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"content": "\u003cp>There are 18 wildfires now blazing across California, which means many of the state’s residents are waking up to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">smell of smoke\u003c/a> and hazy skies. The Carr fire near Redding has scorched \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at least 141,000 acres\u003c/a>, and killed seven people. Three fires in Mendocino County are all less than an hour away from Santa Rosa — where some neighborhoods burned to the ground last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You can just feel it. There’s a sense of tension here in Santa Rosa.’\u003ccite>Danielle Bryant, Santa Rosa \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Confronting constant reminders of what fire can do has become a terrifying reality for people who survived last year’s flames and are still piecing their lives back together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists, therapists and other counselors are working to assure these survivors that surges of panic, grief and agitation are healthy and normal, even as they offer tips for quenching the terror.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view from Danielle Bryant’s bedroom window, in her new temporary apartment in Santa Rosa, is pretty unsettling these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The orange-tinged sky is just enough for me, to set off my anxiety and feelings of fear,” Bryant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Your Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year on Oct. 8, an explosion jolted Bryant awake in the middle of the night. Howling winds shook her Santa Rosa house. The air was hot. Bryant and her husband jumped in their car and fled with only the clothes on their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feared for our life,” she says. “We were running for our life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they returned the next day the street was desolate. The air wreaked of burnt chemicals. Homes were charred rubble. The October flames eventually destroyed thousands of houses and killed 44 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were victims to one of the most terrible events in history,” says Bryant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still Haunted 10 Months Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past year, Bryant has struggled with many symptoms of trauma: sleeplessness, nightmares, irritability, and loss of appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Agitation — so quick to agitation,” Bryant says. “Hence the fight that I got in the other night with my husband.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘“The trouble is, the brain keeps rising to the occasion, even when the threat isn’t current.’\u003ccite>Jennifer Freeman, LMFT\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was a fight about nothing. She says she blew up after watching the news about all the fires on television. She hasn’t turned on the TV since. She’s hearing similar stories from friends and neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just feel it,” Bryant says. “There’s a sense of tension here in Santa Rosa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant’s current apartment is about a mile away from her old house. She’s still working through everything that happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These last 10 months,” she says, “have been one of the hardest times of my life, because what you have to do after an event like this is, you have to go on living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There’s Nothing Wrong With You\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotions and physiological responses Bryant describes are common after a life-threatening event. \u003ca href=\"http://www.francesfuchsphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Francis Fuchs\u003c/a> is a psychologist and counselor in Santa Rosa who has been treating fire victims who are highly affected by all the current blazes in northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IDGNibKXzC1suzCgQlBF4ihTNqdejZ0J”]”They are having more difficulty with sleeping,” Fuchs says. “They are having a heightened sense of anxiety and unease. They are having some flashbacks of their fire experience from last October. Also mood changes — more anxious or tearful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many laypeople casually use the term PTSD – \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">post traumatic stress disorder\u003c/a> — to loosely describe a response to a terrifying experience. But psychologists say not all responses to trauma actually fit that diagnosis, which includes symptoms that must last more than a month and be severe enough to interfere with relationships or work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the fear, anxiety, sleeplessness or shallow breathing many fire survivors are experiencing right now are healthy and transient, psychologists and therapists say — the body’s evolutionary responses to the belief that danger is again near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s preverbal, it’s precognitive,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.padmagordon.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Padma Gordon\u003c/a>, a spiritual counselor and mindfulness educator in San Rafael. “So what happens when we’re threatened: We grip; we contract; we stop breathing. And all this is registering in our brains and in our bodies, instantaneously. Because we’re hardwired for survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a survivor of trauma again senses signs of the previous threat – the smell of smoke, the color of the orange sky, the sound of a phone “ding” for an emergency alert — the protective survival system kicks in, even when the danger isn’t immediate this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The brain is designed to alert you to threats,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.narrativeapproaches.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jennifer Freeman\u003c/a>, a licensed marriage and family therapist in Berkeley. “The trouble is, the brain keeps rising to the occasion, even when the threat isn’t current.” Freeman has worked with survivors of trauma and in the aftermath of natural disasters — including earthquakes and tsunamis — for three decades, both in the U.S. and internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Can Do \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a variety of cognitive and physical techniques that can help us through periods of trauma, counselors say, and people vary in which ones they find most helpful, often depending on their own cultural traditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DoMftZ0opUaLlZB6oulpFZ9Z6AAuj1In”]Freeman says one of the first steps to calm the mind and body is to be kind to yourself and respect that your system is trying to help you survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can say, ‘Thank you body, thank you brain for trying to take care of me,'” Freeman says. “Which is very different than, ‘Oh, what’s wrong with me?’ and ‘I need to get rid of it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon recommends reminding yourself out loud that the fearful event is not happening again. It may sound silly to talk to yourself, but the body, she says, recognizes and calms with the sound of your voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“’I’m sitting here in a space that doesn’t smell like smoke,’” Gordon says, as an example. “’And I’m not hearing sirens, and people aren’t running, trying to escape. I’m not hearing the sound of flames.’ It’s basically ‘getting present.’ Bring yourself back into the present.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even setting yourself a task — counting all the green objects you can see from where you sitting, for example — shows your brain there is no threat nearby, says Wowlvenn Seward-Katzmiller, a somatic psychotherapist in Sebastopol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tools for ‘coming back to the present’ can be as simple as tapping your feet, Gordon says. Or smelling something you enjoy — such as tangerine or balsam fir or cinnamon — or playing calming music. To consciously \u003ca href=\"https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/stress-anxiety/breathing-three-exercises/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slow rapid breathing\u003c/a>, try putting one hand on your belly and one hand on your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105931606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Slowing your breath\u003c/a> activates the parasympathetic nervous system, Freeman points out, which is the body’s calming system. Seward-Katzmiller suggests long, slow exhalations as if you are blowing out a candle through a long straw. And here’s a fun one: have a long (20 seconds) belly-to-belly hug with a pet or loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People also can heal by helping others. Asking questions that elicit the story of how someone survived the traumatic event is an approach Freeman worked with in Samoa, after the 2009 tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked, ‘What did you do during the wave, and after the wave. What did you turn to for strength?’ So we don’t elicit narratives of helplessness. They are stories of pain and hope, struggle and resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are helping someone, it’s important to ask what kinds of help they want — not to assume that each approach works with everyone, she adds. When Freeman was working in Samoa, for example, she learned from local therapists and others there that many people preferred to work via community and family groups, rather than in individual therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, basic situations such as an inability to pay for a temporary home or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13815450/for-undocumented-workers-an-uphill-journey-after-the-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threat of deportation\u003c/a> can change what a person most needs in order to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grieving and Finding Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>During especially hard times recently, Bryant has found herself driving to the empty lot in Santa Rosa where she used to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like visiting like a gravesite,” Bryant says. “So it was a place to just come and be and to cry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After spending a few moments gazing at the ruins, she backs out of her parking spot, pauses, then takes a deep breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just seeing the smoke off to the east,” Bryant says, looking at the sky, “I get this sense of dread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we drive down her old street in the Coffey Park neighborhood we pass the skeleton of a burnt-out car, still parked in a pile of ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant pulls up to an empty lot overgrown with weeds, and gets out of the car. We carefully tread through some weeds and knee high bushes. “See this outline, this box? That was it. That was our home.” Bryant crouches and puts her head in her hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triggered memories can still feel overwhelming, but her neighborhood is also coming back to life. Next door, a crane drops a pile of plywood beams, and construction crews are framing new homes. All over the ground, green sprouts are pushing through the blackened decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11684689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11684689 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/danieles-lot-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foundation that was once Danielle Bryant’s home in the Coffee\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This green is hopeful to me,” Bryant says. “This is just a sign that nature comes back — and is forgiving. And that we can, we \u003cem>can\u003c/em>. We can come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help process her grief, Bryant is taking a writing class. She finds it therapeutic to put her painful memories into words and phrases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grief breathing into my bones of lead,” Bryant reads. “It stuck there in the deep. Was it all a dream? After we were refugees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as wildfires rage within an hour of Santa Rosa, Bryant is excited at the prospect of rebuilding the house in the old neighborhood, and moving back — she hopes within about a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going back to the place of trauma,” Bryant admits. “But it’s also going back to our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources for Fire Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Disaster Distress Helpline 1(800)985-5990\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://healthcarefoundation.net/category/wildfire-mental-health-collaborative/\">Wildfire Mental Health Collaborative \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Free \u003ca href=\"http://www.recamft.org/freecounseling\">therapy sessions\u003c/a> to fire survivors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists \u003ca href=\"http://www.recamft.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire survivors’ page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mysonomastrong.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">My Sonoma Strong\u003c/a>, a self-help service\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Marisol Medina-Cadena contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Running for Your Life\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year on Oct. 8, an explosion jolted Bryant awake in the middle of the night. Howling winds shook her Santa Rosa house. The air was hot. Bryant and her husband jumped in their car and fled with only the clothes on their backs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feared for our life,” she says. “We were running for our life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they returned the next day the street was desolate. The air wreaked of burnt chemicals. Homes were charred rubble. The October flames eventually destroyed thousands of houses and killed 44 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were victims to one of the most terrible events in history,” says Bryant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still Haunted 10 Months Later\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past year, Bryant has struggled with many symptoms of trauma: sleeplessness, nightmares, irritability, and loss of appetite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Agitation — so quick to agitation,” Bryant says. “Hence the fight that I got in the other night with my husband.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘“The trouble is, the brain keeps rising to the occasion, even when the threat isn’t current.’\u003ccite>Jennifer Freeman, LMFT\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was a fight about nothing. She says she blew up after watching the news about all the fires on television. She hasn’t turned on the TV since. She’s hearing similar stories from friends and neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just feel it,” Bryant says. “There’s a sense of tension here in Santa Rosa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant’s current apartment is about a mile away from her old house. She’s still working through everything that happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These last 10 months,” she says, “have been one of the hardest times of my life, because what you have to do after an event like this is, you have to go on living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There’s Nothing Wrong With You\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotions and physiological responses Bryant describes are common after a life-threatening event. \u003ca href=\"http://www.francesfuchsphd.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Francis Fuchs\u003c/a> is a psychologist and counselor in Santa Rosa who has been treating fire victims who are highly affected by all the current blazes in northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”They are having more difficulty with sleeping,” Fuchs says. “They are having a heightened sense of anxiety and unease. They are having some flashbacks of their fire experience from last October. Also mood changes — more anxious or tearful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many laypeople casually use the term PTSD – \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">post traumatic stress disorder\u003c/a> — to loosely describe a response to a terrifying experience. But psychologists say not all responses to trauma actually fit that diagnosis, which includes symptoms that must last more than a month and be severe enough to interfere with relationships or work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the fear, anxiety, sleeplessness or shallow breathing many fire survivors are experiencing right now are healthy and transient, psychologists and therapists say — the body’s evolutionary responses to the belief that danger is again near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s preverbal, it’s precognitive,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.padmagordon.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Padma Gordon\u003c/a>, a spiritual counselor and mindfulness educator in San Rafael. “So what happens when we’re threatened: We grip; we contract; we stop breathing. And all this is registering in our brains and in our bodies, instantaneously. Because we’re hardwired for survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a survivor of trauma again senses signs of the previous threat – the smell of smoke, the color of the orange sky, the sound of a phone “ding” for an emergency alert — the protective survival system kicks in, even when the danger isn’t immediate this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The brain is designed to alert you to threats,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.narrativeapproaches.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jennifer Freeman\u003c/a>, a licensed marriage and family therapist in Berkeley. “The trouble is, the brain keeps rising to the occasion, even when the threat isn’t current.” Freeman has worked with survivors of trauma and in the aftermath of natural disasters — including earthquakes and tsunamis — for three decades, both in the U.S. and internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What You Can Do \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a variety of cognitive and physical techniques that can help us through periods of trauma, counselors say, and people vary in which ones they find most helpful, often depending on their own cultural traditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Freeman says one of the first steps to calm the mind and body is to be kind to yourself and respect that your system is trying to help you survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can say, ‘Thank you body, thank you brain for trying to take care of me,'” Freeman says. “Which is very different than, ‘Oh, what’s wrong with me?’ and ‘I need to get rid of it.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gordon recommends reminding yourself out loud that the fearful event is not happening again. It may sound silly to talk to yourself, but the body, she says, recognizes and calms with the sound of your voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“’I’m sitting here in a space that doesn’t smell like smoke,’” Gordon says, as an example. “’And I’m not hearing sirens, and people aren’t running, trying to escape. I’m not hearing the sound of flames.’ It’s basically ‘getting present.’ Bring yourself back into the present.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even setting yourself a task — counting all the green objects you can see from where you sitting, for example — shows your brain there is no threat nearby, says Wowlvenn Seward-Katzmiller, a somatic psychotherapist in Sebastopol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other tools for ‘coming back to the present’ can be as simple as tapping your feet, Gordon says. Or smelling something you enjoy — such as tangerine or balsam fir or cinnamon — or playing calming music. To consciously \u003ca href=\"https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/body-mind-spirit/stress-anxiety/breathing-three-exercises/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slow rapid breathing\u003c/a>, try putting one hand on your belly and one hand on your heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105931606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Slowing your breath\u003c/a> activates the parasympathetic nervous system, Freeman points out, which is the body’s calming system. Seward-Katzmiller suggests long, slow exhalations as if you are blowing out a candle through a long straw. And here’s a fun one: have a long (20 seconds) belly-to-belly hug with a pet or loved one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People also can heal by helping others. Asking questions that elicit the story of how someone survived the traumatic event is an approach Freeman worked with in Samoa, after the 2009 tsunami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We asked, ‘What did you do during the wave, and after the wave. What did you turn to for strength?’ So we don’t elicit narratives of helplessness. They are stories of pain and hope, struggle and resilience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are helping someone, it’s important to ask what kinds of help they want — not to assume that each approach works with everyone, she adds. When Freeman was working in Samoa, for example, she learned from local therapists and others there that many people preferred to work via community and family groups, rather than in individual therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, basic situations such as an inability to pay for a temporary home or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13815450/for-undocumented-workers-an-uphill-journey-after-the-fires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">threat of deportation\u003c/a> can change what a person most needs in order to heal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Grieving and Finding Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cp>During especially hard times recently, Bryant has found herself driving to the empty lot in Santa Rosa where she used to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like visiting like a gravesite,” Bryant says. “So it was a place to just come and be and to cry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After spending a few moments gazing at the ruins, she backs out of her parking spot, pauses, then takes a deep breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just seeing the smoke off to the east,” Bryant says, looking at the sky, “I get this sense of dread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we drive down her old street in the Coffey Park neighborhood we pass the skeleton of a burnt-out car, still parked in a pile of ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryant pulls up to an empty lot overgrown with weeds, and gets out of the car. We carefully tread through some weeds and knee high bushes. “See this outline, this box? That was it. That was our home.” Bryant crouches and puts her head in her hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Triggered memories can still feel overwhelming, but her neighborhood is also coming back to life. Next door, a crane drops a pile of plywood beams, and construction crews are framing new homes. All over the ground, green sprouts are pushing through the blackened decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11684689\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11684689 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/danieles-lot-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foundation that was once Danielle Bryant’s home in the Coffee\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This green is hopeful to me,” Bryant says. “This is just a sign that nature comes back — and is forgiving. And that we can, we \u003cem>can\u003c/em>. We can come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help process her grief, Bryant is taking a writing class. She finds it therapeutic to put her painful memories into words and phrases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grief breathing into my bones of lead,” Bryant reads. “It stuck there in the deep. Was it all a dream? After we were refugees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as wildfires rage within an hour of Santa Rosa, Bryant is excited at the prospect of rebuilding the house in the old neighborhood, and moving back — she hopes within about a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going back to the place of trauma,” Bryant admits. “But it’s also going back to our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Resources for Fire Survivors\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Disaster Distress Helpline 1(800)985-5990\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://healthcarefoundation.net/category/wildfire-mental-health-collaborative/\">Wildfire Mental Health Collaborative \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Free \u003ca href=\"http://www.recamft.org/freecounseling\">therapy sessions\u003c/a> to fire survivors\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists \u003ca href=\"http://www.recamft.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire survivors’ page\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mysonomastrong.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">My Sonoma Strong\u003c/a>, a self-help service\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: Marisol Medina-Cadena contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The hardest thing to predict when looking at fire behavior is where a fire might “spot” next. Fires spot when winds hurl burning branches, sparks or embers, called “firebrands,” out beyond the leading edge of the fire, igniting new fires. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote size='medium' citation='Craig Clements, SJSU Fire Weather Research Laboratory']‘Fire prediction models don’t have anything for spotting. That’s why a lot of them get these big, wind-driven fires wrong.’[/pullquote] Yet it was one of the most important questions facing Sonoma County officials over the weekend, given the extraordinary winds meteorologists predicted would bear down on the Kincade Fire. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is extreme wind,” said Craig Clements, director of San José State University’s Fire Weather Research Laboratory. “Very strong, and the fire behavior was very extreme.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements and his team were up near Healdsburg Sunday morning, after a night when winds hit the fire at speeds above 75 miles per hour.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were observing flame heights of hundreds and hundreds of feet,” he said. “Whole conifer trees torching. Rapid rates of spread. Spotting. It was just phenomenal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s one reason county officials said they issued evacuation warnings and orders well ahead of the advancing fire; Cal Fire’s models of the fire behavior predicted the Kincade Fire could spot more than a mile from the existing front. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950394\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1950394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new mobile radar allows scientists with SJSU’s Fire Weather Research lab to collect information they’ve never had before, to help learn how fires spot. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Craig Clements/SJSU Fire Weather Research Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And any new spot fire would have the same rapid rate of spreading as the main fire does, said Steve Volmer, Cal Fire’s chief fire behavior analyst, and the same potential for spotting a mile or more further on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If anything does start on the other side of 101, the west side,” he said Sunday morning, “that area hasn’t seen any fire history since the 1940s. So the fuels in that area are extremely dense. They’re extremely old and decadent. They’re extremely dry.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The ‘Black Box’ of Fire Behavior\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over such long distances, it’s well nigh impossible to predict with any precision where a firebrand might land, and even less possible to predict the behavior of every item spinning in a plume of smoke that can cause a spot fire — from a branch to a pine needle to a tiny spark.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Fire prediction models don’t have anything for spotting,” Clements said. “That’s why a lot of them get these big, wind-driven fires wrong, because they can’t handle the spotting.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1950399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with SJSU’s Fire Weather Research Lab are collecting information on all the items spinning inside that huge smoke plume that could cause fire spots. They set up Saturday night in Knights Valley, near state Route 128. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Craig Clements/SJSU Fire Weather Research Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements and his research team now have a brand new tool they’re using to examine this problem, a tool that allows them to gather information fire meteorologists didn’t have before.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is the only mobile radar in the Western U.S.,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That is, the only mobile radar with the precision to do research. It’s a huge white dome mounted on the back of a pickup truck, and Clements is using it peer inside fire plumes. He shoots radio waves into the plume, and the information that bounces back can tell him the size and speed of what’s blowing around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We don’t know what’s inside them,” Clements said. “We don’t know how big the particles [are]. We know on the ground what these firebrands look like; they look like needles, leaves — but there’s also ash. It looks like big snowflakes of ash falling.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fire meteorologists call this kinematics — all the winds inside the smoke plume, and the size and speed and direction of the particles blowing about. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements hopes this kind of information will eventually help him and other fire analysts learn more about where fires might spot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meteorologists expect a lull in the winds from midday Monday until late Tuesday. After that they predict another strong surge in offshore winds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"headline": "It's Hard to Predict Where an Ember Hurled From a Fire Might Land",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The hardest thing to predict when looking at fire behavior is where a fire might “spot” next. Fires spot when winds hurl burning branches, sparks or embers, called “firebrands,” out beyond the leading edge of the fire, igniting new fires. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Fire prediction models don’t have anything for spotting. That’s why a lot of them get these big, wind-driven fires wrong.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Yet it was one of the most important questions facing Sonoma County officials over the weekend, given the extraordinary winds meteorologists predicted would bear down on the Kincade Fire. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is extreme wind,” said Craig Clements, director of San José State University’s Fire Weather Research Laboratory. “Very strong, and the fire behavior was very extreme.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements and his team were up near Healdsburg Sunday morning, after a night when winds hit the fire at speeds above 75 miles per hour.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We were observing flame heights of hundreds and hundreds of feet,” he said. “Whole conifer trees torching. Rapid rates of spread. Spotting. It was just phenomenal.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s one reason county officials said they issued evacuation warnings and orders well ahead of the advancing fire; Cal Fire’s models of the fire behavior predicted the Kincade Fire could spot more than a mile from the existing front. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950394\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1950394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2730-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new mobile radar allows scientists with SJSU’s Fire Weather Research lab to collect information they’ve never had before, to help learn how fires spot. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Craig Clements/SJSU Fire Weather Research Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And any new spot fire would have the same rapid rate of spreading as the main fire does, said Steve Volmer, Cal Fire’s chief fire behavior analyst, and the same potential for spotting a mile or more further on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If anything does start on the other side of 101, the west side,” he said Sunday morning, “that area hasn’t seen any fire history since the 1940s. So the fuels in that area are extremely dense. They’re extremely old and decadent. They’re extremely dry.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The ‘Black Box’ of Fire Behavior\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over such long distances, it’s well nigh impossible to predict with any precision where a firebrand might land, and even less possible to predict the behavior of every item spinning in a plume of smoke that can cause a spot fire — from a branch to a pine needle to a tiny spark.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Fire prediction models don’t have anything for spotting,” Clements said. “That’s why a lot of them get these big, wind-driven fires wrong, because they can’t handle the spotting.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1950399\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1020x765.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1020x765.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-800x600.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-768x576.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/IMG_2709-1920x1440.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists with SJSU’s Fire Weather Research Lab are collecting information on all the items spinning inside that huge smoke plume that could cause fire spots. They set up Saturday night in Knights Valley, near state Route 128. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Craig Clements/SJSU Fire Weather Research Laboratory)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements and his research team now have a brand new tool they’re using to examine this problem, a tool that allows them to gather information fire meteorologists didn’t have before.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is the only mobile radar in the Western U.S.,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That is, the only mobile radar with the precision to do research. It’s a huge white dome mounted on the back of a pickup truck, and Clements is using it peer inside fire plumes. He shoots radio waves into the plume, and the information that bounces back can tell him the size and speed of what’s blowing around. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We don’t know what’s inside them,” Clements said. “We don’t know how big the particles [are]. We know on the ground what these firebrands look like; they look like needles, leaves — but there’s also ash. It looks like big snowflakes of ash falling.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fire meteorologists call this kinematics — all the winds inside the smoke plume, and the size and speed and direction of the particles blowing about. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clements hopes this kind of information will eventually help him and other fire analysts learn more about where fires might spot. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meteorologists expect a lull in the winds from midday Monday until late Tuesday. After that they predict another strong surge in offshore winds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Here's What Makes the Winds Driving the Kincade Fire So Unusual",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost a week after it began, the Kincade Fire in Sonoma County is only 15% contained. Emergency officials and meteorologists say this fire has been so hard to control because intense winds have caused flames to spread rapidly and unpredictably.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last Wednesday evening, high winds predicted for Sonoma County prompted power shutoffs in the region, and PG&E reported that equipment on a transmission tower near the fire’s origin broke right around the time it ignited.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Sunday, winds blew with speeds upward of 90 mph; a single gust recorded from a PG&E weather sensor in northern Sonoma County passed the 100 mph mark. Fire officials warn that another high-wind event forecast for Tuesday night into Wednesday morning could continue to prevent crews from bringing the fire under control. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brian Garcia, warning coordination meteorologist with the National Weather Service for the Bay Area, says several characteristics of the winds in the region make the current conditions “unprecedented.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Three Events in Less Than a Week \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s unusual to log so many offshore wind events (i.e., winds blowing from land out toward the ocean) in such a short span of time, Garcia says. Including the winds predicted for Tuesday night, there will have been three major wind events in fewer than seven days. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’ve never seen it happen this way in my 10 years forecasting on the California coast,” he adds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1188833512020819968\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Garcia says people in his field don’t record wind records in databases the same way they keep temperature data. Because winds shift constantly they’re harder to monitor. So weather watchers track wind data in “storm reports” that chronicle the effects of extreme weather events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the 2017 Wine Country fires, Garcia says PG&E and the National Weather Service have gotten better at tracking the speed of winds in the region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wind Speeds Topping 100 Miles Per Hour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An analysis of weather data captured during the Wine Country fires estimated that wind gusts in isolated areas topped 100 mph.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That event … was the biggest event we’ve ever seen in the Bay Area, at least in recorded history and personal knowledge from various people around the Bay Area,” Garcia says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the aftermath, PG&E increased the number of wind sensors in the region. The utility shares this data with the National Weather Service. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Garcia says another wind event on Sunday with speeds between 80 and 90 mph eventually crossing the 100 mph barrier, only two years after 2017’s historic wind event, may signal a significant shift in what to expect from now on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Historic? It’s All About Duration \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the wind speed Sunday, he says, another factor makes them stand out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The thing that really made it historic and unprecedented is the longevity of those winds. So we went for over 24 hours with very strong wind,” Garcia says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/Mithris/status/1188509885865979905\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That type of high wind event typically lasts for 6 to 12 hours, he says, then adds, “this one was extended by about double of what we typically see as our max.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While downslope, dry winds are not unusual for autumns in California, the strength of this event \u003cem>\u003cstrong>was\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>, says Craig Clements, director of San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To have 100-mile-an-hour winds, at these mountain peaks, is extraordinary. That’s not common. 75? You know, that happens, not all the time, but it does happen a lot,” Clements observes. “I would say that because these winds were so extreme, that made this event unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire crews will have a short respite from windy conditions until Tuesday night. Garcia says weather models forecast the next event to last into Wednesday morning. Then they expect speeds in the 40 to 50 mph range — significantly less intense than Sunday’s gusts, but similar to speeds observed last Wednesday when the fire broke out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Almost a week after it began, the Kincade Fire in Sonoma County is only 15% contained. Emergency officials and meteorologists say this fire has been so hard to control because intense winds have caused flames to spread rapidly and unpredictably.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last Wednesday evening, high winds predicted for Sonoma County prompted power shutoffs in the region, and PG&E reported that equipment on a transmission tower near the fire’s origin broke right around the time it ignited.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Sunday, winds blew with speeds upward of 90 mph; a single gust recorded from a PG&E weather sensor in northern Sonoma County passed the 100 mph mark. Fire officials warn that another high-wind event forecast for Tuesday night into Wednesday morning could continue to prevent crews from bringing the fire under control. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brian Garcia, warning coordination meteorologist with the National Weather Service for the Bay Area, says several characteristics of the winds in the region make the current conditions “unprecedented.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Three Events in Less Than a Week \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It’s unusual to log so many offshore wind events (i.e., winds blowing from land out toward the ocean) in such a short span of time, Garcia says. Including the winds predicted for Tuesday night, there will have been three major wind events in fewer than seven days. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“I’ve never seen it happen this way in my 10 years forecasting on the California coast,” he adds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Garcia says people in his field don’t record wind records in databases the same way they keep temperature data. Because winds shift constantly they’re harder to monitor. So weather watchers track wind data in “storm reports” that chronicle the effects of extreme weather events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the 2017 Wine Country fires, Garcia says PG&E and the National Weather Service have gotten better at tracking the speed of winds in the region.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Wind Speeds Topping 100 Miles Per Hour\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An analysis of weather data captured during the Wine Country fires estimated that wind gusts in isolated areas topped 100 mph.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“That event … was the biggest event we’ve ever seen in the Bay Area, at least in recorded history and personal knowledge from various people around the Bay Area,” Garcia says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the aftermath, PG&E increased the number of wind sensors in the region. The utility shares this data with the National Weather Service. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Garcia says another wind event on Sunday with speeds between 80 and 90 mph eventually crossing the 100 mph barrier, only two years after 2017’s historic wind event, may signal a significant shift in what to expect from now on.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Historic? It’s All About Duration \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the wind speed Sunday, he says, another factor makes them stand out. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">“The thing that really made it historic and unprecedented is the longevity of those winds. So we went for over 24 hours with very strong wind,” Garcia says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That type of high wind event typically lasts for 6 to 12 hours, he says, then adds, “this one was extended by about double of what we typically see as our max.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While downslope, dry winds are not unusual for autumns in California, the strength of this event \u003cem>\u003cstrong>was\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>, says Craig Clements, director of San Jose State University’s Fire Weather Research Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To have 100-mile-an-hour winds, at these mountain peaks, is extraordinary. That’s not common. 75? You know, that happens, not all the time, but it does happen a lot,” Clements observes. “I would say that because these winds were so extreme, that made this event unique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire crews will have a short respite from windy conditions until Tuesday night. Garcia says weather models forecast the next event to last into Wednesday morning. Then they expect speeds in the 40 to 50 mph range — significantly less intense than Sunday’s gusts, but similar to speeds observed last Wednesday when the fire broke out.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When I left for work this morning, I grabbed a mask to protect my lungs from the smoky haze hovering over Oakland\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> I’ve worn these over the years while covering wildfires, yet I know they can give me a false sense of security because they’re not foolproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plenty of us in the Bay Area \u003cem>have\u003c/em> masks. Not enough of us know which kinds work best, or how to wear them for peak efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online or in hardware stores, look for masks marked as either N95 or P100. The designation indicates that the respirator blocks at least 95-99% of particulate matter floating in the air. Those microscopic specks can cause respiratory issues and trigger heart attacks. Do not use dust or surgical masks; they’re not up to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proper mask, a snug fit around your nose and mouth is really important, because tiny slits can allow smoke to sneak through. Choose a brand that aligns with your facial structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A mask is actually kind of uncomfortable if you wear it correctly,” says UCSF pulmonologist Dr. Elizabeth Gibb. “It should leave an indentation on your face when you take it off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tighten the straps above and below the ears and make sure they do not cross on the back of your head. Press the metal nose seal tightly against your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The respirator should collapse as you breath in and out and should not let any air in from the sides,” says Karen Riveles, toxicologist for the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950349\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950349 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/GettyImages-1063033788-e1572303052968.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1211\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason House attempts to put a respirator mask on his dog Rowland at an evacuee encampment in a Walmart parking lot in Chico, California on November 17, 2018.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Public health officials do not recommend masks for people with beards or mustaches, because facial hair reduces their effectiveness. Riveles says respirators are also not appropriate for kids, but she adds that using some kind of protection is better than nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re outdoors, do not take your mask on and off because polluted air can sneak into the mask’s pocket around your mouth. Finally, replace your mask every few days or as soon as it appears dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you smell smoke, your body is taking a hit. Public health officials say the best precaution is to stay indoors with sealed windows until the air clears. You can check the region’s air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When I left for work this morning, I grabbed a mask to protect my lungs from the smoky haze hovering over Oakland\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> I’ve worn these over the years while covering wildfires, yet I know they can give me a false sense of security because they’re not foolproof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plenty of us in the Bay Area \u003cem>have\u003c/em> masks. Not enough of us know which kinds work best, or how to wear them for peak efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online or in hardware stores, look for masks marked as either N95 or P100. The designation indicates that the respirator blocks at least 95-99% of particulate matter floating in the air. Those microscopic specks can cause respiratory issues and trigger heart attacks. Do not use dust or surgical masks; they’re not up to the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the proper mask, a snug fit around your nose and mouth is really important, because tiny slits can allow smoke to sneak through. Choose a brand that aligns with your facial structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A mask is actually kind of uncomfortable if you wear it correctly,” says UCSF pulmonologist Dr. Elizabeth Gibb. “It should leave an indentation on your face when you take it off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tighten the straps above and below the ears and make sure they do not cross on the back of your head. Press the metal nose seal tightly against your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The respirator should collapse as you breath in and out and should not let any air in from the sides,” says Karen Riveles, toxicologist for the state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950349\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1950349 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/GettyImages-1063033788-e1572303052968.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1211\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason House attempts to put a respirator mask on his dog Rowland at an evacuee encampment in a Walmart parking lot in Chico, California on November 17, 2018.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Public health officials do not recommend masks for people with beards or mustaches, because facial hair reduces their effectiveness. Riveles says respirators are also not appropriate for kids, but she adds that using some kind of protection is better than nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re outdoors, do not take your mask on and off because polluted air can sneak into the mask’s pocket around your mouth. Finally, replace your mask every few days or as soon as it appears dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you smell smoke, your body is taking a hit. Public health officials say the best precaution is to stay indoors with sealed windows until the air clears. You can check the region’s air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "KQED Science Staff Says ... Go to These 6 Bay Area Science Festival Events!",
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"content": "\u003cp>Let’s see. Power shutoffs intended to stop a wildfire that didn’t stop a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a>. Degraded\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> air quality\u003c/a>. Another potential massive power \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949669/map-of-potential-power-shutoffs-in-northern-california-by-pge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutoff\u003c/a> in the works …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a good time to bring up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>? We think so. Science can connect us with the natural world in ways that, well, uh … let’s just say there’s an obvious … \u003cem>need\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also: It’s a lot of fun! To wit, below are some events that the KQED Science staff found the most intriguing out of the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/calendar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">schedule\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>of 50 offerings. The festival begins on Saturday, Oct. 26 and culminates a week later on Nov. 2, when 30,000 are expected to attend a “discovery day” of demos, games and talks at Oracle Park in San Francisco. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are our top picks …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Venton, Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/50-years-since-our-first-step-what-do-we-know-about-the-moon-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 Years Since Our First Step: What Do We Know about the Moon?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNov. 1, 6-7 p.m. $5\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humanity has a love affair with the moon that stretches back to the dawn of our species. It was both a timepiece and a guiding light long before the first towers, roads or cuckoo clocks were built. Despite our intimacy with our closest neighbor in the solar system, the moon retains mysteries. Despite more than 50 years of probes and landings on the lunar surface, we still have much to learn about the moon’s origins, composition and eventual destiny.The past, present and future of the moon will be explored by Andrew Fraknoi in a non-technical talk at the Chabot Space & Science Center. Fraknoi has a flair for translating astronomy for the public and he has chosen a well-loved subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cheryl Devall, Editor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/who-can-become-a-scientist-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Who Can Become a Scientist?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOct. 26 6-8 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone says “scientist,” what image pops into your head? Does it look like anybody you’d see in your household … or perhaps your mirror? “Who Can Become A Scientist?” is an opportunity to ponder these questions among people who wonder the same. It’s a series of short films that reflect all the ways our differences can enrich scientific inquiry. After the screening, the filmmakers will engage in an audience discussion. This festival presentation by UCSF’s Wonder Collective takes place Saturday, Oct. 26, 6-8 p.m. at the Bluxome Center, 61 Bluxome St., San Francisco. Admission is free, though the organizers encourage \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/who-can-become-a-scientist-background-to-breakt-registration-73342723059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preregistration\u003c/a>.-\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/science-day-at-the-consulate-of-mexico-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Day at the Consulate of Mexico\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOct. 26, 8-3 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of the \u003ca href=\"https://blog.xoximilco.com/en/19-mexican-innovations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land\u003c/a> that brought us the concept of zero, an antidote for scorpion stings and other innovations are participating in this year’s Bay Area Science Festival in a big way. For the first time, the Mexican Consulate in San Francisco is hosting an open house during the festival with interactive exhibits in Spanish about the way our brains function, scientific illustration and space exploration. Scientists from UC Berkeley, UC San Francisco, NASA and other institutions will be on hand. Saturday, October 26, 8 a.m. – 3 p.m. at the consulate, 532 Folsom St., San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kat Snow, Senior Editor\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/climate-change-summit-dam-renovation-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Climate Change Summit: Dam Renovatio\u003c/strong>n\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNov. 1, 7:00-8:30 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening and coming to consensus builds skills we can use to create a resilient future, and I enjoy the kinds of games where everybody represents a competing interest and learns about people who think differently. That’s what’s on the agenda here, where “participants are randomly assigned into one of eight stakeholder positions and then guided through a ‘town hall’ meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Molly Peterson, Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/five-tables-of-science-in-art-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Five Tables of Science in Art\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nOct 30, 4-7 p.m., $13\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archives is a trippy and still pretty new dowtown building that usually offers this event, a pop-up collection of art, on Thursdays. But on Wednesday, Oct. 30, mash up your art with your science: they’ll have a barnacle-encrusted tea bowl from a 500-year-old Vietnamese shipwreck and the unique refractive “fingerprint” of a camera lens placed on a scanner in Sheila Pinkel’s LS9, among others, on display. You have to pay to get in, but there’s a lot more on view besides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/coding-club-with-coderdojo-raspberry-pi-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cb>Coding Club With CoderDojo & Raspberry Pi!\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOct 29, 5-6:30 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first put sensors into homes to measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11728595/in-the-bay-area-deadly-heat-waves-are-for-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme heat\u003c/a>, I built them from Arduino parts. When I got stuck on this simple little build, my friend’s kid helped me; he had been to coding camp. It’s always good to have a kid around to tell you what you’re doing wrong. Raspberry Pi’s mission is to put the tools of tech into everyone’s hands; the fact that Raspberry Pi, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=arduino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arduino\u003c/a>, no less, \u003ca href=\"https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/the-grilled-cheese-making-robot-of-your-dreams/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can also power a grilled cheese robot \u003c/a>is just the icing on the cake. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/coding-club-with-coderdojo-raspberry-pi-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RSVP required\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s see. Power shutoffs intended to stop a wildfire that didn’t stop a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire\u003c/a>. Degraded\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> air quality\u003c/a>. Another potential massive power \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1949669/map-of-potential-power-shutoffs-in-northern-california-by-pge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shutoff\u003c/a> in the works …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a good time to bring up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>? We think so. Science can connect us with the natural world in ways that, well, uh … let’s just say there’s an obvious … \u003cem>need\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also: It’s a lot of fun! To wit, below are some events that the KQED Science staff found the most intriguing out of the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/calendar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">schedule\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>of 50 offerings. The festival begins on Saturday, Oct. 26 and culminates a week later on Nov. 2, when 30,000 are expected to attend a “discovery day” of demos, games and talks at Oracle Park in San Francisco. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are our top picks …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Danielle Venton, Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/50-years-since-our-first-step-what-do-we-know-about-the-moon-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 Years Since Our First Step: What Do We Know about the Moon?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNov. 1, 6-7 p.m. $5\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humanity has a love affair with the moon that stretches back to the dawn of our species. It was both a timepiece and a guiding light long before the first towers, roads or cuckoo clocks were built. Despite our intimacy with our closest neighbor in the solar system, the moon retains mysteries. Despite more than 50 years of probes and landings on the lunar surface, we still have much to learn about the moon’s origins, composition and eventual destiny.The past, present and future of the moon will be explored by Andrew Fraknoi in a non-technical talk at the Chabot Space & Science Center. Fraknoi has a flair for translating astronomy for the public and he has chosen a well-loved subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cheryl Devall, Editor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/who-can-become-a-scientist-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Who Can Become a Scientist?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOct. 26 6-8 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone says “scientist,” what image pops into your head? Does it look like anybody you’d see in your household … or perhaps your mirror? “Who Can Become A Scientist?” is an opportunity to ponder these questions among people who wonder the same. It’s a series of short films that reflect all the ways our differences can enrich scientific inquiry. After the screening, the filmmakers will engage in an audience discussion. This festival presentation by UCSF’s Wonder Collective takes place Saturday, Oct. 26, 6-8 p.m. at the Bluxome Center, 61 Bluxome St., San Francisco. Admission is free, though the organizers encourage \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/who-can-become-a-scientist-background-to-breakt-registration-73342723059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preregistration\u003c/a>.-\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/science-day-at-the-consulate-of-mexico-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Day at the Consulate of Mexico\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOct. 26, 8-3 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of the \u003ca href=\"https://blog.xoximilco.com/en/19-mexican-innovations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land\u003c/a> that brought us the concept of zero, an antidote for scorpion stings and other innovations are participating in this year’s Bay Area Science Festival in a big way. For the first time, the Mexican Consulate in San Francisco is hosting an open house during the festival with interactive exhibits in Spanish about the way our brains function, scientific illustration and space exploration. Scientists from UC Berkeley, UC San Francisco, NASA and other institutions will be on hand. Saturday, October 26, 8 a.m. – 3 p.m. at the consulate, 532 Folsom St., San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kat Snow, Senior Editor\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/climate-change-summit-dam-renovation-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Climate Change Summit: Dam Renovatio\u003c/strong>n\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNov. 1, 7:00-8:30 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening and coming to consensus builds skills we can use to create a resilient future, and I enjoy the kinds of games where everybody represents a competing interest and learns about people who think differently. That’s what’s on the agenda here, where “participants are randomly assigned into one of eight stakeholder positions and then guided through a ‘town hall’ meeting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Molly Peterson, Reporter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/five-tables-of-science-in-art-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Five Tables of Science in Art\u003c/a>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\nOct 30, 4-7 p.m., $13\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archives is a trippy and still pretty new dowtown building that usually offers this event, a pop-up collection of art, on Thursdays. But on Wednesday, Oct. 30, mash up your art with your science: they’ll have a barnacle-encrusted tea bowl from a 500-year-old Vietnamese shipwreck and the unique refractive “fingerprint” of a camera lens placed on a scanner in Sheila Pinkel’s LS9, among others, on display. You have to pay to get in, but there’s a lot more on view besides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/coding-club-with-coderdojo-raspberry-pi-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cb>Coding Club With CoderDojo & Raspberry Pi!\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOct 29, 5-6:30 p.m., Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first put sensors into homes to measure \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11728595/in-the-bay-area-deadly-heat-waves-are-for-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extreme heat\u003c/a>, I built them from Arduino parts. When I got stuck on this simple little build, my friend’s kid helped me; he had been to coding camp. It’s always good to have a kid around to tell you what you’re doing wrong. Raspberry Pi’s mission is to put the tools of tech into everyone’s hands; the fact that Raspberry Pi, with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=arduino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arduino\u003c/a>, no less, \u003ca href=\"https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/the-grilled-cheese-making-robot-of-your-dreams/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can also power a grilled cheese robot \u003c/a>is just the icing on the cake. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/event/coding-club-with-coderdojo-raspberry-pi-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RSVP required\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, 10:50 a.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows orange levels today throughout San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley. This means all active adults and children, and people with respiratory problems should limit outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality deteriorates to red, or “unhealthy” levels in Richmond, Vallejo, and the North Bay up through Novato. This means everyone, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Cotati and closer to the Kincade Fire, the air quality continues to deteriorate to “hazardous” levels. In these conditions, health officials encourage people to avoid all outdoor activity and warn that the anyone’s health can be affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, 9:55 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>The air over Berkeley smells like an ashtray this morning, as winds died off and stopped pushing smoke out of the region. The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows red, “unhealthy” levels of ash and soot throughout Berkeley and north past Richmond and San Pablo all the way to the Carquinez Bridge. This means everyone, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion. Health officials recommend staying indoors with windows and doors closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Carquinez Bridge, air quality drops into the “very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels. When the air is “very unhealthy,” officials say everyone, especially children, should limit outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid \u003cem>all\u003c/em> outdoor exertion. “Hazardous” levels of soot and ash create a healthy emergency for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In much of Oakland, Purple Air sensors show air quality in the orange, meaning it’s unhealthy for sensitive people. This means all active adults and children, and people with respiratory problems should limit outdoor activity. Scattered parts of East Oakland are showing slightly better air quality, at yellow levels. However, to know where these areas are, you’d need to check the Purple Air \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#11.74/37.8201/-122.3184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">map\u003c/a>. The Bay Area Air Quality management district’s sensor at Laney College is showing yellow levels of particulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Purple Air sensors in much of San Francisco are showing yellow levels, meaning people with particularly sensitive respiratory systems should consider limiting outdoor activity. In downtown San Francisco, however, sensors are showing slightly worse air quality, with orange levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Sunday, 10:50 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>A \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.mapcenter&mapcenter=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">map loop\u003c/a> on the government website Air Now shows the overnight story — yellow and orange followed by red and purple. That is, air quality that’s moderate or unhealthy for sensitive groups deteriorating into very unhealthy air as smoke from the Kincade Fire moves in on strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Area air quality officials say those same winds, though, are already turning things around by moving smoke out of the region. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data/#/aqi?id=316&date=2019-10-27&view=hourly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Current readings\u003c/a> for tiny particulate matter, the dusty smoke and feathery ash that cause the most health problems, are “good” to “moderate.” Moderate means very sensitive people should consider limiting outdoor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in the eastern part of California, though, is poor. In Davis and Sacramento, air quality is “unhealthy for sensitive groups,” and people are advised to stay indoors and limit outdoor activity. In Fresno and Modesto, air quality is in the most dangerous “hazardous” category, which can affect everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows a wide range of air quality conditions across the Bay Area, from “good” to “unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Saturday, 10 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> indicates “moderate” to “unhealthy” conditions over a large swath of the Bay Area. The least healthy air readings, visible as orange on the map, are near the origin of the fire – Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County, where people with respiratory issues along with active adults and children should limit their exertion outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the northern, central and eastern Bay Area, air quality conditions are “moderate.” That reading means people with unusual sensitivity to air quality should limit their outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps are based on reports of fine, often microscopic, particulates in the air – the ash, soot and other materials in the smoke from the Kincade Fire that’s spreading as far south as Santa Clara County. Prolonged exposure to these particles can damage the heart and lungs. so it’s important to avoid breathing outdoor air as much as possible. Here’s some \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\">information\u003c/a> about ways to stay safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Friday, 12:05 p.m.\u003c/strong>:\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Moderate” air quality conditions spread through the Bay Area Friday morning. As of 11 a.m., the current recommendation from air quality officials is that “unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At a San Francisco press conference Friday morning, Jarrett Claiborne, an air quality meteorologist with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD), said air quality is expected to deteriorate throughout Friday afternoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Claiborne says Thursday afternoon, winds that were pushing smoke from the Kincade Fire toward the Pacific Ocean relaxed, while winds from the North picked up.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“So what that means for us is the winds came from the North to the South, and now that plume of smoke is tracking toward the Bay Area as we speak,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Claiborne forecasts air quality in the Bay Area will reach levels “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.” That appears orange on air quality maps later Friday afternoon and into Saturday. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This means active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit their activities outdoors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Air quality officials say that while smoke is one concern for Bay Area residents this weekend, compounding that is heat. Temperatures in the high 80s are expected Bay-wide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Normally when we have air quality issues, we tell people to stay indoors with their windows and doors closed. But that may not be an option for some if heat is an issue in their home,” said Kristine Roselius, spokesperson for BAAQMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re recommending people seek out cooling centers or places that have filtered air such as libraries, movie theaters or malls.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Roselius says winds forecast for later this weekend are expected to blow fire-related pollution out of the Bay Area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Protect Yourself From Wildfire Smoke\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\" rel=\"noopener\">What You Need to Know About Sonoma County’s Kincade Fire\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s air quality map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>“The combination of high temperatures in San Francisco and across the Bay Area and expected wildfire smoke from the Kincade Fire may cause a simultaneous heat and poor air quality event. People should prioritize keeping cool and hydrated when the weather is hot and the air quality is poor.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>-The Bay Area Air Quality Management District and the San Francisco Department of Public Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Friday, 9 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>As of Friday morning at 8:00 am, the Air Quality Index (AQI) for San Francisco shifted from “good” to “moderate.” That means “Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.” Moderate conditions show up in yellow on air quality maps. These are present around Santa Rosa in the North, San Jose in the South and Livermore in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in other Bay Area cities remains “good” as of Friday morning. However, officials say they expect unhealthy conditions to spread throughout Friday and into the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSCWSUZOA/status/1187494054998634496\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We will continue to update this post throughout the day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While winds in Sonoma County fell Thursday afternoon, the National Weather Service is warning that extreme winds this weekend could be the most dangerous since the 2017 wine country fires. Officials are expecting winds to kick up Saturday night with gusts up to 45 miles-per-hour along the San Francisco peninsula and Santa Cruz Mountains and 75 miles-per-hour at the tallest mountain peaks in the North Bay and East Bay. They’ve issued a fire weather watch through Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unhealthy Air Moving In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the Kincade fire moved out over the ocean on Thursday, but winds are expected to shift overnight and National Weather Service maps show smoke moving south across the Bay Area throughout the day on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cV7IlxLskq\">pic.twitter.com/cV7IlxLskq\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1187486067005353984?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 24, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has called a Spare the Air alert for Friday and is urging people to stay indoors with doors and windows closed; this alone can cut indoor pollution by half. Officials also advise setting air conditioning to recirculate in order to prevent outdoor air from being pulled indoors. If you’re troubled by the level of smoke in the air, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here are\u003c/a> other steps you can take to protect your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke contains tiny particles in the ash and soot that can lodge in the lungs; the smallest particles can even enter the blood stream. They cause inflammation that can trigger breathing problems, and can damage the lungs, leading to pneumonia or bronchitis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kincade Fire Spreads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Thursday, CalFire officials said the Kincade Fire has burned 49 buildings and spread to 16,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Latest \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/KincaidFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#KincaidFire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/SatMap?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SatMap\u003c/a> 16,000 acres, 5% contained. 49 structures destroyed. No fatalities. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAll evacuation orders and warnings are still in place. This includes Geyserville, which is under an evacuation order.\u003cbr>\nWx Note *Sunday will be very bad with winds up to 80 mph \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/uGdh1bguye\">pic.twitter.com/uGdh1bguye\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CAL FIRE NEWS (@CalFireNews) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CalFireNews/status/1187566326304231426?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 25, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Tuesday, 10:50 a.m.:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows orange levels today throughout San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley. This means all active adults and children, and people with respiratory problems should limit outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality deteriorates to red, or “unhealthy” levels in Richmond, Vallejo, and the North Bay up through Novato. This means everyone, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Cotati and closer to the Kincade Fire, the air quality continues to deteriorate to “hazardous” levels. In these conditions, health officials encourage people to avoid all outdoor activity and warn that the anyone’s health can be affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, 9:55 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>The air over Berkeley smells like an ashtray this morning, as winds died off and stopped pushing smoke out of the region. The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows red, “unhealthy” levels of ash and soot throughout Berkeley and north past Richmond and San Pablo all the way to the Carquinez Bridge. This means everyone, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion. Health officials recommend staying indoors with windows and doors closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the Carquinez Bridge, air quality drops into the “very unhealthy” and “hazardous” levels. When the air is “very unhealthy,” officials say everyone, especially children, should limit outdoor activity, and active children and adults as well as people who have respiratory problems should avoid \u003cem>all\u003c/em> outdoor exertion. “Hazardous” levels of soot and ash create a healthy emergency for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In much of Oakland, Purple Air sensors show air quality in the orange, meaning it’s unhealthy for sensitive people. This means all active adults and children, and people with respiratory problems should limit outdoor activity. Scattered parts of East Oakland are showing slightly better air quality, at yellow levels. However, to know where these areas are, you’d need to check the Purple Air \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#11.74/37.8201/-122.3184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">map\u003c/a>. The Bay Area Air Quality management district’s sensor at Laney College is showing yellow levels of particulates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Purple Air sensors in much of San Francisco are showing yellow levels, meaning people with particularly sensitive respiratory systems should consider limiting outdoor activity. In downtown San Francisco, however, sensors are showing slightly worse air quality, with orange levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Sunday, 10:50 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>A \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.mapcenter&mapcenter=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">map loop\u003c/a> on the government website Air Now shows the overnight story — yellow and orange followed by red and purple. That is, air quality that’s moderate or unhealthy for sensitive groups deteriorating into very unhealthy air as smoke from the Kincade Fire moves in on strong winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Area air quality officials say those same winds, though, are already turning things around by moving smoke out of the region. \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/current-air-quality/air-monitoring-data/#/aqi?id=316&date=2019-10-27&view=hourly\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Current readings\u003c/a> for tiny particulate matter, the dusty smoke and feathery ash that cause the most health problems, are “good” to “moderate.” Moderate means very sensitive people should consider limiting outdoor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in the eastern part of California, though, is poor. In Davis and Sacramento, air quality is “unhealthy for sensitive groups,” and people are advised to stay indoors and limit outdoor activity. In Fresno and Modesto, air quality is in the most dangerous “hazardous” category, which can affect everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> called Purple Air shows a wide range of air quality conditions across the Bay Area, from “good” to “unhealthy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Saturday, 10 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interactive, crowdsourced air quality \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?module=AQI&conversion=C0&average=10&layer=standard&advanced=false&inside=true&outside=true&mine=true#9.48/37.8229/-122.118\">map\u003c/a> indicates “moderate” to “unhealthy” conditions over a large swath of the Bay Area. The least healthy air readings, visible as orange on the map, are near the origin of the fire – Healdsburg and Cloverdale in Sonoma County, where people with respiratory issues along with active adults and children should limit their exertion outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the northern, central and eastern Bay Area, air quality conditions are “moderate.” That reading means people with unusual sensitivity to air quality should limit their outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maps are based on reports of fine, often microscopic, particulates in the air – the ash, soot and other materials in the smoke from the Kincade Fire that’s spreading as far south as Santa Clara County. Prolonged exposure to these particles can damage the heart and lungs. so it’s important to avoid breathing outdoor air as much as possible. Here’s some \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\">information\u003c/a> about ways to stay safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Friday, 12:05 p.m.\u003c/strong>:\u003c/em>\u003cb>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Moderate” air quality conditions spread through the Bay Area Friday morning. As of 11 a.m., the current recommendation from air quality officials is that “unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At a San Francisco press conference Friday morning, Jarrett Claiborne, an air quality meteorologist with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD), said air quality is expected to deteriorate throughout Friday afternoon.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Claiborne says Thursday afternoon, winds that were pushing smoke from the Kincade Fire toward the Pacific Ocean relaxed, while winds from the North picked up.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“So what that means for us is the winds came from the North to the South, and now that plume of smoke is tracking toward the Bay Area as we speak,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Claiborne forecasts air quality in the Bay Area will reach levels “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.” That appears orange on air quality maps later Friday afternoon and into Saturday. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This means active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit their activities outdoors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Air quality officials say that while smoke is one concern for Bay Area residents this weekend, compounding that is heat. Temperatures in the high 80s are expected Bay-wide.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Normally when we have air quality issues, we tell people to stay indoors with their windows and doors closed. But that may not be an option for some if heat is an issue in their home,” said Kristine Roselius, spokesperson for BAAQMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’re recommending people seek out cooling centers or places that have filtered air such as libraries, movie theaters or malls.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Roselius says winds forecast for later this weekend are expected to blow fire-related pollution out of the Bay Area. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Resources\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Protect Yourself From Wildfire Smoke\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11782314/what-you-need-to-know-sonoma-countys-kincade-fire\" rel=\"noopener\">What You Need to Know About Sonoma County’s Kincade Fire\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KQED’s air quality map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>“The combination of high temperatures in San Francisco and across the Bay Area and expected wildfire smoke from the Kincade Fire may cause a simultaneous heat and poor air quality event. People should prioritize keeping cool and hydrated when the weather is hot and the air quality is poor.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>-The Bay Area Air Quality Management District and the San Francisco Department of Public Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update Friday, 9 a.m.: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>As of Friday morning at 8:00 am, the Air Quality Index (AQI) for San Francisco shifted from “good” to “moderate.” That means “Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.” Moderate conditions show up in yellow on air quality maps. These are present around Santa Rosa in the North, San Jose in the South and Livermore in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality in other Bay Area cities remains “good” as of Friday morning. However, officials say they expect unhealthy conditions to spread throughout Friday and into the weekend.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We will continue to update this post throughout the day.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While winds in Sonoma County fell Thursday afternoon, the National Weather Service is warning that extreme winds this weekend could be the most dangerous since the 2017 wine country fires. Officials are expecting winds to kick up Saturday night with gusts up to 45 miles-per-hour along the San Francisco peninsula and Santa Cruz Mountains and 75 miles-per-hour at the tallest mountain peaks in the North Bay and East Bay. They’ve issued a fire weather watch through Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unhealthy Air Moving In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the Kincade fire moved out over the ocean on Thursday, but winds are expected to shift overnight and National Weather Service maps show smoke moving south across the Bay Area throughout the day on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\u003ca href=\"https://t.co/cV7IlxLskq\">pic.twitter.com/cV7IlxLskq\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Bay Area (@NWSBayArea) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1187486067005353984?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 24, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District has called a Spare the Air alert for Friday and is urging people to stay indoors with doors and windows closed; this alone can cut indoor pollution by half. Officials also advise setting air conditioning to recirculate in order to prevent outdoor air from being pulled indoors. If you’re troubled by the level of smoke in the air, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926793/protecting-your-health-from-toxic-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here are\u003c/a> other steps you can take to protect your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire smoke contains tiny particles in the ash and soot that can lodge in the lungs; the smallest particles can even enter the blood stream. They cause inflammation that can trigger breathing problems, and can damage the lungs, leading to pneumonia or bronchitis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kincade Fire Spreads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Thursday, CalFire officials said the Kincade Fire has burned 49 buildings and spread to 16,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Latest \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/KincaidFire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#KincaidFire\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/SatMap?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#SatMap\u003c/a> 16,000 acres, 5% contained. 49 structures destroyed. No fatalities. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/CAfire?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#CAfire\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAll evacuation orders and warnings are still in place. This includes Geyserville, which is under an evacuation order.\u003cbr>\nWx Note *Sunday will be very bad with winds up to 80 mph \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/uGdh1bguye\">pic.twitter.com/uGdh1bguye\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— CAL FIRE NEWS (@CalFireNews) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CalFireNews/status/1187566326304231426?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">October 25, 2019\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "exxons-climate-fraud-trial-has-begun-heres-what-you-need-to-know",
"title": "Exxon’s Climate Fraud Trial Has Begun. Here’s What You Need to Know",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil went on trial Tuesday in a packed courtroom in New York, where the oil giant stands accused of defrauding investors by misleading them about the risks it faces from future climate regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil case is the first major climate change lawsuit to reach trial in the United States, and it is the culmination of four years of investigation by the New York state attorney general’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central allegation is that Exxon fraudulently used two sets of books to estimate the risks it faces as governments take steps to cut greenhouse gas emissions: one that was shared with investors and another that was used only internally. The public estimate was higher, suggesting a future with stricter limits on emissions, while the internal figures were lower, reflecting more lenient regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for Attorney General Letitia James, who took office this year, a few months after the lawsuit was filed, have argued that this practice exposed investors to greater risks than Exxon had disclosed and inflated the company’s value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central question that Justice Barry Ostrager will have to decide is whether Exxon’s disclosures reflected its practices, Kevin Wallace, acting chief of the attorney general’s investor protection bureau, told the state court in his opening statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not telling Exxon how to run its business,” Wallace said. “But it has to be honest with investors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon’s lead attorney, Theodore Wells, called the allegations “bizarre and twisted” and said the company did nothing wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon does not dispute that it used two estimates for the future impacts of climate regulations, but it argues that it was transparent with investors about its practices and that each had legitimate business purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opening statements suggested that the case may turn on semantic arguments about what a reasonable investor would have believed from reading Exxon’s reports and disclosures, and on a technical forensic analysis of what impact the company’s practices had on its share price and value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid this discussion, Exxon’s former chief executive and former Secretary of State \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22032017/exxonmobil-climate-change-investigation-wayne-tracker-rex-tillerson-new-york-ag\">Rex Tillerson\u003c/a> is expected to testify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever decision the judge reaches is sure to be cited in major climate cases to come. More than a dozen local and state governments have sued Exxon and other energy companies seeking damages to help pay the costs imposed on cities by rising seas and extreme weather caused by climate change. On Tuesday, U.S. Supreme Court justices denied requests by energy companies in three of those cases—involving \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20072018/baltimore-climate-change-lawsuit-inner-harbor-coastal-flooding-sea-level-rise-urban-waterfront-revitalization\">Baltimore,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19a391.html\">Rhode Island\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19a428.html\">three Colorado municipalities\u003c/a>—to intervene as the companies try to have the cases heard in federal rather than state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since at least 2010, Exxon had been reporting that it was using something called a proxy cost of carbon to model the financial impacts of climate policies decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the company came under increasing pressure from some investors to better disclose the risks it was facing, Wallace told the court in his opening statement, “Exxon realized it had a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the company’s top management was \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16102019/exxon-oil-sands-trial-climate-change-fraud-new-york-rex-tillerson\">given a presentation\u003c/a> written by Guy Powell, Exxon’s corporate greenhouse gas manager, warning that the way the company had been accounting for climate risks was potentially misleading. Even as it was reporting its proxy cost to the public, it was using a separate estimate for carbon costs—which it called a “greenhouse gas cost”—to evaluate investment opportunities internally. The proxy cost assumed carbon costs would be significantly higher than the internal estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One effect of using a lower estimate for future carbon costs was that it made high-polluting oil projects look like more attractive investments, compared to if the higher proxy cost were applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell recommended aligning the costs. Soon after the presentation, Wallace said, Exxon’s management directed company planners to start using the higher cost for their internal evaluations, as well. Exxon attorney Wells told the court Tuesday that the decision had nothing to do with the presentation but was a reflection of how the company saw climate policies evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even after Exxon aligned its two carbon price estimates in the summer of 2014, corporate planners continued to apply lower estimates when evaluating whether to invest in new energy projects, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16102019/exxon-oil-sands-trial-climate-change-fraud-new-york-rex-tillerson\">documents\u003c/a> obtained by the attorney general show. In Alberta, for example, where Exxon has spent tens of billions of dollars on projects in Canada’s oil sands, the company directed planners to apply an existing carbon fee that was much lower than the corporate estimates. In particular, while corporate estimates projected carbon prices continuing to rise up to $80 per ton in 2040, planners in Canada applied a fee that held flat at $24 decades into the future and didn’t apply to all of a given project’s emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assuming that existing legislation would remain frozen in place forever is the exact opposite of accounting for increasingly stringent regulation,” Wallace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general argues that this practice hid tens of billions of dollars in potential future costs at these oil sands projects from investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opening statement for Exxon, Wells argued that the public proxy cost was used to model global supply and demand for its products decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it was global in scope, the proxy cost was informed by a suite of policies Exxon expects to see adopted around the world, from fuel efficiency standards in the U.S. to carbon taxes in Europe. The lower greenhouse gas cost, Wells said, was meant to reflect direct costs at specific Exxon facilities around the globe, so it was informed by a more limited set of policies. Wells used the example of a hypothetical refinery in Brooklyn, which would pay for its emissions if New York were to implement a tax or fee on polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to a specific sentence in \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.exxonmobil.com/~/media/global/files/energy-and-environment/report---energy-and-carbon---managing-the-risks.pdf\">one report that Exxon issued\u003c/a> in 2014 in response to investor pressure, where the company said “we require that all our business segments include, where appropriate, GHG costs in their economics when seeking funding for capital investments.” The sentence made clear that the proxy cost and greenhouse gas cost were distinct, he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wallace countered that this claim hangs on a “tortured reading” of the company’s disclosures, and pointed to other reports that he argued obfuscated any difference. In some, Exxon used the term “GHG proxy cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable investor had every reason to believe that Exxon was using the term proxy costs and greenhouse gas costs interchangeably,” Wallace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his statement, Wells drew a smile from Ostrager when he mentioned what he called “the elephant in the room,” charging that the allegations are part of a political conspiracy by liberal attorneys general, backed by activists, to smear the company. He cited \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30032016/climate-change-fraud-investigation-exxon-eric-shneiderman-18-attorneys-general\">a 2016 press conference \u003c/a>held by then-Attorney General Eric Schneiderman with many of his counterparts from other states promising to go after energy companies for their role in fueling climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrager has already dismissed an attempt by Exxon to halt the case on such a claim, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032018/exxon-climate-fraud-investigations-ruling-federal-judge-caproni-new-york-schneiderman-massachusetts-healey\">as has a federal judge in New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Investigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New York \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/exxon-climate-change-investigation\">investigation\u003c/a> began in the fall of 2015, when then-Attorney General Eric Schneiderman \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112015/new-york-attorney-general-eric-schneiderman-subpoena-Exxon-climate-documents\">issued a subpoena\u003c/a> seeking documents spanning four decades of research findings and communications about climate change. Massachusetts investigators followed several months later with a separate subpoena. While Massachusetts has yet to file a lawsuit, that state’s attorney general \u003ca href=\"https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/documents-show-massachusetts-ag-ready-to-file-climate-case-against-exxon\">sent a letter to Exxon\u003c/a> earlier this month saying it plans to file a claim soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two investigations followed the publication of the Pulitzer Prize-finalist \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\">investigative series of stories by InsideClimate News\u003c/a> and later reporting by the \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> that disclosed that Exxon had long understood the science of global warming, predicted its catastrophic consequences, and then spent millions of dollars to promote misinformation about global warming and the role of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrager has allotted three weeks for the trial and has said he will issue a ruling shortly after it ends. If he rules against Exxon, the company could face substantial fines and be ordered to revise how it discloses climate risks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil went on trial Tuesday in a packed courtroom in New York, where the oil giant stands accused of defrauding investors by misleading them about the risks it faces from future climate regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil case is the first major climate change lawsuit to reach trial in the United States, and it is the culmination of four years of investigation by the New York state attorney general’s office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central allegation is that Exxon fraudulently used two sets of books to estimate the risks it faces as governments take steps to cut greenhouse gas emissions: one that was shared with investors and another that was used only internally. The public estimate was higher, suggesting a future with stricter limits on emissions, while the internal figures were lower, reflecting more lenient regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for Attorney General Letitia James, who took office this year, a few months after the lawsuit was filed, have argued that this practice exposed investors to greater risks than Exxon had disclosed and inflated the company’s value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central question that Justice Barry Ostrager will have to decide is whether Exxon’s disclosures reflected its practices, Kevin Wallace, acting chief of the attorney general’s investor protection bureau, told the state court in his opening statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not telling Exxon how to run its business,” Wallace said. “But it has to be honest with investors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon’s lead attorney, Theodore Wells, called the allegations “bizarre and twisted” and said the company did nothing wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exxon does not dispute that it used two estimates for the future impacts of climate regulations, but it argues that it was transparent with investors about its practices and that each had legitimate business purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opening statements suggested that the case may turn on semantic arguments about what a reasonable investor would have believed from reading Exxon’s reports and disclosures, and on a technical forensic analysis of what impact the company’s practices had on its share price and value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid this discussion, Exxon’s former chief executive and former Secretary of State \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/22032017/exxonmobil-climate-change-investigation-wayne-tracker-rex-tillerson-new-york-ag\">Rex Tillerson\u003c/a> is expected to testify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever decision the judge reaches is sure to be cited in major climate cases to come. More than a dozen local and state governments have sued Exxon and other energy companies seeking damages to help pay the costs imposed on cities by rising seas and extreme weather caused by climate change. On Tuesday, U.S. Supreme Court justices denied requests by energy companies in three of those cases—involving \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20072018/baltimore-climate-change-lawsuit-inner-harbor-coastal-flooding-sea-level-rise-urban-waterfront-revitalization\">Baltimore,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19a391.html\">Rhode Island\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19a428.html\">three Colorado municipalities\u003c/a>—to intervene as the companies try to have the cases heard in federal rather than state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since at least 2010, Exxon had been reporting that it was using something called a proxy cost of carbon to model the financial impacts of climate policies decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the company came under increasing pressure from some investors to better disclose the risks it was facing, Wallace told the court in his opening statement, “Exxon realized it had a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the company’s top management was \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16102019/exxon-oil-sands-trial-climate-change-fraud-new-york-rex-tillerson\">given a presentation\u003c/a> written by Guy Powell, Exxon’s corporate greenhouse gas manager, warning that the way the company had been accounting for climate risks was potentially misleading. Even as it was reporting its proxy cost to the public, it was using a separate estimate for carbon costs—which it called a “greenhouse gas cost”—to evaluate investment opportunities internally. The proxy cost assumed carbon costs would be significantly higher than the internal estimate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One effect of using a lower estimate for future carbon costs was that it made high-polluting oil projects look like more attractive investments, compared to if the higher proxy cost were applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell recommended aligning the costs. Soon after the presentation, Wallace said, Exxon’s management directed company planners to start using the higher cost for their internal evaluations, as well. Exxon attorney Wells told the court Tuesday that the decision had nothing to do with the presentation but was a reflection of how the company saw climate policies evolving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even after Exxon aligned its two carbon price estimates in the summer of 2014, corporate planners continued to apply lower estimates when evaluating whether to invest in new energy projects, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16102019/exxon-oil-sands-trial-climate-change-fraud-new-york-rex-tillerson\">documents\u003c/a> obtained by the attorney general show. In Alberta, for example, where Exxon has spent tens of billions of dollars on projects in Canada’s oil sands, the company directed planners to apply an existing carbon fee that was much lower than the corporate estimates. In particular, while corporate estimates projected carbon prices continuing to rise up to $80 per ton in 2040, planners in Canada applied a fee that held flat at $24 decades into the future and didn’t apply to all of a given project’s emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Assuming that existing legislation would remain frozen in place forever is the exact opposite of accounting for increasingly stringent regulation,” Wallace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney general argues that this practice hid tens of billions of dollars in potential future costs at these oil sands projects from investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opening statement for Exxon, Wells argued that the public proxy cost was used to model global supply and demand for its products decades into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because it was global in scope, the proxy cost was informed by a suite of policies Exxon expects to see adopted around the world, from fuel efficiency standards in the U.S. to carbon taxes in Europe. The lower greenhouse gas cost, Wells said, was meant to reflect direct costs at specific Exxon facilities around the globe, so it was informed by a more limited set of policies. Wells used the example of a hypothetical refinery in Brooklyn, which would pay for its emissions if New York were to implement a tax or fee on polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pointed to a specific sentence in \u003ca href=\"https://cdn.exxonmobil.com/~/media/global/files/energy-and-environment/report---energy-and-carbon---managing-the-risks.pdf\">one report that Exxon issued\u003c/a> in 2014 in response to investor pressure, where the company said “we require that all our business segments include, where appropriate, GHG costs in their economics when seeking funding for capital investments.” The sentence made clear that the proxy cost and greenhouse gas cost were distinct, he argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wallace countered that this claim hangs on a “tortured reading” of the company’s disclosures, and pointed to other reports that he argued obfuscated any difference. In some, Exxon used the term “GHG proxy cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A reasonable investor had every reason to believe that Exxon was using the term proxy costs and greenhouse gas costs interchangeably,” Wallace said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward the end of his statement, Wells drew a smile from Ostrager when he mentioned what he called “the elephant in the room,” charging that the allegations are part of a political conspiracy by liberal attorneys general, backed by activists, to smear the company. He cited \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30032016/climate-change-fraud-investigation-exxon-eric-shneiderman-18-attorneys-general\">a 2016 press conference \u003c/a>held by then-Attorney General Eric Schneiderman with many of his counterparts from other states promising to go after energy companies for their role in fueling climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrager has already dismissed an attempt by Exxon to halt the case on such a claim, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29032018/exxon-climate-fraud-investigations-ruling-federal-judge-caproni-new-york-schneiderman-massachusetts-healey\">as has a federal judge in New York\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Investigation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New York \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/tags/exxon-climate-change-investigation\">investigation\u003c/a> began in the fall of 2015, when then-Attorney General Eric Schneiderman \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05112015/new-york-attorney-general-eric-schneiderman-subpoena-Exxon-climate-documents\">issued a subpoena\u003c/a> seeking documents spanning four decades of research findings and communications about climate change. Massachusetts investigators followed several months later with a separate subpoena. While Massachusetts has yet to file a lawsuit, that state’s attorney general \u003ca href=\"https://news.bloombergenvironment.com/environment-and-energy/documents-show-massachusetts-ag-ready-to-file-climate-case-against-exxon\">sent a letter to Exxon\u003c/a> earlier this month saying it plans to file a claim soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two investigations followed the publication of the Pulitzer Prize-finalist \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/content/Exxon-The-Road-Not-Taken\">investigative series of stories by InsideClimate News\u003c/a> and later reporting by the \u003ca href=\"http://graphics.latimes.com/exxon-arctic/\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> that disclosed that Exxon had long understood the science of global warming, predicted its catastrophic consequences, and then spent millions of dollars to promote misinformation about global warming and the role of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">Once again, the federal government is challenging California over policies related to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department filed a lawsuit today in the Eastern District of California arguing that the state’s 2013 cap-and-trade \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/linkage/linkage.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">agreement \u003c/span>\u003c/a>with the Canadian Province of Quebec violates the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feds say in a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-states-files-lawsuit-against-state-california-unlawful-cap-and-trade-agreement\">release\u003c/a> that \u003c/span>California is interfering with U.S. international relations by “attempting to pursue an independent foreign policy in the area of greenhouse gas regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a statement, Jeffrey Bossert Clark, assistant attorney general of the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division, said that California “veered outside of its proper constitutional lane” with the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power to enter into such agreements is reserved to the federal government, which must be able to speak with one voice in the area of U.S. foreign policy,” he said.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil complaint named the state, key officials, the California Air Resources Board and the Western Climate Initiative Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, was scathing in her criticism of the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking after her keynote address at a climate policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forum\u003c/a> hosted by the Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, she said her “first thought was that it was a joke.” She continued …\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The linkage with Canada has been in effect for a number of years. And our State Department and other elements of the U.S. government are well aware of it. They were following its development from the very beginning. We’ve also had legal opinions at all levels that what we’re doing doesn’t interfere with the federal prerogative on treaties. We don’t have a treaty. We’re not entering into treaties. But we do have many different memorandums of understanding that allow us to work on cross boundary problems with other states in other countries. And this is one of those programs. We’ll fight it out in the court, of course. But it just seems odd. The timing seems odd, and particularly odd at a time when the U.S. government is being investigated for conducting illegal foreign policy. It’s almost as though they are searching for a distraction.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom pushed back even before the workday in California had begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press release, Newsom said on the issue of climate change that the White House has its “head in the sand,” and the Trump administration is pursuing “political retribution against California, our climate policies and the health of our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon pollution knows no borders, and the Trump administration’s abysmal record of denying climate change and propping up big polluters makes cross-border collaboration all the more necessary,” Newsom said in his statement. “California’s landmark cap-and-trade program has inspired the creation of dozens of businesses, is a model for similar policies around the world, and puts California well ahead of the pack as we prepare for a low-carbon future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Newsom and Nichols reached a tailpipe emissions agreement with four major automakers. Ford, Honda, BMW, and Volkswagen voluntarily agreed to produce cleaner cars over time and invest in electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agreement was a rebuke of the Trump administration, which wanted to loosen emission standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s attorney general has sued the federal government more two dozen times over the Trump administration’s environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Once again, the federal government is challenging California over policies related to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department filed a lawsuit today in the Eastern District of California arguing that the state’s 2013 cap-and-trade \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/linkage/linkage.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">agreement \u003c/span>\u003c/a>with the Canadian Province of Quebec violates the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The feds say in a \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-states-files-lawsuit-against-state-california-unlawful-cap-and-trade-agreement\">release\u003c/a> that \u003c/span>California is interfering with U.S. international relations by “attempting to pursue an independent foreign policy in the area of greenhouse gas regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">In a statement, Jeffrey Bossert Clark, assistant attorney general of the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division, said that California “veered outside of its proper constitutional lane” with the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The power to enter into such agreements is reserved to the federal government, which must be able to speak with one voice in the area of U.S. foreign policy,” he said.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The civil complaint named the state, key officials, the California Air Resources Board and the Western Climate Initiative Inc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, chair of the California Air Resources Board, was scathing in her criticism of the suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking after her keynote address at a climate policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forum\u003c/a> hosted by the Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, she said her “first thought was that it was a joke.” She continued …\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The linkage with Canada has been in effect for a number of years. And our State Department and other elements of the U.S. government are well aware of it. They were following its development from the very beginning. We’ve also had legal opinions at all levels that what we’re doing doesn’t interfere with the federal prerogative on treaties. We don’t have a treaty. We’re not entering into treaties. But we do have many different memorandums of understanding that allow us to work on cross boundary problems with other states in other countries. And this is one of those programs. We’ll fight it out in the court, of course. But it just seems odd. The timing seems odd, and particularly odd at a time when the U.S. government is being investigated for conducting illegal foreign policy. It’s almost as though they are searching for a distraction.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom pushed back even before the workday in California had begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a press release, Newsom said on the issue of climate change that the White House has its “head in the sand,” and the Trump administration is pursuing “political retribution against California, our climate policies and the health of our communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Carbon pollution knows no borders, and the Trump administration’s abysmal record of denying climate change and propping up big polluters makes cross-border collaboration all the more necessary,” Newsom said in his statement. “California’s landmark cap-and-trade program has inspired the creation of dozens of businesses, is a model for similar policies around the world, and puts California well ahead of the pack as we prepare for a low-carbon future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Newsom and Nichols reached a tailpipe emissions agreement with four major automakers. Ford, Honda, BMW, and Volkswagen voluntarily agreed to produce cleaner cars over time and invest in electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agreement was a rebuke of the Trump administration, which wanted to loosen emission standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s attorney general has sued the federal government more two dozen times over the Trump administration’s environmental policies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There are enormous costs to doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond threats to public health and the environment, climate change poses a danger to the economy, especially for those who have the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new analysis from the \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Institute\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Economic\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Policy\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Research\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Hamilton\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Project\u003c/a>, a centrist economic think tank of the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949772\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png 346w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase-160x136.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Economic Damages from Climate Change in 2080-99 by Temperature Increase \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two factors will determine just how disruptive climate change will be, according to the study. One is the extent of the warming; the other is the effectiveness of any mitigating technology and policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the century, an increase in temperature of 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels could trim .5% off of U.S. gross domestic product, the economists found. At 4 degrees of warming the decline would hit 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, the damage would increase exponentially as warming continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. counties with the weakest economies, will be hit hardest, the report says. Similarly, around the world, the countries with the lowest incomes will face the most hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Emissions But Economic Growth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers point out that lower emissions and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 2007 and 2017, U.S. planet-warming gas emissions dropped by 14%, while economic output grew 16%. E\u003c/span>nergy use fell, as did the price of developing renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. emissions rose again in 2018.)\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 731px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949774\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png 731w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17.-160x63.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Change in Levelized Cost of Energy for Solar and Wind. 2010-17. \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>Economic impacts from climate change unmitigated would be very, very large,” said Jay Shambough, a study author and former member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. But there are clearly things that can be done. We’ve been making progress. Not enough, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing for us is to be clear that different policy approaches have different costs and benefits. Some ways to reduce carbon emissions can be pretty expensive, while other ways are more flexible and not actually that expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study estimates the average cost of a host of climate policies; the researchers found that replanting forests and flaring methane gas are on the less-expensive end, along with the regulation of emissions from power plants and cars in former President Obama’s Clean Power Plan. The Trump administration replaced those regulations with significantly weaker rules that could end up increasing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More expensive climate solutions include weatherization assistance and vehicle trade-in programs like “Cash-for-Clunkers,” although these offer benefits beyond carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Tax\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, economists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/4/22/11446232/price-on-carbon-fine\">argued\u003c/a> that the most potent tool for fighting climate change is a tax on carbon emissions. A price on carbon, they maintain, lets the market determine the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions. The researchers corroborated that view, finding that a price on carbon can reduce emissions at the lowest possible cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of governments across the world have introduced carbon pricing initiatives, with varying results. Many programs have set prices below what economists have identified as carbon’s “social cost,” a sweet spot that provides the most benefit at the lowest expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png 709w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives-160x65.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices for Selected Carbon Initiatives \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study says that in 2020, based on policy that’s planned or in effect, 80% of the world’s emissions will remain unpriced. The U.S. will be pricing just 1% of global emissions, Europe 5.5% and China 7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solutions outlined in the paper are much less sweeping than what is being called for by some of the current Democratic candidates for president. Proponents of a Green New Deal-style climate program, they are calling for a price on carbon, but also more aggressive action, including regulations to promote rapid decarbonization and investment in clean-energy jobs by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors released the study Wednesday, timed to coincide with a Brookings and Stanford policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\">forum\u003c/a> on economic policy innovations to fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There are enormous costs to doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond threats to public health and the environment, climate change poses a danger to the economy, especially for those who have the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new analysis from the \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Institute\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Economic\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Policy\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Research\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Hamilton\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Project\u003c/a>, a centrist economic think tank of the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949772\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png 346w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase-160x136.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Economic Damages from Climate Change in 2080-99 by Temperature Increase \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two factors will determine just how disruptive climate change will be, according to the study. One is the extent of the warming; the other is the effectiveness of any mitigating technology and policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the century, an increase in temperature of 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels could trim .5% off of U.S. gross domestic product, the economists found. At 4 degrees of warming the decline would hit 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, the damage would increase exponentially as warming continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. counties with the weakest economies, will be hit hardest, the report says. Similarly, around the world, the countries with the lowest incomes will face the most hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Emissions But Economic Growth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers point out that lower emissions and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 2007 and 2017, U.S. planet-warming gas emissions dropped by 14%, while economic output grew 16%. E\u003c/span>nergy use fell, as did the price of developing renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. emissions rose again in 2018.)\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 731px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949774\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png 731w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17.-160x63.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Change in Levelized Cost of Energy for Solar and Wind. 2010-17. \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>Economic impacts from climate change unmitigated would be very, very large,” said Jay Shambough, a study author and former member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. But there are clearly things that can be done. We’ve been making progress. Not enough, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing for us is to be clear that different policy approaches have different costs and benefits. Some ways to reduce carbon emissions can be pretty expensive, while other ways are more flexible and not actually that expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study estimates the average cost of a host of climate policies; the researchers found that replanting forests and flaring methane gas are on the less-expensive end, along with the regulation of emissions from power plants and cars in former President Obama’s Clean Power Plan. The Trump administration replaced those regulations with significantly weaker rules that could end up increasing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More expensive climate solutions include weatherization assistance and vehicle trade-in programs like “Cash-for-Clunkers,” although these offer benefits beyond carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Tax\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, economists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/4/22/11446232/price-on-carbon-fine\">argued\u003c/a> that the most potent tool for fighting climate change is a tax on carbon emissions. A price on carbon, they maintain, lets the market determine the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions. The researchers corroborated that view, finding that a price on carbon can reduce emissions at the lowest possible cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of governments across the world have introduced carbon pricing initiatives, with varying results. Many programs have set prices below what economists have identified as carbon’s “social cost,” a sweet spot that provides the most benefit at the lowest expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png 709w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives-160x65.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices for Selected Carbon Initiatives \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study says that in 2020, based on policy that’s planned or in effect, 80% of the world’s emissions will remain unpriced. The U.S. will be pricing just 1% of global emissions, Europe 5.5% and China 7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solutions outlined in the paper are much less sweeping than what is being called for by some of the current Democratic candidates for president. Proponents of a Green New Deal-style climate program, they are calling for a price on carbon, but also more aggressive action, including regulations to promote rapid decarbonization and investment in clean-energy jobs by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors released the study Wednesday, timed to coincide with a Brookings and Stanford policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\">forum\u003c/a> on economic policy innovations to fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Massive California Kelp Decline Linked to Ocean Heat, Voracious Sea Urchins",
"headTitle": "Massive California Kelp Decline Linked to Ocean Heat, Voracious Sea Urchins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Envision California’s lush forests from San Francisco to the Oregon border. Now imagine that 90 percent of those forests disappear within two years. Laura Rogers-Bennett, senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says that’s exactly what happened to underwater kelp forests off Northern California’s coastline from 2014-16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51114-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published this week\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> documents the rapid decline of California’s bull kelp. The study links the reduction in the seaweed’s population to a confluence of environmental and ecological stressors, including a marine heat wave, a sea star die-off and the emergence of an “urchin barrens,” large swaths of subtidal zones overtaken by kelp-hungry purple sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949763\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Katie-Sowul-CDFW-Urchin-Barren-surrounds-Red-Abalone-800x462.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins have overtaken California waters, grazing down forests of bull kelp. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett, who monitors kelp forests in partnership with the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, says taken together, these strains on the kelp population threaten the greater coastal ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are finding out,” she says, “that if we cross some of these thresholds, that the system will collapse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers are now noting kelp deforestation off the Oregon coast and in California south of San Francisco to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ripple Effects \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, published Monday, points to \u003ca href=\"https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/news/unprecedented-number-of-warm-water-species-moved-northward-during-marine-heatwave/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">intense ocean warming\u003c/a> recorded in Northern California waters from 2014-17 as a major cause for the decline of the kelp forest. Kelp relies on nitrogen to thrive, but that element decreases as the ocean heats up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett says as temperatures cooled back down, bull kelp, a resilient species, would normally have recovered. But warmer ocean temperatures created other conditions that accelerated the decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/30/690003678/massive-starfish-die-off-is-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a> linked to the warm ocean “blob” led to the mass die-off of 20 starfish species along the West Coast. In California, the disease decimated sea stars from San Mateo to Mendocino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A primary food source for sea stars is urchins, which in turn feed on kelp. Without starfish to keep urchin populations in check, the number of purple sea urchins swelled beginning in 2014. The following year, says the analysis in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>, “purple sea urchins shifted to a more aggressive feeding behavior,” devouring more layers of the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Species Affected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deforestation of Northern California’s kelp affects other species that rely on it for sustenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in 2017, abalone stocks in the region were down by 80 percent. That led the recreational red abalone fishery to shut down in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you envision the land … without the forest, there’d be many animals that would be starving, and that’s what we’re seeing,” Rogers-Bennett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are picking up and detecting what’s happening with the abalone, but they’re just an indicator species of that whole suite of organisms that depend on the kelp forest, that are all starving or have no homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to help restore the kelp forest, Rogers-Bennett says, is to harvest urchins for human consumption. Uni, or sea urchin gonads, is a premium menu item at many sushi restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett says that while the scarcity of kelp harms the health and harvestability of wild urchins, relocating them to designated urchin farms, where they could be fed algae and other nutrients, could be a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This goes beyond sustainable farming, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re actually having a restorative seafood product because the more you eat of urchin, the better it is for the kelp forest,” she said. “So you’re restoring the kelp forest by eliminating that grazing pressure from those urchin that are just eating everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett and colleagues are in the process of \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bull-Kelp-Recovery-Plan-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identifying pockets of coastal waters\u003c/a> off Sonoma and Mendocino counties where harvesters could remove urchins to bolster the recovery of California’s kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Envision California’s lush forests from San Francisco to the Oregon border. Now imagine that 90 percent of those forests disappear within two years. Laura Rogers-Bennett, senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says that’s exactly what happened to underwater kelp forests off Northern California’s coastline from 2014-16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51114-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis published this week\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> documents the rapid decline of California’s bull kelp. The study links the reduction in the seaweed’s population to a confluence of environmental and ecological stressors, including a marine heat wave, a sea star die-off and the emergence of an “urchin barrens,” large swaths of subtidal zones overtaken by kelp-hungry purple sea urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949763\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Katie-Sowul-CDFW-Urchin-Barren-surrounds-Red-Abalone-800x462.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"462\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchins have overtaken California waters, grazing down forests of bull kelp. \u003ccite>(Katie Sowul/California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett, who monitors kelp forests in partnership with the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, says taken together, these strains on the kelp population threaten the greater coastal ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are finding out,” she says, “that if we cross some of these thresholds, that the system will collapse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observers are now noting kelp deforestation off the Oregon coast and in California south of San Francisco to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ripple Effects \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, published Monday, points to \u003ca href=\"https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/news/unprecedented-number-of-warm-water-species-moved-northward-during-marine-heatwave/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">intense ocean warming\u003c/a> recorded in Northern California waters from 2014-17 as a major cause for the decline of the kelp forest. Kelp relies on nitrogen to thrive, but that element decreases as the ocean heats up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett says as temperatures cooled back down, bull kelp, a resilient species, would normally have recovered. But warmer ocean temperatures created other conditions that accelerated the decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, an outbreak of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/01/30/690003678/massive-starfish-die-off-is-tied-to-global-warming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea star wasting disease\u003c/a> linked to the warm ocean “blob” led to the mass die-off of 20 starfish species along the West Coast. In California, the disease decimated sea stars from San Mateo to Mendocino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A primary food source for sea stars is urchins, which in turn feed on kelp. Without starfish to keep urchin populations in check, the number of purple sea urchins swelled beginning in 2014. The following year, says the analysis in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>, “purple sea urchins shifted to a more aggressive feeding behavior,” devouring more layers of the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Species Affected\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deforestation of Northern California’s kelp affects other species that rely on it for sustenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in 2017, abalone stocks in the region were down by 80 percent. That led the recreational red abalone fishery to shut down in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you envision the land … without the forest, there’d be many animals that would be starving, and that’s what we’re seeing,” Rogers-Bennett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are picking up and detecting what’s happening with the abalone, but they’re just an indicator species of that whole suite of organisms that depend on the kelp forest, that are all starving or have no homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring the Forest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to help restore the kelp forest, Rogers-Bennett says, is to harvest urchins for human consumption. Uni, or sea urchin gonads, is a premium menu item at many sushi restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett says that while the scarcity of kelp harms the health and harvestability of wild urchins, relocating them to designated urchin farms, where they could be fed algae and other nutrients, could be a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This goes beyond sustainable farming, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re actually having a restorative seafood product because the more you eat of urchin, the better it is for the kelp forest,” she said. “So you’re restoring the kelp forest by eliminating that grazing pressure from those urchin that are just eating everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogers-Bennett and colleagues are in the process of \u003ca href=\"https://farallones.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bull-Kelp-Recovery-Plan-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identifying pockets of coastal waters\u003c/a> off Sonoma and Mendocino counties where harvesters could remove urchins to bolster the recovery of California’s kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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