca.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 520
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/yucca-800x520.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 520
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/yucca-768x499.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 499
}
},
"publishDate": 1556651502,
"modified": 1556651544,
"caption": "People walk into the north portal of Yucca Mountain in Nevada during a congressional tour on July 14, 2018. The site was supposed to provide permanent storage for the nation's nuclear waste, but safety concerns and opposition have stalled that plan.",
"description": null,
"title": "yucca",
"credit": "John Locher/AP",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1940914": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1940914",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940914",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1940903,
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg",
"width": 750,
"height": 500
}
},
"publishDate": 1556583578,
"modified": 1556583740,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "peregrinechicks750",
"credit": "UC Berkeley photo by Maria Garcia Alvarez",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"science_1940895": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "science_1940895",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940895",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1940744,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-160x104.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 104
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-e1556566389389.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1253
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-1020x665.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 665
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-1200x783.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 783
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-1920x1253.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1253
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-800x522.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 522
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/monterey-bay-768x501.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 501
}
},
"publishDate": 1556566355,
"modified": 1556566440,
"caption": "Monterey Bay, California, September, 2018.",
"description": null,
"title": "US-ENVIRONMENT-BOAT",
"credit": "EVA HAMBACH/AFP/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_science_1941258": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1941258",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1941258",
"name": "Vicky Stein \u003cBR> PBS News Hour",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1941251": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1941251",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1941251",
"name": "Richard Harris\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1941283": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1941283",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1941283",
"name": "Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1941045": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1941045",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1941045",
"name": "Rick Berke\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1941025": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1941025",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1941025",
"name": "Anna Gorman\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_science_1940933": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_science_1940933",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_science_1940933",
"name": "Jeff Brady\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"cmiller": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "221",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "221",
"found": true
},
"name": "Craig Miller",
"firstName": "Craig",
"lastName": "Miller",
"slug": "cmiller",
"email": "craig@voxterra.net",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"bio": "Craig is a former KQED Science editor, specializing in weather, climate, water & energy issues, with a little seismology thrown in just to shake things up. Prior to that, he launched and led the station's award-winning multimedia project, Climate Watch. Craig is also an accomplished writer/producer of television documentaries, with a focus on natural resource issues.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "voxterra",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Craig Miller | KQED",
"description": "Editor Emeritus, Science",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b91661df645e001a9cafe0861fa685f9?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/cmiller"
},
"kqedscience": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "6387",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "6387",
"found": true
},
"name": "KQED Science",
"firstName": "KQED",
"lastName": "Science",
"slug": "kqedscience",
"email": "kqedscience@gmail.com",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": null,
"bio": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond by the flagship Northern California PBS and NPR affiliate.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": [
"contributor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "KQED Science | KQED",
"description": null,
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kqedscience"
},
"hhagemann": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11578",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11578",
"found": true
},
"name": "Hannah Hagemann",
"firstName": "Hannah",
"lastName": "Hagemann",
"slug": "hhagemann",
"email": "hhagemann@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Contributor",
"bio": null,
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"author"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Hannah Hagemann | KQED",
"description": "KQED Contributor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3af389deff545c719141a87524965d8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/hhagemann"
},
"kevinstark": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11608",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11608",
"found": true
},
"name": "Kevin Stark",
"firstName": "Kevin",
"lastName": "Stark",
"slug": "kevinstark",
"email": "kstark@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": true,
"staff_mastheads": [
"science"
],
"title": "Senior Editor",
"bio": "Kevin is a senior editor for KQED Science, managing the station's health and climate desks. His journalism career began in the Pacific Northwest, and he later became a lead reporter for the San Francisco Public Press. His work has appeared in Pacific Standard magazine, the Energy News Network, the Center for Investigative Reporting's Reveal and WBEZ in Chicago. Kevin joined KQED in 2019, and has covered issues related to energy, wildfire, climate change and the environment.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "starkkev",
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Kevin Stark | KQED",
"description": "Senior Editor",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f646bf546a63d638e04ff23b52b0e79?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/kevinstark"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"science_category_news": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"score": 10.810802
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "News",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "science",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 138
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/science?category=news",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 138
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"science_1941258": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941258",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941258",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1557184206000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1557184206,
"format": "standard",
"title": "After 3 Years in the Ocean, These Supposedly Biodegradable Bags Are Still Intact",
"headTitle": "After 3 Years in the Ocean, These Supposedly Biodegradable Bags Are Still Intact | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The average person uses a typical plastic bag for as short a time as \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org/plastic-bags/\">12 minutes\u003c/a> before throwing it away, never thinking of where it may end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right']After three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, exposed to open light and air or stashed in a laboratory, none of the supposedly eco-friendly bags that scientists tested broke down completely in all the environments. [/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet once consigned to a landfill, that standard grocery store tote takes \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2007/06/do-plastic-bags-really-take-500-years-to-break-down-in-a-landfill.html\">hundreds or thousands of years\u003c/a> to break down — \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/plastic-lasts-more-than-a-lifetime-and-thats-the-problem\">much more than a human lifetime\u003c/a>. Bags make up an alarming amount of the plastic found in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/whale-dies-88-pounds-plastic-philippines/\">whale stomachs\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.blastic.eu/knowledge-bank/impacts/plastic-ingestion/birds/\">bird nests\u003c/a>, and it’s no wonder — globally, we use between \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25496/singleUsePlastic_sustainability.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1\">1 and 5 trillion plastic bags each year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradable plastic bags are marketed as more eco-friendly solutions, able to break down into harmless material more quickly than traditional plastics. One company \u003ca href=\"https://www.symphonyenvironmental.com/solutions/oxo-biodegradable-plastic/\">claims\u003c/a> their shopping bag “will degrade and biodegrade in a continuous, irreversible and unstoppable process” if it ends up as litter in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06984\">Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/a>, researchers put supposedly eco-friendly bags made from various organic and plastic materials and sourced from U.K. stores to the test. After three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, exposed to open light and air or stashed in a laboratory, none of the bags broke down completely in all the environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the biodegradable bags that had been left underwater in a marina could still hold a full load of groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is the role of some of these really innovative and novel polymers?” asked Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from the University of Plymouth and the study’s senior author. A polymer is a repeating chain of chemicals that makes up a plastic’s structure, whether biodegradable or synthetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re challenging to recycle and are very slow to degrade if they become litter in the environment,” Thompson said, suggesting these biodegradable plastics may be causing more problems than they solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Researchers Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected samples of five types of plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first type was made of high-density polyethylene — the standard plastic found in grocery store bags. It was used as a comparison for four other bags labeled as eco-friendly:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A biodegradable plastic bag made \u003ca href=\"https://www.exoplastics.com/inside-exo/\">in part from oyster shells\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Two kinds of bags made from \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi-global.com/en\">oxo-biodegradable plastic\u003c/a>, which contain additives that companies say helps plastic break down faster\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.vegware.com/our-materials/info_17.html\">compostable bag\u003c/a> made from plant products\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each bag type was placed in four environments. Whole bags and bags cut into strips were buried in garden soil outdoors, submerged in salt water in a marina, left exposed to daylight and open air, or sealed in a dark container in a temperature-controlled lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen, temperature and light all change the structure of plastic polymers, said Julia Kalow, a polymer chemist from Northwestern University, who was not involved in this study. So too can reactions with water and interactions with bacteria or other forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Scientists Found\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even in a tough marine environment, where algae and animals quickly covered the plastic, three years wasn’t long enough to break down any of the plastics except for the plant-based compostable option, which did disappear underwater within three months. The plant-derived bags, however, remained intact but weakened when buried under garden soil for 27 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only treatment that consistently broke down all of the bags was exposure to open air for more than nine months, and in that case even the standard, traditional polyethylene bag disintegrated into pieces before 18 months had passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would take that timescale to be too long for these products to be regarded as providing an environmental advantage,” Thompson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2019/03/RTR1KB14-1024x669.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An egret searches for food among trash collected in the Los Angeles River after floods. Plastic trash can harm wildlife like birds, fish, turtles and whales. Photo by County of Los Angeles Department Public Works/Bob Riha, Jr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even if these bags take less time to break down than traditional plastic bags, as litter they would still have enough time to become potentially deadly food for ocean animals like seabirds, whales, turtles or fish. Moreover, they would still be an eyesore and take up space at waste facilities for months or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when some of the plastic bags did seem to break down, such as the bags left to the open air, it was unclear if the disintegration was complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Did the plastic that was lost just become smaller pieces of plastic?” Kalow asked, “Or did it become molecules that could dissolve in water and be consumed?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future studies, she said, should dig into the fate of those disintegrated plastic particles, to ascertain whether they truly break down and disappear — or become \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/from-drugged-oysters-to-birds-full-of-plastic-oceans-are-feeling-the-burden-of-pollution\">microplastics\u003c/a> and harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why It Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even standard plastic bags \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwuBfgvfUC4\">can’t be recycled from your home recycling bin\u003c/a>, so most end up in landfill or are swept away by water or wind, becoming litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradable and compostable bags are meant to solve these problems, but the study indicates that’s not the case so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These alternative bags aren’t meant to end up as litter in the street or in the natural environment — ideally, they’d all be treated just as manufacturers expect. Biodegradable bags would be landfilled or, in some cases, recycled into new plastics — at least in theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/10/RTX6EI6Z-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags wash up as part of the litter on beaches around the world. Photo by REUTERS/Ricardo Rojas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But “even if we can make something that’s recyclable, that doesn’t mean any commercial recycling plant would be interested in dealing with it,” Kalow said. Biodegradable plastics can’t generally be recycled with other plastics — in fact, they can ruin other batches of recyclable plastic, degrading the product until it \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-12-truth-bioplastics.html\">becomes unusable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the eco-conscious should hope their compostable bags end up in industrial composting facilities where high temperatures and favorable conditions for bacteria and other living things would break them down. (Compostable bags in chilly, oxygen-starved landfills can actually be preserved rather than destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the real problems, Thompson said. Labels like “biodegradable,” “compostable” or even “recyclable” are theoretical — they don’t reflect the reality of what happens to the materials we throw away or litter into the oceans, and they don’t help people accurately understand how to get rid of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after the researchers’ plastic bags were buried or submerged, they were nearly as useful — and as harmful — as the day they were made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some simple solutions might help. Thompson suggested that standardized products, made of the same sets of materials, could streamline our waste management systems and allow much more of our waste to be profitably recycled. Kalow, the polymer chemist, said there may yet be hope for new, improved biodegradable plastics if only we could discover that technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it doesn’t hurt to remember your reusable bag on your way to the store.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1251,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 30
},
"modified": 1704848690,
"excerpt": "Tests of supposedly eco-friendly bags made from various organic and plastic materials found that after three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, and exposed to open light and air, none of the bags broke down completely in every environment.\r\n\r\n",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Tests of supposedly eco-friendly bags made from various organic and plastic materials found that after three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, and exposed to open light and air, none of the bags broke down completely in every environment.\r\n\r\n",
"title": "After 3 Years in the Ocean, These Supposedly Biodegradable Bags Are Still Intact | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "After 3 Years in the Ocean, These Supposedly Biodegradable Bags Are Still Intact",
"datePublished": "2019-05-06T16:10:06-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:04:50-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "after-3-years-in-the-ocean-these-supposedly-biodegradable-bags-are-still-intact",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Vicky Stein \u003cBR> PBS News Hour",
"sticky": false,
"source": "PBS NewsHour",
"path": "/science/1941258/after-3-years-in-the-ocean-these-supposedly-biodegradable-bags-are-still-intact",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The average person uses a typical plastic bag for as short a time as \u003ca href=\"https://www.5gyres.org/plastic-bags/\">12 minutes\u003c/a> before throwing it away, never thinking of where it may end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "After three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, exposed to open light and air or stashed in a laboratory, none of the supposedly eco-friendly bags that scientists tested broke down completely in all the environments. ",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"align": "right",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet once consigned to a landfill, that standard grocery store tote takes \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2007/06/do-plastic-bags-really-take-500-years-to-break-down-in-a-landfill.html\">hundreds or thousands of years\u003c/a> to break down — \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/plastic-lasts-more-than-a-lifetime-and-thats-the-problem\">much more than a human lifetime\u003c/a>. Bags make up an alarming amount of the plastic found in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/whale-dies-88-pounds-plastic-philippines/\">whale stomachs\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.blastic.eu/knowledge-bank/impacts/plastic-ingestion/birds/\">bird nests\u003c/a>, and it’s no wonder — globally, we use between \u003ca href=\"https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25496/singleUsePlastic_sustainability.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1\">1 and 5 trillion plastic bags each year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradable plastic bags are marketed as more eco-friendly solutions, able to break down into harmless material more quickly than traditional plastics. One company \u003ca href=\"https://www.symphonyenvironmental.com/solutions/oxo-biodegradable-plastic/\">claims\u003c/a> their shopping bag “will degrade and biodegrade in a continuous, irreversible and unstoppable process” if it ends up as litter in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published this week in \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06984\">Environmental Science and Technology\u003c/a>, researchers put supposedly eco-friendly bags made from various organic and plastic materials and sourced from U.K. stores to the test. After three years buried in garden soil, submerged in ocean water, exposed to open light and air or stashed in a laboratory, none of the bags broke down completely in all the environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the biodegradable bags that had been left underwater in a marina could still hold a full load of groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is the role of some of these really innovative and novel polymers?” asked Richard Thompson, a marine biologist from the University of Plymouth and the study’s senior author. A polymer is a repeating chain of chemicals that makes up a plastic’s structure, whether biodegradable or synthetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re challenging to recycle and are very slow to degrade if they become litter in the environment,” Thompson said, suggesting these biodegradable plastics may be causing more problems than they solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Researchers Did\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected samples of five types of plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first type was made of high-density polyethylene — the standard plastic found in grocery store bags. It was used as a comparison for four other bags labeled as eco-friendly:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A biodegradable plastic bag made \u003ca href=\"https://www.exoplastics.com/inside-exo/\">in part from oyster shells\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Two kinds of bags made from \u003ca href=\"http://www.epi-global.com/en\">oxo-biodegradable plastic\u003c/a>, which contain additives that companies say helps plastic break down faster\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.vegware.com/our-materials/info_17.html\">compostable bag\u003c/a> made from plant products\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Each bag type was placed in four environments. Whole bags and bags cut into strips were buried in garden soil outdoors, submerged in salt water in a marina, left exposed to daylight and open air, or sealed in a dark container in a temperature-controlled lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen, temperature and light all change the structure of plastic polymers, said Julia Kalow, a polymer chemist from Northwestern University, who was not involved in this study. So too can reactions with water and interactions with bacteria or other forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What the Scientists Found\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even in a tough marine environment, where algae and animals quickly covered the plastic, three years wasn’t long enough to break down any of the plastics except for the plant-based compostable option, which did disappear underwater within three months. The plant-derived bags, however, remained intact but weakened when buried under garden soil for 27 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only treatment that consistently broke down all of the bags was exposure to open air for more than nine months, and in that case even the standard, traditional polyethylene bag disintegrated into pieces before 18 months had passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would take that timescale to be too long for these products to be regarded as providing an environmental advantage,” Thompson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2019/03/RTR1KB14-1024x669.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An egret searches for food among trash collected in the Los Angeles River after floods. Plastic trash can harm wildlife like birds, fish, turtles and whales. Photo by County of Los Angeles Department Public Works/Bob Riha, Jr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even if these bags take less time to break down than traditional plastic bags, as litter they would still have enough time to become potentially deadly food for ocean animals like seabirds, whales, turtles or fish. Moreover, they would still be an eyesore and take up space at waste facilities for months or years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when some of the plastic bags did seem to break down, such as the bags left to the open air, it was unclear if the disintegration was complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Did the plastic that was lost just become smaller pieces of plastic?” Kalow asked, “Or did it become molecules that could dissolve in water and be consumed?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future studies, she said, should dig into the fate of those disintegrated plastic particles, to ascertain whether they truly break down and disappear — or become \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/from-drugged-oysters-to-birds-full-of-plastic-oceans-are-feeling-the-burden-of-pollution\">microplastics\u003c/a> and harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why It Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Even standard plastic bags \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwuBfgvfUC4\">can’t be recycled from your home recycling bin\u003c/a>, so most end up in landfill or are swept away by water or wind, becoming litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodegradable and compostable bags are meant to solve these problems, but the study indicates that’s not the case so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These alternative bags aren’t meant to end up as litter in the street or in the natural environment — ideally, they’d all be treated just as manufacturers expect. Biodegradable bags would be landfilled or, in some cases, recycled into new plastics — at least in theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/10/RTX6EI6Z-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags wash up as part of the litter on beaches around the world. Photo by REUTERS/Ricardo Rojas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But “even if we can make something that’s recyclable, that doesn’t mean any commercial recycling plant would be interested in dealing with it,” Kalow said. Biodegradable plastics can’t generally be recycled with other plastics — in fact, they can ruin other batches of recyclable plastic, degrading the product until it \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-12-truth-bioplastics.html\">becomes unusable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the eco-conscious should hope their compostable bags end up in industrial composting facilities where high temperatures and favorable conditions for bacteria and other living things would break them down. (Compostable bags in chilly, oxygen-starved landfills can actually be preserved rather than destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the real problems, Thompson said. Labels like “biodegradable,” “compostable” or even “recyclable” are theoretical — they don’t reflect the reality of what happens to the materials we throw away or litter into the oceans, and they don’t help people accurately understand how to get rid of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years after the researchers’ plastic bags were buried or submerged, they were nearly as useful — and as harmful — as the day they were made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some simple solutions might help. Thompson suggested that standardized products, made of the same sets of materials, could streamline our waste management systems and allow much more of our waste to be profitably recycled. Kalow, the polymer chemist, said there may yet be hope for new, improved biodegradable plastics if only we could discover that technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it doesn’t hurt to remember your reusable bag on your way to the store.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941258/after-3-years-in-the-ocean-these-supposedly-biodegradable-bags-are-still-intact",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1941258"
],
"categories": [
"science_29",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1941261",
"label": "source_science_1941258"
},
"science_1941251": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941251",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941251",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1557176844000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1557176844,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Worried About 'Designer Babies'? They're Still Only a Fantasy. And That May Never Change",
"headTitle": "Worried About ‘Designer Babies’? They’re Still Only a Fantasy. And That May Never Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists continue to speak out against the prospect of producing engineered embryos that could lead to “designer babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right']‘You could have done just as well by throwing a dart at the genome and saying, ‘OK, we’re going to look at this gene and see if it’s associated with depression.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy \u003ca href=\"https://www.asgct.org/research/news/april-2019/scientific-leaders-call-for-global-moratorium-on-g\">sent a letter\u003c/a> on April 24 to Alex Azar, the secretary of health and human services, adding their voices to the call for a moratorium on experiments that could alter the genes passed down to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This move follows a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/13/701549223/call-for-global-moratorium-on-creating-gene-edited-babies\">widely criticized experiment \u003c/a>in China last year that apparently produced children with edited genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is largely ethical. The reality is that biologists probably couldn’t produce designer babies even if they wanted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the genetics underlying desirable traits such as athleticism, intelligence and beauty are so complicated it may not ever be possible to make targeted changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the day of Gregor Mendel, the monk who modified the traits of the pea plants in his 19th century garden, it seemed that traits were based on simple elements (later dubbed “genes”). But by the 1920s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28987627\">it was becoming clear\u003c/a> that human traits involved many genes acting in concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, during the heyday of the Human Genome Project at the end of the 20th century, hopes were high that common diseases might be explained through the interaction of just a handful of genes. You may recall all those stories about scientists hunting “the gene for” various diseases. Hundreds of scientific papers purported to show strong candidates for these critical genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British comedian John Cleese poked fun at this idea\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M-vnmejwXo&feature=youtu.be\"> in a video skit\u003c/a>, where he pointed on a chart to “the gene which we scientists now know makes us eat coconut ice cream after a fish dinner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientific effort to find genes for common conditions was largely a flop (with a few notable exceptions, such as Alzheimer’s and breast cancer). For example, hundreds of studies over the years have reportedly found genes associated with schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at the 20 most studied genes investigated for schizophrenia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(17)31772-9/fulltext\">we find basically no evidence\u003c/a> that any of those are associated at levels greater than we’d expect due to chance,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/ibg/matthew-keller\">Matthew Keller\u003c/a> at the University of Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab also looked at the early claims for genes linked to depression. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30845820\">Those, too, went nowhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could have done just as well by throwing a dart at the genome and saying, ‘OK, we’re going to look at this gene and see if it’s associated with depression,’ ” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, scientists found that thousands upon thousands of genes are associated with common diseases and common traits. And most of them have just a tiny influence on the risk of a disease, often just a small fraction of a percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human traits, like height, follow the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/jonathan-pritchard\">Jonathan Pritchard\u003c/a>, a Howard Hughes investigator at Stanford University, has looked into the genetics of height, which is one of the most thoroughly studied traits. “It quickly became clear there’s huge numbers of variants that affect height,” he says. “We have estimated that it’s probably something like 100,000 variants across the genome, so most of the genome affects height by a small amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, he suggested that height and presumably other common traits are “omnigenetic,” meaning they involve all of our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, each gene must influence many different traits. A gene linked to height might affect the basic mechanism inside many cells. So editing one gene would affect not only height but who knows what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pritchard and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30400-3\">published a paper\u003c/a> Thursday that reveals the nature of the variants related to complex traits like height. The genetic variation isn’t in the genes themselves (the DNA code that tells cells what proteins to produce) but in genetic elements that regulate those genes at the same time they influence other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His findings suggest our genes work as an interconnected network. It’s not a predictable machine as much as it is a flock of starlings, which wheels in the sky based on group dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That phenomenon makes our biology a challenge to understand, let alone engineer, Pritchard says. “We find nature as it is, not really as we wish it to be,” he says, a bit wistfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pritchard’s concept of omnigenetics is not wholly accepted by his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The logical conclusion is that genetics is “such a mush that we can’t understand it,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/about/people/ewan-birney\">Ewan Birney\u003c/a> at the European Bioinformatics Institute. “I find that a bit depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birney still holds out hope that, as we learn more about genetics, clearer mechanisms will emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in any event, there’s no question that complicated traits involve thousands of genes with multiple purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If anybody thinks we can understand how to change genomes to improve things, they don’t have an appreciation for the lack of knowledge that we have,” Birney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">the rogue Chinese experiment\u003c/a>, the scientist attempted to edit a gene to create a variant that apparently protects people from HIV infection, resulting in the birth of genetically engineered twins. But going back to the idea that genes all play multiple roles, it’s not clear what else this alteration has done to the children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birney also notes there’s a big difference between engineering a designer baby with desirable characteristics and fixing a genetic flaw. “We’re much better at understanding when things break, and we call those genetic diseases,” Birney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, gene editing could be brought to bear. A broken gene could be edited. But there are other options that carry less risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already an effective technology, called preimplantation genetic diagnosis, which allows doctors to look for these single-gene flaws in fertilized eggs and select only those that are free of the genetic disease to be implanted in the mother’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach is widely regarded as ethical. And the child isn’t a “designer baby,” but ends up with a natural set of genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Making+A+%27Designer+Baby%27+Would+Be+Easier+Said+Than+Done&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1112,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 33
},
"modified": 1704848691,
"excerpt": "Ethical concerns aside, the genetic ingredients for human traits are so complex that editing a few embryonic genes is unlikely to have much effect — or achieve the fantasy of enhancing humans.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Ethical concerns aside, the genetic ingredients for human traits are so complex that editing a few embryonic genes is unlikely to have much effect — or achieve the fantasy of enhancing humans.",
"title": "Worried About 'Designer Babies'? They're Still Only a Fantasy. And That May Never Change | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Worried About 'Designer Babies'? They're Still Only a Fantasy. And That May Never Change",
"datePublished": "2019-05-06T14:07:24-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:04:51-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "worried-about-designer-babies-theyre-still-only-a-fantasy-and-that-may-never-change",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=719665841&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 02 May 2019 15:46:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sun, 05 May 2019 20:34:23 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/02/719665841/why-making-a-designer-baby-would-be-easier-said-than-done?ft=nprml&f=719665841",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/05/20190502_atc_why_making_a_designer_baby_would_be_easier_said_than_done.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=250&p=2&story=719665841&ft=nprml&f=719665841",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"source": "NPR",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1719737209-e0624f.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=250&p=2&story=719665841&ft=nprml&f=719665841",
"nprStoryId": "719665841",
"nprByline": "Richard Harris\u003cbr />NPR",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 250,
"nprImageCredit": "BlackJack3D",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sun, 05 May 2019 12:34:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1941251/worried-about-designer-babies-theyre-still-only-a-fantasy-and-that-may-never-change",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2019/05/20190502_atc_why_making_a_designer_baby_would_be_easier_said_than_done.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=250&p=2&story=719665841&ft=nprml&f=719665841",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists continue to speak out against the prospect of producing engineered embryos that could lead to “designer babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "‘You could have done just as well by throwing a dart at the genome and saying, ‘OK, we’re going to look at this gene and see if it’s associated with depression.’",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"align": "right",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leaders of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy \u003ca href=\"https://www.asgct.org/research/news/april-2019/scientific-leaders-call-for-global-moratorium-on-g\">sent a letter\u003c/a> on April 24 to Alex Azar, the secretary of health and human services, adding their voices to the call for a moratorium on experiments that could alter the genes passed down to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This move follows a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/13/701549223/call-for-global-moratorium-on-creating-gene-edited-babies\">widely criticized experiment \u003c/a>in China last year that apparently produced children with edited genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is largely ethical. The reality is that biologists probably couldn’t produce designer babies even if they wanted to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the genetics underlying desirable traits such as athleticism, intelligence and beauty are so complicated it may not ever be possible to make targeted changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the day of Gregor Mendel, the monk who modified the traits of the pea plants in his 19th century garden, it seemed that traits were based on simple elements (later dubbed “genes”). But by the 1920s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28987627\">it was becoming clear\u003c/a> that human traits involved many genes acting in concert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, during the heyday of the Human Genome Project at the end of the 20th century, hopes were high that common diseases might be explained through the interaction of just a handful of genes. You may recall all those stories about scientists hunting “the gene for” various diseases. Hundreds of scientific papers purported to show strong candidates for these critical genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British comedian John Cleese poked fun at this idea\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M-vnmejwXo&feature=youtu.be\"> in a video skit\u003c/a>, where he pointed on a chart to “the gene which we scientists now know makes us eat coconut ice cream after a fish dinner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientific effort to find genes for common conditions was largely a flop (with a few notable exceptions, such as Alzheimer’s and breast cancer). For example, hundreds of studies over the years have reportedly found genes associated with schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we look at the 20 most studied genes investigated for schizophrenia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(17)31772-9/fulltext\">we find basically no evidence\u003c/a> that any of those are associated at levels greater than we’d expect due to chance,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/ibg/matthew-keller\">Matthew Keller\u003c/a> at the University of Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab also looked at the early claims for genes linked to depression. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30845820\">Those, too, went nowhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could have done just as well by throwing a dart at the genome and saying, ‘OK, we’re going to look at this gene and see if it’s associated with depression,’ ” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, scientists found that thousands upon thousands of genes are associated with common diseases and common traits. And most of them have just a tiny influence on the risk of a disease, often just a small fraction of a percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human traits, like height, follow the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/jonathan-pritchard\">Jonathan Pritchard\u003c/a>, a Howard Hughes investigator at Stanford University, has looked into the genetics of height, which is one of the most thoroughly studied traits. “It quickly became clear there’s huge numbers of variants that affect height,” he says. “We have estimated that it’s probably something like 100,000 variants across the genome, so most of the genome affects height by a small amount.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, he suggested that height and presumably other common traits are “omnigenetic,” meaning they involve all of our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, each gene must influence many different traits. A gene linked to height might affect the basic mechanism inside many cells. So editing one gene would affect not only height but who knows what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pritchard and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30400-3\">published a paper\u003c/a> Thursday that reveals the nature of the variants related to complex traits like height. The genetic variation isn’t in the genes themselves (the DNA code that tells cells what proteins to produce) but in genetic elements that regulate those genes at the same time they influence other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His findings suggest our genes work as an interconnected network. It’s not a predictable machine as much as it is a flock of starlings, which wheels in the sky based on group dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That phenomenon makes our biology a challenge to understand, let alone engineer, Pritchard says. “We find nature as it is, not really as we wish it to be,” he says, a bit wistfully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pritchard’s concept of omnigenetics is not wholly accepted by his peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The logical conclusion is that genetics is “such a mush that we can’t understand it,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/about/people/ewan-birney\">Ewan Birney\u003c/a> at the European Bioinformatics Institute. “I find that a bit depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birney still holds out hope that, as we learn more about genetics, clearer mechanisms will emerge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in any event, there’s no question that complicated traits involve thousands of genes with multiple purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If anybody thinks we can understand how to change genomes to improve things, they don’t have an appreciation for the lack of knowledge that we have,” Birney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">the rogue Chinese experiment\u003c/a>, the scientist attempted to edit a gene to create a variant that apparently protects people from HIV infection, resulting in the birth of genetically engineered twins. But going back to the idea that genes all play multiple roles, it’s not clear what else this alteration has done to the children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birney also notes there’s a big difference between engineering a designer baby with desirable characteristics and fixing a genetic flaw. “We’re much better at understanding when things break, and we call those genetic diseases,” Birney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, gene editing could be brought to bear. A broken gene could be edited. But there are other options that carry less risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is already an effective technology, called preimplantation genetic diagnosis, which allows doctors to look for these single-gene flaws in fertilized eggs and select only those that are free of the genetic disease to be implanted in the mother’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This approach is widely regarded as ethical. And the child isn’t a “designer baby,” but ends up with a natural set of genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Making+A+%27Designer+Baby%27+Would+Be+Easier+Said+Than+Done&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941251/worried-about-designer-babies-theyre-still-only-a-fantasy-and-that-may-never-change",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1941251"
],
"categories": [
"science_30",
"science_39",
"science_3890",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1941252",
"label": "source_science_1941251"
},
"science_1941283": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941283",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941283",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1557175476000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1557175476,
"format": "audio",
"title": "Mark Twain's Celebrated Red-Legged Frogs Staging a Comeback in Yosemite Valley",
"headTitle": "Mark Twain’s Celebrated Red-Legged Frogs Staging a Comeback in Yosemite Valley | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Red-legged frogs made famous by Mark Twain are once again roaming around Yosemite Valley after a half-century absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecologists this spring found clusters of eggs in meadows and ponds, proof of the first breeding by the frogs in Yosemite since 2017, when adult red-legged frogs were reintroduced after a 50-year absence, Yosemite National Park Superintendent Mike Reynolds said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual to find eggs in any location and to find them this soon is a strong indication that red-legged frogs are adapting successfully to the riparian areas where we reintroduced them,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California red-legged frog is named for its colorful legs and belly. It was featured in Twain’s short story “\u003ca href=\"http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/price/frog.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog disappeared from Yosemite in part because non-native, predatory bullfrogs first introduced to a reflection pond spread throughout the valley and, over time, gobbled them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insatiable bullfrogs have been eradicated from the park, clearing the way for the red-legged frog’s return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amphibians were reintroduced in Yosemite National Park under a partnership with federal and state agencies, the Yosemite Conservancy and the San Francisco Zoo & Gardens, where thousands of tadpoles and adult frogs are being bred for release in the park 200 miles (320 kilometers) away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941306 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Schuyler Greenleaf, Projects Director, Yosemite Conservancy, releases a Red-Legged Frog. \u003ccite>(Al Golub, Yosemite Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program has reintroduced an estimated 4,000 California red-legged frog eggs and tadpoles and 500 adult frogs, setting them free in the park’s lush meadows, alpine lakes and winding Merced River. But this spring, for the first time, biologists found red-legged frog eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were introduced two years ago, and now they’re breeding and about to rear their first crop of eggs and tadpoles,” said Yosemite Conservancy President Frank Dean. “The forces that caused them to be wiped out 50 years ago have been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, about 200 more adult frogs were released in Yosemite Valley and another 275 will be released in June, including 75 that will be fitted with radio transmitters to better understand their behavior and habitats to determine the best locations for future reintroductions, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 2 to 5 inches long (5-13 centimeters), red-legged frogs are the largest native frogs in the West and once were found throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to restore the species in other areas, including in a creek in the Santa Monica Mountains, which stretch from Los Angeles westward along the Malibu coast into Ventura County.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 444,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1704848693,
"excerpt": "Ecologists this spring found proof of the first breeding in Yosemite by red-legged frogs since 2017, when adults members of the species were reintroduced after a 50-year absence.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Ecologists this spring found proof of the first breeding in Yosemite by red-legged frogs since 2017, when adults members of the species were reintroduced after a 50-year absence.",
"title": "Mark Twain's Celebrated Red-Legged Frogs Staging a Comeback in Yosemite Valley | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Mark Twain's Celebrated Red-Legged Frogs Staging a Comeback in Yosemite Valley",
"datePublished": "2019-05-06T13:44:36-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:04:53-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "mark-twains-celebrated-red-legged-frogs-thriving-in-yosemite-valley",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/05/VentonFrogs.mp3",
"nprByline": "Associated Press",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 65,
"source": "Associated Press",
"path": "/science/1941283/mark-twains-celebrated-red-legged-frogs-thriving-in-yosemite-valley",
"audioDuration": 66000,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Red-legged frogs made famous by Mark Twain are once again roaming around Yosemite Valley after a half-century absence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecologists this spring found clusters of eggs in meadows and ponds, proof of the first breeding by the frogs in Yosemite since 2017, when adult red-legged frogs were reintroduced after a 50-year absence, Yosemite National Park Superintendent Mike Reynolds said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unusual to find eggs in any location and to find them this soon is a strong indication that red-legged frogs are adapting successfully to the riparian areas where we reintroduced them,” Reynolds said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California red-legged frog is named for its colorful legs and belly. It was featured in Twain’s short story “\u003ca href=\"http://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/price/frog.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog disappeared from Yosemite in part because non-native, predatory bullfrogs first introduced to a reflection pond spread throughout the valley and, over time, gobbled them up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insatiable bullfrogs have been eradicated from the park, clearing the way for the red-legged frog’s return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amphibians were reintroduced in Yosemite National Park under a partnership with federal and state agencies, the Yosemite Conservancy and the San Francisco Zoo & Gardens, where thousands of tadpoles and adult frogs are being bred for release in the park 200 miles (320 kilometers) away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941306 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/frog-2.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Schuyler Greenleaf, Projects Director, Yosemite Conservancy, releases a Red-Legged Frog. \u003ccite>(Al Golub, Yosemite Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The program has reintroduced an estimated 4,000 California red-legged frog eggs and tadpoles and 500 adult frogs, setting them free in the park’s lush meadows, alpine lakes and winding Merced River. But this spring, for the first time, biologists found red-legged frog eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were introduced two years ago, and now they’re breeding and about to rear their first crop of eggs and tadpoles,” said Yosemite Conservancy President Frank Dean. “The forces that caused them to be wiped out 50 years ago have been fixed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, about 200 more adult frogs were released in Yosemite Valley and another 275 will be released in June, including 75 that will be fitted with radio transmitters to better understand their behavior and habitats to determine the best locations for future reintroductions, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 2 to 5 inches long (5-13 centimeters), red-legged frogs are the largest native frogs in the West and once were found throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to restore the species in other areas, including in a creek in the Santa Monica Mountains, which stretch from Los Angeles westward along the Malibu coast into Ventura County.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941283/mark-twains-celebrated-red-legged-frogs-thriving-in-yosemite-valley",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1941283"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1941293",
"label": "source_science_1941283"
},
"science_1941182": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941182",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941182",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1557126106000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1557126106,
"format": "audio",
"title": "California and Offshore Drilling: Like Oil and Water",
"headTitle": "California and Offshore Drilling: Like Oil and Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In April, Interior Secretary David Bernhardt said the Trump administration was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940755/u-s-interior-secretary-says-plans-for-offshore-drilling-are-now-on-hold\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">putting on hold\u003c/a> its \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-DPP-Map-Lower-48-States/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plans\u003c/a> to open up more coastal waters to oil and gas drilling, including off the coast of California. The decision follows a defeat in federal court and lots of pushback from coastal states, some of which supported Trump in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Richard Charter, The Ocean Foundation']‘The first thing we always hear from the industry is, “Don’t worry, be happy. We will not have another accident.” And that’s usually shortly before they have another accident.’[/pullquote]It’s been 35 years since new federal leases for drilling along the Pacific coast have been issued. Polls show that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/majority-opposition-drilling-includes-coastal-republicans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority\u003c/a> of Californians and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/majority-opposition-drilling-includes-coastal-republicans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most Americans\u003c/a> oppose offshore drilling. But while the practice is banned in state waters, without federal legislation the possibility for renewed production more than 3 miles from shore still remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/our-story/fellows-and-heroes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Charter\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a longtime ocean protection advocate. He talked with KQED’s Brian Watt about the Trump administration’s efforts to upend longstanding policy on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the risks from offshore drilling?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risks begin with the initial drilling, because there are routine discharges into the ocean that just happen day to day from normal operations. So you don’t need to have an accident to have toxics going into your near-shore coastal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the big risk, of course, and sort of the poster child for the worst-case scenario, was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/127366081/deepwater-horizon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepwater Horizon\u003c/a> accident in the Gulf of Mexico, which of course was many orders of magnitude greater than the \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-oil-spill-50-years-ago-inspired-first-earth-day-180972007/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Barbara blowout\u003c/a> in 1969. If you release oil that is under pressure, under the seabed, into the ocean in an uncontrolled fashion, and you can’t shut it off, it can continue for months or years. A scenario like Deepwater Horizon that happens off the coast of California would wipe out your commercial fishing industry and your coastal-dependent tourism industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Trump get this done in California, amid so much opposition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I stopped making predictions about this when Donald Trump became president. One of his first acts in January 2018 was to announce he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/23/climate/trump-offshore-oil-drilling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening\u003c/a> about 90% of the U.S. coastline to offshore drilling, and most of that had been long protected under bipartisan congressional moratoria that was renewed year after year for 27 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was disconcerting to say the least when a week after that announcement, his secretary of Interior, Ryan Zinke, walked out at the Tallahassee airport with Gov. Rick Scott and said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/climate/trump-florida-offshore-drilling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida\u003c/a> was off the table (for drilling). And that triggered about 16 different governors up and down the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of both parties saying, “We want out, too” — accompanied by about a dozen attorneys general from various states who filed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most common argument for drilling offshore in light of the accidents that have occurred?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well of course the first thing we always hear from the industry is, “Don’t worry, be happy. We will not have another accident.” And that’s usually shortly before they have another accident. And I think the determining factor for this particular decade was the Deepwater Horizon incident, which obviously was not only an environmental tragedy but a human tragedy in that workers died unnecessarily on that rig mostly because of negligence on the part of the operators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much can California really do to thwart drilling in federal waters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can find that the offshore drilling activity or some follow-on process like building the platform, building a terminal for tankers or barges, or building a pipeline is inconsistent with the state’s federally approved \u003ca href=\"https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/about/?redirect=301ocm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal zone management plan.\u003c/a> In California, that would start with the California Coastal Commission, which is the oversight agency for that. During the 1980s, the state of California, the attorney general, and many local governments took then-Interior Secretary James Watt to the \u003ca href=\"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/464/312.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court\u003c/a> on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing a state can do is ban offshore drilling in its own state waters, which California did many years ago. Last year, California upped the ante by banning infrastructure to support federal offshore drilling anywhere in state waters, from the shoreline to three miles out. In doing that, you’re saying if you do lease, President Trump, off the coast of California, you’re not going to be able to bring it ashore. And that serves as an economic disincentive to the companies to even bid. It’s kind of the porcupine strategy of don’t mess with us. But it’s not a sure thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really the litigation is what has derailed Trump’s plan for now. But a lot of people don’t realize Southern California leasing under the Trump plan was going to begin next year in 2020. And Central California and Northern California in 2021, so this is something that’s coming very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until David Bernhardt actually removes the five-year program from consideration, we’re not assuming it’s something we can trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>There have been two developments since we spoke with Richard Charter. On Thursday, California Sen. Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=99562C5C-BEA3-44A4-9BA7-5A39CC976C83\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to “permanently ban offshore drilling in federal waters off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington.” The \u003c/em>\u003cem>bill is likely to face stiff opposition in the GOP-controlled Senate. Rep. Jared Huffman (D-San Rafael) is sponsoring a companion bill in the House.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On the same day, citing “unnecessary regulatory burdens,” the Trump administration significantly \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/02/offshore-drilling-rules-1404098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rewrote safety rules\u003c/a> for offshore drilling put in place after the disastrous Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 996,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1704848697,
"excerpt": "The federal government hasn't issued leases for drilling along the Pacific coast since 1984. In an interview with KQED, ocean advocate Richard Charter discusses the administration's now-delayed plan to overturn this decades-long environmental policy.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The federal government hasn't issued leases for drilling along the Pacific coast since 1984. In an interview with KQED, ocean advocate Richard Charter discusses the administration's now-delayed plan to overturn this decades-long environmental policy.",
"title": "California and Offshore Drilling: Like Oil and Water | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "California and Offshore Drilling: Like Oil and Water",
"datePublished": "2019-05-06T00:01:46-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:04:57-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "california-and-offshore-drilling-like-oil-and-water",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/05/WattCharter2wayOffshoreDrilling.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Offshore Drilling",
"path": "/science/1941182/california-and-offshore-drilling-like-oil-and-water",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In April, Interior Secretary David Bernhardt said the Trump administration was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1940755/u-s-interior-secretary-says-plans-for-offshore-drilling-are-now-on-hold\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">putting on hold\u003c/a> its \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/NP-DPP-Map-Lower-48-States/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plans\u003c/a> to open up more coastal waters to oil and gas drilling, including off the coast of California. The decision follows a defeat in federal court and lots of pushback from coastal states, some of which supported Trump in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "‘The first thing we always hear from the industry is, “Don’t worry, be happy. We will not have another accident.” And that’s usually shortly before they have another accident.’",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"size": "medium",
"align": "right",
"citation": "Richard Charter, The Ocean Foundation",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s been 35 years since new federal leases for drilling along the Pacific coast have been issued. Polls show that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/majority-opposition-drilling-includes-coastal-republicans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority\u003c/a> of Californians and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ppic.org/blog/majority-opposition-drilling-includes-coastal-republicans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most Americans\u003c/a> oppose offshore drilling. But while the practice is banned in state waters, without federal legislation the possibility for renewed production more than 3 miles from shore still remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.oceanfdn.org/our-story/fellows-and-heroes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Charter\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> is a longtime ocean protection advocate. He talked with KQED’s Brian Watt about the Trump administration’s efforts to upend longstanding policy on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the risks from offshore drilling?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risks begin with the initial drilling, because there are routine discharges into the ocean that just happen day to day from normal operations. So you don’t need to have an accident to have toxics going into your near-shore coastal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the big risk, of course, and sort of the poster child for the worst-case scenario, was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/127366081/deepwater-horizon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepwater Horizon\u003c/a> accident in the Gulf of Mexico, which of course was many orders of magnitude greater than the \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-oil-spill-50-years-ago-inspired-first-earth-day-180972007/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Barbara blowout\u003c/a> in 1969. If you release oil that is under pressure, under the seabed, into the ocean in an uncontrolled fashion, and you can’t shut it off, it can continue for months or years. A scenario like Deepwater Horizon that happens off the coast of California would wipe out your commercial fishing industry and your coastal-dependent tourism industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Trump get this done in California, amid so much opposition?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well I stopped making predictions about this when Donald Trump became president. One of his first acts in January 2018 was to announce he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/23/climate/trump-offshore-oil-drilling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opening\u003c/a> about 90% of the U.S. coastline to offshore drilling, and most of that had been long protected under bipartisan congressional moratoria that was renewed year after year for 27 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was disconcerting to say the least when a week after that announcement, his secretary of Interior, Ryan Zinke, walked out at the Tallahassee airport with Gov. Rick Scott and said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/climate/trump-florida-offshore-drilling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida\u003c/a> was off the table (for drilling). And that triggered about 16 different governors up and down the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of both parties saying, “We want out, too” — accompanied by about a dozen attorneys general from various states who filed suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most common argument for drilling offshore in light of the accidents that have occurred?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well of course the first thing we always hear from the industry is, “Don’t worry, be happy. We will not have another accident.” And that’s usually shortly before they have another accident. And I think the determining factor for this particular decade was the Deepwater Horizon incident, which obviously was not only an environmental tragedy but a human tragedy in that workers died unnecessarily on that rig mostly because of negligence on the part of the operators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much can California really do to thwart drilling in federal waters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can find that the offshore drilling activity or some follow-on process like building the platform, building a terminal for tankers or barges, or building a pipeline is inconsistent with the state’s federally approved \u003ca href=\"https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/about/?redirect=301ocm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal zone management plan.\u003c/a> In California, that would start with the California Coastal Commission, which is the oversight agency for that. During the 1980s, the state of California, the attorney general, and many local governments took then-Interior Secretary James Watt to the \u003ca href=\"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/464/312.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Supreme Court\u003c/a> on that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other thing a state can do is ban offshore drilling in its own state waters, which California did many years ago. Last year, California upped the ante by banning infrastructure to support federal offshore drilling anywhere in state waters, from the shoreline to three miles out. In doing that, you’re saying if you do lease, President Trump, off the coast of California, you’re not going to be able to bring it ashore. And that serves as an economic disincentive to the companies to even bid. It’s kind of the porcupine strategy of don’t mess with us. But it’s not a sure thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really the litigation is what has derailed Trump’s plan for now. But a lot of people don’t realize Southern California leasing under the Trump plan was going to begin next year in 2020. And Central California and Northern California in 2021, so this is something that’s coming very fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until David Bernhardt actually removes the five-year program from consideration, we’re not assuming it’s something we can trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>There have been two developments since we spoke with Richard Charter. On Thursday, California Sen. Dianne Feinstein \u003ca href=\"https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=99562C5C-BEA3-44A4-9BA7-5A39CC976C83\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to “permanently ban offshore drilling in federal waters off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington.” The \u003c/em>\u003cem>bill is likely to face stiff opposition in the GOP-controlled Senate. Rep. Jared Huffman (D-San Rafael) is sponsoring a companion bill in the House.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>On the same day, citing “unnecessary regulatory burdens,” the Trump administration significantly \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/02/offshore-drilling-rules-1404098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rewrote safety rules\u003c/a> for offshore drilling put in place after the disastrous Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941182/california-and-offshore-drilling-like-oil-and-water",
"authors": [
"6387"
],
"categories": [
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40",
"science_98",
"science_3730"
],
"tags": [
"science_3841",
"science_3370",
"science_1264"
],
"featImg": "science_1941188",
"label": "source_science_1941182"
},
"science_1941123": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941123",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941123",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556830016000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556830016,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Now It's Official: Newsom Administration Spikes Twin Delta Tunnels",
"headTitle": "Now It’s Official: Newsom Administration Spikes Twin Delta Tunnels | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fulfilling a pledge that Gov. Gavin Newsom made during his first State of the State address in February, California water officials have spiked former Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build twin Delta Tunnels in favor of a single-tunnel plan. The huge underground double-tunnel project was intended to divert water from the Sacramento River for export to the Bay Area, Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a move that put an official bureaucratic stamp on the twin tunnels’ demise, the Department of Water Resources announced today that it’s withdrawing its permit application for the project filed with the State Water Resources Control Board and other agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a surprise that officials are making moves to scrap the project; from the start Newsom has favored a more diversified water strategy. But DWR says scrapping the old plan could delay the project by as much as three years while officials file new environmental reviews and reapply for permits, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article229949089.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown intended the tunnels to be part of the state’s\u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> primary water system\u003c/a>, serving about 25 million Californians from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the existing network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels were designed to fix a problem that state planners ran into a century ago: Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population, and many farms, are in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how big the proposed single tunnel would be or how much water it’s intended to deliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, a strong supporter of the twin tunnels and a supplier for millions of people in Southern California, said it would roll with the change of plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that Gov. Newsom’s Administration has reaffirmed a strong commitment to modernize the state’s water delivery infrastructure with a single-tunnel project in the Delta,” said Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will work with the administration to expeditiously advance a project that is long overdue to both meet the water reliability needs of the state and minimize impacts to the communities and ecology of the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, including Restore the Delta and the Natural Resources Defense Council, cheered the decision, which they characterized as a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the last decade, Delta communities, fishermen, and conservation groups have risen up to take a stand against the WaterFix project to protect the health of the Bay-Delta estuary,” said Doug Obegi of the NRDC in a statement. “We now look forward to working with the Newsom Administration on sustainable water solutions that will protect the economy and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa Democratic State Senator Bill Dodd also applauded Newsom’s decision to switch directions on the project. He called the twin tunnels plan “fatally flawed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look forward to partnering with the governor on measures that will benefit the Delta and the entire state, such as strengthening levees, restoring ecosystem habitat, improving water quality and efficiency, and increasing recharge and storage,” Dodd said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 551,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 15
},
"modified": 1704848698,
"excerpt": "The Department of Water Resources announced it’s withdrawing a permit application for the project filed with the State Water Resources Control Board. Instead, DWR will pursue a less ambitious, single tunnel project.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The Department of Water Resources announced it’s withdrawing a permit application for the project filed with the State Water Resources Control Board. Instead, DWR will pursue a less ambitious, single tunnel project.",
"title": "Now It's Official: Newsom Administration Spikes Twin Delta Tunnels | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Now It's Official: Newsom Administration Spikes Twin Delta Tunnels",
"datePublished": "2019-05-02T13:46:56-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:04:58-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "now-its-official-newsom-administration-spikes-twin-delta-tunnels",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1941123/now-its-official-newsom-administration-spikes-twin-delta-tunnels",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fulfilling a pledge that Gov. Gavin Newsom made during his first State of the State address in February, California water officials have spiked former Gov. Jerry Brown’s plan to build twin Delta Tunnels in favor of a single-tunnel plan. The huge underground double-tunnel project was intended to divert water from the Sacramento River for export to the Bay Area, Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a move that put an official bureaucratic stamp on the twin tunnels’ demise, the Department of Water Resources announced today that it’s withdrawing its permit application for the project filed with the State Water Resources Control Board and other agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a surprise that officials are making moves to scrap the project; from the start Newsom has favored a more diversified water strategy. But DWR says scrapping the old plan could delay the project by as much as three years while officials file new environmental reviews and reapply for permits, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article229949089.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacramento Bee\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Brown intended the tunnels to be part of the state’s\u003ca href=\"https://water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> primary water system\u003c/a>, serving about 25 million Californians from the Bay Area to San Diego. Built more than 50 years ago, the existing network of reservoirs, canals and aqueducts stretches hundreds of miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels were designed to fix a problem that state planners ran into a century ago: Most of the rain and snow falls in Northern California, but most of the state’s population, and many farms, are in Central and Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how big the proposed single tunnel would be or how much water it’s intended to deliver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, a strong supporter of the twin tunnels and a supplier for millions of people in Southern California, said it would roll with the change of plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are pleased that Gov. Newsom’s Administration has reaffirmed a strong commitment to modernize the state’s water delivery infrastructure with a single-tunnel project in the Delta,” said Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will work with the administration to expeditiously advance a project that is long overdue to both meet the water reliability needs of the state and minimize impacts to the communities and ecology of the Delta.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, including Restore the Delta and the Natural Resources Defense Council, cheered the decision, which they characterized as a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the last decade, Delta communities, fishermen, and conservation groups have risen up to take a stand against the WaterFix project to protect the health of the Bay-Delta estuary,” said Doug Obegi of the NRDC in a statement. “We now look forward to working with the Newsom Administration on sustainable water solutions that will protect the economy and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa Democratic State Senator Bill Dodd also applauded Newsom’s decision to switch directions on the project. He called the twin tunnels plan “fatally flawed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look forward to partnering with the governor on measures that will benefit the Delta and the entire state, such as strengthening levees, restoring ecosystem habitat, improving water quality and efficiency, and increasing recharge and storage,” Dodd said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941123/now-its-official-newsom-administration-spikes-twin-delta-tunnels",
"authors": [
"6387"
],
"categories": [
"science_40",
"science_98"
],
"tags": [
"science_3840",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_12082",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1940982": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1940982",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940982",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556825967000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556825967,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Bill McKibben Sees Climate Strikes in Our Future",
"headTitle": "Bill McKibben Sees Climate Strikes in Our Future | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Before the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939172/bay-area-students-say-theyre-not-gonna-take-it-anymore-when-it-comes-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">student strike\u003c/a>, before \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change-greta-thunberg-eu-parliament-speech-sweden-a8873076.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greta Thunberg\u003c/a>, before \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-protests-climate-change/extinction-rebellion-has-a-message-for-the-world-weve-only-just-begun-idUSKCN1S731V\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extinction Rebellion,\u003c/a> there was \u003cstrong>Bill McKibben\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]‘We’ll be calling for adult climate strikes in the near future. We need to disrupt business as usual.’[/pullquote]For years, McKibben, the hard-charging environmentalist and author, has been at the forefront of the climate action movement. In 1989, he \u003ca href=\"http://billmckibben.com/end-of-nature-excerpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> one of the first climate change books written for a general audience. In recent years, he’s aggressively \u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-case-for-fossil-fuel-divestment-100243/\">made the case for fossil-fuel divestment\u003c/a> and encouraged environmental protest through the group he founded, \u003ca href=\"https://350.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">350.org\u003c/a>. The group’s name is derived from the measurement 350 parts per million, the upper limit of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere generally considered to be safe. (Yeah, we \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/news/news/2019-04-04-current-co2-levels-highest-in-three-million-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blew past \u003c/a>it a few years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKibben, appearing on KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870787/bill-mckibben-warns-of-dire-consequences-of-unchecked-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>” radio program Tuesday, discussed the existential threat of climate change, which he calls “the most epic of fights” and is the central focus of his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/books/review/bill-mckibben-falter.html\">Falter\u003c/a>.” Additionally, McKibben talked about President Trump, inequality, ExxonMobil and his skeptical view of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are excerpts of McKibben’s answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of the Human Game?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started talking about climate change when I was a young man, it was still a warning. Here’s what is going to happen if we don’t do the things that scientists tell us we should do. Since we didn’t do any of these things, it’s no longer a warning; it is now the brute reality of everyday life. Sometimes we see it up close with a camera. The whole world commiserated with California last fall, watching a town literally called Paradise turn into hell inside half-an-hour. Today, as we talk, Mozambique was just hit with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/heavy-rains-disrupt-aid-for-survivors-in-cyclone-battered-mozambique\">second record cyclone in a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Pressure Building.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been beautiful to watch the Green New Deal stuff. Those are mostly young people, and they are veterans of the fossil fuel divestment campaign. That divestment campaign around the world built up a great deal of pressure, we are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/16/divestment-fossil-fuel-industry-trillions-dollars-investments-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$8 trillion\u003c/a> worth of endowments and portfolios that have divested. Now there is this magnificent pressure coming from \u003ca href=\"https://rebellion.earth/\">Extinction Rebellion\u003c/a> shutting down the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look at what tens of millions of young people did around the world this year following the lead of Greta Thunberg in Sweden. We’ve seen these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939172/bay-area-students-say-theyre-not-gonna-take-it-anymore-when-it-comes-to-climate-change\">climate strikes and walk outs from school\u003c/a>. Our job, now, is to do what those kids have asked and back them up. We’ll be calling for adult climate strikes in the near future. We need to disrupt business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unprecedented Urgency of Democrats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are waking up. There is a \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2019/images/04/29/rel6a.-.2020.democrats.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> out this morning from CNN, saying that among Democratic voters, climate change is now the number one issue, ahead of health care and the economy. You can see the response to that by all the Democratic candidates. They are talking about climate change nonstop and with a level of urgency that we’ve never seen. In the past, we used to pray that someone would ask one question about climate change. They never did. Now, it is a top-tier issue in the primaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Badly Out of Touch \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His insistence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change is a hoax\u003c/a> manufactured by the Chinese is—even for his most fervent supporters—a stretch. [Note: Trump later called this claim a “joke.”] If you were sitting on the BART train next to someone started muttering that climate change was a hoax manufactured by the Chinese, you’d get up and move seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Carbon Pricing Required\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no reason anymore not to have a \u003ca href=\"https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">price on carbon\u003c/a>. It is the only thing we are allowed to spew into the atmosphere for free. Where it would have been sufficient 30 years ago, but it no longer is sufficient, we have to do other things, too, as negotiations on a carbon price proceed. The oil industry, for a price on carbon, would demand a lot of things in return that are bad ideas. The most important job is to continue to build up enough political pressure so that when these negotiations take place, they take place in the best possible climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exxon’s Culpability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We now know from terrific investigative reporting from the L.A. Times, Columbia Journalism School, and the website \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> that the big fossil fuel companies knew everything there was to know about climate change by the 1980s. Exxon was the richest company in the world, it had an endless staff of scientists, and its product was carbon, so of course they were going to figure out what it did. By 1982 or 1983, their scientists were telling their executives: ‘Here is how fast and how much it is going to warm.’ And their executives believed them. Exxon began building its drilling rigs to compensate for the rise in sea levels they knew was coming. What they didn’t do was tell the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Worry Over Designer Babies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some things that feel very much to me like climate change did 30 years ago, that are not yet fully played out in our world, but where the threat is very obvious and getting more so all the time. For instance, with human genetic engineering. In October a Chinese doctor produced the first two \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">designer babies\u003c/a> in human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific community has pushed back against this some, trying to draw up guidelines against this germline genetic manipulation, but it is very clear that there’s a bevy of entrepreneurs, many in Northern California, looking for the chance to sell people improved versions of their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, what’s interesting here, we took for granted the stability of the physical planet. It was very hard to get anyone to understand that it was possible inside of 30 years to melt most of the sea ice in the Arctic or change the chemical composition of the ocean. We take human meaning for granted, too. Once you start down these paths, it is hard to get off them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1065,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 22
},
"modified": 1704848700,
"excerpt": "In an appearance on KQED, the climate activist discussed climate change and the growing movement of civil disobedience intended to force governments to take immediate action.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "In an appearance on KQED, the climate activist discussed climate change and the growing movement of civil disobedience intended to force governments to take immediate action.",
"title": "Bill McKibben Sees Climate Strikes in Our Future | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Bill McKibben Sees Climate Strikes in Our Future",
"datePublished": "2019-05-02T12:39:27-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:00-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "bill-mckibben-says-climate-strikes-are-in-our-future",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Climate",
"path": "/science/1940982/bill-mckibben-says-climate-strikes-are-in-our-future",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939172/bay-area-students-say-theyre-not-gonna-take-it-anymore-when-it-comes-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">student strike\u003c/a>, before \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change-greta-thunberg-eu-parliament-speech-sweden-a8873076.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greta Thunberg\u003c/a>, before \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-protests-climate-change/extinction-rebellion-has-a-message-for-the-world-weve-only-just-begun-idUSKCN1S731V\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extinction Rebellion,\u003c/a> there was \u003cstrong>Bill McKibben\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "‘We’ll be calling for adult climate strikes in the near future. We need to disrupt business as usual.’",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For years, McKibben, the hard-charging environmentalist and author, has been at the forefront of the climate action movement. In 1989, he \u003ca href=\"http://billmckibben.com/end-of-nature-excerpt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> one of the first climate change books written for a general audience. In recent years, he’s aggressively \u003ca href=\"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-case-for-fossil-fuel-divestment-100243/\">made the case for fossil-fuel divestment\u003c/a> and encouraged environmental protest through the group he founded, \u003ca href=\"https://350.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">350.org\u003c/a>. The group’s name is derived from the measurement 350 parts per million, the upper limit of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere generally considered to be safe. (Yeah, we \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/news/news/2019-04-04-current-co2-levels-highest-in-three-million-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blew past \u003c/a>it a few years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKibben, appearing on KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870787/bill-mckibben-warns-of-dire-consequences-of-unchecked-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum\u003c/a>” radio program Tuesday, discussed the existential threat of climate change, which he calls “the most epic of fights” and is the central focus of his new book, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/books/review/bill-mckibben-falter.html\">Falter\u003c/a>.” Additionally, McKibben talked about President Trump, inequality, ExxonMobil and his skeptical view of genetic modification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are excerpts of McKibben’s answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of the Human Game?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I started talking about climate change when I was a young man, it was still a warning. Here’s what is going to happen if we don’t do the things that scientists tell us we should do. Since we didn’t do any of these things, it’s no longer a warning; it is now the brute reality of everyday life. Sometimes we see it up close with a camera. The whole world commiserated with California last fall, watching a town literally called Paradise turn into hell inside half-an-hour. Today, as we talk, Mozambique was just hit with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/heavy-rains-disrupt-aid-for-survivors-in-cyclone-battered-mozambique\">second record cyclone in a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Political Pressure Building.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been beautiful to watch the Green New Deal stuff. Those are mostly young people, and they are veterans of the fossil fuel divestment campaign. That divestment campaign around the world built up a great deal of pressure, we are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/16/divestment-fossil-fuel-industry-trillions-dollars-investments-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$8 trillion\u003c/a> worth of endowments and portfolios that have divested. Now there is this magnificent pressure coming from \u003ca href=\"https://rebellion.earth/\">Extinction Rebellion\u003c/a> shutting down the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look at what tens of millions of young people did around the world this year following the lead of Greta Thunberg in Sweden. We’ve seen these \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1939172/bay-area-students-say-theyre-not-gonna-take-it-anymore-when-it-comes-to-climate-change\">climate strikes and walk outs from school\u003c/a>. Our job, now, is to do what those kids have asked and back them up. We’ll be calling for adult climate strikes in the near future. We need to disrupt business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unprecedented Urgency of Democrats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are waking up. There is a \u003ca href=\"http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2019/images/04/29/rel6a.-.2020.democrats.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">poll\u003c/a> out this morning from CNN, saying that among Democratic voters, climate change is now the number one issue, ahead of health care and the economy. You can see the response to that by all the Democratic candidates. They are talking about climate change nonstop and with a level of urgency that we’ve never seen. In the past, we used to pray that someone would ask one question about climate change. They never did. Now, it is a top-tier issue in the primaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump Badly Out of Touch \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His insistence that \u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change is a hoax\u003c/a> manufactured by the Chinese is—even for his most fervent supporters—a stretch. [Note: Trump later called this claim a “joke.”] If you were sitting on the BART train next to someone started muttering that climate change was a hoax manufactured by the Chinese, you’d get up and move seats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Carbon Pricing Required\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no reason anymore not to have a \u003ca href=\"https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">price on carbon\u003c/a>. It is the only thing we are allowed to spew into the atmosphere for free. Where it would have been sufficient 30 years ago, but it no longer is sufficient, we have to do other things, too, as negotiations on a carbon price proceed. The oil industry, for a price on carbon, would demand a lot of things in return that are bad ideas. The most important job is to continue to build up enough political pressure so that when these negotiations take place, they take place in the best possible climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Exxon’s Culpability\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We now know from terrific investigative reporting from the L.A. Times, Columbia Journalism School, and the website \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> that the big fossil fuel companies knew everything there was to know about climate change by the 1980s. Exxon was the richest company in the world, it had an endless staff of scientists, and its product was carbon, so of course they were going to figure out what it did. By 1982 or 1983, their scientists were telling their executives: ‘Here is how fast and how much it is going to warm.’ And their executives believed them. Exxon began building its drilling rigs to compensate for the rise in sea levels they knew was coming. What they didn’t do was tell the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Worry Over Designer Babies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some things that feel very much to me like climate change did 30 years ago, that are not yet fully played out in our world, but where the threat is very obvious and getting more so all the time. For instance, with human genetic engineering. In October a Chinese doctor produced the first two \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">designer babies\u003c/a> in human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific community has pushed back against this some, trying to draw up guidelines against this germline genetic manipulation, but it is very clear that there’s a bevy of entrepreneurs, many in Northern California, looking for the chance to sell people improved versions of their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For me, what’s interesting here, we took for granted the stability of the physical planet. It was very hard to get anyone to understand that it was possible inside of 30 years to melt most of the sea ice in the Arctic or change the chemical composition of the ocean. We take human meaning for granted, too. Once you start down these paths, it is hard to get off them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1940982/bill-mckibben-says-climate-strikes-are-in-our-future",
"authors": [
"6387"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3840",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1941114",
"label": "source_science_1940982"
},
"science_1941045": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941045",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941045",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556816278000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556816278,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Interview: Theranos Whistleblower Erika Cheung Thinks Elizabeth Holmes Should Spend Years in Prison",
"headTitle": "Interview: Theranos Whistleblower Erika Cheung Thinks Elizabeth Holmes Should Spend Years in Prison | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he joined Theranos fresh out of the University of California, Berkeley, a self-described “starry-eyed’’ 22-year-old chemist and biologist who saw Elizabeth Holmes as a role model: the CEO who would revolutionize the blood testing industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pullquote align='right'] ‘\u003c/span>I think people can be forgiven for mistakes that they’ve made. But at the same time, to set that example, to say that you have lied to your investors, you have lied to your employees, you endangered the lives of tens of thousands of patients. And now, you’re going to just get away with that? What kind of example does that set for other people within this industry?’\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Seven months later, Erika Cheung quit her job as a lab associate at the company and became a disillusioned whistleblower, her life now enveloped by one of the biggest business scandals in American history. She was among those who had made clear to federal regulators that she viewed Holmes as a liar who had put patients at risk. (Holmes, and her company’s former president, Ramesh Balwani, have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicted on charges of defrauding investors\u003c/a> out of hundreds of millions of dollars as well as deceiving hundreds of patients and doctors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In an interview with STAT, Cheung reflected on how she was duped by Holmes, why she believes the disgraced CEO should spend at least five years in prison and how the rifts between her fellow whistleblower Tyler Shultz, and his famous grandfather, George Shultz, went on longer than people know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postid=\"futureofyou_203018\"]Shultz and Cheung, both close friends, have turned their attention since they left Theranos to creating an organization called Ethics in Entrepreneurship in the hope of offering advice for people in the world of technology to sniff out bad players early on. Cheung, now 28, lives in Hong Kong, but was in Boston this week to appear at the Atlantic magazine’s Pulse Summit on Health Care, which was co-sponsored by STAT. Here is a transcript of the interview, which was edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think Elizabeth Holmes should go to jail?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I’m not the type of person to want to serially punish someone for something that they’ve done. I think people can be forgiven for mistakes that they’ve made. But at the same time, to set that example, to say that you have lied to your investors, you have lied to your employees, you endangered the lives of tens of thousands of patients. And now, you’re going to just get away with that? What kind of example does that set for other people within this industry? That it’s OK to raise a whole bunch of money, put on this theatrical show and now walk away scot-free, versus the Fyre Festival guy. On a much smaller scale, all these partygoers ended up going to this festival; they were in FEMA tents and everything, he got five to six years. (She was referring to Billy McFarland, the founder of the Fyre Festival, who was recently sentenced to six years in prison for promoting a “luxury music festival’’ that bilked its backers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long do you want to see her locked up? What would make you feel like she’s paying …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her dues? For me, honestly, my only agenda in all of this was for them to stop processing patient samples. Everything beyond that I’m going to leave it up to the justice system. I just wish that she would have the common sense to come forward and apologize. In terms of number of years in prison? Definitely more, I suppose, than the Fyre Festival guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you make of her being very public these days, out with her \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/02/inside-elizabeth-holmess-final-months-at-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>reported fiance\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> and her dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just weird. It’s just a bit surreal. When you see someone have this situation and pretend that everything is normal. It’s so bizarre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Elizabeth Holmes interviewed you to get the job. Did you think anything was off at the beginning?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I came in starry-eyed. I admired Elizabeth Holmes. She was this female entrepreneur in biotech. Really what she represented to me was that you could work really hard and get to a position of running your own company. There was something very powerful about the mission she was trying to put forward: making health care accessible, affordable, allowing for price transparency when you get your blood diagnostics. It’s not until you look at her as a character in retrospect that you realize the red flags and warning signs of her behavior and her personality and the kind of act that she put on to be the front face of Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When did things turn for you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things started to turn for me about a month, two months in. Initially I started in research and development. When things fail in R&D, that’s fine. That’s expected. But about a month in we were starting to get patients that were rolling in from our Walgreens center in Palo Alto. And I had run this patient sample and before I’d run the patient sample, I was running all these quality controls and they kept failing. And failing. Over and over. I was up until 3 a.m. trying to get quality controls to work and they weren’t working. Things weren’t working all the time. They were deleting data as outliers. Untrained staff were making decisions. Upper level management was saying, “Just get the results out,” at any cost. And get it out quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The better-known whistleblower, your friend Tyler Shultz, knew Holmes much better through his grandfather. (George Shultz was a former secretary of state and investor and champion of Holmes, who sided with her when his grandson started raising doubts.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler was a good contact for me to have because he had direct contact with Elizabeth Holmes because of his grandfather. He was eating Thanksgiving dinner with Elizabeth Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are things OK with Tyler and his grandfather?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It took a while. A lot longer than I think people realize. It took quite a while. Until seven months ago. I think his grandfather finally realized the truth. They’re finally getting dinner together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not what it was. It’s hard, right? For George Shultz, this was a legacy investment in a way. This was one of those last final projects that he was investing in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It must have been very painful for Tyler.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, yeah. Can you imagine? Tyler’s dad too. Tyler’s dad had to be put between his own father and his son. Tyler’s dad supported Tyler but really wanted it to end, all the legal battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you surprised by all the sustained publicity over Theranos, the major movie projects?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It’s blown up into this big story, this big case. One, she got hyped up to this large degree. She was on Fortune, she was considered the youngest billionaire in the United States. And I think rising to the height of everyone treating her as this celebrity and realizing it was on a basis of lies, and not only that it was a company that was around health care. This was people’s lives. It wasn’t developing an app that was like janky you couldn’t get your pizza delivered on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s your sense of whether Elizabeth Holmes knowingly committed fraud or deluded herself about her actions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard when you’re dealing with someone who was clearly delusional to really understand what is going on in their head and what they perceive as reality versus what they’ve sort of imagined. Do I think she was out to scam everybody from the very beginning? At lot of people disagree with me, but I don’t think that was the case. I think she went in, at least initially, with good intentions. But she let her ego get in the way. She was more focused on being the next Steve Jobs of health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People have called her a “psychopath.’’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know her well enough. But clearly there’s something not right with her. She’s never made an apology. She’s never come forward to the patients and said, “Hey, I’m sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say she’s “not right,’’ do you look back at any clues that you didn’t pick up on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secrecy. The extreme amount of paranoia of these big medical diagnostic companies going to come after her and destroy her technology. The fact that before you even go in there and interview you have to sign an NDA. Responding to questions, “Well, until you work for the company, that’s trade secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you see that during your interview with Holmes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She just dodged a lot of questions. Like, “Oh, so what kind of technology are you guys using to run the blood samples?” It would always be the case, “Until you work for the company, those are trade secrets — you’ll be able to find out what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most off-the-wall thing you saw Holmes do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lying. Watching her do an article with Fortune or with Forbes, and it would just be such a different picture, just a wildly different picture of what was going on internally in the company versus what was being portrayed in the media. It was so disparate to the reality: Sitting at your lab bench and going, “What is she talking about?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are you doing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I founded a \u003ca href=\"http://ethicsinentrepreneurship.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonprofit\u003c/a> basically focused on preventing major scandals from happening, like Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re focused on three different stakeholders: providing resources and tools for entrepreneurs, so that at every stage of development they understand the ethical considerations in building a business and in running a business, from hiring to the culture you implement to building your product. We’re working with ethics departments and seasoned lawyers and compliance officers to basically build out the tools to help entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How big is your staff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We launched six weeks ago. At the moment we have six people. I’m the only full-time. Tyler is coming on board; he helps with introductions and the strategy of the organization. At this point, we’re self-funded and we’re talking to a few investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are long-standing consequences of the Theranos saga?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors are very cautious. Is this the next Theranos? A lot of people are very discouraged by this whole scenario. What are the implications of having a strong female founder in biotech being associated with the largest and biggest scandal in Silicon Valley to date? What are the unconscious biases that may go against female founders who are very charismatic, who are very good at selling, in terms of approaching investors or selling to customers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think this could happen again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. Maybe not in the same style. A lot of people have been very skeptical of the fireworks and show that Silicon Valley puts on about how they’re going to change the world and make an impact in this very grandiose way without necessarily having the evidence to back up how they’re going to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As software in general starts to integrate more into regulated industries, we’re going to have to be on high alert of these types of scenarios happening again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now that Holmes is out of the picture, is there a woman founder in the sciences you admire?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I like Anne Wojcicki from 23andMe. She’s a very kind, strong female leader. She’s very pragmatic. She’s been able to confront these different challenges of building a tech company in a highly regulated space with a certain level of sensibility about her. It’s not that she gets defeated when regulatory challenges come up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your advice to entrepreneurs to do good in the health space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There still is a lot of opportunity to solve a lot of problems in health care. And even though Theranos was how not to do things, there are many good ways to do things well and we’re at an exciting period in this convergence between software and computing power and biology and synthetic biology that really we’re going to start seeing a lot of innovation in the health care space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2197,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 48
},
"modified": 1704848702,
"excerpt": "In an interview, Elizabeth Cheung reflects on how she went from starry-eyed to disillusioned at Theranos and why she thinks Elizabeth Holmes, the company's disgraced CEO, should spend at least five years in prison.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "In an interview, Elizabeth Cheung reflects on how she went from starry-eyed to disillusioned at Theranos and why she thinks Elizabeth Holmes, the company's disgraced CEO, should spend at least five years in prison.",
"title": "Interview: Theranos Whistleblower Erika Cheung Thinks Elizabeth Holmes Should Spend Years in Prison | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Interview: Theranos Whistleblower Erika Cheung Thinks Elizabeth Holmes Should Spend Years in Prison",
"datePublished": "2019-05-02T09:57:58-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:02-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "interview-theranos-whistleblower-erika-cheung-thinks-elizabeth-holmes-should-spend-years-in-prison",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Rick Berke\u003cbr />STAT",
"sticky": false,
"source": "STAT News",
"path": "/science/1941045/interview-theranos-whistleblower-erika-cheung-thinks-elizabeth-holmes-should-spend-years-in-prison",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he joined Theranos fresh out of the University of California, Berkeley, a self-described “starry-eyed’’ 22-year-old chemist and biologist who saw Elizabeth Holmes as a role model: the CEO who would revolutionize the blood testing industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": " ‘\u003c/span>I think people can be forgiven for mistakes that they’ve made. But at the same time, to set that example, to say that you have lied to your investors, you have lied to your employees, you endangered the lives of tens of thousands of patients. And now, you’re going to just get away with that? What kind of example does that set for other people within this industry?’\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"align": "right",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Seven months later, Erika Cheung quit her job as a lab associate at the company and became a disillusioned whistleblower, her life now enveloped by one of the biggest business scandals in American history. She was among those who had made clear to federal regulators that she viewed Holmes as a liar who had put patients at risk. (Holmes, and her company’s former president, Ramesh Balwani, have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indicted on charges of defrauding investors\u003c/a> out of hundreds of millions of dollars as well as deceiving hundreds of patients and doctors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In an interview with STAT, Cheung reflected on how she was duped by Holmes, why she believes the disgraced CEO should spend at least five years in prison and how the rifts between her fellow whistleblower Tyler Shultz, and his famous grandfather, George Shultz, went on longer than people know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "aside",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"postid": "futureofyou_203018",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Shultz and Cheung, both close friends, have turned their attention since they left Theranos to creating an organization called Ethics in Entrepreneurship in the hope of offering advice for people in the world of technology to sniff out bad players early on. Cheung, now 28, lives in Hong Kong, but was in Boston this week to appear at the Atlantic magazine’s Pulse Summit on Health Care, which was co-sponsored by STAT. Here is a transcript of the interview, which was edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think Elizabeth Holmes should go to jail?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. I’m not the type of person to want to serially punish someone for something that they’ve done. I think people can be forgiven for mistakes that they’ve made. But at the same time, to set that example, to say that you have lied to your investors, you have lied to your employees, you endangered the lives of tens of thousands of patients. And now, you’re going to just get away with that? What kind of example does that set for other people within this industry? That it’s OK to raise a whole bunch of money, put on this theatrical show and now walk away scot-free, versus the Fyre Festival guy. On a much smaller scale, all these partygoers ended up going to this festival; they were in FEMA tents and everything, he got five to six years. (She was referring to Billy McFarland, the founder of the Fyre Festival, who was recently sentenced to six years in prison for promoting a “luxury music festival’’ that bilked its backers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long do you want to see her locked up? What would make you feel like she’s paying …\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her dues? For me, honestly, my only agenda in all of this was for them to stop processing patient samples. Everything beyond that I’m going to leave it up to the justice system. I just wish that she would have the common sense to come forward and apologize. In terms of number of years in prison? Definitely more, I suppose, than the Fyre Festival guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you make of her being very public these days, out with her \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/02/inside-elizabeth-holmess-final-months-at-theranos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>reported fiance\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> and her dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just weird. It’s just a bit surreal. When you see someone have this situation and pretend that everything is normal. It’s so bizarre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Elizabeth Holmes interviewed you to get the job. Did you think anything was off at the beginning?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I came in starry-eyed. I admired Elizabeth Holmes. She was this female entrepreneur in biotech. Really what she represented to me was that you could work really hard and get to a position of running your own company. There was something very powerful about the mission she was trying to put forward: making health care accessible, affordable, allowing for price transparency when you get your blood diagnostics. It’s not until you look at her as a character in retrospect that you realize the red flags and warning signs of her behavior and her personality and the kind of act that she put on to be the front face of Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When did things turn for you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things started to turn for me about a month, two months in. Initially I started in research and development. When things fail in R&D, that’s fine. That’s expected. But about a month in we were starting to get patients that were rolling in from our Walgreens center in Palo Alto. And I had run this patient sample and before I’d run the patient sample, I was running all these quality controls and they kept failing. And failing. Over and over. I was up until 3 a.m. trying to get quality controls to work and they weren’t working. Things weren’t working all the time. They were deleting data as outliers. Untrained staff were making decisions. Upper level management was saying, “Just get the results out,” at any cost. And get it out quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The better-known whistleblower, your friend Tyler Shultz, knew Holmes much better through his grandfather. (George Shultz was a former secretary of state and investor and champion of Holmes, who sided with her when his grandson started raising doubts.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tyler was a good contact for me to have because he had direct contact with Elizabeth Holmes because of his grandfather. He was eating Thanksgiving dinner with Elizabeth Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are things OK with Tyler and his grandfather?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It took a while. A lot longer than I think people realize. It took quite a while. Until seven months ago. I think his grandfather finally realized the truth. They’re finally getting dinner together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not what it was. It’s hard, right? For George Shultz, this was a legacy investment in a way. This was one of those last final projects that he was investing in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It must have been very painful for Tyler.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, yeah. Can you imagine? Tyler’s dad too. Tyler’s dad had to be put between his own father and his son. Tyler’s dad supported Tyler but really wanted it to end, all the legal battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you surprised by all the sustained publicity over Theranos, the major movie projects?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It’s blown up into this big story, this big case. One, she got hyped up to this large degree. She was on Fortune, she was considered the youngest billionaire in the United States. And I think rising to the height of everyone treating her as this celebrity and realizing it was on a basis of lies, and not only that it was a company that was around health care. This was people’s lives. It wasn’t developing an app that was like janky you couldn’t get your pizza delivered on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s your sense of whether Elizabeth Holmes knowingly committed fraud or deluded herself about her actions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard when you’re dealing with someone who was clearly delusional to really understand what is going on in their head and what they perceive as reality versus what they’ve sort of imagined. Do I think she was out to scam everybody from the very beginning? At lot of people disagree with me, but I don’t think that was the case. I think she went in, at least initially, with good intentions. But she let her ego get in the way. She was more focused on being the next Steve Jobs of health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People have called her a “psychopath.’’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know her well enough. But clearly there’s something not right with her. She’s never made an apology. She’s never come forward to the patients and said, “Hey, I’m sorry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say she’s “not right,’’ do you look back at any clues that you didn’t pick up on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secrecy. The extreme amount of paranoia of these big medical diagnostic companies going to come after her and destroy her technology. The fact that before you even go in there and interview you have to sign an NDA. Responding to questions, “Well, until you work for the company, that’s trade secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you see that during your interview with Holmes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She just dodged a lot of questions. Like, “Oh, so what kind of technology are you guys using to run the blood samples?” It would always be the case, “Until you work for the company, those are trade secrets — you’ll be able to find out what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most off-the-wall thing you saw Holmes do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lying. Watching her do an article with Fortune or with Forbes, and it would just be such a different picture, just a wildly different picture of what was going on internally in the company versus what was being portrayed in the media. It was so disparate to the reality: Sitting at your lab bench and going, “What is she talking about?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are you doing now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I founded a \u003ca href=\"http://ethicsinentrepreneurship.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonprofit\u003c/a> basically focused on preventing major scandals from happening, like Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re focused on three different stakeholders: providing resources and tools for entrepreneurs, so that at every stage of development they understand the ethical considerations in building a business and in running a business, from hiring to the culture you implement to building your product. We’re working with ethics departments and seasoned lawyers and compliance officers to basically build out the tools to help entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How big is your staff?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We launched six weeks ago. At the moment we have six people. I’m the only full-time. Tyler is coming on board; he helps with introductions and the strategy of the organization. At this point, we’re self-funded and we’re talking to a few investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are long-standing consequences of the Theranos saga?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors are very cautious. Is this the next Theranos? A lot of people are very discouraged by this whole scenario. What are the implications of having a strong female founder in biotech being associated with the largest and biggest scandal in Silicon Valley to date? What are the unconscious biases that may go against female founders who are very charismatic, who are very good at selling, in terms of approaching investors or selling to customers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think this could happen again?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah. Maybe not in the same style. A lot of people have been very skeptical of the fireworks and show that Silicon Valley puts on about how they’re going to change the world and make an impact in this very grandiose way without necessarily having the evidence to back up how they’re going to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As software in general starts to integrate more into regulated industries, we’re going to have to be on high alert of these types of scenarios happening again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now that Holmes is out of the picture, is there a woman founder in the sciences you admire?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I like Anne Wojcicki from 23andMe. She’s a very kind, strong female leader. She’s very pragmatic. She’s been able to confront these different challenges of building a tech company in a highly regulated space with a certain level of sensibility about her. It’s not that she gets defeated when regulatory challenges come up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your advice to entrepreneurs to do good in the health space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There still is a lot of opportunity to solve a lot of problems in health care. And even though Theranos was how not to do things, there are many good ways to do things well and we’re at an exciting period in this convergence between software and computing power and biology and synthetic biology that really we’re going to start seeing a lot of innovation in the health care space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2019/05/01/from-protegee-to-whistleblower-a-former-theranos-scientist-says-elizabeth-holmes-should-come-forward-and-apologize/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941045/interview-theranos-whistleblower-erika-cheung-thinks-elizabeth-holmes-should-spend-years-in-prison",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1941045"
],
"categories": [
"science_30",
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_3838",
"science_3245"
],
"featImg": "science_1941050",
"label": "source_science_1941045"
},
"science_1941025": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1941025",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1941025",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556814537000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556814537,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Amputations for Black and Latino Diabetics a 'Mega-Disparity'",
"headTitle": "Amputations for Black and Latino Diabetics a ‘Mega-Disparity’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On his regular rounds at the University of Southern California’s Keck Hospital, Dr. David Armstrong lives a brutal injustice of American health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]In California, of the 82,000 diabetic amputations from 2011 to 2017, people who were black or Latino were more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to undergo amputations related to diabetes, a Kaiser Health News analysis found.[/pullquote]Each week, dozens of patients with diabetes come to him with deep wounds, severe infections and poor circulation — debilitating complications of a disease that has spiraled out of control. He works to save their limbs, but sometimes Armstrong and his team must resort to amputation to save the patient, a painful and life-altering measure he knows is nearly always preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades now, the American medical establishment has known how to manage diabetes. Even as the number of people living with the illness continues to climb — today, estimated at more than 30 million nationwide — the prognosis for those with access to good health care has become far less dire. With the right medication, diet and lifestyle changes, patients can learn to manage their diabetes and lead robust lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet across the country, surgeons still perform tens of thousands of diabetic amputations each year. It’s a drastic procedure that stands as a powerful example of the consequences of being poor, uninsured and cut off from a routine system of quality health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Amputations are an unnecessary consequence of this devastating disease,” said Armstrong, professor of surgery at Keck School of Medicine of USC. “It’s an epidemic within an epidemic. And it’s a problem that’s totally ignored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where doctors performed more than 82,000 diabetic amputations from 2011 to 2017, people who were black or Latino were more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to undergo amputations related to diabetes, a Kaiser Health News analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern is not unique to California. Across the country, studies have shown that diabetic amputations vary significantly not just by race and ethnicity but also by income and geography. Diabetic patients living in communities tat rank in the nation’s bottom quartile by income were nearly 39% more likely to undergo major amputations compared with people living in the highest-income communities, according to one \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134914\">2015 study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0148\">2014 study\u003c/a> by UCLA researchers found that people with diabetes in poorer neighborhoods in Los Angeles County were twice as likely to have a foot or leg amputated than those in wealthier areas. The difference was more than tenfold in some parts of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium alignnone\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/california-amputations3.png\" width=\"1024\" height=\"871\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations are considered a “mega-disparity” and dwarf nearly every other health disparity by race and ethnicity, said Dr. Dean Schillinger, a medical professor at the University of California-San Francisco. To begin with, people who are black or Latino are more at risk of diabetes than other groups — a disparity often attributed to socioeconomic factors such as higher rates of poverty and lower levels of education. They also may live in environments with less access to healthy food or places to exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, among those with the disease, blacks and Latinos often get diagnosed after the disease has taken hold and have more complications, such as amputations. “If you go into low-income African American neighborhoods, it is a war zone,” said Schillinger, former chief of the Diabetes Prevention and Control Program at the California Department of Public Health. “You see people wheeling themselves around in wheelchairs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the outrage for researchers is that medical science has made so much headway in diabetes treatment. Nationwide, fewer than \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/newsroom/diabetic-amputations-may-be-rising-in-the-united-states\">5 adults out of every 1,000 with diabetes\u003c/a> get amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who do, the consequences are profound. More than half of amputations in California from 2011 to 2017 occurred among people ages 45 to 64, according to the KHN analysis, meaning many people are left disabled and dependent on others for care during their prime working years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Mother to Son\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Moss leaned back on his couch and raised his right leg. His wife, Bernadette, sprayed antiseptic on a gaping wound on the sole of his foot before dabbing it with Vaseline and rewrapping it with gauze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stocky man who used to deliver poultry, Moss, 47, said he had to stop working after his left leg was amputated below the knee about 10 years ago. Later, he lost part of his right foot. With Bernadette’s help, he is trying to save the rest of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-8_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jackson Moss had to stop working after his left leg was amputated below the knee about 10 years ago because of an infected wound that developed in his toe.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If I didn’t have my wife, I don’t know where I’d be,” said Moss, who wears a prosthesis on his left leg and uses a wheelchair. “I can’t get around good like I used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss, who lives in Compton, embodies many of the characteristics of people most likely to get diabetic amputations. He is African American with a relatively low family income: about $30,000 a year from his Social Security disability check and his wife’s job with the county mental health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss has not always received regular medical care. His mother, who also had a leg amputated from diabetes, would take him to the doctor when he was a boy. But he stopped going as an adult. He didn’t have insurance during much of his 20s and 30s. Medical care just wasn’t a priority, he said, until about 25 years ago when his blood sugar shot up so high he passed out at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, he started seeing a physician more often. He tried to avoid sugar, as his doctor recommended, but bad habits die hard. “It takes a lot to eat right,” he said, “and it costs more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, about 10 years ago, he bumped his toe on the bed. He thought little of it until he developed an infected wound. A fever sent him to the hospital, where his lower leg was removed. A few years later, with his diabetes still poorly controlled, he lost the toes on his other foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Moss and his wife said, health providers have sometimes ignored their concerns. They recalled trips to the emergency room when they had to convince doctors his fever came from a diabetes-related infection. “They wouldn’t take my word,” he said. The couple did not see it as discrimination, more like dismissiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Moss goes to a clinic run by Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Hospital, which serves a large Latino and black population in South Los Angeles. On a recent visit, his doctor asked if he was staying off the foot with the wound. “I just get up when I have to go to the restroom and to get in and out of the bed,” Moss responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss hopes someday he will be able to do more — get back to taking his grandsons to Chuck E. Cheese or playing dominoes with friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just sit here all day long,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-9_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moss holds the funeral program for his mother, who also had diabetes.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Most Shameful Metric’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations typically start with poorly controlled diabetes, a disease characterized by excess sugar in the blood. Untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure and blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with diabetes often have reduced sensation in their feet, as well as poor circulation. \u003ca href=\"http://mr3health.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/nejmra1615439.pdf\">As many as one-third\u003c/a> of people with the most common form — Type 2 — develop foot ulcers or a break in the skin that can become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations occur after those infections rage out of control and enter the bloodstream or seep deeper into the tissue. People with diabetes often have a condition that makes it harder for blood to circulate and wounds to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The circumstances that give rise to amputations are complex and often intertwined: Patients may avoid doctors because their family and friends do, or clinics are too far away. Some may delay medical visits because they don’t trust doctors or have limited insurance. Even when they seek treatment, some find it difficult to take medication as directed, adhere to dietary restrictions or stay off an infected foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians with diabetes who have a regular place to go for health care other than the emergency room are less likely to get amputations, according to an analysis conducted for Kaiser Health News by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. If they have a plan to control their diabetes, they also have less chance of amputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that many amputations could be avoided with better access to care and better disease management, said Ninez Ponce, director of the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most shameful metric we have on quality of care,” Ponce said. “It is a health equity issue. We are a very rich state. We shouldn’t be seeing these diabetic amputations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An amputation often leads to a cascade of setbacks: more infections, more amputations, decreased mobility, social isolation. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898398\">Research shows\u003c/a> as many as three-quarters of people with diabetes who have had lower-limb amputations die within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-11_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Zamora gets ready to clean the wound on her foot on Nov. 1, 2018. Zamora was first diagnosed with gestational diabetes and eventually with conventional Type 2.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The health system bears surprisingly large costs for what remains a relatively uncommon problem. A single lower-limb amputation can cost more than $100,000. By far, government programs — Medicaid and Medicare — pay for the most amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the best bet is to intervene well before they become necessary. People with diabetes are “very much in need of the simplest, basic, cost-effective, easy-to-implement treatments,” said Dr. Philip Goodney, director of the Center for the Evaluation of Surgical Care at Dartmouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with basic measures to control diabetes, regular foot exams are key. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates somewhere between 11% and 28% of people with diabetes get the recommended podiatric care, a yearly foot exam to check for loss of sensation and blood flow. Under federal rules governing Medicaid, the government program for low-income Americans, such care is optional and not covered by every state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California includes it as an optional benefit, limiting access to such care. An \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/podiatricservices-brief-jun2017.pdf\">analysis\u003c/a> by UCLA researchers estimated that the use of preventive podiatric services saved the Medi-Cal system — California’s version of Medicaid — up to $97 million in 2014, based on avoided hospital admissions and amputations, and that savings could be much greater if more patients had access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting for Jesse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Guerrero is 12, but already knows what diabetes — and amputations — can do to a family. He has seen how life changed since his mom, Patricia Zamora, had her first surgery. She had to stop working as a group home supervisor. They were evicted and eventually moved into his grandmother’s house in Pomona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they stay home a lot more than they used to. “I want her to get better so we can finally go places,” Jesse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First diagnosed with gestational diabetes, Zamora, 49, eventually was diagnosed with conventional Type 2. Though her mother has diabetes, she said, she didn’t understand the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-10_1350.jpg?w=770&h=513&crop=1\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Guerrero helps take care of his mom, who has diabetes. “I want her to get better so we can finally go places,” he says.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her serious troubles started in 2014, when she stubbed her big toe and it turned black and purple. When she finally went to an ER, doctors said it had to be amputated. The next year, after another stumble and another infection, doctors removed the remaining toes on her right foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she is fighting a third wound and risks losing the limb below her knee. She uses a scooter and wears a boot to keep the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many days, she wants to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I can’t,” she said. “I have Jesse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His health is also a concern. Though only in middle school, Jesse is overweight, putting him at greater risk for Type 2 diabetes. She recently took away his PlayStation and signed him up for flag football so he would be more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse, too, is scared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to get my foot cut off,” he said. “I’d rather have a full life than a short one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Gift of Pain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As hospitals have seen the impacts — and cost — of amputations, some have made efforts to reduce them. Some, like Keck Hospital, have started limb preservation centers, which use cross-disciplinary teams and technology to treat wounds and help patients improve disease management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with a team of specialists, however, saving a limb often depends on patients coming in early rather than waiting until their foot has become dangerously infected. But because their sensation is dulled, they often don’t appreciate the danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do you get someone to come in if they don’t have pain?” Armstrong said. “They need the gift of pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Armstrong’s patients, Cirilo Delgado, has a wound on his heel that could cost him his lower leg. He already lost a toe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado, 41, knew diabetes ran in his family. His father, 68, has diabetes. His mother, who had diabetes and kidney failure, died at 67. His diabetic sister died at 35 of a heart attack, a possible complication of diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw them die young,” he said. “I don’t want to be the next one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Moss, Delgado didn’t always have insurance. And he didn’t seek care for his diabetes until the symptoms got dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado used to work at a dry cleaning shop but had to stop because he doesn’t have the balance he once did. His blood pressure fluctuates dangerously, and he needs dialysis three times a week for kidney failure. He has moved in with his father, a truck driver who stopped working to help care for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, doctors used a skin flap from his leg to try to heal his latest wound. He’s praying he doesn’t get another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a prosthesis,” he said, “but it’s not the same as a limb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\"> Healt\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">h\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\"> News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org\">California Healthline\u003c/a> ethnic media editor Ngoc Nguyen and Kaiser Health News data editor Elizabeth Lucas contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Methodology note: Kaiser Health News analyzed 2011-17 data from California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) on diabetes patients discharged after lower-limb amputations. OSPHD grouped the amputations into these racial and ethnic categories: white, black, Hispanic and other; and these age groups: under 45, 45-64, 65 and over. To compare amputation rates across groups, KHN calculated crude rates using California population data for each year from the U.S. Census Bureau, and calculated the final age-adjusted rate for each racial/ethnic group using U.S. 2010 population distribution as weights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2659,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 65
},
"modified": 1704848703,
"excerpt": "Across the country, surgeons still perform tens of thousands of diabetic amputations each year. It’s a drastic procedure that stands as a powerful example of the consequences of being poor, uninsured and cut off from a routine system of quality health care.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Across the country, surgeons still perform tens of thousands of diabetic amputations each year. It’s a drastic procedure that stands as a powerful example of the consequences of being poor, uninsured and cut off from a routine system of quality health care.",
"title": "Amputations for Black and Latino Diabetics a 'Mega-Disparity' | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Amputations for Black and Latino Diabetics a 'Mega-Disparity'",
"datePublished": "2019-05-02T09:28:57-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:03-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "amputations-for-black-and-latino-diabetics-a-mega-disparity",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Anna Gorman\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News",
"sticky": false,
"source": "Kaiser Health News",
"path": "/science/1941025/amputations-for-black-and-latino-diabetics-a-mega-disparity",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On his regular rounds at the University of Southern California’s Keck Hospital, Dr. David Armstrong lives a brutal injustice of American health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "In California, of the 82,000 diabetic amputations from 2011 to 2017, people who were black or Latino were more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to undergo amputations related to diabetes, a Kaiser Health News analysis found.",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Each week, dozens of patients with diabetes come to him with deep wounds, severe infections and poor circulation — debilitating complications of a disease that has spiraled out of control. He works to save their limbs, but sometimes Armstrong and his team must resort to amputation to save the patient, a painful and life-altering measure he knows is nearly always preventable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades now, the American medical establishment has known how to manage diabetes. Even as the number of people living with the illness continues to climb — today, estimated at more than 30 million nationwide — the prognosis for those with access to good health care has become far less dire. With the right medication, diet and lifestyle changes, patients can learn to manage their diabetes and lead robust lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet across the country, surgeons still perform tens of thousands of diabetic amputations each year. It’s a drastic procedure that stands as a powerful example of the consequences of being poor, uninsured and cut off from a routine system of quality health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Amputations are an unnecessary consequence of this devastating disease,” said Armstrong, professor of surgery at Keck School of Medicine of USC. “It’s an epidemic within an epidemic. And it’s a problem that’s totally ignored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, where doctors performed more than 82,000 diabetic amputations from 2011 to 2017, people who were black or Latino were more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to undergo amputations related to diabetes, a Kaiser Health News analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern is not unique to California. Across the country, studies have shown that diabetic amputations vary significantly not just by race and ethnicity but also by income and geography. Diabetic patients living in communities tat rank in the nation’s bottom quartile by income were nearly 39% more likely to undergo major amputations compared with people living in the highest-income communities, according to one \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134914\">2015 study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0148\">2014 study\u003c/a> by UCLA researchers found that people with diabetes in poorer neighborhoods in Los Angeles County were twice as likely to have a foot or leg amputated than those in wealthier areas. The difference was more than tenfold in some parts of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium alignnone\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/california-amputations3.png\" width=\"1024\" height=\"871\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations are considered a “mega-disparity” and dwarf nearly every other health disparity by race and ethnicity, said Dr. Dean Schillinger, a medical professor at the University of California-San Francisco. To begin with, people who are black or Latino are more at risk of diabetes than other groups — a disparity often attributed to socioeconomic factors such as higher rates of poverty and lower levels of education. They also may live in environments with less access to healthy food or places to exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, among those with the disease, blacks and Latinos often get diagnosed after the disease has taken hold and have more complications, such as amputations. “If you go into low-income African American neighborhoods, it is a war zone,” said Schillinger, former chief of the Diabetes Prevention and Control Program at the California Department of Public Health. “You see people wheeling themselves around in wheelchairs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the outrage for researchers is that medical science has made so much headway in diabetes treatment. Nationwide, fewer than \u003ca href=\"https://www.ajmc.com/newsroom/diabetic-amputations-may-be-rising-in-the-united-states\">5 adults out of every 1,000 with diabetes\u003c/a> get amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who do, the consequences are profound. More than half of amputations in California from 2011 to 2017 occurred among people ages 45 to 64, according to the KHN analysis, meaning many people are left disabled and dependent on others for care during their prime working years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Mother to Son\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Moss leaned back on his couch and raised his right leg. His wife, Bernadette, sprayed antiseptic on a gaping wound on the sole of his foot before dabbing it with Vaseline and rewrapping it with gauze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stocky man who used to deliver poultry, Moss, 47, said he had to stop working after his left leg was amputated below the knee about 10 years ago. Later, he lost part of his right foot. With Bernadette’s help, he is trying to save the rest of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-8_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jackson Moss had to stop working after his left leg was amputated below the knee about 10 years ago because of an infected wound that developed in his toe.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If I didn’t have my wife, I don’t know where I’d be,” said Moss, who wears a prosthesis on his left leg and uses a wheelchair. “I can’t get around good like I used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss, who lives in Compton, embodies many of the characteristics of people most likely to get diabetic amputations. He is African American with a relatively low family income: about $30,000 a year from his Social Security disability check and his wife’s job with the county mental health department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss has not always received regular medical care. His mother, who also had a leg amputated from diabetes, would take him to the doctor when he was a boy. But he stopped going as an adult. He didn’t have insurance during much of his 20s and 30s. Medical care just wasn’t a priority, he said, until about 25 years ago when his blood sugar shot up so high he passed out at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, he started seeing a physician more often. He tried to avoid sugar, as his doctor recommended, but bad habits die hard. “It takes a lot to eat right,” he said, “and it costs more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, about 10 years ago, he bumped his toe on the bed. He thought little of it until he developed an infected wound. A fever sent him to the hospital, where his lower leg was removed. A few years later, with his diabetes still poorly controlled, he lost the toes on his other foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Moss and his wife said, health providers have sometimes ignored their concerns. They recalled trips to the emergency room when they had to convince doctors his fever came from a diabetes-related infection. “They wouldn’t take my word,” he said. The couple did not see it as discrimination, more like dismissiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Moss goes to a clinic run by Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Hospital, which serves a large Latino and black population in South Los Angeles. On a recent visit, his doctor asked if he was staying off the foot with the wound. “I just get up when I have to go to the restroom and to get in and out of the bed,” Moss responded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss hopes someday he will be able to do more — get back to taking his grandsons to Chuck E. Cheese or playing dominoes with friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just sit here all day long,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-9_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moss holds the funeral program for his mother, who also had diabetes.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘The Most Shameful Metric’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations typically start with poorly controlled diabetes, a disease characterized by excess sugar in the blood. Untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure and blindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with diabetes often have reduced sensation in their feet, as well as poor circulation. \u003ca href=\"http://mr3health.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/nejmra1615439.pdf\">As many as one-third\u003c/a> of people with the most common form — Type 2 — develop foot ulcers or a break in the skin that can become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amputations occur after those infections rage out of control and enter the bloodstream or seep deeper into the tissue. People with diabetes often have a condition that makes it harder for blood to circulate and wounds to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The circumstances that give rise to amputations are complex and often intertwined: Patients may avoid doctors because their family and friends do, or clinics are too far away. Some may delay medical visits because they don’t trust doctors or have limited insurance. Even when they seek treatment, some find it difficult to take medication as directed, adhere to dietary restrictions or stay off an infected foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians with diabetes who have a regular place to go for health care other than the emergency room are less likely to get amputations, according to an analysis conducted for Kaiser Health News by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. If they have a plan to control their diabetes, they also have less chance of amputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that many amputations could be avoided with better access to care and better disease management, said Ninez Ponce, director of the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the most shameful metric we have on quality of care,” Ponce said. “It is a health equity issue. We are a very rich state. We shouldn’t be seeing these diabetic amputations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An amputation often leads to a cascade of setbacks: more infections, more amputations, decreased mobility, social isolation. \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898398\">Research shows\u003c/a> as many as three-quarters of people with diabetes who have had lower-limb amputations die within five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1350px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-11_1350.jpg\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patricia Zamora gets ready to clean the wound on her foot on Nov. 1, 2018. Zamora was first diagnosed with gestational diabetes and eventually with conventional Type 2.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The health system bears surprisingly large costs for what remains a relatively uncommon problem. A single lower-limb amputation can cost more than $100,000. By far, government programs — Medicaid and Medicare — pay for the most amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the best bet is to intervene well before they become necessary. People with diabetes are “very much in need of the simplest, basic, cost-effective, easy-to-implement treatments,” said Dr. Philip Goodney, director of the Center for the Evaluation of Surgical Care at Dartmouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with basic measures to control diabetes, regular foot exams are key. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates somewhere between 11% and 28% of people with diabetes get the recommended podiatric care, a yearly foot exam to check for loss of sensation and blood flow. Under federal rules governing Medicaid, the government program for low-income Americans, such care is optional and not covered by every state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California includes it as an optional benefit, limiting access to such care. An \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/Documents/PDF/2017/podiatricservices-brief-jun2017.pdf\">analysis\u003c/a> by UCLA researchers estimated that the use of preventive podiatric services saved the Medi-Cal system — California’s version of Medicaid — up to $97 million in 2014, based on avoided hospital admissions and amputations, and that savings could be much greater if more patients had access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fighting for Jesse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Guerrero is 12, but already knows what diabetes — and amputations — can do to a family. He has seen how life changed since his mom, Patricia Zamora, had her first surgery. She had to stop working as a group home supervisor. They were evicted and eventually moved into his grandmother’s house in Pomona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they stay home a lot more than they used to. “I want her to get better so we can finally go places,” Jesse said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First diagnosed with gestational diabetes, Zamora, 49, eventually was diagnosed with conventional Type 2. Though her mother has diabetes, she said, she didn’t understand the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 770px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://californiahealthline.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/amputations-10_1350.jpg?w=770&h=513&crop=1\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Guerrero helps take care of his mom, who has diabetes. “I want her to get better so we can finally go places,” he says.(Heidi de Marco/California Healthline)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her serious troubles started in 2014, when she stubbed her big toe and it turned black and purple. When she finally went to an ER, doctors said it had to be amputated. The next year, after another stumble and another infection, doctors removed the remaining toes on her right foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she is fighting a third wound and risks losing the limb below her knee. She uses a scooter and wears a boot to keep the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many days, she wants to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I can’t,” she said. “I have Jesse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His health is also a concern. Though only in middle school, Jesse is overweight, putting him at greater risk for Type 2 diabetes. She recently took away his PlayStation and signed him up for flag football so he would be more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse, too, is scared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to get my foot cut off,” he said. “I’d rather have a full life than a short one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Gift of Pain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As hospitals have seen the impacts — and cost — of amputations, some have made efforts to reduce them. Some, like Keck Hospital, have started limb preservation centers, which use cross-disciplinary teams and technology to treat wounds and help patients improve disease management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with a team of specialists, however, saving a limb often depends on patients coming in early rather than waiting until their foot has become dangerously infected. But because their sensation is dulled, they often don’t appreciate the danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do you get someone to come in if they don’t have pain?” Armstrong said. “They need the gift of pain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Armstrong’s patients, Cirilo Delgado, has a wound on his heel that could cost him his lower leg. He already lost a toe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado, 41, knew diabetes ran in his family. His father, 68, has diabetes. His mother, who had diabetes and kidney failure, died at 67. His diabetic sister died at 35 of a heart attack, a possible complication of diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw them die young,” he said. “I don’t want to be the next one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Moss, Delgado didn’t always have insurance. And he didn’t seek care for his diabetes until the symptoms got dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delgado used to work at a dry cleaning shop but had to stop because he doesn’t have the balance he once did. His blood pressure fluctuates dangerously, and he needs dialysis three times a week for kidney failure. He has moved in with his father, a truck driver who stopped working to help care for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, doctors used a skin flap from his leg to try to heal his latest wound. He’s praying he doesn’t get another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know there’s a prosthesis,” he said, “but it’s not the same as a limb.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">Kaiser\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\"> Healt\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\">h\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\"> News\u003c/a>, an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/\">Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://californiahealthline.org\">California Healthline\u003c/a> ethnic media editor Ngoc Nguyen and Kaiser Health News data editor Elizabeth Lucas contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Methodology note: Kaiser Health News analyzed 2011-17 data from California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) on diabetes patients discharged after lower-limb amputations. OSPHD grouped the amputations into these racial and ethnic categories: white, black, Hispanic and other; and these age groups: under 45, 45-64, 65 and over. To compare amputation rates across groups, KHN calculated crude rates using California population data for each year from the U.S. Census Bureau, and calculated the final age-adjusted rate for each racial/ethnic group using U.S. 2010 population distribution as weights.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1941025/amputations-for-black-and-latino-diabetics-a-mega-disparity",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1941025"
],
"categories": [
"science_39",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_233",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1941033",
"label": "source_science_1941025"
},
"science_1940997": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1940997",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940997",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556755380000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556755380,
"format": "audio",
"title": "Thousands of California Homeowners Waiting on FEMA for Seismic Retrofits",
"headTitle": "Thousands of California Homeowners Waiting on FEMA for Seismic Retrofits | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Homeowners waiting for retrofits under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakebracebolt.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earthquake Brace and Bolt program\u003c/a> are stuck in limbo while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape. That has put thousands of planned retrofits on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation=\"Glenn Pomeroy, CEO California Earthquake Authority\"]‘Someone who’s been told that they’ve been selected for the program, I don’t blame them for being frustrated.’[/pullquote]Every year, the California Earthquake Authority holds a lottery and doles out \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakebracebolt.com/HomeownerRegistration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants of up to $3,000\u003c/a> for homeowners to have their houses retrofitted for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, which started in 2014, has been mostly financed by the California Earthquake Authority’s Loss Mitigation Fund, but this year officials were counting on the Federal Emergency Management Agency to bankroll at least half, and possibly all of the $6 million program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still waiting,” says Glenn Pomeroy, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Earthquake Authority\u003c/a>, the same agency that underwrites earthquake insurance for homeowners. He says FEMA wants to see floor plans, which most homeowners don’t have on hand\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>or schedule site inspections to ensure that the work won’t affect any historical value the house might have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Pomeroy, that seems like a stretch. Typically contractors go into the basement or crawlspace of a home, run steel bolts through the bottom layer of framing into the foundation, and then nail plywood to the inside framing to add shear strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s invisible from the outside, but it dramatically reduces the chances of that home sliding off the foundation,” says Pomeroy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some homes in the program date back to the 19th Century, but many were built as recently as 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re preserving historic homes, not interfering with them,” says Pomeroy, “and it frankly just doesn’t make sense to me that there’s this holdup in releasing these funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal cash was money due from a presidential disaster declaration after the punishing winter storms of 2017. But because of the tangle of red tape, retrofits for the 2,000 homeowners already approved for the program have been on hold for about four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone who’s been told that they’ve been selected for the program, I don’t blame them for being frustrated,” says Pomeroy. “We were hoping that we’d be providing the reimbursements for people to be retrofitting their homes already by now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But FEMA is bound by the National Historic Preservation Act to do the reviews before releasing any money, says agency spokesman Frank Mansell. The process, he admits, isn’t ideal in this case, as it appears the retrofits would have to be approved and funded one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This, as you can imagine, given the number of structures involved, is unwieldy at best,” he says.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of Historic Preservation\u003c/a> is in talks with federal officials to find some kind of shortcut, which ostensibly could be in place sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re really close, that’s the good news,” says Julianne Polanco, the state historic preservation officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand a way to meet everybody’s goal, which is to give the money out to people to brace and bolt their buildings, while making sure that the federal law, as we’ve been given, is met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polanco says she’s hopeful that won’t mean individual site surveys of every house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s whatever means possible to determine the effects on a historic property,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tired of waiting, the state has developed a partial workaround. CEA will use state money to get the program rolling while the FEMA funds remain tied up. But it will only cover about half the retrofits planned for this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As bureaucratic as that sounds,” says Polanco, “we are working and have been working together very diligently to come up with a solution that can meet all masters and ultimately lead to those buildings being repaired and people can be that much safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=65&v=ZgCv8YWO0C8\u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 734,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1704848706,
"excerpt": "Homeowners waiting for retrofits under the state’s Earthquake Brace and Bolt program are stuck in limbo while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape. That has put thousands of planned retrofits on hold.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Homeowners waiting for retrofits under the state’s Earthquake Brace and Bolt program are stuck in limbo while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape. That has put thousands of planned retrofits on hold.",
"title": "Thousands of California Homeowners Waiting on FEMA for Seismic Retrofits | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Thousands of California Homeowners Waiting on FEMA for Seismic Retrofits",
"datePublished": "2019-05-01T17:03:00-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:06-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "thousands-of-california-homeowners-still-waiting-on-fema-for-seismic-retrofit-money",
"status": "publish",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2019/05/MillerFEMARetrofit.mp3",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 153,
"source": "Engineering",
"path": "/science/1940997/thousands-of-california-homeowners-still-waiting-on-fema-for-seismic-retrofit-money",
"audioDuration": 153000,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Homeowners waiting for retrofits under the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakebracebolt.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earthquake Brace and Bolt program\u003c/a> are stuck in limbo while federal funding for this year’s program is tied up in red tape. That has put thousands of planned retrofits on hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "‘Someone who’s been told that they’ve been selected for the program, I don’t blame them for being frustrated.’",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"citation": "Glenn Pomeroy, CEO California Earthquake Authority",
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every year, the California Earthquake Authority holds a lottery and doles out \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakebracebolt.com/HomeownerRegistration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants of up to $3,000\u003c/a> for homeowners to have their houses retrofitted for earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, which started in 2014, has been mostly financed by the California Earthquake Authority’s Loss Mitigation Fund, but this year officials were counting on the Federal Emergency Management Agency to bankroll at least half, and possibly all of the $6 million program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still waiting,” says Glenn Pomeroy, CEO of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Earthquake Authority\u003c/a>, the same agency that underwrites earthquake insurance for homeowners. He says FEMA wants to see floor plans, which most homeowners don’t have on hand\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>or schedule site inspections to ensure that the work won’t affect any historical value the house might have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Pomeroy, that seems like a stretch. Typically contractors go into the basement or crawlspace of a home, run steel bolts through the bottom layer of framing into the foundation, and then nail plywood to the inside framing to add shear strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s invisible from the outside, but it dramatically reduces the chances of that home sliding off the foundation,” says Pomeroy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some homes in the program date back to the 19th Century, but many were built as recently as 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re preserving historic homes, not interfering with them,” says Pomeroy, “and it frankly just doesn’t make sense to me that there’s this holdup in releasing these funds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal cash was money due from a presidential disaster declaration after the punishing winter storms of 2017. But because of the tangle of red tape, retrofits for the 2,000 homeowners already approved for the program have been on hold for about four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone who’s been told that they’ve been selected for the program, I don’t blame them for being frustrated,” says Pomeroy. “We were hoping that we’d be providing the reimbursements for people to be retrofitting their homes already by now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But FEMA is bound by the National Historic Preservation Act to do the reviews before releasing any money, says agency spokesman Frank Mansell. The process, he admits, isn’t ideal in this case, as it appears the retrofits would have to be approved and funded one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This, as you can imagine, given the number of structures involved, is unwieldy at best,” he says.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s \u003ca href=\"http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office of Historic Preservation\u003c/a> is in talks with federal officials to find some kind of shortcut, which ostensibly could be in place sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re really close, that’s the good news,” says Julianne Polanco, the state historic preservation officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand a way to meet everybody’s goal, which is to give the money out to people to brace and bolt their buildings, while making sure that the federal law, as we’ve been given, is met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polanco says she’s hopeful that won’t mean individual site surveys of every house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s whatever means possible to determine the effects on a historic property,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tired of waiting, the state has developed a partial workaround. CEA will use state money to get the program rolling while the FEMA funds remain tied up. But it will only cover about half the retrofits planned for this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As bureaucratic as that sounds,” says Polanco, “we are working and have been working together very diligently to come up with a solution that can meet all masters and ultimately lead to those buildings being repaired and people can be that much safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZgCv8YWO0C8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ZgCv8YWO0C8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1940997/thousands-of-california-homeowners-still-waiting-on-fema-for-seismic-retrofit-money",
"authors": [
"221"
],
"categories": [
"science_89",
"science_38",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3840",
"science_3370",
"science_316",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1941003",
"label": "source_science_1940997"
},
"science_1940933": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1940933",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940933",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556651835000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556651835,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Nuclear Waste Piles Up, and Private Companies Want In on Storing It",
"headTitle": "Nuclear Waste Piles Up, and Private Companies Want In on Storing It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Congress is once again debating how to dispose of the country’s growing inventory of nuclear waste. Sen. John Barrasso, R-Wyo., is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases-republican?ID=AF869491-AE50-4E9E-8EB6-0828A6445E9E\">proposing legislation\u003c/a> that would jump-start licensing hearings for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage site in Nevada. The Trump administration also is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/256af181e3894f05857fdfc970979d08\">asking Congress for money\u003c/a> to resume work on that decades old \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101689489\">project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that may not end local opposition or a longstanding political stalemate. And in the meantime, nuclear plants are running out of room to store spent fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running Out of Room\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]A California company wants to store spent nuclear fuel in holes drilled at least 1,000 feet underground in stable rock formations. The company says the waste would be separate from groundwater and in a place where it can’t hurt people.[/pullquote]The \u003ca href=\"https://www.exeloncorp.com/locations/power-plants/peach-bottom-atomic-power-station\">Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station\u003c/a> in south-central Pennsylvania illustrates the problem. It’s one of 80 sites, across dozens of states, where nearly 80,000 metric tons of \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/key_issues/disposal_of_highlevel_nuclear_waste/issue_summary\">waste \u003c/a>from power plants is stored where it was generated, at taxpayer expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spent fuel removed from the Peach Bottom reactor is first stored in racks in a big pool. It’s surrounded by a bright yellow plastic barrier and signs that read “Caution: Radiation Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are under about 22 feet of water,” says reactor engineering manager Mark Parrish. “They are continuously being cooled, as they still have some amount of decay heat even after they’ve operated in the reactor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/04/26/doe-nuclear-facility-map_custom-17cd75e21c8e115bf5293142386957a0ed5d62ef-s800-c85.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"511\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California is home to four sites for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. (Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spent fuel stays here for seven to 10 years while it cools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s safe to remove the spent fuel from the pool, it’s stored outside in white metal casks that look like big hot water heaters. They are lined up on a concrete base behind razor wire and against a hillside near the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently there are 89 casks at Peach Bottom with room for three more, says Pat Navin, site vice president for Exelon, the company that partially owns and operates the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is 40 years worth of spent fuel stored over there currently and it’s less than the size of a football field,” says Navin. “Probably half a football field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a surprisingly small amount of waste when you consider that’s enough spent fuel to produce about 10 percent of Pennsylvania’s electricity over four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without a permanent disposal site, Navin says they’re going to run out of room. So they’re expanding the temporary storage to hold all the waste generated through the 60 years the plant is licensed to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navin says this storage is safe. The metal containers are sturdy enough to withstand things like an earthquake and, eventually, a move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the opportunity comes for these to be sent somewhere else then these will double as a shipping container as well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Private Companies Propose Their Own Storage Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the waste piles up, private companies are stepping in with their own solutions for the nation’s radioactive spent fuel. One is proposing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/11/709600915/new-mexico-is-divided-over-the-perfect-site-to-store-nation-s-nuclear-waste\">temporary storage site in New Mexico\u003c/a>, and another is seeking a license for a site in Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most experts agree that what’s needed is a permanent site, like Yucca Mountain, that doesn’t require humans to manage it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Institutions go away,” says Edwin Lyman, acting director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-power\">Nuclear Safety Project\u003c/a> at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “There’s no guarantee the owner will still be around for the duration of time when that waste remains dangerous, which is tens or hundreds of thousands of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California company says it has a viable plan for permanent storage. \u003ca href=\"https://www.deepisolation.com/\">Deep Isolation\u003c/a> wants to store spent fuel in holes drilled at least 1,000 feet underground in stable rock formations. The company says the waste would be separate from groundwater and in a place where it can’t hurt people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like to imagine having a playground at the top of the Deep Isolation bore hole where my kids and I can go play,” says CEO Elizabeth Muller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last November, Muller’s company conducted a test north of Austin, Texas. Crews lowered an 80-pound canister into a drilled hole. It was a simulation, so no radioactive substances were involved. The goal was to determine whether they could also retrieve the canister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test was successful, and that’s important. Regulators require retrieval, because new technology could develop to better deal with the spent fuel. And the public is less likely to accept disposal programs that can’t be reversed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1378_web.pdf\">International Atomic Energy Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving the waste can be retrieved may be the easy part. The bigger challenge is federal law, which doesn’t allow private companies to permanently store nuclear waste from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current law also says all the waste should end up at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. By contrast, Deep Isolation’s technology would store waste at sites around the country, likely near existing nuclear power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see how there would be political support from every other state, other than Nevada, for changing the law, so that spent nuclear fuel could stay in your state forever,” says Lyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the law, all that waste in dozens of states is staying put for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Nuclear+Waste+Piles+Up%2C+Private+Companies+Pitch+New+Ways+To+Store+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 957,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 28
},
"modified": 1704848709,
"excerpt": "Nuclear power plants around the country are running out of room to store spent fuel. Since federal plans for a permanent disposal site are stalled, private companies are coming up with their own solutions.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Nuclear power plants around the country are running out of room to store spent fuel. Since federal plans for a permanent disposal site are stalled, private companies are coming up with their own solutions.",
"title": "Nuclear Waste Piles Up, and Private Companies Want In on Storing It | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Nuclear Waste Piles Up, and Private Companies Want In on Storing It",
"datePublished": "2019-04-30T12:17:15-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:09-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "nuclear-waste-piles-up-and-private-companies-want-in-on-storing-it",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=716837443&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 30 Apr 2019 05:00:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 30 Apr 2019 11:48:50 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2019/04/30/716837443/as-nuclear-waste-piles-up-private-companies-pitch-new-ways-to-store-it?ft=nprml&f=716837443",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/04/20190430_me_as_nuclear_waste_piles_up_private_companies_pitch_new_ways_to_store_it.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&aggIds=571910677&d=290&p=3&story=716837443&ft=nprml&f=716837443",
"nprImageAgency": "NPR",
"source": "NPR",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1718546561-5a8c53.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1003&aggIds=571910677&d=290&p=3&story=716837443&ft=nprml&f=716837443",
"nprStoryId": "716837443",
"nprByline": "Jeff Brady\u003cbr />NPR",
"sticky": false,
"audioTrackLength": 290,
"nprImageCredit": "Olivia Sun",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 30 Apr 2019 11:48:00 -0400",
"path": "/science/1940933/nuclear-waste-piles-up-and-private-companies-want-in-on-storing-it",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/04/20190430_me_as_nuclear_waste_piles_up_private_companies_pitch_new_ways_to_store_it.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1003&aggIds=571910677&d=290&p=3&story=716837443&ft=nprml&f=716837443",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Congress is once again debating how to dispose of the country’s growing inventory of nuclear waste. Sen. John Barrasso, R-Wyo., is \u003ca href=\"https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases-republican?ID=AF869491-AE50-4E9E-8EB6-0828A6445E9E\">proposing legislation\u003c/a> that would jump-start licensing hearings for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage site in Nevada. The Trump administration also is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/256af181e3894f05857fdfc970979d08\">asking Congress for money\u003c/a> to resume work on that decades old \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101689489\">project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that may not end local opposition or a longstanding political stalemate. And in the meantime, nuclear plants are running out of room to store spent fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running Out of Room\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "A California company wants to store spent nuclear fuel in holes drilled at least 1,000 feet underground in stable rock formations. The company says the waste would be separate from groundwater and in a place where it can’t hurt people.",
"name": "pullquote",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": ""
},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.exeloncorp.com/locations/power-plants/peach-bottom-atomic-power-station\">Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station\u003c/a> in south-central Pennsylvania illustrates the problem. It’s one of 80 sites, across dozens of states, where nearly 80,000 metric tons of \u003ca href=\"https://www.gao.gov/key_issues/disposal_of_highlevel_nuclear_waste/issue_summary\">waste \u003c/a>from power plants is stored where it was generated, at taxpayer expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spent fuel removed from the Peach Bottom reactor is first stored in racks in a big pool. It’s surrounded by a bright yellow plastic barrier and signs that read “Caution: Radiation Area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are under about 22 feet of water,” says reactor engineering manager Mark Parrish. “They are continuously being cooled, as they still have some amount of decay heat even after they’ve operated in the reactor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://media.npr.org/assets/img/2019/04/26/doe-nuclear-facility-map_custom-17cd75e21c8e115bf5293142386957a0ed5d62ef-s800-c85.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"511\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California is home to four sites for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. (Department of Energy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The spent fuel stays here for seven to 10 years while it cools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s safe to remove the spent fuel from the pool, it’s stored outside in white metal casks that look like big hot water heaters. They are lined up on a concrete base behind razor wire and against a hillside near the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently there are 89 casks at Peach Bottom with room for three more, says Pat Navin, site vice president for Exelon, the company that partially owns and operates the power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is 40 years worth of spent fuel stored over there currently and it’s less than the size of a football field,” says Navin. “Probably half a football field.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a surprisingly small amount of waste when you consider that’s enough spent fuel to produce about 10 percent of Pennsylvania’s electricity over four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without a permanent disposal site, Navin says they’re going to run out of room. So they’re expanding the temporary storage to hold all the waste generated through the 60 years the plant is licensed to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navin says this storage is safe. The metal containers are sturdy enough to withstand things like an earthquake and, eventually, a move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the opportunity comes for these to be sent somewhere else then these will double as a shipping container as well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Private Companies Propose Their Own Storage Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the waste piles up, private companies are stepping in with their own solutions for the nation’s radioactive spent fuel. One is proposing a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/11/709600915/new-mexico-is-divided-over-the-perfect-site-to-store-nation-s-nuclear-waste\">temporary storage site in New Mexico\u003c/a>, and another is seeking a license for a site in Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most experts agree that what’s needed is a permanent site, like Yucca Mountain, that doesn’t require humans to manage it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Institutions go away,” says Edwin Lyman, acting director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-power\">Nuclear Safety Project\u003c/a> at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “There’s no guarantee the owner will still be around for the duration of time when that waste remains dangerous, which is tens or hundreds of thousands of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A California company says it has a viable plan for permanent storage. \u003ca href=\"https://www.deepisolation.com/\">Deep Isolation\u003c/a> wants to store spent fuel in holes drilled at least 1,000 feet underground in stable rock formations. The company says the waste would be separate from groundwater and in a place where it can’t hurt people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like to imagine having a playground at the top of the Deep Isolation bore hole where my kids and I can go play,” says CEO Elizabeth Muller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last November, Muller’s company conducted a test north of Austin, Texas. Crews lowered an 80-pound canister into a drilled hole. It was a simulation, so no radioactive substances were involved. The goal was to determine whether they could also retrieve the canister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test was successful, and that’s important. Regulators require retrieval, because new technology could develop to better deal with the spent fuel. And the public is less likely to accept disposal programs that can’t be reversed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1378_web.pdf\">International Atomic Energy Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving the waste can be retrieved may be the easy part. The bigger challenge is federal law, which doesn’t allow private companies to permanently store nuclear waste from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current law also says all the waste should end up at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. By contrast, Deep Isolation’s technology would store waste at sites around the country, likely near existing nuclear power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see how there would be political support from every other state, other than Nevada, for changing the law, so that spent nuclear fuel could stay in your state forever,” says Lyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the law, all that waste in dozens of states is staying put for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Nuclear+Waste+Piles+Up%2C+Private+Companies+Pitch+New+Ways+To+Store+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1940933/nuclear-waste-piles-up-and-private-companies-want-in-on-storing-it",
"authors": [
"byline_science_1940933"
],
"categories": [
"science_33",
"science_35",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3370",
"science_3838"
],
"featImg": "science_1940968",
"label": "source_science_1940933"
},
"science_1940903": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1940903",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940903",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556583298000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556583298,
"format": "aside",
"title": "Watch Live: Peregrine Falcon Chicks Hatched on UC Berkeley's Bell Tower",
"headTitle": "Watch Live: Peregrine Falcon Chicks Hatched on UC Berkeley’s Bell Tower | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>UC Berkeley has two new residents, and they aren’t students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus’s iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third chick didn’t make it out of its egg. From the Cal Falcons Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FCalFalconCam%2Fposts%2F298573711065228&width=500\" width=\"500\" height=\"289\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Campanile has been home for Annie and Grinnell, the chick’s parents, since 2017. The falcons hatched two chicks that year and three more in 2018, subsequently named Berkelium, Californium and Lawrencium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the university installed cameras in the nest after raising $14,500 from a crowdfunding campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940914 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkelium, Lawrencium and Californium, three peregrine falcon chicks that hatched atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile in 2018. \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley photo by Maria Garcia Alvarez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Per the university, here’s what you can expect by way of the live stream: Falcon parents sit on their chicks for about 10 days after they first hatch to keep them warm. But soon the chicks will be running around and learning to fly; in about six weeks, they’ll be hunting on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City falcons eat a plentiful supply of pigeons, but they will also hunt doves, crows and other birds. A baby falcon eats about 5 ounces of food every day. Falcons dive, an action also called stooping, at speeds faster than 200 miles per hour. They are the fastest animal in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons have recovered spectacularly in North America thanks to the Endangered Species Act. While only two peregrine pairs were known to nest in California in 1970, which was the population low, more than 400 pairs are estimated to flourish in the state today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow the falcons on Twitter (@CalFalconCam) and Instagram (@cal_falcons). UC Berkeley has more info on peregrine falcons in its \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/26/falcon-chicks-make-their-big-screen-debut/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction:\u003c/em> This post originally said that three chicks were hatched, not two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 347,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1704848711,
"excerpt": "Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus's iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus's iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video.",
"title": "Watch Live: Peregrine Falcon Chicks Hatched on UC Berkeley's Bell Tower | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Watch Live: Peregrine Falcon Chicks Hatched on UC Berkeley's Bell Tower",
"datePublished": "2019-04-29T17:14:58-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:11-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "watch-live-peregrine-falcon-chicks-hatched-on-uc-berkeleys-bell-tower",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1940903/watch-live-peregrine-falcon-chicks-hatched-on-uc-berkeleys-bell-tower",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>UC Berkeley has two new residents, and they aren’t students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two peregrine falcon chicks hatched atop the campus’s iconic bell and clock tower this week, and you can watch their every flap and roll in a live streaming video:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaJuC-rxVAQ\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third chick didn’t make it out of its egg. From the Cal Falcons Facebook \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CalFalconCam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">page\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FCalFalconCam%2Fposts%2F298573711065228&width=500\" width=\"500\" height=\"289\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Campanile has been home for Annie and Grinnell, the chick’s parents, since 2017. The falcons hatched two chicks that year and three more in 2018, subsequently named Berkelium, Californium and Lawrencium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the university installed cameras in the nest after raising $14,500 from a crowdfunding campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940914 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/peregrinechicks750-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkelium, Lawrencium and Californium, three peregrine falcon chicks that hatched atop UC Berkeley’s Campanile in 2018. \u003ccite>(UC Berkeley photo by Maria Garcia Alvarez)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Per the university, here’s what you can expect by way of the live stream: Falcon parents sit on their chicks for about 10 days after they first hatch to keep them warm. But soon the chicks will be running around and learning to fly; in about six weeks, they’ll be hunting on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City falcons eat a plentiful supply of pigeons, but they will also hunt doves, crows and other birds. A baby falcon eats about 5 ounces of food every day. Falcons dive, an action also called stooping, at speeds faster than 200 miles per hour. They are the fastest animal in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peregrine falcons have recovered spectacularly in North America thanks to the Endangered Species Act. While only two peregrine pairs were known to nest in California in 1970, which was the population low, more than 400 pairs are estimated to flourish in the state today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can follow the falcons on Twitter (@CalFalconCam) and Instagram (@cal_falcons). UC Berkeley has more info on peregrine falcons in its \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/04/26/falcon-chicks-make-their-big-screen-debut/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay City News contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction:\u003c/em> This post originally said that three chicks were hatched, not two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1940903/watch-live-peregrine-falcon-chicks-hatched-on-uc-berkeleys-bell-tower",
"authors": [
"11608"
],
"categories": [
"science_2874",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_3840",
"science_3830"
],
"featImg": "science_1940914",
"label": "science"
},
"science_1940744": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "science_1940744",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1940744",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1556566445000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1556566445,
"format": "standard",
"title": "Threat to Sea Life as Greenhouse Gases Drift Offshore",
"headTitle": "Threat to Sea Life as Greenhouse Gases Drift Offshore | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Winds carrying greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide can travel up to 60 miles offshore, adding significantly more carbon dioxide into the ocean than previously estimated, according to new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emissions from tailpipes and factories could be adding roughly 25 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year into oceans worldwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater it makes oceans more acidic, and more uninhabitable for species like crabs and coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra carbon dioxide that the researchers measured means “more of a threat to some of the sea life that inhabits the ocean,” says Francisco Chavez, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been widely understood that ships are heavyweight polluters in bays and oceans. But until now, the impact that land-based pollution has on waterways hasn’t been investigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s in part because the way researchers tracked carbon dioxide emissions in the past was on boats — Francisco Chavez said when researchers would document higher-than-expected carbon dioxide levels, it was assumed it was coming from the ships doing the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the measurements we make of carbon dioxide have been from ships,” Chavez said, “The higher carbon dioxide levels are often discounted because of the fact that ships are actually producers of CO2 just like our automobiles are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve that problem, Chavez and his team used robotic boats to track the amount of carbon dioxide blowing into the Monterey Bay and the Pacific, eliminating any stray emissions coming from boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They observed land-based carbon dioxide emissions drifting up to 100 kilometers, or 60 miles, off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a brand new piece of information,” says NOAA chemical oceanographer Richard Feely, who was not involved with the study. “That suggests we need to be monitoring the coastal region, not just in Monterey Bay but in other places as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely suspects wherever there are sprawling cities and industry close to the coast, greenhouse gases are blowing over far distances into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute team believes other pollutants such as heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases might also be traveling out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 398,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1704848713,
"excerpt": "Winds carrying greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide can travel up to 60 miles offshore, adding significantly more carbon dioxide into the ocean than previously estimated.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Winds carrying greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide can travel up to 60 miles offshore, adding significantly more carbon dioxide into the ocean than previously estimated.",
"title": "Threat to Sea Life as Greenhouse Gases Drift Offshore | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Threat to Sea Life as Greenhouse Gases Drift Offshore",
"datePublished": "2019-04-29T12:34:05-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-01-09T17:05:13-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "threat-to-sea-life-as-greenhouse-gases-drift-offshore",
"status": "publish",
"sticky": false,
"path": "/science/1940744/threat-to-sea-life-as-greenhouse-gases-drift-offshore",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Winds carrying greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide can travel up to 60 miles offshore, adding significantly more carbon dioxide into the ocean than previously estimated, according to new \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0214403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emissions from tailpipes and factories could be adding roughly 25 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year into oceans worldwide\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater it makes oceans more acidic, and more uninhabitable for species like crabs and coral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra carbon dioxide that the researchers measured means “more of a threat to some of the sea life that inhabits the ocean,” says Francisco Chavez, the study’s lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been widely understood that ships are heavyweight polluters in bays and oceans. But until now, the impact that land-based pollution has on waterways hasn’t been investigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s in part because the way researchers tracked carbon dioxide emissions in the past was on boats — Francisco Chavez said when researchers would document higher-than-expected carbon dioxide levels, it was assumed it was coming from the ships doing the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the measurements we make of carbon dioxide have been from ships,” Chavez said, “The higher carbon dioxide levels are often discounted because of the fact that ships are actually producers of CO2 just like our automobiles are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve that problem, Chavez and his team used robotic boats to track the amount of carbon dioxide blowing into the Monterey Bay and the Pacific, eliminating any stray emissions coming from boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They observed land-based carbon dioxide emissions drifting up to 100 kilometers, or 60 miles, off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a brand new piece of information,” says NOAA chemical oceanographer Richard Feely, who was not involved with the study. “That suggests we need to be monitoring the coastal region, not just in Monterey Bay but in other places as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feely suspects wherever there are sprawling cities and industry close to the coast, greenhouse gases are blowing over far distances into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute team believes other pollutants such as heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases might also be traveling out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/science/1940744/threat-to-sea-life-as-greenhouse-gases-drift-offshore",
"authors": [
"11578"
],
"categories": [
"science_31",
"science_40"
],
"tags": [
"science_194",
"science_3840",
"science_3370",
"science_3834"
],
"featImg": "science_1940895",
"label": "science"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/science?category=news": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 1644,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 3368,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"science_1941258",
"science_1941251",
"science_1941283",
"science_1941182",
"science_1941123",
"science_1940982",
"science_1941045",
"science_1941025",
"science_1940997",
"science_1940933",
"science_1940903",
"science_1940744"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science_category_news": {
"isLoading": true
},
"science_40": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_40",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "40",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 42,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/news"
},
"source_science_1941258": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941258",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "PBS NewsHour",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1941251": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941251",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1941283": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941283",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1941182": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941182",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Offshore Drilling",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1940982": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1940982",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Climate",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1941045": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941045",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "STAT News",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1941025": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1941025",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Kaiser Health News",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1940997": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1940997",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Engineering",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_science_1940933": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_science_1940933",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"science_29": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_29",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "29",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Chemistry",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Chemistry Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 31,
"slug": "chemistry",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/chemistry"
},
"science_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Environment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Environment Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 37,
"slug": "environment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/environment"
},
"science_98": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_98",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "98",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Water",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Water Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 102,
"slug": "water",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/water"
},
"science_3838": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3838",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3838",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ingest",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ingest Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3838,
"slug": "ingest",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/ingest"
},
"science_30": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_30",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "30",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Biology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Biology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 32,
"slug": "biology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/biology"
},
"science_39": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_39",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "39",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 41,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/health"
},
"science_3890": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3890",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3890",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Medical Science",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Medical Science Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3890,
"slug": "medical-science",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/medical-science"
},
"science_3370": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3370",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3370",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3370,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/featured"
},
"science_2874": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_2874",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "2874",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Animals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Animals Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 2874,
"slug": "animals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/animals"
},
"science_33": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_33",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "33",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Energy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Energy Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "energy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/energy"
},
"science_3730": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3730",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3730",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Wildfires",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Wildfires Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3730,
"slug": "wildfires",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/wildfires"
},
"science_3841": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3841",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3841",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "2way",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "2way Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3841,
"slug": "2way",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/2way"
},
"science_1264": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_1264",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "1264",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "offshore drilling",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "offshore drilling Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1273,
"slug": "offshore-drilling",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/offshore-drilling"
},
"science_3840": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3840",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3840",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "daily",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "daily Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3840,
"slug": "daily",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/daily"
},
"science_3830": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3830",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3830",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Staff",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Staff Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3830,
"slug": "staff",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/staff"
},
"science_31": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_31",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "31",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Climate",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Climate Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 33,
"slug": "climate",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/climate"
},
"science_194": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_194",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "194",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "climate change",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "climate change Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "climate-change",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/climate-change"
},
"science_3245": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3245",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3245",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Theranos",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Theranos Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3245,
"slug": "theranos",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/theranos"
},
"science_233": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_233",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "233",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "diabetes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "diabetes Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 237,
"slug": "diabetes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/diabetes"
},
"science_89": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_89",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "89",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Engineering",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Engineering Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 92,
"slug": "engineering",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/engineering"
},
"science_38": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_38",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "38",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Geology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Geology Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 40,
"slug": "geology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/category/geology"
},
"science_316": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_316",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "316",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "FEMA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "FEMA Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 322,
"slug": "fema",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/fema"
},
"science_3834": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "science_3834",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "science",
"id": "3834",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Freelance",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Freelance Archives | KQED Science",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 3834,
"slug": "freelance",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/science/tag/freelance"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
