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"title": "New UCSF Lab Studies How Video Games Affect Our Brains",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/New-Neuroscape-4788JC_CROP2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Gaming, EEG and MRI brain scanning, and -- eventually -- a closed-loop system will help scientists explore the theraputic uses of video games. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gaming, EEG and MRI brain scanning, and — eventually — a closed-loop system will help scientists explore the theraputic uses of video games. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>This week the University of California, San Francisco debuts a new laboratory devoted to asking whether video games can do more than turn us into couch potatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no test tubes at the \u003ca href=\"http://neuroscapelab.com/\">Neuroscape Lab\u003c/a>. Instead, it looks like some billionaire’s personal video game parlor: dimly lit in a palate of dark grays, punctuated by a red gaming chair and a red circle on the floor where gamers stand (and jump, squat and lunge) during motion-capture games.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nExploring the “Glass Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is dominated by two large screens. One displays the game itself. On the day I visited, it was a futuristic movement-and-concentration game where an avatar on the screen mirrors the player’s body movements as he or she scores by smacking down floating golden orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second screen displays what Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist at UCSF, calls “the glass brain,” a mesmerizing, slowly rotating image of a brain pulsing with flashes of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14930\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4795_Scale-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"The "glass brain" projects EEG data onto an MRI scan of the player's brain. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “glass brain” projects EEG data onto an MRI scan of the player’s brain. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The glass brain is a mash-up of two brain scanning techniques. One is static, an MRI image of the player’s brain, captured in a scanner before the game begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superimposed on the MRI are signals collected by another brain-scanning technique used by neuroscientists: electroencephalography, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">EEG\u003c/a>. Normally, EEG read-outs look like the horizontal zig-zags of a seismograph. On the glass brain, they’re translated into flashes of red, green and yellow streaks, corresponding to the electric firing between billions of synapses inside in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there’s a slight delay between the player’s action and when the corresponding brain activity shows up on screen. But technicians are working to close that gap, says Gazzaley, “so that we can see an event in the brain right at the moment it’s happening in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In search of “the world’s first FDA-approved prescribed video game.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build the game so that it responds to the player’s brain activity, sensing where a particular task activates the brain, and then adjusting to challenge that particular network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA Feedback Loop Between Brain and Game\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The game will essentially understand where the weaknesses are, and then change the mechanics to put pressure on those processes to lead to improvements,” Gazalley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is one of several researchers trying to understand whether video games could be used as a therapy for people struggling with memory problems, for example, or ADHD. Gazzaley believes games he’s developing could become “the world’s first FDA-approved prescribed video game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14933\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14933\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4717-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley runs the Neuroscape lab. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley runs the Neuroscape lab. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Success will hinge on something called “transference,” says C. Shawn Green, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who studies the effects of games on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big crux in the field at the moment is how do we produce really broad effects?” says Green.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDoes Video Game Success Transfer to the Real World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s clear that video games do one thing very well: train people to become better gamers. But whether those results “transfer” outside the game into the real world is a source of lively debate among neuroscientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\">Nature\u003c/a> last September, UCSF’s Gazzaley and his co-authors showed that older adults were better able to multitask in the real world after training on a game called NeuroRacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14937\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14937 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4831_Scale-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF's Neuroscape Lab was produced in partnership with several high tech companies. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF’s Neuroscape Lab was produced in partnership with several gaming and virtual-realty tech companies. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the training “generalized,” says Robert Knight, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley and one of Gazzaley’s former advisors. “They didn’t only get better at the task [in the video game]; the performance generalized to other tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those results will hold in future studies, and whether similar benefits show up in people with, for example, autism, ADHD or stroke, are questions scientists at Neuroscape and elsewhere will continue to explore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/New-Neuroscape-4788JC_CROP2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"Gaming, EEG and MRI brain scanning, and -- eventually -- a closed-loop system will help scientists explore the theraputic uses of video games. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gaming, EEG and MRI brain scanning, and — eventually — a closed-loop system will help scientists explore the theraputic uses of video games. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>This week the University of California, San Francisco debuts a new laboratory devoted to asking whether video games can do more than turn us into couch potatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no test tubes at the \u003ca href=\"http://neuroscapelab.com/\">Neuroscape Lab\u003c/a>. Instead, it looks like some billionaire’s personal video game parlor: dimly lit in a palate of dark grays, punctuated by a red gaming chair and a red circle on the floor where gamers stand (and jump, squat and lunge) during motion-capture games.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nExploring the “Glass Brain”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is dominated by two large screens. One displays the game itself. On the day I visited, it was a futuristic movement-and-concentration game where an avatar on the screen mirrors the player’s body movements as he or she scores by smacking down floating golden orbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second screen displays what Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist at UCSF, calls “the glass brain,” a mesmerizing, slowly rotating image of a brain pulsing with flashes of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14930\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14930\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4795_Scale-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"The "glass brain" projects EEG data onto an MRI scan of the player's brain. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The “glass brain” projects EEG data onto an MRI scan of the player’s brain. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The glass brain is a mash-up of two brain scanning techniques. One is static, an MRI image of the player’s brain, captured in a scanner before the game begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superimposed on the MRI are signals collected by another brain-scanning technique used by neuroscientists: electroencephalography, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">EEG\u003c/a>. Normally, EEG read-outs look like the horizontal zig-zags of a seismograph. On the glass brain, they’re translated into flashes of red, green and yellow streaks, corresponding to the electric firing between billions of synapses inside in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there’s a slight delay between the player’s action and when the corresponding brain activity shows up on screen. But technicians are working to close that gap, says Gazzaley, “so that we can see an event in the brain right at the moment it’s happening in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">In search of “the world’s first FDA-approved prescribed video game.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build the game so that it responds to the player’s brain activity, sensing where a particular task activates the brain, and then adjusting to challenge that particular network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA Feedback Loop Between Brain and Game\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The game will essentially understand where the weaknesses are, and then change the mechanics to put pressure on those processes to lead to improvements,” Gazalley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is one of several researchers trying to understand whether video games could be used as a therapy for people struggling with memory problems, for example, or ADHD. Gazzaley believes games he’s developing could become “the world’s first FDA-approved prescribed video game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14933\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-14933\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4717-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley runs the Neuroscape lab. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley runs the Neuroscape lab. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Success will hinge on something called “transference,” says C. Shawn Green, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who studies the effects of games on the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big crux in the field at the moment is how do we produce really broad effects?” says Green.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDoes Video Game Success Transfer to the Real World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, it’s clear that video games do one thing very well: train people to become better gamers. But whether those results “transfer” outside the game into the real world is a source of lively debate among neuroscientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a paper published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\">Nature\u003c/a> last September, UCSF’s Gazzaley and his co-authors showed that older adults were better able to multitask in the real world after training on a game called NeuroRacer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14937\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14937 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Neuroscape-JoshC-4831_Scale-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF's Neuroscape Lab was produced in partnership with several high tech companies. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF’s Neuroscape Lab was produced in partnership with several gaming and virtual-realty tech companies. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In other words, the training “generalized,” says Robert Knight, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley and one of Gazzaley’s former advisors. “They didn’t only get better at the task [in the video game]; the performance generalized to other tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those results will hold in future studies, and whether similar benefits show up in people with, for example, autism, ADHD or stroke, are questions scientists at Neuroscape and elsewhere will continue to explore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new investigation by Mother Jones magazine finds that plastics free of the controversial additive bisphenol-A (BPA) may actually be more harmful to humans than those containing it. Meanwhile, scientists continue to debate what doses of the chemical are harmful. We’ll discuss the latest news on the controversy over plastics, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201403060900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201403060900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"BPA-Free Plastics Linked to Adverse Human Health Effects\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A new investigation by Mother Jones magazine finds that plastics free of the controversial additive bisphenol-A (BPA) may actually be more harmful to humans than those containing it. Meanwhile, scientists continue to debate what doses of the chemical are harmful. We'll discuss the latest news on the controversy over plastics, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201403060900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">...Read More\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new investigation by Mother Jones magazine finds that plastics free of the controversial additive bisphenol-A (BPA) may actually be more harmful to humans than those containing it. Meanwhile, scientists continue to debate what doses of the chemical are harmful. We’ll discuss the latest news on the controversy over plastics, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201403060900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"rssmi_more\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R201403060900?pid=RD19\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"BPA-Free Plastics Linked to Adverse Human Health Effects\" rel=\"noopener\">Forum – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "Are BPA-Free Plastics Any Safer? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/177267473.jpg\" alt=\"Some plastics leach chemicals that are dangerous to developing fetuses and children. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some plastics leach chemicals that are dangerous to developing fetuses and children.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maybe you’ve noticed the words “BPA-free” on the packaging of plastic products like sippy cups and Tupperware. Studies have linked the chemical BPA, or Bisphenol A, to a host of health problems, particularly in pregnant women and their infants. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/PlastiPure-Report-on-CEH-Sippy-Cups-Sept-7-2012.pdf\">lab tests\u003c/a> by the Oakland-based advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/\">Center for Environmental Health\u003c/a>, have found that the chemicals used to replace BPA may be just as harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Mariah Blake, who wrote about the findings on plastics and synthetic estrogens in \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/03/tritan-certichem-eastman-bpa-free-plastic-safe\">Mother Jones\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Estrogenic chemicals found in many common products have been linked to a litany of problems in humans and animals. According to one study, the pesticide atrazine can turn male frogs female. DES, which was once prescribed to prevent miscarriages, caused obesity, rare vaginal tumors, infertility, and testicular growths among those exposed in utero. Scientists have tied BPA to ailments including asthma, cancer, infertility, low sperm count, genital deformity, heart disease, liver problems, and ADHD. “Pick a disease, literally pick a disease,” says Frederick vom Saal, a biology professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia who studies BPA.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Blake explained, there was a “BPA panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public suddenly became very aware of the fact that BPA was potentially harmful,” Blake said. “Around that time, many manufacturers began moving away from BPA products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. law doesn’t require a chemical be proven safe before it goes on the market; a chemical is presumed safe until proven otherwise. Nonetheless, given the public furor, manufacturers began replacing BPA with other kinds of plastics, including one called Tritan, manufactured by Eastman Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the plastic to use if you wanted a truly safe product,” Blake said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”14a2704dbe6d1c95030f95c4050f81be”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent tests by the Center for Environmental Health show Tritan is not so safe, after all. The Center sent 18 sippy cups to CertiChem Inc., in Austin, Texas, for testing. The lab found detectable estrogenic activity in chemicals leaching from five of the products, including products containing Tritan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with CertiChem, Georgetown University and the University of Texas, had already published a National Institutes of Health-funded study in 2011, testing estrogen exposure from a wide range of plastics, including baby bottles and other products advertised as BPA-free. “In some cases,” \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003220/\">the researchers reported\u003c/a>, “BPA-free products released chemicals having more EA [estrogenic activity] than did BPA-containing products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastman sued CertiChem Inc., to prevent it from publicizing the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastman.com/Markets/Tritan_Safe/Media_Room/Pages/Fact_Sheet.aspx\">website\u003c/a>, Eastman stands by the safety of Tritan. And the American Chemical Council, a plastics industry group, questions if there is even any danger in BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many government bodies around the world have evaluated the scientific evidence on BPA and have declared it safe as used in food contact materials,” the American Chemical Council said in a statement released Tuesday. And it called attention to a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/02/27/maybe-that-bpa-in-your-canned-food-isnt-so-bad-after-all/\">recent FDA study\u003c/a> that found rats weren’t harmed by BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blake isn’t so sure about that. “I’m actually working on a story about that study now,” she said. “There are a couple of issues that raise questions about its findings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the FDA used a breed of rat that’s not sensitive to estrogen and that there appeared to have been contamination in the lab that conducted the study. (A \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/03/tritan-certichem-eastman-bpa-free-plastic-safe\">note at the top of the Mother Jones article\u003c/a> addresses the study.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7178bca5daad45372b4bc4991aae8121″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to BPA and possibly other endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Blake said, there is no known safe dose. “Unlike other kinds of chemicals, it’s not like they’re only harmful when you reach a certain threshold,” she said. “The scientists I’ve spoken to who study this chemical say there is no safe level of exposure. Any level of exposure is potentially harmful, especially for young children and developing fetuses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she acknowledged, it’s hard to go plastic-free in our plastic world. “It’s a difficult situation because plastic is so ubiquitous and the available evidence suggests that there is no surefire way to avoid exposure as long as you’re using plastics,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/137968638″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Mina Kim and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14920\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/177267473.jpg\" alt=\"Some plastics leach chemicals that are dangerous to developing fetuses and children. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some plastics leach chemicals that are dangerous to developing fetuses and children.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maybe you’ve noticed the words “BPA-free” on the packaging of plastic products like sippy cups and Tupperware. Studies have linked the chemical BPA, or Bisphenol A, to a host of health problems, particularly in pregnant women and their infants. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/PlastiPure-Report-on-CEH-Sippy-Cups-Sept-7-2012.pdf\">lab tests\u003c/a> by the Oakland-based advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceh.org/\">Center for Environmental Health\u003c/a>, have found that the chemicals used to replace BPA may be just as harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with Mariah Blake, who wrote about the findings on plastics and synthetic estrogens in \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/03/tritan-certichem-eastman-bpa-free-plastic-safe\">Mother Jones\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Estrogenic chemicals found in many common products have been linked to a litany of problems in humans and animals. According to one study, the pesticide atrazine can turn male frogs female. DES, which was once prescribed to prevent miscarriages, caused obesity, rare vaginal tumors, infertility, and testicular growths among those exposed in utero. Scientists have tied BPA to ailments including asthma, cancer, infertility, low sperm count, genital deformity, heart disease, liver problems, and ADHD. “Pick a disease, literally pick a disease,” says Frederick vom Saal, a biology professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia who studies BPA.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Blake explained, there was a “BPA panic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public suddenly became very aware of the fact that BPA was potentially harmful,” Blake said. “Around that time, many manufacturers began moving away from BPA products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. law doesn’t require a chemical be proven safe before it goes on the market; a chemical is presumed safe until proven otherwise. Nonetheless, given the public furor, manufacturers began replacing BPA with other kinds of plastics, including one called Tritan, manufactured by Eastman Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the plastic to use if you wanted a truly safe product,” Blake said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent tests by the Center for Environmental Health show Tritan is not so safe, after all. The Center sent 18 sippy cups to CertiChem Inc., in Austin, Texas, for testing. The lab found detectable estrogenic activity in chemicals leaching from five of the products, including products containing Tritan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with CertiChem, Georgetown University and the University of Texas, had already published a National Institutes of Health-funded study in 2011, testing estrogen exposure from a wide range of plastics, including baby bottles and other products advertised as BPA-free. “In some cases,” \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1003220/\">the researchers reported\u003c/a>, “BPA-free products released chemicals having more EA [estrogenic activity] than did BPA-containing products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eastman sued CertiChem Inc., to prevent it from publicizing the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastman.com/Markets/Tritan_Safe/Media_Room/Pages/Fact_Sheet.aspx\">website\u003c/a>, Eastman stands by the safety of Tritan. And the American Chemical Council, a plastics industry group, questions if there is even any danger in BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many government bodies around the world have evaluated the scientific evidence on BPA and have declared it safe as used in food contact materials,” the American Chemical Council said in a statement released Tuesday. And it called attention to a \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/02/27/maybe-that-bpa-in-your-canned-food-isnt-so-bad-after-all/\">recent FDA study\u003c/a> that found rats weren’t harmed by BPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blake isn’t so sure about that. “I’m actually working on a story about that study now,” she said. “There are a couple of issues that raise questions about its findings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the FDA used a breed of rat that’s not sensitive to estrogen and that there appeared to have been contamination in the lab that conducted the study. (A \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/03/tritan-certichem-eastman-bpa-free-plastic-safe\">note at the top of the Mother Jones article\u003c/a> addresses the study.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to BPA and possibly other endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Blake said, there is no known safe dose. “Unlike other kinds of chemicals, it’s not like they’re only harmful when you reach a certain threshold,” she said. “The scientists I’ve spoken to who study this chemical say there is no safe level of exposure. Any level of exposure is potentially harmful, especially for young children and developing fetuses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she acknowledged, it’s hard to go plastic-free in our plastic world. “It’s a difficult situation because plastic is so ubiquitous and the available evidence suggests that there is no surefire way to avoid exposure as long as you’re using plastics,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/137968638″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/137968638″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Contra Costa County Maps Schools by Vaccination Rates: Find Yours ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17972 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/Screen-Shot-2014-03-04-at-3.29.21-PM-640x292.png\" alt=\"The red dots mark a school or childcare facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is 10 percent or more. \" width=\"640\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red dots mark a school or child care facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is above 9.9 percent. The statewide average is 3 percent. (Contra Costa Health Department)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to the troubling number of children whose parents opt out of vaccines for them, Contra Costa Health Services (CCHS) has published an \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">interactive online map of vaccine rates\u003c/a> for schools and licensed child-care facilities with at least 15 children at each site across the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There's not much wiggle room. We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The screen shot above shows the map. When you visit the site you can click on any of the dots, and a box appears to show you the name of the school, its address and rate of \"personal belief exemptions.\" While state law requires that every child be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, parents can opt out by filing a personal belief exemption (PBE), a signed statement that vaccines are against a parent's beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Leung, immunization program manager for Contra Costa Public Health, said the goal of producing the map was to increases awareness. \"Many community members may not realize this dangerous, disturbing trend of parents choosing to skip vaccines for their children,\" he said. \"It not only puts these kids at greater risk of serious, dangerous diseases like measles and polio,\" but it also puts others at risk, he said, including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as babies, and children or adults too sick to be vaccinated. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map color-codes schools by PBE rates -- green is a PBE rate of 2.9 percent of less; yellow is 3-9.9 percent; red is greater than 9.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not much wiggle room,\" Leung said. \"We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune. What we've done with our maps is highlight schools where 10 percent or more of their incoming kids have exempted from vaccines, so these schools are more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"644a949393a3957ed06ca92570f1ee94\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Department says the kindergartens at five elementary schools and students at 22 child-care facilities had PBE rates above 9.9 percent. The schools are both public and private. East Bay Waldorf School, a private school in El Sobrante, has the highest PBE rate in the county, 50 percent, CCHD says. In 2008, county health officials briefly closed the school due to a whooping cough outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide average for personal belief exemptions is 3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law went into effect, requiring parents seeking a personal belief exemption to first meet with a health care provider to discuss the risks and benefits of vaccines and to learn more about vaccine-preventable illnesses. Washington passed a similar law in 2011, and its personal belief exemption rate has dropped by 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's data are for the current school year -- schools are all required to report vaccination rates and PBE rates to the state after school starts in September. The state has not released its data for all counties for this school year as yet, but if you live in one of California's other 57 counties, you can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">look up your school's vaccination rates\u003c/a> for 2012-2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17972 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/Screen-Shot-2014-03-04-at-3.29.21-PM-640x292.png\" alt=\"The red dots mark a school or childcare facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is 10 percent or more. \" width=\"640\" height=\"292\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red dots mark a school or child care facility where the vaccine opt-out rate is above 9.9 percent. The statewide average is 3 percent. (Contra Costa Health Department)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In response to the troubling number of children whose parents opt out of vaccines for them, Contra Costa Health Services (CCHS) has published an \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/immunization/school-iz-levels.php\" target=\"_blank\">interactive online map of vaccine rates\u003c/a> for schools and licensed child-care facilities with at least 15 children at each site across the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There's not much wiggle room. We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The screen shot above shows the map. When you visit the site you can click on any of the dots, and a box appears to show you the name of the school, its address and rate of \"personal belief exemptions.\" While state law requires that every child be fully vaccinated to enter kindergarten, parents can opt out by filing a personal belief exemption (PBE), a signed statement that vaccines are against a parent's beliefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Leung, immunization program manager for Contra Costa Public Health, said the goal of producing the map was to increases awareness. \"Many community members may not realize this dangerous, disturbing trend of parents choosing to skip vaccines for their children,\" he said. \"It not only puts these kids at greater risk of serious, dangerous diseases like measles and polio,\" but it also puts others at risk, he said, including those who cannot be vaccinated, such as babies, and children or adults too sick to be vaccinated. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map color-codes schools by PBE rates -- green is a PBE rate of 2.9 percent of less; yellow is 3-9.9 percent; red is greater than 9.9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's not much wiggle room,\" Leung said. \"We need about 90 percent of our community to be immune. What we've done with our maps is highlight schools where 10 percent or more of their incoming kids have exempted from vaccines, so these schools are more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable outbreaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Health Department says the kindergartens at five elementary schools and students at 22 child-care facilities had PBE rates above 9.9 percent. The schools are both public and private. East Bay Waldorf School, a private school in El Sobrante, has the highest PBE rate in the county, 50 percent, CCHD says. In 2008, county health officials briefly closed the school due to a whooping cough outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statewide average for personal belief exemptions is 3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, a new state law went into effect, requiring parents seeking a personal belief exemption to first meet with a health care provider to discuss the risks and benefits of vaccines and to learn more about vaccine-preventable illnesses. Washington passed a similar law in 2011, and its personal belief exemption rate has dropped by 40 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa's data are for the current school year -- schools are all required to report vaccination rates and PBE rates to the state after school starts in September. The state has not released its data for all counties for this school year as yet, but if you live in one of California's other 57 counties, you can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/09/06/more-california-parents-opting-out-of-vaccines-look-up-your-school-online/\" target=\"_blank\">look up your school's vaccination rates\u003c/a> for 2012-2013.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness?",
"headTitle": "Can Cultivating Compassion Lead to Happiness? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”120a7ee1c0208676cc812348061b1636″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Compassion makes us happy, but the internet makes us jerks. Is there a way to cultivate kindness in the digital age? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14830\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14830\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14830\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/compassion1.jpg\" alt='\"Kindness\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Kindness” (Hossein Ghodsi/\u003ca title=\"Hossein Ghodsi - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mhghodsi/3532021956/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You know how Jesus said to love thy neighbor and Buddha urged compassion for all beings? Well, modern science agrees. Stanford psychologists \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Jazaieri-et-al.-2013.pdf\">recently found\u003c/a> that cultivating compassion not only makes you kinder, it makes you happier—as well as less worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But compassion is having a tough time in the age of the internet. We’re more connected than ever, but also more distracted. We answer e-mail while talking on the phone, text one friend while having dinner with another. Such multitasking erodes awareness, a key component of compassion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 244px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14829\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14829 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/trolls-244x162.jpg\" alt=\"Trolls\" width=\"244\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trolls can terrorize the internet, as well as Bilbo Baggins. (Tristan Schmurr/\u003ca title=\"Tristan Schmurr - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kewl/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Distraction isn’t the worst of it. \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Internet Troll\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll_(Internet)\">Internet trolls\u003c/a> fill the web with flame wars, offensive YouTube comments and bullying. For the most part, trolls aren’t psychopaths, just ordinary people who act like jerks online. Psychologist John Suler \u003ca title=\"The Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://www.samblackman.org/Articles/Suler.pdf\">described the phenomenon\u003c/a> in 2007, attributing it to a combination of factors such as physical invisibility and anonymity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The emotional disconnect caused by technological connection is a thorny problem. And if anyone loves to solve problems, it’s Silicon Valley engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coding Compassion Into the Internet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology isn’t the end; it’s the means to a greater end,” says Danae Ringelmann, co-founder of \u003ca title=\"IndieGoGo\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/\">Indiegogo\u003c/a>. She described how the crowdfunding platform has been used to give gifts and right wrongs at \u003ca title=\"Wisdom 2.0\" href=\"http://www.wisdom2summit.com/About\">Wisdom 2.0\u003c/a>, an annual Bay Area conference about integrating kindness and mindfulness with business and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speakers at this year’s gathering (February 14-17 at the San Francisco Marriot Marquis) included a Benedictine monk, the CEO of Zappos.com, a VP from Google and Alanis Morissette. It’s not just talk—a past conference inspired \u003ca title=\"Mercury New - Interview with Facebook's Arturo Bejar\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_21544652/mercury-news-interview-arturo-bejar-facebook-director-engineering\">changes in Facebook\u003c/a> to help users work out interpersonal problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisdom 2.0 has blossomed from a few hundred people at its inaugural meeting in 2010 to a few thousand in 2014. San Francisco, once famed for its hippie culture of love, yoga and drugs, now appears to be the epicenter for a “second wave” of interest in love, yoga—and tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Science of Doing Good\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Stanford University School of Medicine founded the \u003ca title=\"The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education\" href=\"http://ccare.stanford.edu/\">Center for Compassion and Altruism Research Education\u003c/a>, aiming to study basic human goodness with scientific rigor. Researchers developed a 9-week Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) program, which includes meditation and practicing compassion for yourself and for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Does it work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team led by researcher Hooria Jazaieri conducted a randomized controlled trial with 100 subjects and found that the training did indeed increase compassion. Not only that, but it enhanced happiness and decreased worry. Their findings were published in February in the journal \u003ca title=\"A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11031-013-9368-z\">Motivation and Emotion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the emphasis in CCT on focusing on the suffering of oneself and others, the increases in happiness associated with CCT may seem paradoxical,” they wrote. They speculated that the boost could be due to participants learning to be simply aware of suffering, without trying to suppress it or ruminate on it. Participants are also taught to cultivate a desire to help, which might bolster their opinion of their own competence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14833\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14833 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/phones-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"Hands holding phones\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technology has tremendous power to connect, not just distract (JR_Paris/\u003ca title=\"JR_Paris - Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jrparis/\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future studies could test exactly what it is about compassion that makes people happier, but the mere fact that it does is both encouragement for the future and explanation for the present. Even on the internet, the troll-creating \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Online Disinhibition Effect\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect\">online disinhibition effect\u003c/a> is not always toxic—as Suler wrote, people can also “show unusual acts of kindness and generosity, sometimes going out of their way to help others.” Ringelmann offered the example of an Indiegogo campaign to \u003ca title=\"Indiegogo - Let's Give Karen a Vacation\" href=\"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lets-give-karen-the-bus-monitor-h-klein-a-vacation--6\">give a vacation\u003c/a> to a woman who had been bullied at her job. The funding goal was exceeded a hundred times over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps one day these “internet elves” will outnumber the trolls.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Just One Dose of Many Common Medicines Can Kill a Child",
"title": "Just One Dose of Many Common Medicines Can Kill a Child",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17955\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/56492598-e1393869663329.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17955\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/56492598-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Many over-the-counter products contain acetaminophen. One dose is usually not a problem, but it's easy to lose track of how much your child is taking. An overdose can cause liver failure or death. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many over-the-counter products contain acetaminophen. One dose is usually not a problem, but it's easy to lose track of how much your child is taking. An overdose can cause liver failure or death. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Hensley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/28/283933166/just-one-dose-of-many-common-medicines-can-kill-a-child\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about drug risks have led 28 state attorneys general to ask the Food and Drug Administration to reverse its approval of Zohydro, a long-acting narcotic painkiller, before the medicine is even \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/27/us-usa-fda-zohydro-idUSBREA1Q1VT20140227\" target=\"_blank\">put on the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People often underestimate the risks of individual drugs and combinations of drugs for young children.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The risks for addiction and overdose from the potent opioid outweigh the benefits of pain relief, critics say. Some point to the risk for children, in particular. A single capsule of Zohydro \u003ca href=\"https://www.zohydroerrems.com/Portal/Content%20Library/ZO0024.1213%20-%20Zohydro%20ISI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">could kill a kid\u003c/a>, the medicine's instructions warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other opioid painkillers, such as Vicodin and Percocet, are already fixtures in America's medicine cabinets. And as the prescriptions for drugs like these have surged, so have the reports of overdoses and deaths — for children and adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opioids are just one kind of risky medicine. Doctors \u003ca href=\"http://webapps.acep.org/sa/Syllabi/SU-161.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">have a disturbingly long list of drugs\u003c/a> that can lead to the death of a child after just one or two doses.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are lots of pills that kill,\" says Dr. Cathleen Clancy, associate medical director for the National Capital Poison Center in Washington, D.C. People often underestimate the risks of individual drugs and combinations of drugs for young children, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pain Relievers Top List of Drugs that Can Poison Kids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain relievers, or analgesics, are at the top of the list of drugs that poison kids. And a single dose of codeine, morphine or methadone can end a toddler's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acetaminophen, sold generically and under the brand name Tylenol, is a popular pain reliever for children. A single dose isn't usually a problem. But an overdose can cause liver failure and death. The drug is an ingredient in many over-the-counter remedies, so it's easy to lose track of how much a child is taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acetaminophen is probably the most common ingestion of analgesics that we get called about,\" Clancy says. \"It's just overwhelmingly available. Parents will give it to their kids maybe not respecting the dosage limitations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or two pills of blood pressure medicines known as calcium channel blockers can be lethal for kids. These drugs are usually generics. Diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil are some of the common ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several different medicines to control irregular heartbeats can also be deadly. They include quinidine and procainamide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clancy says a recent poisoning case involved a 12-month-old boy who ate a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a684030.html\" target=\"_blank\">verapamil\u003c/a> tablet he found in his father's wallet. The boy was treated in the emergency room and later put in the pediatric intensive care unit. He responded well to treatment and survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Diabetes Drugs Dangerous for Kids, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some pills adults take to manage diabetes can be extremely hazardous, too, including Glucotrol, or glipizide, and chlorpropamide. Clancy noted three recent cases that involved young children getting ill after taking small doses of medicines like these. After treatment, all three children survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pills aren't the only form of medicine that can be lethal for children, Clancy says. \"One patch can kill, too,\" she says. Patches containing \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a608049.html\" target=\"_blank\">clonidine\u003c/a>, a blood pressure medicine, can be deadly. Pain patches made with fentanyl can be, too. Even nicotine patches can be hazardous, Clancy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be careful about disposing of patches where children might come across them. Used patches can still contain enough drug to do harm, if a small child sucks on them or swallows them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"9sGBsEJfkjmAX6nTXs3XIdIAJoRdDxRW\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"There are lots of pills that kill,\" says Dr. Cathleen Clancy, associate medical director for the National Capital Poison Center in Washington, D.C. People often underestimate the risks of individual drugs and combinations of drugs for young children, she says.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17955\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/56492598-e1393869663329.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17955\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/03/56492598-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"Many over-the-counter products contain acetaminophen. One dose is usually not a problem, but it's easy to lose track of how much your child is taking. An overdose can cause liver failure or death. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many over-the-counter products contain acetaminophen. One dose is usually not a problem, but it's easy to lose track of how much your child is taking. An overdose can cause liver failure or death. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Scott Hensley,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/28/283933166/just-one-dose-of-many-common-medicines-can-kill-a-child\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about drug risks have led 28 state attorneys general to ask the Food and Drug Administration to reverse its approval of Zohydro, a long-acting narcotic painkiller, before the medicine is even \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/27/us-usa-fda-zohydro-idUSBREA1Q1VT20140227\" target=\"_blank\">put on the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">People often underestimate the risks of individual drugs and combinations of drugs for young children.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The risks for addiction and overdose from the potent opioid outweigh the benefits of pain relief, critics say. Some point to the risk for children, in particular. A single capsule of Zohydro \u003ca href=\"https://www.zohydroerrems.com/Portal/Content%20Library/ZO0024.1213%20-%20Zohydro%20ISI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">could kill a kid\u003c/a>, the medicine's instructions warn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other opioid painkillers, such as Vicodin and Percocet, are already fixtures in America's medicine cabinets. And as the prescriptions for drugs like these have surged, so have the reports of overdoses and deaths — for children and adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opioids are just one kind of risky medicine. Doctors \u003ca href=\"http://webapps.acep.org/sa/Syllabi/SU-161.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">have a disturbingly long list of drugs\u003c/a> that can lead to the death of a child after just one or two doses.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are lots of pills that kill,\" says Dr. Cathleen Clancy, associate medical director for the National Capital Poison Center in Washington, D.C. People often underestimate the risks of individual drugs and combinations of drugs for young children, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pain Relievers Top List of Drugs that Can Poison Kids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain relievers, or analgesics, are at the top of the list of drugs that poison kids. And a single dose of codeine, morphine or methadone can end a toddler's life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acetaminophen, sold generically and under the brand name Tylenol, is a popular pain reliever for children. A single dose isn't usually a problem. But an overdose can cause liver failure and death. The drug is an ingredient in many over-the-counter remedies, so it's easy to lose track of how much a child is taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Acetaminophen is probably the most common ingestion of analgesics that we get called about,\" Clancy says. \"It's just overwhelmingly available. Parents will give it to their kids maybe not respecting the dosage limitations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or two pills of blood pressure medicines known as calcium channel blockers can be lethal for kids. These drugs are usually generics. Diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil are some of the common ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several different medicines to control irregular heartbeats can also be deadly. They include quinidine and procainamide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clancy says a recent poisoning case involved a 12-month-old boy who ate a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a684030.html\" target=\"_blank\">verapamil\u003c/a> tablet he found in his father's wallet. The boy was treated in the emergency room and later put in the pediatric intensive care unit. He responded well to treatment and survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Diabetes Drugs Dangerous for Kids, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some pills adults take to manage diabetes can be extremely hazardous, too, including Glucotrol, or glipizide, and chlorpropamide. Clancy noted three recent cases that involved young children getting ill after taking small doses of medicines like these. After treatment, all three children survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pills aren't the only form of medicine that can be lethal for children, Clancy says. \"One patch can kill, too,\" she says. Patches containing \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a608049.html\" target=\"_blank\">clonidine\u003c/a>, a blood pressure medicine, can be deadly. Pain patches made with fentanyl can be, too. Even nicotine patches can be hazardous, Clancy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be careful about disposing of patches where children might come across them. Used patches can still contain enough drug to do harm, if a small child sucks on them or swallows them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"9sGBsEJfkjmAX6nTXs3XIdIAJoRdDxRW\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/02/20140303science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Why seek out entirely new approaches to treating brain disease? Because the ones we have aren’t good enough, says Stanford University law professor Hank Greely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mental illness and neurological disease extract an enormous toll in human suffering as well as in dollars,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/profile/hank-greely\">Greely\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating that we haven’t made more progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the context for a growing interest in the field of “electroceuticals,” in which small jolts of electricity (about 1/200\u003csup>th \u003c/sup>of what’s used in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml\">ECT therapy\u003c/a>, in case you’re wondering) are directed toward the brain to change the way neurons fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rise of “Electroceuticals”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hundreds of studies over the last decade, scientists have looked at whether electroceuticals might, among other applications, help people with chronic pain or depression, or help them stop smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Mental illness and neurological disease extract an enormous toll in human suffering and in dollars.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/\">Institute of Medicine\u003c/a>’s Neuroscience Forum, of which Greely is a member, members decided that the field of electroceuticals, while still at an early stage, is “worth paying some attention to,” says Greely, and will be the topic of an upcoming white paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly speaking, brain stimulation techniques fall into two categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is invasive brain stimulation, in which electrodes are surgically implanted inside the brain, as a treatment, for example, for Parkinson’s disease. Non-invasive brain stimulation can be done without surgery—either with electrodes, ultrasound, or a powerful \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/17/reporters-notes-depression-advancements/\">electromagnetic coil\u003c/a>, and it includes a technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/brain_stimulation/tdcs.html\">transcranial direct current stimulation\u003c/a>, or tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s interesting about tDCS is that anyone can do it, including for reasons that have nothing to do with disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Stimulation for the Masses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the Foc.us headset, which costs about $250, is unregulated by the FDA and, according to its website, allows users to “overclock” their brains to focus better and score higher. (Foc.us didn’t respond to KQED’s requests for an interview.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14774 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jared Seehafer built a tDCS machine for about $100.\" width=\"226\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jared Seehafer built a tDCS machine for about $100.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For as little as a tenth of that price you can make your own tDCS kit, using instructions easily found on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjpJPCTytP8\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what Jared Seehafer did. The 28-year-old medical device consultant lives in San Francisco and heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Bay-Area-Brain-Hackers/\">Bay Area Brain Hackers\u003c/a> group, and made his own tDCS machine using an \u003ca href=\"http://www.arduino.cc/\">Arduino \u003c/a>kit, an LCD screen and a “couple of rudimentary buttons” hooked up to two electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s powered by one nine-volt battery, producing about 1-2 milliamps, approximately what it takes to light one small LED bulb, or about one percent of what comes out of a wall socket. It’s the same amount of electricity researchers have used in lab studies on tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such lab study inspired Seehafer to start experimenting with tDCS as a hobbyist: an experiment conducted byVince Clark, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.unm.edu/outpt/brain/neuro_lomas.shtml\">University of New Mexico’s Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in how can we take an average healthy person and improve their ability to learn something new?” explains Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the Department of Defense, Clark set up an experiment in which subjects studied a series of complicated pictures. Hidden in each was a “threatening” object, such as a suspicious package or someone with a weapon. The goal was to see how fast the subject could spot the objects, with a tDCS treatment and without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found,” says Clark, “is that the people that received a full dose of tDCS learned twice as much in the same hour of training as people that received a very low dose of tDCS, or no tDCS at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Caution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark is a big believer in tDCS. He thinks it could become a new kind of medicine with fewer side effects than drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What concerns some researchers, even those who believe tDCS may be therapeutic, is that the commercial and DIY tDCS experiments aren’t being properly controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bme.ccny.cuny.edu/people/faculty/mbikson\">Marom Bikson\u003c/a>, an associate professor of biomedical engineering at City College of New York, studies the effects of electricity on the human body. He strongly objects to the idea of tDCS devices as “playthings” that could be used constructively and safely outside of a laboratory’s strict controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are deliberate ways that people might apply electricity unsafely to themselves,” Bikson says. “There are also accidental ways. You may make a device at home, but you may not design it correctly. You may design it correctly and then you may drop it on the ground and now its performance changed. You may buy a device from a company that does not follow medical device standards,and now the performance of that device may be very random. It may—who knows what?—it may interact with your cell phone in an unpredictable way and start producing an unpredictable output. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px\">“There are just so many questions that are raised when things start to leave the rigorous environment of an academic or clinical center.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tried it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Gets the Upper Hand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14773 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/AmytDCS-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"One radio reporter + two electrodes = a telephone that looks Photoshopped. (Jared Seehafer)\" width=\"277\" height=\"368\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One radio reporter + two electrodes = a telephone that looks Photoshopped. (Jared Seehafer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After work one evening, Jared Seehafer came into KQED to show me his homemade tDCS device. Seehafer told me to put on a terrycloth headband, the kind favored by 1970s tennis players. Then he slid two padded electrodes, each attached to a white wire and moistened with saline solution, above my eyebrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, there was nothing. But then I started to feel a slight burning sensation, just beneath the electrodes. It wasn’t painful, but it stung a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few minutes, something subtler set in: a kind of visual crispness. I stared at a phone on the desk in front of me. It looked like it had been sharpened in Photoshop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible I feel more energetic?” I asked Seehafer, “a little more awake?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was very subtle. I may have been imagining it. But when Seehafer ran a placebo test on me, discreetly turning the machine off, I noticed the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, I described my experience to a couple of experts, to see whether they thought I could have been imagining it. They weren’t surprised I felt something. It’s well established that a small amount of electricity can pass through the skull and into the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s going to take many more years of strict clinical studies to see whether tDCS is a therapy that can be useful, or whether it’s just a footnote in the long history of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Why seek out entirely new approaches to treating brain disease? Because the ones we have aren’t good enough, says Stanford University law professor Hank Greely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mental illness and neurological disease extract an enormous toll in human suffering as well as in dollars,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/profile/hank-greely\">Greely\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating that we haven’t made more progress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the context for a growing interest in the field of “electroceuticals,” in which small jolts of electricity (about 1/200\u003csup>th \u003c/sup>of what’s used in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml\">ECT therapy\u003c/a>, in case you’re wondering) are directed toward the brain to change the way neurons fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rise of “Electroceuticals”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hundreds of studies over the last decade, scientists have looked at whether electroceuticals might, among other applications, help people with chronic pain or depression, or help them stop smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Mental illness and neurological disease extract an enormous toll in human suffering and in dollars.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/\">Institute of Medicine\u003c/a>’s Neuroscience Forum, of which Greely is a member, members decided that the field of electroceuticals, while still at an early stage, is “worth paying some attention to,” says Greely, and will be the topic of an upcoming white paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly speaking, brain stimulation techniques fall into two categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is invasive brain stimulation, in which electrodes are surgically implanted inside the brain, as a treatment, for example, for Parkinson’s disease. Non-invasive brain stimulation can be done without surgery—either with electrodes, ultrasound, or a powerful \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/17/reporters-notes-depression-advancements/\">electromagnetic coil\u003c/a>, and it includes a technique known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/brain_stimulation/tdcs.html\">transcranial direct current stimulation\u003c/a>, or tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s interesting about tDCS is that anyone can do it, including for reasons that have nothing to do with disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Stimulation for the Masses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the Foc.us headset, which costs about $250, is unregulated by the FDA and, according to its website, allows users to “overclock” their brains to focus better and score higher. (Foc.us didn’t respond to KQED’s requests for an interview.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 226px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14774 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/photo-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Jared Seehafer built a tDCS machine for about $100.\" width=\"226\" height=\"301\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jared Seehafer built a tDCS machine for about $100.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For as little as a tenth of that price you can make your own tDCS kit, using instructions easily found on \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjpJPCTytP8\">YouTube\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what Jared Seehafer did. The 28-year-old medical device consultant lives in San Francisco and heads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Bay-Area-Brain-Hackers/\">Bay Area Brain Hackers\u003c/a> group, and made his own tDCS machine using an \u003ca href=\"http://www.arduino.cc/\">Arduino \u003c/a>kit, an LCD screen and a “couple of rudimentary buttons” hooked up to two electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s powered by one nine-volt battery, producing about 1-2 milliamps, approximately what it takes to light one small LED bulb, or about one percent of what comes out of a wall socket. It’s the same amount of electricity researchers have used in lab studies on tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such lab study inspired Seehafer to start experimenting with tDCS as a hobbyist: an experiment conducted byVince Clark, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.unm.edu/outpt/brain/neuro_lomas.shtml\">University of New Mexico’s Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in how can we take an average healthy person and improve their ability to learn something new?” explains Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With funding from the Department of Defense, Clark set up an experiment in which subjects studied a series of complicated pictures. Hidden in each was a “threatening” object, such as a suspicious package or someone with a weapon. The goal was to see how fast the subject could spot the objects, with a tDCS treatment and without it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we found,” says Clark, “is that the people that received a full dose of tDCS learned twice as much in the same hour of training as people that received a very low dose of tDCS, or no tDCS at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Caution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark is a big believer in tDCS. He thinks it could become a new kind of medicine with fewer side effects than drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What concerns some researchers, even those who believe tDCS may be therapeutic, is that the commercial and DIY tDCS experiments aren’t being properly controlled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bme.ccny.cuny.edu/people/faculty/mbikson\">Marom Bikson\u003c/a>, an associate professor of biomedical engineering at City College of New York, studies the effects of electricity on the human body. He strongly objects to the idea of tDCS devices as “playthings” that could be used constructively and safely outside of a laboratory’s strict controls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are deliberate ways that people might apply electricity unsafely to themselves,” Bikson says. “There are also accidental ways. You may make a device at home, but you may not design it correctly. You may design it correctly and then you may drop it on the ground and now its performance changed. You may buy a device from a company that does not follow medical device standards,and now the performance of that device may be very random. It may—who knows what?—it may interact with your cell phone in an unpredictable way and start producing an unpredictable output. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px\">“There are just so many questions that are raised when things start to leave the rigorous environment of an academic or clinical center.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I tried it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Gets the Upper Hand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-14773 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/AmytDCS-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"One radio reporter + two electrodes = a telephone that looks Photoshopped. (Jared Seehafer)\" width=\"277\" height=\"368\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One radio reporter + two electrodes = a telephone that looks Photoshopped. (Jared Seehafer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After work one evening, Jared Seehafer came into KQED to show me his homemade tDCS device. Seehafer told me to put on a terrycloth headband, the kind favored by 1970s tennis players. Then he slid two padded electrodes, each attached to a white wire and moistened with saline solution, above my eyebrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, there was nothing. But then I started to feel a slight burning sensation, just beneath the electrodes. It wasn’t painful, but it stung a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few minutes, something subtler set in: a kind of visual crispness. I stared at a phone on the desk in front of me. It looked like it had been sharpened in Photoshop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is it possible I feel more energetic?” I asked Seehafer, “a little more awake?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was very subtle. I may have been imagining it. But when Seehafer ran a placebo test on me, discreetly turning the machine off, I noticed the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, I described my experience to a couple of experts, to see whether they thought I could have been imagining it. They weren’t surprised I felt something. It’s well established that a small amount of electricity can pass through the skull and into the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/dannynic/8407037563/sizes/l/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17920\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/8407037563_11bbebbee2_b-640x470.jpg\" alt=\"Many processed foods, including bottled tomato sauce, have added sugars, which would be required under the proposed label. (Danny Nicholson/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many processed foods, including bottled tomato sauce, have added sugars, which would be required under the proposed label. (Danny Nicholson/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Allison Aubrey,\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/02/27/283055089/first-look-the-fdas-nutrition-label-gets-a-makeover\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ready for a reality check about how many calories you're eating or drinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed new nutrition facts panel may help.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"I've been hoping for years that the FDA would list added sugars,\" -- Marion Nestle, NYU Nutrition Professor \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Obama administration Thursday released its proposed tweaks to the iconic black and white panel that we're all accustomed to seeing on food packages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most visible change is that calorie counts are bigger and bolder — to give them greater emphasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, serving sizes start to reflect the way most of us really eat. Take, for example, ice cream. The current serving size is a half-cup. But who eats that little?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed new label, the serving size would become 1 cup. So, when you scoop a bowl of mint chocolate chip, the calorie count that you see on the label will probably be much closer to what you're actually eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example: A 20-ounce bottle of soda would be labeled as one serving. And with that, the calorie count at the top would come closer to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another significant change: The new panel will include a separate line for added sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is aimed at helping consumers distinguish between the sugars that are naturally found in foods (such as the sugar in raisins found in cereal) from the refined sugars that \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/sugar-shockers-foods-surprisingly-high-in-sugar\" target=\"_blank\">food manufacturers add to their products\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been hoping for years that the FDA would list added sugars,\" Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition at New York University, tells us. \"I definitely think it's helpful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we've reported, there's a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/04/sugar-is-a-risk-for-heart-disease-too/\" target=\"_blank\">solid body of evidence\u003c/a> linking excessive sugar consumption to an increased risk of heart disease and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the intent here, senior administration officials say, is to help cue Americans to consume less of it. Despite industry opposition to the listing of added sugars, officials say they're confident the science is strong enough to justify adding it to the label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-27-at-10.55.04-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17917\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-27-at-10.55.04-AM-640x553.png\" alt=\"Proposed new food label from the Food and Drug Administration. \" width=\"640\" height=\"553\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed new food label from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"xMOBk5ALaPzOtje43iBVRVTPGrSv2FkY\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, serving sizes start to reflect the way most of us really eat. Take, for example, ice cream. The current serving size is a half-cup. But who eats that little?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the proposed new label, the serving size would become 1 cup. So, when you scoop a bowl of mint chocolate chip, the calorie count that you see on the label will probably be much closer to what you're actually eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another example: A 20-ounce bottle of soda would be labeled as one serving. And with that, the calorie count at the top would come closer to reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another significant change: The new panel will include a separate line for added sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is aimed at helping consumers distinguish between the sugars that are naturally found in foods (such as the sugar in raisins found in cereal) from the refined sugars that \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/sugar-shockers-foods-surprisingly-high-in-sugar\" target=\"_blank\">food manufacturers add to their products\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been hoping for years that the FDA would list added sugars,\" Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition at New York University, tells us. \"I definitely think it's helpful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we've reported, there's a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/02/04/sugar-is-a-risk-for-heart-disease-too/\" target=\"_blank\">solid body of evidence\u003c/a> linking excessive sugar consumption to an increased risk of heart disease and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the intent here, senior administration officials say, is to help cue Americans to consume less of it. Despite industry opposition to the listing of added sugars, officials say they're confident the science is strong enough to justify adding it to the label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-27-at-10.55.04-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17917\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/Screen-Shot-2014-02-27-at-10.55.04-AM-640x553.png\" alt=\"Proposed new food label from the Food and Drug Administration. \" width=\"640\" height=\"553\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed new food label from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"xMOBk5ALaPzOtje43iBVRVTPGrSv2FkY\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Insufficient Evidence' That Vitamins Prevent Heart Disease, Cancer",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16791\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/12/146873360-e1387392461923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16791\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/12/146873360-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Brittany Patterson\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toss those vitamin bottles and instead opt for a well-balanced diet if you’re looking to prevent heart disease or cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released\u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1832969\" target=\"_blank\"> new recommendations\u003c/a> Monday regarding both multivitamins and certain supplements -- and their potential to help prevent heart disease and cancer. The task force \"concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms\" of the use of multivitamins, vitamins, minerals and other dietary supplements to prevent heart disease or cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force is, however, recommending against use of beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential to know that science has told us something — vitamin E and beta-carotene, they don’t work and sometimes cause harm,” said Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, a cardiovascular epidemiologist at UC San Francisco and member of the task force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations apply to healthy adults ages 50 and older who do not have any special nutritional needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The task force, a 16-member volunteer panel of national experts in prevention that makes evidence-based recommendations about preventive services -- including screenings and medications -- examined recent studies and found mostly inconclusive evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For vitamin E they found no net preventive benefit, but for beta-carotene the research showed increased risk for lung cancer in some people, including those who smoke or are exposed to asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year. Nearly as many people die of all forms of cancer combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vitamin and supplement use has been on the rise in the United States. In 2011, the CDC reported that more than half of adult Americans take at least one dietary supplement, such as multivitamins, minerals and herbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Bibbins-Domingo, some vitamins are essential for certain biological processes in the body, and researchers are examining how some of them, such as antioxidants, might have protective qualities. But, she said, the research hasn’t shown these nutrients work when people take them as individual supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new recommendation is an update to one the task force \u003ca href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsvita.htm\" target=\"_blank\">initially made in 200\u003c/a>3. The panel has the option to revisit its stance on issues every five years if new evidence is available, Bibbins-Domingo said. In this case new studies had been done, but the evidence was still not enough to make a recommendation either way for most supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free and low-fat dairy products and seafood has been associated with a reduced risk of heart disease and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking supplements because you want to prevent heart disease and cancer, there’s just not enough evidence,” she said. “If your goal is to prevent heart disease and cancer, a healthy, balanced diet is the way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"VNNUDz7ewE2xWSLBN7AcBnOBBgYIQjUU\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released new recommendations Monday regarding both multivitamins and certain supplements -- and their potential to help prevent heart disease and cancer. The Task Force \"concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms\" of the use of multivitamins, vitamins, minerals and other dietary supplements to prevent heart disease or cancer.\r\n\r\nThe task force is, however, recommending against use of beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements.",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14402\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/2884290734_117bd229a4_z_Flicr_BeauB_640x360.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14402\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/2884290734_117bd229a4_z_Flicr_BeauB_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"boxes of diet Coke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/beaub/2884290734/in/photolist-5oSK9A-7nJwi9-2pHvP-5uVq1B-6N7jRe-5pyPQz-c5ktyS-dhCCwo-b7zY3F-9VugRz-bpezoo-7z7t7y-nvQrH-JoVHB-84crLV-84crSK-84csbB-4mDSW3-aXzpmp-4tSNkx-2dJp8x-U3CSV-954wK9-dEsdJk-8vfSUE-5suBQJ-6Y7tMT-9oCEpf-9ebAJT-cGjYCE-5A37AF-9otNx-93j8Qy-8WdwNS-9BkrgN-4Z1YZc-jouM4-4HkJej-5wcpjG-4KRUMV-8iUNb7-8WatoV-6yAwwd-6QNsyE-k4NNQ-5xEPgM-2LZqmF-dGAKPM-8peCky-bFfn33-bUahJr/lightbox/\">Beau B\u003c/a>/Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soda, sports drinks and energy drinks are loaded with sugar and empty calories. Soda is the \u003ca title=\"Rethink Your Drink\" href=\"http://www.sccgov.org/sites/sccphd/en-us/residents/rethinkyourdrink/Pages/default.aspx\">number one source\u003c/a> of added sugar in the American diet, which isn’t surprising since a 20 ounce bottle of soda contains about 17 teaspoons of sugar. So it makes sense that overweight people often turn to diet drinks to help them slim down. But recent research suggests that this weight-loss tactic may backfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health studied the patterns in diet drink consumption and calorie intake among US adults of various body-weight categories. Their results were \u003ca title=\"American Journal of Public Health journal article\" href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556\">recently published\u003c/a> in the peer-reviewed American Journal of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They analyzed data obtained from the \u003ca title=\"NHANES\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> (NHANES), which is a population-based survey designed to collect information on the health and nutrition of the US population. The researchers used the NHANES data collected from 1999 through 2010. The study sample consisted of 23,965 adults who reported all of the food and beverages that they had consumed in the previous 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults. Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. This suggests that overweight and obese people may indeed switch to diet drinks to reduce their calorie intake when trying to control or reduce their weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the researchers also found that the overweight and obese diet drinkers made up the calories by eating significantly more food during meals and snacks, in comparison to overweight and obese adults who drank sugar-sweetened beverages. The net increase in daily food consumption associated with diet drink consumption was 88 calories for overweight and 194 calories for obese adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, healthy-weight diet drinkers ate fewer food calories – 73 less calories per day – than their counterparts who drank sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High doses of artificial sweeteners are found in diet drinks. \u003ca title=\"Physiol. Behav. journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465626/\">Earlier research\u003c/a> found that the regular consumption of these artificial sweeteners alters the reward a person experiences from sweet tastes and disrupts appetite control. This could explain why the heavy adults who drank diet beverages ate more food calories. But it doesn’t explain why this wasn’t the case for healthy-weight diet drinkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research is needed to understand both the biological and psychological response to regularly drinking diet beverages with artificial sweeteners. But it is clear that you aren’t going to drop pants sizes by simply switching from Coke to Diet Coke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heavier adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce their consumption of solid-food calories to lose weight,” \u003ca title=\"American Journal of Public Health journal article\" href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556\">concluded\u003c/a> the Johns Hopkins researchers. “More research is needed to identify and promote concrete behavioral targets.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many overweight people switch to diet drinks to reduce their calorie intake. Unfortunately, they make up the calories by eating significantly more food during meals and snacks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14402\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/2884290734_117bd229a4_z_Flicr_BeauB_640x360.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-14402\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/2884290734_117bd229a4_z_Flicr_BeauB_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"boxes of diet Coke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/beaub/2884290734/in/photolist-5oSK9A-7nJwi9-2pHvP-5uVq1B-6N7jRe-5pyPQz-c5ktyS-dhCCwo-b7zY3F-9VugRz-bpezoo-7z7t7y-nvQrH-JoVHB-84crLV-84crSK-84csbB-4mDSW3-aXzpmp-4tSNkx-2dJp8x-U3CSV-954wK9-dEsdJk-8vfSUE-5suBQJ-6Y7tMT-9oCEpf-9ebAJT-cGjYCE-5A37AF-9otNx-93j8Qy-8WdwNS-9BkrgN-4Z1YZc-jouM4-4HkJej-5wcpjG-4KRUMV-8iUNb7-8WatoV-6yAwwd-6QNsyE-k4NNQ-5xEPgM-2LZqmF-dGAKPM-8peCky-bFfn33-bUahJr/lightbox/\">Beau B\u003c/a>/Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soda, sports drinks and energy drinks are loaded with sugar and empty calories. Soda is the \u003ca title=\"Rethink Your Drink\" href=\"http://www.sccgov.org/sites/sccphd/en-us/residents/rethinkyourdrink/Pages/default.aspx\">number one source\u003c/a> of added sugar in the American diet, which isn’t surprising since a 20 ounce bottle of soda contains about 17 teaspoons of sugar. So it makes sense that overweight people often turn to diet drinks to help them slim down. But recent research suggests that this weight-loss tactic may backfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health studied the patterns in diet drink consumption and calorie intake among US adults of various body-weight categories. Their results were \u003ca title=\"American Journal of Public Health journal article\" href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556\">recently published\u003c/a> in the peer-reviewed American Journal of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They analyzed data obtained from the \u003ca title=\"NHANES\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> (NHANES), which is a population-based survey designed to collect information on the health and nutrition of the US population. The researchers used the NHANES data collected from 1999 through 2010. The study sample consisted of 23,965 adults who reported all of the food and beverages that they had consumed in the previous 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults. Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. This suggests that overweight and obese people may indeed switch to diet drinks to reduce their calorie intake when trying to control or reduce their weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the researchers also found that the overweight and obese diet drinkers made up the calories by eating significantly more food during meals and snacks, in comparison to overweight and obese adults who drank sugar-sweetened beverages. The net increase in daily food consumption associated with diet drink consumption was 88 calories for overweight and 194 calories for obese adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In comparison, healthy-weight diet drinkers ate fewer food calories – 73 less calories per day – than their counterparts who drank sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High doses of artificial sweeteners are found in diet drinks. \u003ca title=\"Physiol. Behav. journal article\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465626/\">Earlier research\u003c/a> found that the regular consumption of these artificial sweeteners alters the reward a person experiences from sweet tastes and disrupts appetite control. This could explain why the heavy adults who drank diet beverages ate more food calories. But it doesn’t explain why this wasn’t the case for healthy-weight diet drinkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research is needed to understand both the biological and psychological response to regularly drinking diet beverages with artificial sweeteners. But it is clear that you aren’t going to drop pants sizes by simply switching from Coke to Diet Coke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heavier adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce their consumption of solid-food calories to lose weight,” \u003ca title=\"American Journal of Public Health journal article\" href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556\">concluded\u003c/a> the Johns Hopkins researchers. “More research is needed to identify and promote concrete behavioral targets.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "HPV Vaccine Prevents Cancer, Yet Parents Slow To Make Sure Kids Get It",
"title": "HPV Vaccine Prevents Cancer, Yet Parents Slow To Make Sure Kids Get It",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/vcucns/6792819478/sizes/l/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17815 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/6792819478_ce19ec1b85_b-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Studies show the HPV vaccine is highly protective, but as many as two-thirds of 11 and 12-year-old girls don't get it. (Art Writ/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show the HPV vaccine is highly protective, but as many as two-thirds of 11 and 12-year-old girls don't get it. (Art Writ/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Patti Neighmond\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/19/279609708/parents-and-teens-arent-up-to-speed-on-hpv-risks-doctors-say\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would think that a vaccine that could prevent cancer would be an easy sell, but that's hasn't proven to be true so far with the vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is a vaccine that protects against cancer; what could be better than that?\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just 33 percent of girls and less than 7 percent of boys in the U.S. have gotten all three recommended doses of the vaccine to protect against the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm\" target=\"_blank\">human papillomavirus\u003c/a>, which causes cervical and other cancers. Compare that to the tiny African nation of Rwanda, where \u003ca href=\"www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/8/BLT-11-097253-table-T1.html\" target=\"_blank\">more than 90 percent\u003c/a> of sixth-grade girls were vaccinated in 2011, or Australia, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2032\" target=\"_blank\">73 percent \u003c/a>of 12- and 13-year-old girls have gotten all three vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a vaccine that protects against cancer; what could be better than that?\" asks Shannon Stokley, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She and other public health officials are trying to figure out the best ways to persuade American teenagers and preteens to get the HPV vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The argument for it is simple: HPV is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/whatishpv.html\" target=\"_blank\">most common\u003c/a> sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV viruses are harmless. But a few types can cause cervical, anal and penile cancer, as well as genital warts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know who is going to develop cancer or who will clear infection,\" Stokley says, \"which is why it's so critical to protect adolescents with the vaccine long before they're ever exposed to the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hpv-gardasil.html\">recommends\u003c/a> that the first of three HPV vaccine doses be given to children when they turn 11 or 12. A second dose is given about one month later, with a third and final dose within six months. HPV vaccine has been recommended for routine vaccination for girls since 2006 and for boys since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.idsociety.org/2013_HPV_Vaccine/\">CDC study\u003c/a> found HPV prevalence was reduced by 56 percent among teenage girls between the ages of 14 and 19 who were vaccinated, suggesting the vaccine is highly protective. But as many as two thirds of 11- and 12-year-old girls don't get the HPV vaccine when they are at the doctor getting other vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one quarter of parents say they don't plan on getting their daughters vaccinated in the next year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6229a4.htm\">survey\u003c/a> published in July 2013 by the CDC. The most common reasons parents gave were thinking that the vaccine wasn't necessary (19.1 percent); the doctor didn't recommend it (14.2 percent); and safety concerns (13.1 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies to date have shown no significant safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are logistical issues. In countries like Australia and Rwanda with high rates of coverage, children are vaccinated at school. In the U.S., parents have to take children to a doctor or clinic three times to get all three shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger kids routinely go to a doctor for well child visits, but teenagers typically don't see a doctor regularly. And Stokley says \"doctors may feel uncomfortable\" talking about a vaccine that protects against sexually transmitted disease with teens or with parents of kids as young as 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that one-fifth of parents think the vaccine isn't necessary shows that doctors have to be more vigilant in recommending the HPV vaccine, says Dr. Jeffrey Duchin. He is chief of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology & Immunization Section at the Seattle & King County Department of Public Health. \"Our research showed that parents did not have a lot of knowledge about how widespread HPV was, how readily it was transmitted, how easy it is to acquire and also about the severity of illness it can cause,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often mistakenly think the vaccine is targeted at teens who are sexually active, which Duchin says is simply not true. \"Once you become sexually active, you can acquire HPV infection quite readily. The entire strategy is based on protecting kids before they get infected, just like it is with all our other vaccine preventable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier in February, the \u003ca href=\"http://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualReports/HPV/ExecutiveSummary.htm#sthash.acdO8QX4.3kLUVmTo.dpbs\">President's Cancer Panel\u003c/a> said that more need to be done to get the public educated about HPV and cancer. The panel also called for more efforts by health care providers to recommend and give vaccines, and to make sure the vaccines are available where teenagers get their health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Convenience is key, Duchin says. And that may include offering the HPV vaccine in school-based health clinics, or at pharmacies, similar to the flu vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"YKhgJlz1h9Hz9yGeIIPqNu1SOz9EU5SN\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You would think that a vaccine that could prevent cancer would be an easy sell, but that's hasn't proven to be true so far with the vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.\r\n\r\nJust 33 percent of girls and less than 7 percent of boys in the U.S. have gotten all three recommended doses of the vaccine to protect against the human papillomavirus, which causes cervical and other cancers. Compare that to the tiny African nation of Rwanda, where more than 90 percent of sixth-grade girls were vaccinated in 2011.",
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"description": "You would think that a vaccine that could prevent cancer would be an easy sell, but that's hasn't proven to be true so far with the vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.\r\n\r\nJust 33 percent of girls and less than 7 percent of boys in the U.S. have gotten all three recommended doses of the vaccine to protect against the human papillomavirus, which causes cervical and other cancers. Compare that to the tiny African nation of Rwanda, where more than 90 percent of sixth-grade girls were vaccinated in 2011.",
"title": "HPV Vaccine Prevents Cancer, Yet Parents Slow To Make Sure Kids Get It | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17815\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/vcucns/6792819478/sizes/l/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-17815 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/6792819478_ce19ec1b85_b-640x425.jpg\" alt=\"Studies show the HPV vaccine is highly protective, but as many as two-thirds of 11 and 12-year-old girls don't get it. (Art Writ/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show the HPV vaccine is highly protective, but as many as two-thirds of 11 and 12-year-old girls don't get it. (Art Writ/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Patti Neighmond\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/19/279609708/parents-and-teens-arent-up-to-speed-on-hpv-risks-doctors-say\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You would think that a vaccine that could prevent cancer would be an easy sell, but that's hasn't proven to be true so far with the vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is a vaccine that protects against cancer; what could be better than that?\" \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just 33 percent of girls and less than 7 percent of boys in the U.S. have gotten all three recommended doses of the vaccine to protect against the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm\" target=\"_blank\">human papillomavirus\u003c/a>, which causes cervical and other cancers. Compare that to the tiny African nation of Rwanda, where \u003ca href=\"www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/8/BLT-11-097253-table-T1.html\" target=\"_blank\">more than 90 percent\u003c/a> of sixth-grade girls were vaccinated in 2011, or Australia, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2032\" target=\"_blank\">73 percent \u003c/a>of 12- and 13-year-old girls have gotten all three vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a vaccine that protects against cancer; what could be better than that?\" asks Shannon Stokley, an epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She and other public health officials are trying to figure out the best ways to persuade American teenagers and preteens to get the HPV vaccine.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The argument for it is simple: HPV is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/whatishpv.html\" target=\"_blank\">most common\u003c/a> sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV viruses are harmless. But a few types can cause cervical, anal and penile cancer, as well as genital warts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know who is going to develop cancer or who will clear infection,\" Stokley says, \"which is why it's so critical to protect adolescents with the vaccine long before they're ever exposed to the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hpv-gardasil.html\">recommends\u003c/a> that the first of three HPV vaccine doses be given to children when they turn 11 or 12. A second dose is given about one month later, with a third and final dose within six months. HPV vaccine has been recommended for routine vaccination for girls since 2006 and for boys since 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.idsociety.org/2013_HPV_Vaccine/\">CDC study\u003c/a> found HPV prevalence was reduced by 56 percent among teenage girls between the ages of 14 and 19 who were vaccinated, suggesting the vaccine is highly protective. But as many as two thirds of 11- and 12-year-old girls don't get the HPV vaccine when they are at the doctor getting other vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one quarter of parents say they don't plan on getting their daughters vaccinated in the next year, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6229a4.htm\">survey\u003c/a> published in July 2013 by the CDC. The most common reasons parents gave were thinking that the vaccine wasn't necessary (19.1 percent); the doctor didn't recommend it (14.2 percent); and safety concerns (13.1 percent).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies to date have shown no significant safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are logistical issues. In countries like Australia and Rwanda with high rates of coverage, children are vaccinated at school. In the U.S., parents have to take children to a doctor or clinic three times to get all three shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger kids routinely go to a doctor for well child visits, but teenagers typically don't see a doctor regularly. And Stokley says \"doctors may feel uncomfortable\" talking about a vaccine that protects against sexually transmitted disease with teens or with parents of kids as young as 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that one-fifth of parents think the vaccine isn't necessary shows that doctors have to be more vigilant in recommending the HPV vaccine, says Dr. Jeffrey Duchin. He is chief of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology & Immunization Section at the Seattle & King County Department of Public Health. \"Our research showed that parents did not have a lot of knowledge about how widespread HPV was, how readily it was transmitted, how easy it is to acquire and also about the severity of illness it can cause,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often mistakenly think the vaccine is targeted at teens who are sexually active, which Duchin says is simply not true. \"Once you become sexually active, you can acquire HPV infection quite readily. The entire strategy is based on protecting kids before they get infected, just like it is with all our other vaccine preventable diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier in February, the \u003ca href=\"http://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualReports/HPV/ExecutiveSummary.htm#sthash.acdO8QX4.3kLUVmTo.dpbs\">President's Cancer Panel\u003c/a> said that more need to be done to get the public educated about HPV and cancer. The panel also called for more efforts by health care providers to recommend and give vaccines, and to make sure the vaccines are available where teenagers get their health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Convenience is key, Duchin says. And that may include offering the HPV vaccine in school-based health clinics, or at pharmacies, similar to the flu vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"YKhgJlz1h9Hz9yGeIIPqNu1SOz9EU5SN\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ticks in the Bay Area Can Carry Lyme Disease - and That's Not All",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14435\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/ticks_news.jpg\" alt=\"Western black-legged ticks can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease and other pathogens. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western black-legged ticks can carry pathogens including the bacteria that cause Lyme Disease. (Ervic Aquino/Stanford)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Contrary to a common misconception, ticks in the Bay Area \u003cem>can\u003c/em> carry the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease. And it turns out local ticks carry another disease that can make you sick, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease. It’s more common in the Midwest and the Northeast where, in some places, more than 30 percent of ticks carry it. In the Bay Area, it’s closer to two percent, according to a new study. And the \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668_article.htm\">study\u003c/a>, published in the journal Emerging Infectious Disease by Stanford researcher Dan Salkeld, turned up another bacteria just as often: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/miyamotoi.html\">Borrelia miyamotoi\u003c/a>, which causes similar symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the big surprise for us,” said Salkeld. “I think there were a couple studies that found miyamotoi in California before — one in Tilden Park and one up in Mendocino County — but we were quite surprised by how frequently you could find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salkeld collected and tested ticks from \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/3/13-0668-t1.htm\">18 parks\u003c/a> around the Bay Area. The collection was decidedly low-tech: Salkeld, with help from Stanford students and local volunteers, dragged blankets around and let the ticks hop on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no known cases of the disease caused by miyamotoi in California, according to Salkeld, but, he said, that may be because doctors haven’t known to look for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It’s) a big cause for humility that we don’t always know what’s in the backyard,” he said. Miyamotoi was just diagnosed as a human pathogen in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/18/new-deer-tick-disease-borrelia-miyamotoi_n_2499581.html\">last year\u003c/a>. “Although ticks are disgusting in almost every way, it is quite amazing to realize that we’re just looking at the tip of an iceberg in terms of what we know about pathogens in wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Contrary to a common misconception, ticks in the Bay Area can carry the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease. And it turns out local ticks carry another pathogen that can make you sick, too. ",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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