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"title": "Consumer Genetic Testing Company 23andMe Faces Its Own Test From the FDA",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/FDA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11825\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/FDA.jpg\" alt=\"The FDA has ordered 23andMe to stop providing health data to new customers and they have complied. What this means for the future of direct-to-consumer genetics tests is anyone's guess. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FDA has ordered 23andMe to stop providing health data to new customers and they have complied. What this means for the future of direct-to-consumer genetics tests is anyone’s guess. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Food_and_Drug_Administration_logo.svg/1000px-Food_and_Drug_Administration_logo.svg.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/25/us-23andme-fda-warning-idUSBRE9AO0MG20131125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter from the FDA\u003c/a>, a direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing company in Mountain View, California called 23andMe has agreed to\u003ca href=\"http://blog.23andme.com/news/23andme-provides-an-update-regarding-fdas-review/\"> stop providing health data\u003c/a> on new purchases of its $99 genetic tests. Part of the reason the FDA has gone after 23andMe is because the company did not deal with them in a timely fashion. If you poke the bear, be prepared to get mauled! But there is much more to this than a fit of pique by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is genuinely concerned that 23andMe is overselling their product. And for some of what 23andMe tests, they are almost certainly right. But for a lot of what they report, 23andMe is spot on. The tricky part will be to tweak the parts that are not well presented without eliminating the many wonderful things the company can tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also isn’t just a story about an upstart genetic testing company doing battle with the FDA either. It is the first step in a discussion about how people’s genetic information will be communicated to them once their DNA has been completely read. And given how cheap and easy this is becoming, that future will be here sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Little Bit of Knowledge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/InsulinPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11816\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/InsulinPump.jpg\" alt=\"Most people cannot tell from their DNA whether or not they will develop diabetes. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people cannot tell from their DNA whether or not they will develop diabetes. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insulin_pump_with_infusion_set.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many people are surprised at how little scientists understand about how our DNA defines who we are and what our future health risks might be. There is so much going on in terms of multiple genes and the environment that we are currently incapable of making good predictions about most people’s risks for complex diseases like Type 2 diabetes or Alzheimer’s just from their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say we know nothing. We are very good (although still not perfect) at rare, fairly simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. And we know a few things about the more complex diseases and are learning more all the time. But most people can’t get tell from their genetic results whether they will get Type 2 diabetes or not. Frankly, they can’t really even tell whether or not they are at a higher risk for the disease. Which brings us to 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe delivers a set of results based on your DNA that indicates your risk for a whole set of simple and complex diseases. Presented in the right way, this could be a boon to anyone who takes the test that can handle getting results like this (especially if they are adopted and so have no information on their family history of disease).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’d learn about what simple genetic diseases they and their partners might pass down to their future children and they’d see the continuing progress on understanding the genetics behind the more complex diseases. And as an added bonus they’d learn about their ancestry and about some harmless traits like red hair and blue eyes. How cool is that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in all of this is how 23andMe reports data about complex diseases. The FDA is genuinely concerned that 23andMe is overselling this aspect of their testing. And up to a point, they may be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this from a caller’s comments from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311260900\">recent broadcast\u003c/a> of KQED’s radio show FORUM. This 23andMe customer called in to say that her 23andMe results assured her that she doesn’t have a big risk for Alzheimer’s. Her 23andMe results do no such thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/AlzBrain.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11819\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/AlzBrain.jpg\" alt=\"A no answer for Alzheimer's on a 23andMe test does not mean you are not at a higher risk for the disease. This image of an Alzheimer brain courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. \" width=\"250\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A no answer for Alzheimer’s on a 23andMe test does not mean you are not at a higher risk for the disease. This image of an Alzheimer brain courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PET_Alzheimer.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What her results do tell her is that she does not have a common marker, APOE e4, that increases a person’s risk for Alzheimer’s. It says nothing about the other unknown markers that she might have that could increase her risk for getting this most common form of dementia. And there are undoubtedly plenty of these. APOE e4 is partly to blame for many but by no means all cases of Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is hard to know if she came to this conclusion because of the way 23andMe presents its data or just because of a misunderstanding about what genetic results mean for complicated results like this. But certainly there is always room for improvement in data presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/health/alzheimers/\">here\u003c/a>, there are an awful lot of words on 23andMe’s page on Alzheimer’s disease and the point about APOE e4 being one of many potential factors is buried pretty deep. It would be nice if that point were brought up to the top so people wouldn’t either overreact or underreact to their results. It should be made clear that if they have the marker they are indeed at an increased risk but that if they don’t, they may still be at a higher risk because of other unknown markers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of misunderstanding can have real consequences. In the FDA’s letter they suggested that women may go and have their breasts removed because of a genetic result similar to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=0\">Angelina Jolie’s\u003c/a>. This isn’t a particularly useful example as very few insurance companies would authorize the expense of this kind of surgery based on a single direct to consumer genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine instead that Type 2 diabetes runs in your family and you get your results back and interpret them to say that you are not at a higher risk for the disease. So you relax and get tested less often even though you are at a higher risk. No good will come from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is scenarios like these that are a big part of the FDA’s concern. People will react to what they think are meaningful results and some harm will come to them. (I don’t have the space to go into another concern of the FDA—that the test will give a wrong result. Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/3/5171126/can-23andme-survive-the-fda\">here \u003c/a>for a nice summary of this part of the problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11823\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CFlung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11823\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CFlung.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe is very good at predicting simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis. This image of the lung of a patient with CF courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe is very good at predicting simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis. This image of the lung of a patient with CF courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HRCT_scans_of_diffuse_panbronchiolitisCropped.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now having gone through all of this it is important to reiterate that this is only part of what 23andMe tells its customers based on their genetic test. There is a ton of good information that we don’t want to lose by shutting down the whole test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps 23andMe can resolve some of its issues with the FDA by making it clearer that science doesn’t allow them to predict much of anything yet about most complex diseases. So maybe, for example, make it clear that not having APOE e4 does not mean you aren’t at a higher risk for Alzheimer’s but instead that you don’t have a marker known to increase your risk. Or indicate upfront that their data cannot accurately predict their future risk for diseases like Type 2 diabetes. This isn’t as sexy but is still useful information to have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility would be for 23andMe to have two bins of health data. One is for the information that is solid. For example, this bin might include details about your carrier status for simple, Mendelian genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and so on. If you and your partner carry one of these, then each of your kids would have a 25% chance of getting the disease. This is a useful thing to know that 23andMe makes simple and affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other bin would be for genetic results from good studies that deal with complex genetic diseases that are not yet fully understood. These results would be presented as what they are—works in progress that might one day be meaningful. This bin would be filled with much of what 23andMe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with these tweaks there may still be misunderstanding because of the complex nature of these genetic tests. But 23andMe should not necessarily be held accountable for every possible misunderstanding. With these sorts of tweaks, people taking a 23andMe test will have a better understanding than many people get from their doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the person who answers genetics questions from the public at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a>, I get an awful lot of questions from people who don’t understand the results they get from their doctor about a genetic test their doctor prescribed. For example, one person wrote in that her doctor told her she was A1298C and not to worry. She was given no information about the gene that was tested or what the numbers and letters even mean. No matter what its shortcomings, if 23andMe offered such a test it would do far better than this!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said earlier, this isn’t just about 23andMe either. This discussion may set the precedent for how people will receive their genetic information in the future. A big question is whether people should have direct access to these results or if they should be delivered through an intermediary who can help them better understand what their results really mean. This question needs to be answered soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that here in the U.S. anyone who wants it will be eventually be able to get direct access to their genetic information. Given that, the best course of action might be to make sure people understand what these tests can and can’t tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high school class similar to a required health course might be the answer for the next generation. The tricky part will be arming people 18 and over with the information they need to deal with this complex information. And 23andMe has taken a step in the right direction with this last point. They have been involved in a new, free \u003ca href=\"https://www.udacity.com/course/bio110\">Udacity online course\u003c/a> that should be a great start in bringing people up to speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Unfortunately even with this too long a piece I couldn’t cover everything. I left out the important issue of genetic counseling as well as what FDA regulation of direct to consumer tests means for other medical devices like that pedometer on your iPhone.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice summary of the FDA vs. 23andMe\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZXDtTNqDuQ\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11825\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/FDA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11825\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/FDA.jpg\" alt=\"The FDA has ordered 23andMe to stop providing health data to new customers and they have complied. What this means for the future of direct-to-consumer genetics tests is anyone's guess. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FDA has ordered 23andMe to stop providing health data to new customers and they have complied. What this means for the future of direct-to-consumer genetics tests is anyone’s guess. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Food_and_Drug_Administration_logo.svg/1000px-Food_and_Drug_Administration_logo.svg.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/25/us-23andme-fda-warning-idUSBRE9AO0MG20131125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter from the FDA\u003c/a>, a direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing company in Mountain View, California called 23andMe has agreed to\u003ca href=\"http://blog.23andme.com/news/23andme-provides-an-update-regarding-fdas-review/\"> stop providing health data\u003c/a> on new purchases of its $99 genetic tests. Part of the reason the FDA has gone after 23andMe is because the company did not deal with them in a timely fashion. If you poke the bear, be prepared to get mauled! But there is much more to this than a fit of pique by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is genuinely concerned that 23andMe is overselling their product. And for some of what 23andMe tests, they are almost certainly right. But for a lot of what they report, 23andMe is spot on. The tricky part will be to tweak the parts that are not well presented without eliminating the many wonderful things the company can tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also isn’t just a story about an upstart genetic testing company doing battle with the FDA either. It is the first step in a discussion about how people’s genetic information will be communicated to them once their DNA has been completely read. And given how cheap and easy this is becoming, that future will be here sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Little Bit of Knowledge\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/InsulinPump.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11816\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/InsulinPump.jpg\" alt=\"Most people cannot tell from their DNA whether or not they will develop diabetes. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"241\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people cannot tell from their DNA whether or not they will develop diabetes. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insulin_pump_with_infusion_set.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many people are surprised at how little scientists understand about how our DNA defines who we are and what our future health risks might be. There is so much going on in terms of multiple genes and the environment that we are currently incapable of making good predictions about most people’s risks for complex diseases like Type 2 diabetes or Alzheimer’s just from their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say we know nothing. We are very good (although still not perfect) at rare, fairly simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. And we know a few things about the more complex diseases and are learning more all the time. But most people can’t get tell from their genetic results whether they will get Type 2 diabetes or not. Frankly, they can’t really even tell whether or not they are at a higher risk for the disease. Which brings us to 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe delivers a set of results based on your DNA that indicates your risk for a whole set of simple and complex diseases. Presented in the right way, this could be a boon to anyone who takes the test that can handle getting results like this (especially if they are adopted and so have no information on their family history of disease).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’d learn about what simple genetic diseases they and their partners might pass down to their future children and they’d see the continuing progress on understanding the genetics behind the more complex diseases. And as an added bonus they’d learn about their ancestry and about some harmless traits like red hair and blue eyes. How cool is that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in all of this is how 23andMe reports data about complex diseases. The FDA is genuinely concerned that 23andMe is overselling this aspect of their testing. And up to a point, they may be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this from a caller’s comments from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311260900\">recent broadcast\u003c/a> of KQED’s radio show FORUM. This 23andMe customer called in to say that her 23andMe results assured her that she doesn’t have a big risk for Alzheimer’s. Her 23andMe results do no such thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/AlzBrain.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11819\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/AlzBrain.jpg\" alt=\"A no answer for Alzheimer's on a 23andMe test does not mean you are not at a higher risk for the disease. This image of an Alzheimer brain courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. \" width=\"250\" height=\"262\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A no answer for Alzheimer’s on a 23andMe test does not mean you are not at a higher risk for the disease. This image of an Alzheimer brain courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PET_Alzheimer.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What her results do tell her is that she does not have a common marker, APOE e4, that increases a person’s risk for Alzheimer’s. It says nothing about the other unknown markers that she might have that could increase her risk for getting this most common form of dementia. And there are undoubtedly plenty of these. APOE e4 is partly to blame for many but by no means all cases of Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is hard to know if she came to this conclusion because of the way 23andMe presents its data or just because of a misunderstanding about what genetic results mean for complicated results like this. But certainly there is always room for improvement in data presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/health/alzheimers/\">here\u003c/a>, there are an awful lot of words on 23andMe’s page on Alzheimer’s disease and the point about APOE e4 being one of many potential factors is buried pretty deep. It would be nice if that point were brought up to the top so people wouldn’t either overreact or underreact to their results. It should be made clear that if they have the marker they are indeed at an increased risk but that if they don’t, they may still be at a higher risk because of other unknown markers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of misunderstanding can have real consequences. In the FDA’s letter they suggested that women may go and have their breasts removed because of a genetic result similar to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=0\">Angelina Jolie’s\u003c/a>. This isn’t a particularly useful example as very few insurance companies would authorize the expense of this kind of surgery based on a single direct to consumer genetic test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine instead that Type 2 diabetes runs in your family and you get your results back and interpret them to say that you are not at a higher risk for the disease. So you relax and get tested less often even though you are at a higher risk. No good will come from that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is scenarios like these that are a big part of the FDA’s concern. People will react to what they think are meaningful results and some harm will come to them. (I don’t have the space to go into another concern of the FDA—that the test will give a wrong result. Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/3/5171126/can-23andme-survive-the-fda\">here \u003c/a>for a nice summary of this part of the problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11823\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CFlung.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11823\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/CFlung.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe is very good at predicting simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis. This image of the lung of a patient with CF courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe is very good at predicting simple genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis. This image of the lung of a patient with CF courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HRCT_scans_of_diffuse_panbronchiolitisCropped.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now having gone through all of this it is important to reiterate that this is only part of what 23andMe tells its customers based on their genetic test. There is a ton of good information that we don’t want to lose by shutting down the whole test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps 23andMe can resolve some of its issues with the FDA by making it clearer that science doesn’t allow them to predict much of anything yet about most complex diseases. So maybe, for example, make it clear that not having APOE e4 does not mean you aren’t at a higher risk for Alzheimer’s but instead that you don’t have a marker known to increase your risk. Or indicate upfront that their data cannot accurately predict their future risk for diseases like Type 2 diabetes. This isn’t as sexy but is still useful information to have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility would be for 23andMe to have two bins of health data. One is for the information that is solid. For example, this bin might include details about your carrier status for simple, Mendelian genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia and so on. If you and your partner carry one of these, then each of your kids would have a 25% chance of getting the disease. This is a useful thing to know that 23andMe makes simple and affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other bin would be for genetic results from good studies that deal with complex genetic diseases that are not yet fully understood. These results would be presented as what they are—works in progress that might one day be meaningful. This bin would be filled with much of what 23andMe reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with these tweaks there may still be misunderstanding because of the complex nature of these genetic tests. But 23andMe should not necessarily be held accountable for every possible misunderstanding. With these sorts of tweaks, people taking a 23andMe test will have a better understanding than many people get from their doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the person who answers genetics questions from the public at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a>, I get an awful lot of questions from people who don’t understand the results they get from their doctor about a genetic test their doctor prescribed. For example, one person wrote in that her doctor told her she was A1298C and not to worry. She was given no information about the gene that was tested or what the numbers and letters even mean. No matter what its shortcomings, if 23andMe offered such a test it would do far better than this!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said earlier, this isn’t just about 23andMe either. This discussion may set the precedent for how people will receive their genetic information in the future. A big question is whether people should have direct access to these results or if they should be delivered through an intermediary who can help them better understand what their results really mean. This question needs to be answered soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My guess is that here in the U.S. anyone who wants it will be eventually be able to get direct access to their genetic information. Given that, the best course of action might be to make sure people understand what these tests can and can’t tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A high school class similar to a required health course might be the answer for the next generation. The tricky part will be arming people 18 and over with the information they need to deal with this complex information. And 23andMe has taken a step in the right direction with this last point. They have been involved in a new, free \u003ca href=\"https://www.udacity.com/course/bio110\">Udacity online course\u003c/a> that should be a great start in bringing people up to speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Unfortunately even with this too long a piece I couldn’t cover everything. I left out the important issue of genetic counseling as well as what FDA regulation of direct to consumer tests means for other medical devices like that pedometer on your iPhone.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice summary of the FDA vs. 23andMe\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16548\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/34727235@N00/5365923132/in/photolist-9baL15-f4jtyL-aaJ7bC-7TdLaw-atDQBC-atDNLu-dzmRxN-9uxn1R-djfqYS-92Hq1Q-cNKXGC-aBkk7m-8MRA7r-8MRRxi-8MUPt9-8MRYhn-8MRNDa-8MUH5Q-8MUMUf-8MREfV-8MUFwN-8MUXs3-8MRQca-8MRV4i-8MRWTF-8MUQZ1-8MRGaZ-8MRyNn-aPMHnc-cp5ZBb-aEnVVV-8xBAvQ-8xyxYz-cQgYD1-i6Yvvi-e246SU-cuYqv5-fL71a9-a5ZWFZ-eYbBJv-gXqRmy-gXqPwu-eTyr6L-8MeQCc-eWuKqB-8Tb41F-7WKaNP-8Y89R5-bVi18o-9vs6M4-fN461n\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16548\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/12/5365923132_fa4307ff79_b-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Asela/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Asela/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can relax. This is not a story about how much exercise you should be getting. (Although just writing that line made me get up off my chair and take full advantage of my stand-up desk.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it's a story about the power of asking — and measuring. Kaiser Permanente ran a pilot program at four of its 15 medical centers in Northern California and \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-013-2693-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported \u003c/a>Thursday that patients who were asked about exercise lost slightly more weight than patients who weren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: we're not talking big amounts. Overweight patients in the pilot group lost 0.2 pounds more than those not in in the program. Patients with diabetes had a 0.1 percent greater decline in their blood sugar levels — known as the A1C test. These are not big numbers individually, but the study points to something bigger — the power of an organized system to improve patients' health.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Grant with Kaiser's Division of Research is lead author of the study. He said being able to get patients to exercise regularly is the \"holy grail\" of primary care. This is the \"first step, but certainly not the last step, to get people to exercise more,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what they did: When you visit the doctor, a medical assistant or nurse first measures vital signs. You have your blood pressure checked, you get on the scale — and in this program, patients were also asked about exercise habits. How many days a week did they get \"moderate to strenuous\" exercise? How many minutes per day at that level? (\"Moderate\" activity was defined as something that would make you break a light sweat — walking fast, biking, mowing the lawn all counted.) That was all charted. Then, in some of those cases, it would spark a conversation with the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant and colleagues then compared what happened to patients at the four pilot sites against its patients at the other 11 Kaiser sites, or nearly 700,000 adult patients visiting more than 1,000 doctors. They found the small weight loss and the small improvement in blood sugar levels described above. But when they extrapolated that small weight change to all overweight Kaiser members in Northern California, it could mean 23 tons of weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But remember that even the small amount, the 0.2 pounds, was an \u003cem>average\u003c/em> weight loss. \"There's some subset of people that lost lost 5-10 pounds,\" Grant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant says his next step is to try and identify those people. \"Who are the patients who reported zero activity at baseline,\" he wondered, and went on to become very active. \"What we are interested in looking at next is who are the people who really benefited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Schilling, vice president of Kaiser's Care Management Institute, credited Grant's research with giving her the hard data to be able to roll out \"exercise as a vital sign\" to all Kaiser sites nationwide. This study \"proved that just talking to people and measuring makes an impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a magic pill,\" Grant said, \"but it's a step in the right direction, it's a system-level step.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You can relax. This is not a story about how much exercise you should be getting. (Although just writing that line made me get up off my chair and take full advantage of my stand-up desk.)\r\n\r\nInstead, it's a story about the power of asking -- and measuring. Kaiser Permanente ran a pilot program at four of its 15 sites and reported Thursday that patients who were asked about exercise lost slightly more weight than patients who weren't.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16548\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/34727235@N00/5365923132/in/photolist-9baL15-f4jtyL-aaJ7bC-7TdLaw-atDQBC-atDNLu-dzmRxN-9uxn1R-djfqYS-92Hq1Q-cNKXGC-aBkk7m-8MRA7r-8MRRxi-8MUPt9-8MRYhn-8MRNDa-8MUH5Q-8MUMUf-8MREfV-8MUFwN-8MUXs3-8MRQca-8MRV4i-8MRWTF-8MUQZ1-8MRGaZ-8MRyNn-aPMHnc-cp5ZBb-aEnVVV-8xBAvQ-8xyxYz-cQgYD1-i6Yvvi-e246SU-cuYqv5-fL71a9-a5ZWFZ-eYbBJv-gXqRmy-gXqPwu-eTyr6L-8MeQCc-eWuKqB-8Tb41F-7WKaNP-8Y89R5-bVi18o-9vs6M4-fN461n\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16548\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/12/5365923132_fa4307ff79_b-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Asela/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Asela/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can relax. This is not a story about how much exercise you should be getting. (Although just writing that line made me get up off my chair and take full advantage of my stand-up desk.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it's a story about the power of asking — and measuring. Kaiser Permanente ran a pilot program at four of its 15 medical centers in Northern California and \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-013-2693-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported \u003c/a>Thursday that patients who were asked about exercise lost slightly more weight than patients who weren't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: we're not talking big amounts. Overweight patients in the pilot group lost 0.2 pounds more than those not in in the program. Patients with diabetes had a 0.1 percent greater decline in their blood sugar levels — known as the A1C test. These are not big numbers individually, but the study points to something bigger — the power of an organized system to improve patients' health.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Grant with Kaiser's Division of Research is lead author of the study. He said being able to get patients to exercise regularly is the \"holy grail\" of primary care. This is the \"first step, but certainly not the last step, to get people to exercise more,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what they did: When you visit the doctor, a medical assistant or nurse first measures vital signs. You have your blood pressure checked, you get on the scale — and in this program, patients were also asked about exercise habits. How many days a week did they get \"moderate to strenuous\" exercise? How many minutes per day at that level? (\"Moderate\" activity was defined as something that would make you break a light sweat — walking fast, biking, mowing the lawn all counted.) That was all charted. Then, in some of those cases, it would spark a conversation with the doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant and colleagues then compared what happened to patients at the four pilot sites against its patients at the other 11 Kaiser sites, or nearly 700,000 adult patients visiting more than 1,000 doctors. They found the small weight loss and the small improvement in blood sugar levels described above. But when they extrapolated that small weight change to all overweight Kaiser members in Northern California, it could mean 23 tons of weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But remember that even the small amount, the 0.2 pounds, was an \u003cem>average\u003c/em> weight loss. \"There's some subset of people that lost lost 5-10 pounds,\" Grant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant says his next step is to try and identify those people. \"Who are the patients who reported zero activity at baseline,\" he wondered, and went on to become very active. \"What we are interested in looking at next is who are the people who really benefited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lisa Schilling, vice president of Kaiser's Care Management Institute, credited Grant's research with giving her the hard data to be able to roll out \"exercise as a vital sign\" to all Kaiser sites nationwide. This study \"proved that just talking to people and measuring makes an impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not a magic pill,\" Grant said, \"but it's a step in the right direction, it's a system-level step.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's Some Sweet Research: Increased Chocolate Consumption Linked to Less Body Fat",
"headTitle": "Here’s Some Sweet Research: Increased Chocolate Consumption Linked to Less Body Fat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11670\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/chocolates1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11670\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/chocolates1.jpg\" alt=\"Fancy decorated holiday chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holiday chocolates by \u003ca title=\"Rachel Tayse Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/11921146@N03/\">Rachel Tayse\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate advent calendars, chocolate stocking stuffers, hot cocoa and chocolate peppermints. ‘Tis the season to indulge—and perhaps make up for it at New Year’s with a resolution to exercise more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if all that chocolate doesn’t require penitence? What if it’s actually good for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports of cocoa’s health benefits tend to focus on the cardiovascular, and often warn that good effects could be erased when we consume our cocoa as sugary, fatty confections. After all, among antioxidant-rich foods like tea, blueberries, and red wine, chocolate is the only one that’s also loaded with calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11669\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 152px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/santas.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11669\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11669 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/santas.jpg\" alt=\"shiny chocolate santas\" width=\"152\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolate Santas by \u003ca title=\"a olin's flickr stream\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/shoppeolina/\">a olin\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca title=\"Association between chocolate consumption and fatness in European adolescents\" href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(13)00346-8/abstract\">new paper\u003c/a> by Cuenca-García et al. from the University of Granada has linked chocolate consumption to reduced “fatness” (measured with \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - BMI\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index\">BMI\u003c/a>, skinfold thickness, \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - BIA\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectrical_impedance_analysis\">impedance\u003c/a>, and waist circumference) in European teens. This confirms and extends a \u003ca title=\"Association Between More Frequent Chocolate Consumption and Lower Body Mass Index\" href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108800\">recent study\u003c/a> from UCSD that found a similar link in Californian adults. In both cases, people who consumed more chocolate had both higher caloric intake \u003cem>and\u003c/em> reduced BMI compared to those who consumed less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate’s potential to combat obesity while boosting caloric intake likely comes from the antioxidant epicatechin, which is found naturally in cocoa. The mechanisms behind this magic are \u003ca title=\"Dark Chocolate: An Obesity Paradox or a Culprit for Weight Gain?\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000103\">still being studied\u003c/a>, but it appears that epicatechin can reduce both digestion and absorption of fats and sugars. That would cause some calories to pass through our digestive tract unassimilated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One might presume that the healthiest chocolate would have the highest percentage of cocoa, and therefore epicatechin. \u003ca title=\"Margarida Castell Escuer\" href=\"http://www.ub.edu/dpfisiv/grups/autoimmunitat/mcastell.htm\">Margarida Castell Escuar\u003c/a>, professor of physiology at the University of Barcelona and active cocoa researcher, summarized this view in an e-mail: “In general, dark chocolate has more cocoa content than milk chocolate. Therefore, dark chocolate would be better than milk chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both European and UCSD studies, however, asked their participants to record simply “chocolate” consumption, lumping dark and milk together. It’s likely that quite a bit of the chocolate eaten was milk, as other research has shown it to be preferred over dark by both Europeans and Americans. Yet the relationship with body fat was still observed. Is this good news for fans of the sweeter, lighter stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/gelt1-220x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11672\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/gelt1-220x162.jpg\" alt=\"chocolate chanukah gelt, yum!\" width=\"220\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chanukah gelt by \u003ca title=\"liz west's flickr stream\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/\">liz west\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca title=\"Beatrice Alexandra Golomb, MD, PhD\" href=\"http://cnl.salk.edu/~bgolomb/\">Beatrice Golomb\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and lead author of the UCSD study, “The antioxidant effects are determined not only by the amount of cocoa mass, but also by how well the compounds are preserved in processing, roasting, etc. Dark chocolate may on average have higher concentrations, but this is not absolute. So yes, milk chocolate also has benefits.” Furthermore, she points out that high doses of epicatechin can actually diminish its benefit, so “a lower concentration in milk chocolate won’t inherently be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies only illustrate a link; they don’t prove that adding chocolate (milk or dark) to your diet will decrease your body fat. Golomb and her collaborators would like to look for metabolic benefits using controlled doses in a randomized trial, but unfortunately the “tight funding climate” has put off such a study. But if you want to experiment in a totally non-controlled, non-randomized way on yourself? I won’t judge you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass the Chanukah gelt, please.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "‘Tis the season to indulge—and perhaps make up for it at New Year’s with a resolution to exercise more. But what if all that chocolate doesn’t require penitence? A new paper has linked chocolate consumption to reduced “fatness” in European teens. This confirms and extends a recent study from UCSD that found a similar link in Californian adults. ",
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"description": "‘Tis the season to indulge—and perhaps make up for it at New Year’s with a resolution to exercise more. But what if all that chocolate doesn’t require penitence? A new paper has linked chocolate consumption to reduced “fatness” in European teens. This confirms and extends a recent study from UCSD that found a similar link in Californian adults. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11670\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/chocolates1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11670\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11670\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/chocolates1.jpg\" alt=\"Fancy decorated holiday chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holiday chocolates by \u003ca title=\"Rachel Tayse Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/11921146@N03/\">Rachel Tayse\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate advent calendars, chocolate stocking stuffers, hot cocoa and chocolate peppermints. ‘Tis the season to indulge—and perhaps make up for it at New Year’s with a resolution to exercise more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if all that chocolate doesn’t require penitence? What if it’s actually good for us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports of cocoa’s health benefits tend to focus on the cardiovascular, and often warn that good effects could be erased when we consume our cocoa as sugary, fatty confections. After all, among antioxidant-rich foods like tea, blueberries, and red wine, chocolate is the only one that’s also loaded with calories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11669\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 152px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/santas.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11669\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11669 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/santas.jpg\" alt=\"shiny chocolate santas\" width=\"152\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolate Santas by \u003ca title=\"a olin's flickr stream\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/shoppeolina/\">a olin\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca title=\"Association between chocolate consumption and fatness in European adolescents\" href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(13)00346-8/abstract\">new paper\u003c/a> by Cuenca-García et al. from the University of Granada has linked chocolate consumption to reduced “fatness” (measured with \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - BMI\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index\">BMI\u003c/a>, skinfold thickness, \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - BIA\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectrical_impedance_analysis\">impedance\u003c/a>, and waist circumference) in European teens. This confirms and extends a \u003ca title=\"Association Between More Frequent Chocolate Consumption and Lower Body Mass Index\" href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108800\">recent study\u003c/a> from UCSD that found a similar link in Californian adults. In both cases, people who consumed more chocolate had both higher caloric intake \u003cem>and\u003c/em> reduced BMI compared to those who consumed less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate’s potential to combat obesity while boosting caloric intake likely comes from the antioxidant epicatechin, which is found naturally in cocoa. The mechanisms behind this magic are \u003ca title=\"Dark Chocolate: An Obesity Paradox or a Culprit for Weight Gain?\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24000103\">still being studied\u003c/a>, but it appears that epicatechin can reduce both digestion and absorption of fats and sugars. That would cause some calories to pass through our digestive tract unassimilated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One might presume that the healthiest chocolate would have the highest percentage of cocoa, and therefore epicatechin. \u003ca title=\"Margarida Castell Escuer\" href=\"http://www.ub.edu/dpfisiv/grups/autoimmunitat/mcastell.htm\">Margarida Castell Escuar\u003c/a>, professor of physiology at the University of Barcelona and active cocoa researcher, summarized this view in an e-mail: “In general, dark chocolate has more cocoa content than milk chocolate. Therefore, dark chocolate would be better than milk chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both European and UCSD studies, however, asked their participants to record simply “chocolate” consumption, lumping dark and milk together. It’s likely that quite a bit of the chocolate eaten was milk, as other research has shown it to be preferred over dark by both Europeans and Americans. Yet the relationship with body fat was still observed. Is this good news for fans of the sweeter, lighter stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11672\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/gelt1-220x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11672\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/gelt1-220x162.jpg\" alt=\"chocolate chanukah gelt, yum!\" width=\"220\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chanukah gelt by \u003ca title=\"liz west's flickr stream\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/\">liz west\u003c/a>, Creative Commons Attribution license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca title=\"Beatrice Alexandra Golomb, MD, PhD\" href=\"http://cnl.salk.edu/~bgolomb/\">Beatrice Golomb\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and lead author of the UCSD study, “The antioxidant effects are determined not only by the amount of cocoa mass, but also by how well the compounds are preserved in processing, roasting, etc. Dark chocolate may on average have higher concentrations, but this is not absolute. So yes, milk chocolate also has benefits.” Furthermore, she points out that high doses of epicatechin can actually diminish its benefit, so “a lower concentration in milk chocolate won’t inherently be bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies only illustrate a link; they don’t prove that adding chocolate (milk or dark) to your diet will decrease your body fat. Golomb and her collaborators would like to look for metabolic benefits using controlled doses in a randomized trial, but unfortunately the “tight funding climate” has put off such a study. But if you want to experiment in a totally non-controlled, non-randomized way on yourself? I won’t judge you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass the Chanukah gelt, please.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How What Happened In San Francisco Led to World AIDS Day",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/93537922-e1385742653284.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16479\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/93537922-640x423.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco City Hall is lit red on World AIDS Day in 2009. (Steve Jennings/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco City Hall is lit red on World AIDS Day in 2009. (Steve Jennings/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jim Bunn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the summer of 1983 and my first day on the job at KPIX -- San Francisco's CBS television affiliate. My assignment: cover a news conference at the Irwin Memorial Blood Bank. It was about the new and mysterious disease, AIDS, and the blood supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We need a day. Like 'Cold-Turkey' in the States where people quit smoking for a day.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sitting in the car to return to the station, my head was reeling. I had heard about AIDS in my previous job on the east coast, but nothing more than that. Clearly this had all the earmarks of a tremendously important story. It was a fearful time. People were dying. The nation’s blood supply was somehow at risk. There was an international race to find the cause and, hopefully, some way to treat this terrible disease and save countless lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kind of story a reporter yearns to cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the center of it was science. Significant, because not too many years earlier I was the stupidest high school biology student in the history of public education. No joke. Two weeks before graduation I still had an “incomplete” for sophomore biology. Only through the good graces of my biology teacher, who gave me an oral exam, during which he fed me the answers to his questions, was I able to graduate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the science of the AIDS “story” stared me in the face –- and scared me.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little could I anticipate that within a very few years of that news conference my coverage of the story would be the centerpiece of KPIX’s “AIDS Lifeline,” a community service project that won the country’s first national Emmy ever awarded to a local station, The Presidential Citation for Private-Sector Initiatives, and The Peabody Award, broadcasting’s highest honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The premise of “AIDS Lifeline” was simple. A television station in a community where there was a public health crisis had the tools to impact that crisis –- with clear information. Separating fact from fiction. Helping people understand what to be afraid of, and, what \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to be afraid of. Producer Nancy Saslow and Managing Editor Kim Montour were champions of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I overcame my fear of science. I asked the stupid questions. Learned the language of scientists, about scientific method, what constituted a good study -- and which theories didn’t warrant coverage. Also during that time, I went from being an advocate for the story to becoming an advocate for the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“AIDS Lifeline” was a unique partnership between KPIX, the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, and the Department of Public Health. I believed that we could still do our jobs as journalists, \u003cem>and \u003c/em>our company could be good corporate citizens, helping our community respond to this public health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our coverage put me in the company of the top people in the world who were grappling with this disease. One of them was Dr. Jonathan Mann, a brilliant epidemiologist for the Centers for Disease Control. One day, while I was covering a scientific conference in Washington, D.C., Dr. Mann told me that he was being assigned to work for the United Nations, to head up the Global Programme on AIDS for the World Health Organization (WHO). Before I could finish congratulating him he said, “I want you to come with me, be the Public Information Officer” for the group. My jaw dropped. All I could think was –- \"Wow, the stupidest high school biology student in the history of public education…\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks later, I was in Geneva working for the UN. One of the most important assignments for me and Tom Netter, my colleague in the Public Information Office, was to make sure we knew whenever anyone working for the UN said \u003cem>anything\u003c/em> about AIDS. The reason? The politics of AIDS were electric, and even the slightest misstep or misstatement would lead to a bevvy of reporters calling our office –- and Dr. Mann –- for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August of 1987, Tom was reading aloud a speech given by Dr. Halfdan Mahler, the Director-General of WHO. Buried in it was an oblique reference for the need to mobilize countries in the global fight against AIDS. Before Tom finished I interrupted, “Yeah, we need a day. Like 'Cold-Turkey' in the states where people quit smoking for a day.” Tom got up out of his chair. “Yes,” I said, as he walked over to the white board and started writing, “you know, something like Global or World AIDS Day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideas went up on the white board fast and furious. We chose December 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> because we knew it was a dead spot in the news calendar, so editors would be looking for stories. We would create “Action Kits” for AIDS support groups and tell them how to put on events that would draw media coverage. We would send press kits to media outlets telling them to look out for the kinds of events we were suggesting to the AIDS support groups. We would get them to begin a conversation. We would get the media and these groups to see how they could work together. Just as we did with “AIDS Lifeline” in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, 25 years later, that conversation continues.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/93537922-e1385742653284.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16479\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/93537922-640x423.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco City Hall is lit red on World AIDS Day in 2009. (Steve Jennings/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco City Hall is lit red on World AIDS Day in 2009. (Steve Jennings/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Jim Bunn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the summer of 1983 and my first day on the job at KPIX -- San Francisco's CBS television affiliate. My assignment: cover a news conference at the Irwin Memorial Blood Bank. It was about the new and mysterious disease, AIDS, and the blood supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We need a day. Like 'Cold-Turkey' in the States where people quit smoking for a day.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sitting in the car to return to the station, my head was reeling. I had heard about AIDS in my previous job on the east coast, but nothing more than that. Clearly this had all the earmarks of a tremendously important story. It was a fearful time. People were dying. The nation’s blood supply was somehow at risk. There was an international race to find the cause and, hopefully, some way to treat this terrible disease and save countless lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kind of story a reporter yearns to cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the center of it was science. Significant, because not too many years earlier I was the stupidest high school biology student in the history of public education. No joke. Two weeks before graduation I still had an “incomplete” for sophomore biology. Only through the good graces of my biology teacher, who gave me an oral exam, during which he fed me the answers to his questions, was I able to graduate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the science of the AIDS “story” stared me in the face –- and scared me.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little could I anticipate that within a very few years of that news conference my coverage of the story would be the centerpiece of KPIX’s “AIDS Lifeline,” a community service project that won the country’s first national Emmy ever awarded to a local station, The Presidential Citation for Private-Sector Initiatives, and The Peabody Award, broadcasting’s highest honor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The premise of “AIDS Lifeline” was simple. A television station in a community where there was a public health crisis had the tools to impact that crisis –- with clear information. Separating fact from fiction. Helping people understand what to be afraid of, and, what \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to be afraid of. Producer Nancy Saslow and Managing Editor Kim Montour were champions of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I overcame my fear of science. I asked the stupid questions. Learned the language of scientists, about scientific method, what constituted a good study -- and which theories didn’t warrant coverage. Also during that time, I went from being an advocate for the story to becoming an advocate for the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“AIDS Lifeline” was a unique partnership between KPIX, the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, and the Department of Public Health. I believed that we could still do our jobs as journalists, \u003cem>and \u003c/em>our company could be good corporate citizens, helping our community respond to this public health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our coverage put me in the company of the top people in the world who were grappling with this disease. One of them was Dr. Jonathan Mann, a brilliant epidemiologist for the Centers for Disease Control. One day, while I was covering a scientific conference in Washington, D.C., Dr. Mann told me that he was being assigned to work for the United Nations, to head up the Global Programme on AIDS for the World Health Organization (WHO). Before I could finish congratulating him he said, “I want you to come with me, be the Public Information Officer” for the group. My jaw dropped. All I could think was –- \"Wow, the stupidest high school biology student in the history of public education…\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks later, I was in Geneva working for the UN. One of the most important assignments for me and Tom Netter, my colleague in the Public Information Office, was to make sure we knew whenever anyone working for the UN said \u003cem>anything\u003c/em> about AIDS. The reason? The politics of AIDS were electric, and even the slightest misstep or misstatement would lead to a bevvy of reporters calling our office –- and Dr. Mann –- for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August of 1987, Tom was reading aloud a speech given by Dr. Halfdan Mahler, the Director-General of WHO. Buried in it was an oblique reference for the need to mobilize countries in the global fight against AIDS. Before Tom finished I interrupted, “Yeah, we need a day. Like 'Cold-Turkey' in the states where people quit smoking for a day.” Tom got up out of his chair. “Yes,” I said, as he walked over to the white board and started writing, “you know, something like Global or World AIDS Day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideas went up on the white board fast and furious. We chose December 1\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> because we knew it was a dead spot in the news calendar, so editors would be looking for stories. We would create “Action Kits” for AIDS support groups and tell them how to put on events that would draw media coverage. We would send press kits to media outlets telling them to look out for the kinds of events we were suggesting to the AIDS support groups. We would get them to begin a conversation. We would get the media and these groups to see how they could work together. Just as we did with “AIDS Lifeline” in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, 25 years later, that conversation continues.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Garcinia Cambogia: The Fastest Fat-Buster or Another Fad Diet?",
"headTitle": "Garcinia Cambogia: The Fastest Fat-Buster or Another Fad Diet? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/GarciniaGummi-Gutta_wikimedia_Vssun_640x360.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11529\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/GarciniaGummi-Gutta_wikimedia_Vssun_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"garcinia cambogia fruit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garcinia cambogia fruit, photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.JPG\">Vssun\u003c/a> via Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The holiday season is rich with traditions, and many of these involving eating. Most of us indulge in more snacks, finger foods, desserts, alcohol and large holiday meals from Thanksgiving through the New Year. The resulting weight gain frequently leads to another tradition: a New Year’s resolution to diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many \u003ca title=\"NHS Choices review of popular diets\" href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/top-10-most-popular-diets-review.aspx\">popular diets\u003c/a> such as the Atkins, South Beach, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig and Slim-Fast diets. But the latest buzz is about a weight-loss supplement called \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em>. On the \u003ca title=\"Dr Oz show on garcinia cambogia\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/garcinia-cambogia-newest-fastest-fat-buster-pt-1\">Dr. Oz television show\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> was called the ”newest, fastest fat-buster” and a “magic ingredient that lets you lose weight without diet or exercise.” It sounds like the perfect solution for all that holiday over-eating, especially since celebrities like Britney Spears and Kim Kardashian lost significant body fat using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> supplements really the weight-loss “holy grail” that Dr. Oz claims? What is it? Is it safe and effective?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> is a small, pumpkin-shaped fruit that comes from parts of Asia, India, Africa and the Polynesian islands. Also known as Malabar tamarind, the fruit pulp and rind have been used for centuries for culinary and therapeutic purposes. For instance, it’s frequently used in chutneys and curries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> has been ingested for centuries without reports of adverse side effects, it appears to be safe for most people when taken at normal doses. This is supported by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530711\">scientific studies\u003c/a> that showed no difference in side effects between people treated with \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> and those treated with a placebo. The most common side effects included headaches, upper respiratory tract symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, it’s not recommended for some people such as diabetics and women who are pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of weight loss, the active ingredient in \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> extract is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). Some scientists have suggested that HCA causes weight loss by blocking the enzyme that converts sugar into fat, allowing your body to turn sugar into energy instead, so you build more muscle mass and less fat. HCA is also reported to increase the release of serotonin in your brain, which can improve your mood, promote sleep and provide a satiated feeling from food. There is also some evidence that HCA reduces low-density lipoprotein (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing high-density lipoprotein (“good”) cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many scientific studies with animals and humans to evaluate the effectiveness of \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> supplements. Unfortunately, the results are inconsistent. Some studies found that using these supplements resulted in significant weight and fat loss, but other clinical trials disagree. A \u003ca title=\"review journal article in Journal of Obesity\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3010674/\">review article\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Obesity\u003c/em> analyzed the efficacy of Garcinia extract based on nine randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, in which neither the scientists nor participants knew who received the placebo. The study found that participants who received the \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> pills lost 1 kg more on average than those who received placebo. The scientists concluded, “The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca title=\"review journal article in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530711\">recent review article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\u003c/em> also suggests that \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> does not cause significant weight loss or fat loss. The paper summarized, “There is still little evidence to support the potential effectiveness and long-term benefits of \u003cem>G. cambogia\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most studies in humans have been conducted on small groups over short periods (12 weeks maximum), so more extensive research is needed to determine its long-term effectiveness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, you probably want to skip the second piece of pie, or take an after dinner walk to burn off some of those extra holiday calories. And doctors still recommend a healthy lifestyle, including eating nutritious meals and exercising regularly.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/GarciniaGummi-Gutta_wikimedia_Vssun_640x360.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11529\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11529\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/GarciniaGummi-Gutta_wikimedia_Vssun_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"garcinia cambogia fruit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garcinia cambogia fruit, photograph courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF.JPG\">Vssun\u003c/a> via Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The holiday season is rich with traditions, and many of these involving eating. Most of us indulge in more snacks, finger foods, desserts, alcohol and large holiday meals from Thanksgiving through the New Year. The resulting weight gain frequently leads to another tradition: a New Year’s resolution to diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many \u003ca title=\"NHS Choices review of popular diets\" href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/top-10-most-popular-diets-review.aspx\">popular diets\u003c/a> such as the Atkins, South Beach, Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig and Slim-Fast diets. But the latest buzz is about a weight-loss supplement called \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em>. On the \u003ca title=\"Dr Oz show on garcinia cambogia\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/garcinia-cambogia-newest-fastest-fat-buster-pt-1\">Dr. Oz television show\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> was called the ”newest, fastest fat-buster” and a “magic ingredient that lets you lose weight without diet or exercise.” It sounds like the perfect solution for all that holiday over-eating, especially since celebrities like Britney Spears and Kim Kardashian lost significant body fat using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> supplements really the weight-loss “holy grail” that Dr. Oz claims? What is it? Is it safe and effective?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> is a small, pumpkin-shaped fruit that comes from parts of Asia, India, Africa and the Polynesian islands. Also known as Malabar tamarind, the fruit pulp and rind have been used for centuries for culinary and therapeutic purposes. For instance, it’s frequently used in chutneys and curries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> has been ingested for centuries without reports of adverse side effects, it appears to be safe for most people when taken at normal doses. This is supported by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530711\">scientific studies\u003c/a> that showed no difference in side effects between people treated with \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> and those treated with a placebo. The most common side effects included headaches, upper respiratory tract symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, it’s not recommended for some people such as diabetics and women who are pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of weight loss, the active ingredient in \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> extract is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). Some scientists have suggested that HCA causes weight loss by blocking the enzyme that converts sugar into fat, allowing your body to turn sugar into energy instead, so you build more muscle mass and less fat. HCA is also reported to increase the release of serotonin in your brain, which can improve your mood, promote sleep and provide a satiated feeling from food. There is also some evidence that HCA reduces low-density lipoprotein (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides, while increasing high-density lipoprotein (“good”) cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many scientific studies with animals and humans to evaluate the effectiveness of \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> supplements. Unfortunately, the results are inconsistent. Some studies found that using these supplements resulted in significant weight and fat loss, but other clinical trials disagree. A \u003ca title=\"review journal article in Journal of Obesity\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3010674/\">review article\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Obesity\u003c/em> analyzed the efficacy of Garcinia extract based on nine randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, in which neither the scientists nor participants knew who received the placebo. The study found that participants who received the \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> pills lost 1 kg more on average than those who received placebo. The scientists concluded, “The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca title=\"review journal article in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22530711\">recent review article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\u003c/em> also suggests that \u003cem>Garcinia cambogia\u003c/em> does not cause significant weight loss or fat loss. The paper summarized, “There is still little evidence to support the potential effectiveness and long-term benefits of \u003cem>G. cambogia\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, most studies in humans have been conducted on small groups over short periods (12 weeks maximum), so more extensive research is needed to determine its long-term effectiveness and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, you probably want to skip the second piece of pie, or take an after dinner walk to burn off some of those extra holiday calories. And doctors still recommend a healthy lifestyle, including eating nutritious meals and exercising regularly.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/124820676.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16436\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/124820676-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So maybe that headline needs a bit of clarification: This new research has to do with postmenopausal women and their levels of estrogen. (Still, if you're a pre-menopausal woman, you should read this, too. Men, if you know any women, please read on.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a woman goes through menopause, her \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000894.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estrogen levels drop\u003c/a>. This study, led by a Stanford School of Medicine researcher, was the first to look at associations between estrogen decline and cognition — both in women who went through menopause more recently (less than 6 years) and longer ago (more than 10 years). The research team wanted to know if the time from menopause made a difference in cognitive ability. And so we return to the headline: They found no connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were no differences between women close to the time of menopause and further from the time of menopause,\" said Stanford neurologist Victor Henderson, lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/20/1312353110.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">the study\u003c/a>. The women were given a battery of neurological tests, not just \"a short screening instrument,\" the authors wrote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primarily, the researchers looked at memory. \"But we also looked at global cognition and executive function,\" Henderson said. \"And based on relation to blood levels [of estrogen], we didn't find any important effects one way or the other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with colleagues at the University of Southern California, Henderson looked at 643 women, none of whom have taken hormone replacement. While researchers did not find any connections between estrogen levels and cognition, they did uncover a surprising association between a different sex hormone, progesterone, and memory. In younger women, higher progesterone levels were associated with better memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson stressed this finding was new and needed additional research before it can be confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Henderson drew a distinction between this research and what might happen in women who have Alzheimer's Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study didn't look directly at Alzheimer's Disease,\" Henderson said, which is a \"complex illness. … The biochemical changes that occur in Alzheimer's Disease differ from those that occur in usual aging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, the researchers were interested in the so-called \"critical-window\" theory. Henderson says that's the belief that estrogen can have different effects on health outcomes and those effects would differ depending on timing in relation to menopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it is well-known, Henderson says, that hormone therapy in women over age 65 increases their risk of heart disease — but before age 65, hormone therapy does not bear risks and \"might convey a small benefit,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers had wondered if the same could be true with cognition. The answer, again, is no. \"Our findings don't support the critical-window hypothesis with regard to cognitive outcomes,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, researchers will look at post-menopausal women who are taking hormone therapy to see if there are any effects from that treatment. But because this trial did not show effects, Henderson doubts there will be effects for women with the higher estrogen levels that will come by taking estrogen replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But until we look at the higher exposure directly, we don't know the answer to that,\" Henderson cautioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were published Monday in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/20/1312353110.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After a woman goes through menopause, her estrogen levels drop. This study, led by a Stanford School of Medicine researcher, was the first to look at associations between estrogen decline and cognition — both in women who went through menopause more recently (less than 6 years) and longer ago (more than 10 years). The research team wanted to know if the time from menopause made a difference in cognitive ability. And so we return to the headline: They found no connection.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16436\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/124820676.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16436\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/124820676-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So maybe that headline needs a bit of clarification: This new research has to do with postmenopausal women and their levels of estrogen. (Still, if you're a pre-menopausal woman, you should read this, too. Men, if you know any women, please read on.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a woman goes through menopause, her \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000894.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estrogen levels drop\u003c/a>. This study, led by a Stanford School of Medicine researcher, was the first to look at associations between estrogen decline and cognition — both in women who went through menopause more recently (less than 6 years) and longer ago (more than 10 years). The research team wanted to know if the time from menopause made a difference in cognitive ability. And so we return to the headline: They found no connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were no differences between women close to the time of menopause and further from the time of menopause,\" said Stanford neurologist Victor Henderson, lead author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/20/1312353110.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">the study\u003c/a>. The women were given a battery of neurological tests, not just \"a short screening instrument,\" the authors wrote.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Primarily, the researchers looked at memory. \"But we also looked at global cognition and executive function,\" Henderson said. \"And based on relation to blood levels [of estrogen], we didn't find any important effects one way or the other.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with colleagues at the University of Southern California, Henderson looked at 643 women, none of whom have taken hormone replacement. While researchers did not find any connections between estrogen levels and cognition, they did uncover a surprising association between a different sex hormone, progesterone, and memory. In younger women, higher progesterone levels were associated with better memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson stressed this finding was new and needed additional research before it can be confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Henderson drew a distinction between this research and what might happen in women who have Alzheimer's Disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study didn't look directly at Alzheimer's Disease,\" Henderson said, which is a \"complex illness. … The biochemical changes that occur in Alzheimer's Disease differ from those that occur in usual aging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this study, the researchers were interested in the so-called \"critical-window\" theory. Henderson says that's the belief that estrogen can have different effects on health outcomes and those effects would differ depending on timing in relation to menopause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it is well-known, Henderson says, that hormone therapy in women over age 65 increases their risk of heart disease — but before age 65, hormone therapy does not bear risks and \"might convey a small benefit,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers had wondered if the same could be true with cognition. The answer, again, is no. \"Our findings don't support the critical-window hypothesis with regard to cognitive outcomes,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, researchers will look at post-menopausal women who are taking hormone therapy to see if there are any effects from that treatment. But because this trial did not show effects, Henderson doubts there will be effects for women with the higher estrogen levels that will come by taking estrogen replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But until we look at the higher exposure directly, we don't know the answer to that,\" Henderson cautioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were published Monday in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/20/1312353110.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/160586342-e1385425694883.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16415\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/160586342-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Children under age 2 can reason abstractly, UC Berkeley researchers show. (Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children under age 2 can reason abstractly, UC Berkeley researchers show. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/25/247160180/yes-your-toddler-really-is-smarter-than-a-5-year-old?ft=1&f=1128&utm_content=socialflow&utm_campaign=nprhealth&utm_source=health&utm_medium=twitter\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents, does your 18-month-old seem wise beyond her years? Science says you're not fooling yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very small children can reason abstractly, researchers say, and are able to infer the relationships between objects that elude older children who get caught up on the concreteness of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In experiments at the U.C. Berkeley, children as young as 18 months were able to figure out the relationship between colored blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child would watch a researcher put two blocks on top of a box. If the blocks were identical, the box would play music. The majority of children were able to figure out the pattern after they were shown it just three times. They would then help the researcher pick the correct block.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toddlers did much better at this task than do chimpanzees and other primates. The non-human primates have to practice doing the task themselves thousands of times to figure it out. And even then, it's only with lots of treats thrown in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not such a big surprise. What really got the researchers' attention is that the diaper set did better at this sort of abstract thinking than children who were just a few years older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Older kids tend to be really bad at analogies,\" says Caren Walker, a graduate student at in cognitive development who led the study. It was \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/22/0956797613502983.abstract\">published\u003c/a> online in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em>. She says that older children tend to focus on the objects rather than the relationships between them. \"Learning may actually harm these kids' abilities to do abstract reasoning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker is working in the lab of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/25/247160180/In%20experiments%20at%20the%20University%20of%20California,%20Berkeley,%20children%20as%20young%20as%2018%20month%20were%20able%20to%20figure%20out%20the%20relationship%20between%20colored%20blocks.%20The%20child%20would%20watch%20a%20researcher%20put%20two%20blocks%20on%20top%20of%20a%20box.%20If%20the%20blocks%20were%20identical,%20the%20box%20would%20play%20music.%20The%20majority%20of%20children%20were%20able%20to%20figure%20out%20the%20pattern%20after%20they%20were%20shown%20it%20three%20times.%20The%20toddlers%20do%20much%20better%20at%20this%20task%20than%20do%20chimpanzees%20and%20other%20primates.%20They%20have%20to%20practice%20doing%20the%20task%20themselves%20thousands%20of%20times%20to%20figure%20it%20out.%20And%20even%20then,%20it's%20only%20with%20lots%20of%20treats%20thrown%20in.%20That's%20not%20such%20a%20big%20surprise.%20What%20really%20got%20the%20researchers%20attention%20is%20that%20the%20diaper%20set%20does%20better%20at%20this%20sort%20of%20abstract%20thinking%20than%20children%20who%20are%207%20or%208.%20%20\">Alison Gopnik\u003c/a>, a developmental psychologist who has made a career out of devising experiments that reveal the inner thoughts of children still too young to talk. Her take is that babies are smart, and in many ways smarter than adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this experiment, the box actually hides a wireless doorbell, and the researcher moving the blocks controls the music by tapping a hidden button with her foot. But the illusion of control is compelling, not just for the toddlers but for the parents who watch the experiment with their children, Walker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tested their hypothesis by running the same experiment but letting the children see only one of the pair of blocks. They couldn't get the right answer more often than they would by chance. By contrast, 61 percent of the children got it right when they could see the blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a third variation, almost 80 percent were able to correctly deduce that they needed to choose sets of blocks that included pairs if they were going to do the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even as incredibly young children, 18-month-olds are extremely powerful little learning machines,\" Walker told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker and Gopnik are repeating the same experiment with older children, to see if they do indeed lose this very early ability to think abstractly, only to regain it later in the context of language and culture.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Parents, does your 18-month-old seem wise beyond her years? Science says you're not fooling yourself.\r\n\r\nVery small children can reason abstractly, researchers say, and are able to infer the relationships between objects that elude older children who get caught up on the concreteness of things.\r\n\r\nIn experiments at the U.C. Berkeley, children as young as 18 months were able to figure out the relationship between colored blocks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/160586342-e1385425694883.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16415\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/160586342-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Children under age 2 can reason abstractly, UC Berkeley researchers show. (Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children under age 2 can reason abstractly, UC Berkeley researchers show. (Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Nancy Shute,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/25/247160180/yes-your-toddler-really-is-smarter-than-a-5-year-old?ft=1&f=1128&utm_content=socialflow&utm_campaign=nprhealth&utm_source=health&utm_medium=twitter\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents, does your 18-month-old seem wise beyond her years? Science says you're not fooling yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very small children can reason abstractly, researchers say, and are able to infer the relationships between objects that elude older children who get caught up on the concreteness of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In experiments at the U.C. Berkeley, children as young as 18 months were able to figure out the relationship between colored blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The child would watch a researcher put two blocks on top of a box. If the blocks were identical, the box would play music. The majority of children were able to figure out the pattern after they were shown it just three times. They would then help the researcher pick the correct block.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toddlers did much better at this task than do chimpanzees and other primates. The non-human primates have to practice doing the task themselves thousands of times to figure it out. And even then, it's only with lots of treats thrown in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's not such a big surprise. What really got the researchers' attention is that the diaper set did better at this sort of abstract thinking than children who were just a few years older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Older kids tend to be really bad at analogies,\" says Caren Walker, a graduate student at in cognitive development who led the study. It was \u003ca href=\"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/22/0956797613502983.abstract\">published\u003c/a> online in the journal \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em>. She says that older children tend to focus on the objects rather than the relationships between them. \"Learning may actually harm these kids' abilities to do abstract reasoning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker is working in the lab of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/25/247160180/In%20experiments%20at%20the%20University%20of%20California,%20Berkeley,%20children%20as%20young%20as%2018%20month%20were%20able%20to%20figure%20out%20the%20relationship%20between%20colored%20blocks.%20The%20child%20would%20watch%20a%20researcher%20put%20two%20blocks%20on%20top%20of%20a%20box.%20If%20the%20blocks%20were%20identical,%20the%20box%20would%20play%20music.%20The%20majority%20of%20children%20were%20able%20to%20figure%20out%20the%20pattern%20after%20they%20were%20shown%20it%20three%20times.%20The%20toddlers%20do%20much%20better%20at%20this%20task%20than%20do%20chimpanzees%20and%20other%20primates.%20They%20have%20to%20practice%20doing%20the%20task%20themselves%20thousands%20of%20times%20to%20figure%20it%20out.%20And%20even%20then,%20it's%20only%20with%20lots%20of%20treats%20thrown%20in.%20That's%20not%20such%20a%20big%20surprise.%20What%20really%20got%20the%20researchers%20attention%20is%20that%20the%20diaper%20set%20does%20better%20at%20this%20sort%20of%20abstract%20thinking%20than%20children%20who%20are%207%20or%208.%20%20\">Alison Gopnik\u003c/a>, a developmental psychologist who has made a career out of devising experiments that reveal the inner thoughts of children still too young to talk. Her take is that babies are smart, and in many ways smarter than adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this experiment, the box actually hides a wireless doorbell, and the researcher moving the blocks controls the music by tapping a hidden button with her foot. But the illusion of control is compelling, not just for the toddlers but for the parents who watch the experiment with their children, Walker says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers tested their hypothesis by running the same experiment but letting the children see only one of the pair of blocks. They couldn't get the right answer more often than they would by chance. By contrast, 61 percent of the children got it right when they could see the blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a third variation, almost 80 percent were able to correctly deduce that they needed to choose sets of blocks that included pairs if they were going to do the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even as incredibly young children, 18-month-olds are extremely powerful little learning machines,\" Walker told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker and Gopnik are repeating the same experiment with older children, to see if they do indeed lose this very early ability to think abstractly, only to regain it later in the context of language and culture.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Even California's Pre-School Age Kids Eating Fast Food Regularly",
"title": "Even California's Pre-School Age Kids Eating Fast Food Regularly",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16402\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/evelynishere/2680040875/in/photolist-55PUMi-5ue2Eo-5zhWzJ-5FSzot-6MwXA8-6MwYW6-6MB9Qh-6QkRDz-6R1EiV-7aevWD-fsEipJ-d6Uq7f-cGjGgd-93camm-cACFUQ-d6Uqz3-8vEmbQ-8TFvsy-8iy4GF-9HfC5X-7NLyiN-8iB9y7-8pEEqE-8EWxED-9PpjHa-hE7eti-bqdqsu-8tbsQg-9Ppkc2-bWprkY-aatXRF-aau7y8-aax5jb-aatRZt-aatUpR-aawMPu-aawRLj-aaujU8-aawMkw-aawEx9-aawGzN-aawJDq-aawSRG-aau5wR-aawLF9-aax6A7-aax9rY-aatT6Z-aawJhw-aawXBs-aaunEZ/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16402\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/2680040875_7ace1b2e72_b-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(EvelynGiggles/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EvelynGiggles/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of children between the ages of two to five years old eat fast-food at least once a week in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/search/pages/detail.aspx?PubID=1236\" target=\"_blank\">a study\u003c/a> released Monday by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study gathered data from the 2007 and 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/CHIS/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Health Interview Survey \u003c/a>and found that 60 percent of children are eating fast food at least once a week, and one in 10 is eating three fast food meals a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s too high for me,” says Susan Holtby, the lead author of the study and a senior researcher at the Public Health Institute in Oakland. “To have that many children that young eating fast food every week calls for attention. Those are the years where you really set the pace and set the tone for what a child’s diet will be like going forward to teens years.”\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">One in three children and adolescents\u003c/a> in the U.S. are either overweight or obese -- which increases their risk of eventually developing Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and a host of other health problems. Holtby says previous research has shown the link between fast food consumption and obesity, so cutting down the amount of fast foods young kids eat may help curb the country’s obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that children who are overweight when they’re very young can continue to be overweight,” Holtby said. “That can be more difficult to reverse once you get to the pre-teen puberty years. To a set a course like that in a child’s life is really doing a disservice to health effects later on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows fast food consumption is even higher for children in low-income families or communities of color. Latino children eat the most fast food -- about 70 percent eat it at least once a week. In California, half of all children under the age of five are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCLA study also shows that Asian children are eating less fruits and vegetables than kids in other ethnic groups. Forty percent of Asian families reported their child ate at least five fruits and vegetables the previous day, compared to a 57 percent state average. Holtby says while Asian children are below the other groups, fruit and vegetable consumption needs to be bumped up for all kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One easy things parents and daycare providers can do is provide fruit instead of fruit juice,” Holtby says. “Fruit juice is really high in sugars. When it’s pressed to make juice a lot of the nutritional value is gone. Present the fruit in a way that kids like to eat. If you hand a kid an apple in his or her lunch tray, they might not eat it. If you slice it up they’re more likely to eat it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at soda intake. The more fast food young kids eat, the more they’re likely to drink soda. But overall, soda consumption for this age group has dropped drastically in the past few years. Holtby says the\u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/_PDFs/sb_677.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> 2003 California law\u003c/a> banning sodas in schools sent a strong public health message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking sodas out of schools was a huge move,” she says. “Kids spend a lot of time in school each day and if they don’t have access to soda, it’s just reducing the number of hours in the day they have to drink it. We can’t show causality but certainly the soda bans runs parallel to the decline in soda consumption. The recent McDonald’s announcement saying that they’re not going to provide soda with Happy Meals any more shows that in the fat food industry there is a shift in what consumers want. It’s not a top down industry decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says California was already looking at banning fast foods from being sold in public schools, but that was put on hold while the national set of standards were being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are ways to tie the public dollars to policies that promote healthy policies,” Holtby says. “[Public] schools are a really good place to start because they are implemented in one large arena.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says her research group focused between the ages of two to five because what children in this age group eat sets the stage for they’ll eat when they get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As these kids grow older they’re out of the house more and are able to get food on their own,” says Holtby. “Parents have control over what their two to five-year-olds eat. As their kids get older, they have less control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says improving a young child’s eating habits can improve a family’s eating habits overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The longer you wait to introduce high fat, high salt, and sugary foods, the less likely they’ll eat it. If that food is not in the home, you’re not going to eat it either.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Two-thirds of children between the ages of two to five years old eat fast-food at least once a week in California, according to a study released Monday by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.\r\n\r\nThe study gathered data from the 2007 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey and found that 60 percent of children are eating fast food at least once a week, and one in 10 is eating three fast food meals a week.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16402\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/evelynishere/2680040875/in/photolist-55PUMi-5ue2Eo-5zhWzJ-5FSzot-6MwXA8-6MwYW6-6MB9Qh-6QkRDz-6R1EiV-7aevWD-fsEipJ-d6Uq7f-cGjGgd-93camm-cACFUQ-d6Uqz3-8vEmbQ-8TFvsy-8iy4GF-9HfC5X-7NLyiN-8iB9y7-8pEEqE-8EWxED-9PpjHa-hE7eti-bqdqsu-8tbsQg-9Ppkc2-bWprkY-aatXRF-aau7y8-aax5jb-aatRZt-aatUpR-aawMPu-aawRLj-aaujU8-aawMkw-aawEx9-aawGzN-aawJDq-aawSRG-aau5wR-aawLF9-aax6A7-aax9rY-aatT6Z-aawJhw-aawXBs-aaunEZ/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16402\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/2680040875_7ace1b2e72_b-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(EvelynGiggles/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(EvelynGiggles/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of children between the ages of two to five years old eat fast-food at least once a week in California, according to \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/publications/search/pages/detail.aspx?PubID=1236\" target=\"_blank\">a study\u003c/a> released Monday by the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study gathered data from the 2007 and 2009 \u003ca href=\"http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/CHIS/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Health Interview Survey \u003c/a>and found that 60 percent of children are eating fast food at least once a week, and one in 10 is eating three fast food meals a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s too high for me,” says Susan Holtby, the lead author of the study and a senior researcher at the Public Health Institute in Oakland. “To have that many children that young eating fast food every week calls for attention. Those are the years where you really set the pace and set the tone for what a child’s diet will be like going forward to teens years.”\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm\" target=\"_blank\">One in three children and adolescents\u003c/a> in the U.S. are either overweight or obese -- which increases their risk of eventually developing Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and a host of other health problems. Holtby says previous research has shown the link between fast food consumption and obesity, so cutting down the amount of fast foods young kids eat may help curb the country’s obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that children who are overweight when they’re very young can continue to be overweight,” Holtby said. “That can be more difficult to reverse once you get to the pre-teen puberty years. To a set a course like that in a child’s life is really doing a disservice to health effects later on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study shows fast food consumption is even higher for children in low-income families or communities of color. Latino children eat the most fast food -- about 70 percent eat it at least once a week. In California, half of all children under the age of five are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCLA study also shows that Asian children are eating less fruits and vegetables than kids in other ethnic groups. Forty percent of Asian families reported their child ate at least five fruits and vegetables the previous day, compared to a 57 percent state average. Holtby says while Asian children are below the other groups, fruit and vegetable consumption needs to be bumped up for all kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One easy things parents and daycare providers can do is provide fruit instead of fruit juice,” Holtby says. “Fruit juice is really high in sugars. When it’s pressed to make juice a lot of the nutritional value is gone. Present the fruit in a way that kids like to eat. If you hand a kid an apple in his or her lunch tray, they might not eat it. If you slice it up they’re more likely to eat it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at soda intake. The more fast food young kids eat, the more they’re likely to drink soda. But overall, soda consumption for this age group has dropped drastically in the past few years. Holtby says the\u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealthadvocacy.org/_PDFs/sb_677.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> 2003 California law\u003c/a> banning sodas in schools sent a strong public health message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Taking sodas out of schools was a huge move,” she says. “Kids spend a lot of time in school each day and if they don’t have access to soda, it’s just reducing the number of hours in the day they have to drink it. We can’t show causality but certainly the soda bans runs parallel to the decline in soda consumption. The recent McDonald’s announcement saying that they’re not going to provide soda with Happy Meals any more shows that in the fat food industry there is a shift in what consumers want. It’s not a top down industry decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says California was already looking at banning fast foods from being sold in public schools, but that was put on hold while the national set of standards were being formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are ways to tie the public dollars to policies that promote healthy policies,” Holtby says. “[Public] schools are a really good place to start because they are implemented in one large arena.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says her research group focused between the ages of two to five because what children in this age group eat sets the stage for they’ll eat when they get older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As these kids grow older they’re out of the house more and are able to get food on their own,” says Holtby. “Parents have control over what their two to five-year-olds eat. As their kids get older, they have less control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holtby says improving a young child’s eating habits can improve a family’s eating habits overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The longer you wait to introduce high fat, high salt, and sugary foods, the less likely they’ll eat it. If that food is not in the home, you’re not going to eat it either.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rolling Out a 'Clean Diesel' Locomotive",
"headTitle": "Rolling Out a ‘Clean Diesel’ Locomotive | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a computer monitoring everything, helping the engineer make decisions,” he notes, such as a kind of traction control, where the computer will redistribute power to wheels to avoid wheels slipping, a common occurrence when switchers are hooked up to heavy loads. “It’s just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breen says he also expects to see climate benefits from the new engine, as a major component of diesel exhaust is black carbon, which Breen calls “a major forcer of climate.” Based on recent science, state regulators are recommending a stronger focus on black carbon as a greenhouse gas. Breen expects the switcher to save two metric tons of soot each year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and use less fuel overall. But with an estimated 550 switch engines operating in California, there would seem to be a long road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking to see more of these locomotives deployed by the major railroads,” says Breen, though he concedes that it’s up to them to decide whether to adopt the cleaner engines. The new locomotives will become more widely available in 2015. “We have talked to them quite a bit about reducing risk in these communities,” he added. “We know they are willing to work with us.” At a cost upwards of $1 million for a single locomotive, that can be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"Clean diesel\" cars are now common on the highways. A new locomotive now takes that concept to the rails--with a few other bells and whistles.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11280\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11280\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4397_web.jpg\" alt=\"Richmond Pacific Railroad's clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richmond Pacific Railroad’s clean-diesel switch engine, the first of its kind in the U.S.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You gotta start somewhere. In this case, it’s the BNSF switchyard in Richmond, where the \u003ca title=\"RPR - main\" href=\"http://www.levinterminal.com/facilities-and-services/rail-services/\">Richmond Pacific Railroad\u003c/a> is testing the nation’s first “Tier 4” switch engine for certification. Tier 4 is a standard set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency for ultra-low emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The location couldn’t be more appropriate, since Richmond is an industrial town with a major rail hub, a huge oil refinery and with housing right up against it all, a hotspot for air-quality-related health complaints such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even one locomotive can make a big impact in terms of health,” says Damian Breen, who directs “strategic incentives” for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The District provided the railroad with a half-million-dollar grant to roll out and test the new switch engine, a smaller locomotive used to shuffle rail cars around in the yard or move them short distances. Breen says the new switcher will eliminate 6,000 tons of emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, “clean” is a relative term in the railroad biz. Most locomotives are belching volcanoes of black soot, partly because they’re typically powered by a single, huge diesel engine and spend a lot of their time idling. Instead, the new switcher has a series of smaller engines and generators, optimized by computer controls to call up only as much power as the moment demands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a new design concept,” says Steve Sonni, California rep for the locomotive builder, \u003ca title=\"NRE - main\" href=\"http://www.nationalrailway.com/\">NRE\u003c/a>. He says the combination reduces noise, fuel consumption and stack emissions. “You’re talking 30 to 40 percent for sure,” he says, and adds that it could be 90 percent cleaner than many “legacy” locomotives that have been on the rails for 40 years or more. “I can assure you that there’s hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of old locomotives that were designed and built in the ’50s and ’60s operating all over the United States,” says Sonni, many without any restrictions on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11281\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11281\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/IMG_4400_web.jpg\" alt=\"Jeff...\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Schwab starts up the new ultra-quiet, low-emissions switch locomotive.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nobody seems more enthused about the new switcher than the guy in the cab. For one thing, “It’s really quiet,” says Jeff Schwab, the railroad’s chief mechanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have a computer monitoring everything, helping the engineer make decisions,” he notes, such as a kind of traction control, where the computer will redistribute power to wheels to avoid wheels slipping, a common occurrence when switchers are hooked up to heavy loads. “It’s just incredible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breen says he also expects to see climate benefits from the new engine, as a major component of diesel exhaust is black carbon, which Breen calls “a major forcer of climate.” Based on recent science, state regulators are recommending a stronger focus on black carbon as a greenhouse gas. Breen expects the switcher to save two metric tons of soot each year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and use less fuel overall. But with an estimated 550 switch engines operating in California, there would seem to be a long road ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking to see more of these locomotives deployed by the major railroads,” says Breen, though he concedes that it’s up to them to decide whether to adopt the cleaner engines. The new locomotives will become more widely available in 2015. “We have talked to them quite a bit about reducing risk in these communities,” he added. “We know they are willing to work with us.” At a cost upwards of $1 million for a single locomotive, that can be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Official: Toxic Flame Retardants No Longer Required in Furniture",
"headTitle": "It’s Official: Toxic Flame Retardants No Longer Required in Furniture | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11324\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\" alt=\"Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don't contain flame retardant chemicals. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has revised a controversial law he signed into existence during his first stint as governor, back in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obscure-sounding “Technical Bulletin 117”, or TB 117, effectively required furniture manufacturers to inject flame-retardant chemicals into all upholstered furniture sold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California’s law a \u003cem>de facto\u003c/em> national standard, a typical sofa now hits the market with two to three pounds of chemicals that can cause cancer and reproductive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, 2014, a new flame retardant standard will take effect, eliminating the need for furniture makers to inject the chemicals into upholstered chairs, sofas, and other items. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame-retardants may also disappear from baby gear, such as booster seats and changing pads, which will no longer be subject to flammability standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful, after years of work, to see this become a reality” said Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar in chemistry at the University of California Berkeley and director of the Green Science Policy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Starting in January, toxics-wary consumers can look for furniture with the “TB 117-2013” tag, and ask whether the item has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I was practically screaming with happiness,” said Blum, who’s been working on the flame retardant issue since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/propregs.shtml\">new law\u003c/a>, called “TB 117-2013” doesn’t forbid furniture manufacturers to use the chemicals. Instead, it sets a new flammability test — known as a “smolder test — that furniture makers can meet without using the flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of injecting chemicals into upholstery foam, manufacturers can line furniture with a fire shield, or use flame-retardant fabrics, which do not emit toxic gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/isr.pdf\">justification \u003c/a>for the new rules, state officials cited studies suggesting that furniture foam treated with flame-retardant chemicals can actually be more hazardous in a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flame retardant foam can actually increase smolder propensity,” wrote officials with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/home.shtml\">Bureau of Home Furnishings\u003c/a>, which sets furniture standards.[contextly_sidebar id=”9502d57caf924e7e18aa203d0589273d”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, furniture makers will be able to sell furniture with the new “TB 117-2013” tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum says chemical-wary shoppers should look for the new tag, and then ask furniture sellers whether the sofa or chair has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/tb_order.pdf\">The revised law\u003c/a> could also effectively remove flame-retardant chemicals from a number of children’s products — including changing pads, nursing pillows, infant swings, strollers — all of which are exempt from flammability standards as of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in touch with most of the furniture manufacturing associations and the juvenile products manufacturers associations, and they have told us that their manufacturers are planning to remove the flame retardant chemicals, once it’s legally possible,” says Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11324\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/sofa.jpg\" alt=\"Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don't contain flame retardant chemicals. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting next year, shoppers will be able to buy sofas that don’t contain flame retardant chemicals.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has revised a controversial law he signed into existence during his first stint as governor, back in 1975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obscure-sounding “Technical Bulletin 117”, or TB 117, effectively required furniture manufacturers to inject flame-retardant chemicals into all upholstered furniture sold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With California’s law a \u003cem>de facto\u003c/em> national standard, a typical sofa now hits the market with two to three pounds of chemicals that can cause cancer and reproductive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, 2014, a new flame retardant standard will take effect, eliminating the need for furniture makers to inject the chemicals into upholstered chairs, sofas, and other items. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame-retardants may also disappear from baby gear, such as booster seats and changing pads, which will no longer be subject to flammability standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s wonderful, after years of work, to see this become a reality” said Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar in chemistry at the University of California Berkeley and director of the Green Science Policy Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\n\u003cp>Starting in January, toxics-wary consumers can look for furniture with the “TB 117-2013” tag, and ask whether the item has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I was practically screaming with happiness,” said Blum, who’s been working on the flame retardant issue since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/propregs.shtml\">new law\u003c/a>, called “TB 117-2013” doesn’t forbid furniture manufacturers to use the chemicals. Instead, it sets a new flammability test — known as a “smolder test — that furniture makers can meet without using the flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of injecting chemicals into upholstery foam, manufacturers can line furniture with a fire shield, or use flame-retardant fabrics, which do not emit toxic gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/isr.pdf\">justification \u003c/a>for the new rules, state officials cited studies suggesting that furniture foam treated with flame-retardant chemicals can actually be more hazardous in a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flame retardant foam can actually increase smolder propensity,” wrote officials with the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/home.shtml\">Bureau of Home Furnishings\u003c/a>, which sets furniture standards.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in January, furniture makers will be able to sell furniture with the new “TB 117-2013” tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum says chemical-wary shoppers should look for the new tag, and then ask furniture sellers whether the sofa or chair has been treated with flame-retardant chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/about/laws/tb_order.pdf\">The revised law\u003c/a> could also effectively remove flame-retardant chemicals from a number of children’s products — including changing pads, nursing pillows, infant swings, strollers — all of which are exempt from flammability standards as of January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in touch with most of the furniture manufacturing associations and the juvenile products manufacturers associations, and they have told us that their manufacturers are planning to remove the flame retardant chemicals, once it’s legally possible,” says Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Cholesterol Guidelines Will Lead to Overprescribing Statins, Critics Say",
"title": "New Cholesterol Guidelines Will Lead to Overprescribing Statins, Critics Say",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16285\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/55908498-e1384822483114.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16285\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/55908498-640x373.jpg\" alt=\"A prescription label for the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, a brand name statin medicine. (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A prescription label for the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, a brand name statin medicine. (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Monday two major groups released a set of \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a\" target=\"_blank\">new guidelines\u003c/a> designed to lower cholesterol. Now, it appears a major component of the guidelines — an online risk calculator — may be flawed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/health/risk-calculator-for-cholesterol-appears-flawed.html?hpw&rref=us\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the publication of the guidelines, two Harvard Medical School professors \"evaluated the guidelines using three large studies that involved thousands of people and continued for at least a decade,\" the Times reported. They knew the patients' health status at the start and then they looked to see how many had had a heart attack or stroke in the next decade. How accurate was the new calculator in predicting risk? From the Times:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The answer was that the calculator overpredicted risk by 75 to 150 percent, depending on the population. A man whose risk was 4 percent, for example, might show up as having an 8 percent risk. With a 4 percent risk, he would not warrant treatment — the guidelines that say treatment is advised for those with at least a 7.5 percent risk and that treatment can be considered for those whose risk is 5 percent.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->If this critique is accurate, it could mean that millions more people could be prescribed statins unnecessarily. That's a problem because \"most of those people will see no benefits and have a lot of harm\" from the statins, said Dr. Rita Redberg, a cardiologist at UC San Francisco. Redberg is also editor of JAMA Internal Medicine, where she has directed the \u003ca href=\"http://iom.edu/Global/Perspectives/2012/LessIsMore.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Less is More\u003c/a> campaign, designed to cut down on health tests or treatments where there are few (or no) benefits and lots of potential for harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of statins, side effects include muscle problems, fatigue, memory loss and diabetes risk, Redberg says. And cumulatively, these side effects can happen to 20 percent of people taking the drug. Redberg is concerned that many people at low risk for heart disease will be prescribed a statin and be much more likely to experience harm than benefit from the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chance of having a benefit from that medicine depends proportionately on how high your risk is of getting the disease in the first place,\" Redberg said. \"If you're already at low risk to have a heart problem, it's very hard to make that even lower with medicines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical \u003ca href=\"http://www.thennt.com/nnt/statins-for-heart-disease-prevention-with-known-heart-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence is strong\u003c/a> that certain groups of people can benefit from taking statins. These groups include people who have had a heart attack or stroke and people who have diabetes. If these people take statins, the drug can reduce their risk of death from a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for people without known heart disease, the evidence stacks up differently. Redberg had the numbers at her fingertips. Take 100 people without heart disease but who do have a 20 percent risk of heart attack in the next 10 years, she explained to me. If you put all of them on statins, here's what the evidence shows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>98 of those 100 people would see no benefit from taking a statin over a 5-year period\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>20 will have side effects (muscle pain, fatigue, memory loss, diabetes onset)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 people who would have had a heart attack will avoid having one, because of the statin\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan>0 will live longer than they would have, if they had not taken a statin\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In other words, for people who haven't had a heart attack, \"you can take that drug for years and you won't live any longer,\" says Redberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a lot of people who have risk factors for heart disease,\" Redberg said. Many people have high blood pressure, about 1 in 5 Americans smoke. \"The best way to reduce your (heart disease) risk is to change your diet, do more physical activity, and if you're a smoker, to stop smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pointed out that many Americans seem to resist the kinds of lifestyle changes doctors recommend, that people really cling to the idea of a magic pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course!\" Redberg replied. \"Everyone wants a magic pill, but we don't have a magic pill.\" Worse, she says, recommending a pill creates a \"moral hazard\" where people say to themselves, 'OK, I don't have to pay attention to my diet because I have this magic pill and it's going to make it all right.' Unfortunately, statins are not a magic pill.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From KQED's Forum \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311190900\" target=\"_blank\">Doctors Divided Over New Cholesterol Guidelines\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201311190900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201311190900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last Monday two major groups released a set of new guidelines designed to lower cholesterol. Now, it appears a major component of the guidelines — an online risk calculator — may be flawed, the New York Times reports.\r\n\r\nSince the publication of the guidelines, two Harvard Medical School professors \"evaluated the guidelines using three large studies that involved thousands of people and continued for at least a decade,\" the Times reported. They knew the patients' health status at the start and then they looked to see how many had had a heart attack or stroke in the next decade. How accurate was the new calculator in predicting risk? From the Times:",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16285\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/55908498-e1384822483114.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16285\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/55908498-640x373.jpg\" alt=\"A prescription label for the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, a brand name statin medicine. (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A prescription label for the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, a brand name statin medicine. (Tim Boyle/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Monday two major groups released a set of \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a\" target=\"_blank\">new guidelines\u003c/a> designed to lower cholesterol. Now, it appears a major component of the guidelines — an online risk calculator — may be flawed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/health/risk-calculator-for-cholesterol-appears-flawed.html?hpw&rref=us\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the publication of the guidelines, two Harvard Medical School professors \"evaluated the guidelines using three large studies that involved thousands of people and continued for at least a decade,\" the Times reported. They knew the patients' health status at the start and then they looked to see how many had had a heart attack or stroke in the next decade. How accurate was the new calculator in predicting risk? From the Times:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The answer was that the calculator overpredicted risk by 75 to 150 percent, depending on the population. A man whose risk was 4 percent, for example, might show up as having an 8 percent risk. With a 4 percent risk, he would not warrant treatment — the guidelines that say treatment is advised for those with at least a 7.5 percent risk and that treatment can be considered for those whose risk is 5 percent.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->If this critique is accurate, it could mean that millions more people could be prescribed statins unnecessarily. That's a problem because \"most of those people will see no benefits and have a lot of harm\" from the statins, said Dr. Rita Redberg, a cardiologist at UC San Francisco. Redberg is also editor of JAMA Internal Medicine, where she has directed the \u003ca href=\"http://iom.edu/Global/Perspectives/2012/LessIsMore.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Less is More\u003c/a> campaign, designed to cut down on health tests or treatments where there are few (or no) benefits and lots of potential for harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of statins, side effects include muscle problems, fatigue, memory loss and diabetes risk, Redberg says. And cumulatively, these side effects can happen to 20 percent of people taking the drug. Redberg is concerned that many people at low risk for heart disease will be prescribed a statin and be much more likely to experience harm than benefit from the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chance of having a benefit from that medicine depends proportionately on how high your risk is of getting the disease in the first place,\" Redberg said. \"If you're already at low risk to have a heart problem, it's very hard to make that even lower with medicines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical \u003ca href=\"http://www.thennt.com/nnt/statins-for-heart-disease-prevention-with-known-heart-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence is strong\u003c/a> that certain groups of people can benefit from taking statins. These groups include people who have had a heart attack or stroke and people who have diabetes. If these people take statins, the drug can reduce their risk of death from a heart attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for people without known heart disease, the evidence stacks up differently. Redberg had the numbers at her fingertips. Take 100 people without heart disease but who do have a 20 percent risk of heart attack in the next 10 years, she explained to me. If you put all of them on statins, here's what the evidence shows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>98 of those 100 people would see no benefit from taking a statin over a 5-year period\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>20 will have side effects (muscle pain, fatigue, memory loss, diabetes onset)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>2 people who would have had a heart attack will avoid having one, because of the statin\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cspan>0 will live longer than they would have, if they had not taken a statin\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In other words, for people who haven't had a heart attack, \"you can take that drug for years and you won't live any longer,\" says Redberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a lot of people who have risk factors for heart disease,\" Redberg said. Many people have high blood pressure, about 1 in 5 Americans smoke. \"The best way to reduce your (heart disease) risk is to change your diet, do more physical activity, and if you're a smoker, to stop smoking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pointed out that many Americans seem to resist the kinds of lifestyle changes doctors recommend, that people really cling to the idea of a magic pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course!\" Redberg replied. \"Everyone wants a magic pill, but we don't have a magic pill.\" Worse, she says, recommending a pill creates a \"moral hazard\" where people say to themselves, 'OK, I don't have to pay attention to my diet because I have this magic pill and it's going to make it all right.' Unfortunately, statins are not a magic pill.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>From KQED's Forum \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311190900\" target=\"_blank\">Doctors Divided Over New Cholesterol Guidelines\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cobject width=\"335\" height=\"85\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201311190900.xml\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\">\u003cembed width=\"335\" height=\"85\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/flash/kqedplayer.swf\" flashvars=\"file=http://www.kqed.org/radio/archives/R201311190900.xml\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Central Valley Community Fights for Clean Drinking Water",
"title": "Central Valley Community Fights for Clean Drinking Water",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16162\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/Alice_LanareStory-e1383958739240.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16162 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/Alice_LanareStory-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Isabel Solorio (left) and Carrie Bonner talk about water issues outside the Lanare Community Center. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel, KQED\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no streetlights here in Lanare, no sidewalks, no sewer system in this tiny, rural enclave of 600 smack dab in the middle of farming country in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a community center and on this night, many locals are here dancing and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tonight I make salad and my friend makes beans, and I make beans so just, you know, everybody help,” said Isabel Solorio.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Many people stopped drinking the tap water years ago because it has high levels of arsenic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solorio is the president of a local group that holds fundraisers twice a year to support the community center. The group also advocates for clean drinking water –- something Lanare doesn’t have. Lanare did not come out of an organized planning process. Like many unincorporated communities in the San Joaquin Valley, the town arose out of the fields surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a lot of labor camps, they call them,” said Carrie Bonner, a Lanare resident still tall and strong at 89. “Cotton chopping, picking and cutting grapes. … Whatever season it was, that’s what they would do.”\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare was once a series of shacks for African-American farmworkers, Bonner says. Her father-in-law ran a juke joint not far from here and was a labor contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said when she first moved to Lanare in the 1950s, there were very few farmworkers who came from Mexico. But as time went on, the population changed. “Now it’s just a few blacks and more Spanish, you know,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water lines arrived in the 70s -- but drinkable water didn't last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, a Quaker organization helped the people of Lanare build houses and put in water lines. Bonner was one of the first to move into a new home, the one she still lives in today. But she and others stopped drinking the tap water years ago because it has high levels of arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the town got some federal grant money to clean the water. “The county allocated it, 1.3 million dollars,” said Veronica Garibay of the Leadership Council for Justice and Accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town used the money to build a water treatment facility in 2006. But there was trouble from the start. Fresno county rubber-stamped the federally funded plant without an adequate cost analysis, said Garibay. It’s expensive to treat arsenic, and costs spiraled beyond what the community could manage. The town had no water meters to track residents’ usage. And some of the pricey filtered water was unintentionally going to irrigate fields. On top of that, the local water district lacked financial and technical expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A board of five volunteers from the community without any background in water operation or maintenance are running a treatment plant,” said Garibay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare couldn’t afford to run it, and the state shut down the plant after just six months. Now the town’s water system is operated by a private company or receiver. Residents pay a monthly bill for running water –- but they still can’t drink it. Instead, many spend $20 to $30 more each month for bottled water. That’s not uncommon in the valley where hundreds more small water districts have problems with pollutants, including nitrates and selenium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Who gets control of the good water?\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really complicated story,” said John Capitman, a public policy expert at Fresno State University. “It may be the farming practices of somebody 20 miles away 20 years ago that spoiled the water that your well draws on. So this is something about a long term process of connected aquifers underneath the ground, pumping, history, exploitation. Who gets the control of the good water? It plays out all over the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small, volunteer water districts not only lack the political clout, but also technical and financial wherewithal, he says. “The patience to make it through crazy bureaucratic systems,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a catch when it comes to technical and financial expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan>“Those capabilities are also federal requirements in order to get funding,” said Mark Starr, deputy director of the Center for Environmental Health at the California Department of Public Health. His agency is charged with helping these communities comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Millions for water improvements left unspent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last spring, the EPA scolded the Department of Public Health for failing to spend hundreds of millions of dollars for water improvements. The state said it is working harder to move the funds more quickly and provide more technical assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare recently got grants to take steps toward a permanent solution, said Starr. The grants “were used to install water meters, a project that’s underway -- and also educate Lanare residents about conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study to explore solutions for Lanare will be completed by June, said Starr. These options include digging a new well, restarting the old treatment plant and hooking into a nearby town’s water treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back\u003cem> \u003c/em>at the community center, Isabel Solorio said she knows the town is poor and treating tainted water is expensive. But she and other residents won’t quit pushing for clean water.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of work, but you know what? I am so happy when I see part of my community here and tell everybody ‘come on let’s go working together,’” she said. “Because this is your community.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the 1970s, a Quaker organization helped the people of Lanare build houses and put in water lines. Bonner was one of the first to move into a new home, the one she still lives in today. But she and others stopped drinking the tap water years ago because it has high levels of arsenic.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16162\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/Alice_LanareStory-e1383958739240.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16162 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/Alice_LanareStory-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"(Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Isabel Solorio (left) and Carrie Bonner talk about water issues outside the Lanare Community Center. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel, KQED\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no streetlights here in Lanare, no sidewalks, no sewer system in this tiny, rural enclave of 600 smack dab in the middle of farming country in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a community center and on this night, many locals are here dancing and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tonight I make salad and my friend makes beans, and I make beans so just, you know, everybody help,” said Isabel Solorio.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Many people stopped drinking the tap water years ago because it has high levels of arsenic.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Solorio is the president of a local group that holds fundraisers twice a year to support the community center. The group also advocates for clean drinking water –- something Lanare doesn’t have. Lanare did not come out of an organized planning process. Like many unincorporated communities in the San Joaquin Valley, the town arose out of the fields surrounding it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a lot of labor camps, they call them,” said Carrie Bonner, a Lanare resident still tall and strong at 89. “Cotton chopping, picking and cutting grapes. … Whatever season it was, that’s what they would do.”\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare was once a series of shacks for African-American farmworkers, Bonner says. Her father-in-law ran a juke joint not far from here and was a labor contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said when she first moved to Lanare in the 1950s, there were very few farmworkers who came from Mexico. But as time went on, the population changed. “Now it’s just a few blacks and more Spanish, you know,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water lines arrived in the 70s -- but drinkable water didn't last\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, a Quaker organization helped the people of Lanare build houses and put in water lines. Bonner was one of the first to move into a new home, the one she still lives in today. But she and others stopped drinking the tap water years ago because it has high levels of arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the town got some federal grant money to clean the water. “The county allocated it, 1.3 million dollars,” said Veronica Garibay of the Leadership Council for Justice and Accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town used the money to build a water treatment facility in 2006. But there was trouble from the start. Fresno county rubber-stamped the federally funded plant without an adequate cost analysis, said Garibay. It’s expensive to treat arsenic, and costs spiraled beyond what the community could manage. The town had no water meters to track residents’ usage. And some of the pricey filtered water was unintentionally going to irrigate fields. On top of that, the local water district lacked financial and technical expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A board of five volunteers from the community without any background in water operation or maintenance are running a treatment plant,” said Garibay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare couldn’t afford to run it, and the state shut down the plant after just six months. Now the town’s water system is operated by a private company or receiver. Residents pay a monthly bill for running water –- but they still can’t drink it. Instead, many spend $20 to $30 more each month for bottled water. That’s not uncommon in the valley where hundreds more small water districts have problems with pollutants, including nitrates and selenium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Who gets control of the good water?\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really complicated story,” said John Capitman, a public policy expert at Fresno State University. “It may be the farming practices of somebody 20 miles away 20 years ago that spoiled the water that your well draws on. So this is something about a long term process of connected aquifers underneath the ground, pumping, history, exploitation. Who gets the control of the good water? It plays out all over the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These small, volunteer water districts not only lack the political clout, but also technical and financial wherewithal, he says. “The patience to make it through crazy bureaucratic systems,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a catch when it comes to technical and financial expertise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan>“Those capabilities are also federal requirements in order to get funding,” said Mark Starr, deputy director of the Center for Environmental Health at the California Department of Public Health. His agency is charged with helping these communities comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Millions for water improvements left unspent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last spring, the EPA scolded the Department of Public Health for failing to spend hundreds of millions of dollars for water improvements. The state said it is working harder to move the funds more quickly and provide more technical assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lanare recently got grants to take steps toward a permanent solution, said Starr. The grants “were used to install water meters, a project that’s underway -- and also educate Lanare residents about conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study to explore solutions for Lanare will be completed by June, said Starr. These options include digging a new well, restarting the old treatment plant and hooking into a nearby town’s water treatment facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back\u003cem> \u003c/em>at the community center, Isabel Solorio said she knows the town is poor and treating tainted water is expensive. But she and other residents won’t quit pushing for clean water.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot of work, but you know what? I am so happy when I see part of my community here and tell everybody ‘come on let’s go working together,’” she said. “Because this is your community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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