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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists suspect an outbreak of the Zika virus is behind a surge in a rare birth defect in Brazil. But how are they going to prove it?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\n\"The simple presence of the virus doesn't mean it caused the birth defect. It means there's a probability.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Authorities in the South American country were quick to make the link last fall. The health minister last week said he was \"absolutely sure\" that the mosquito-borne virus is a cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others aren't so certain. While the evidence has been mounting, so far it is circumstantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The simple presence of the virus doesn't mean it caused the birth defect. It means there's a probability,\" said Dr. Arnold Monto, a University of Michigan epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation is still in its early stages. It began after Brazilian doctors noticed an increase last fall in babies with a birth defect called microcephaly, which has a number of causes. The cases closely followed the country's first outbreak of the tropical virus Zika, which was thought to cause no more than a mild illness that clears up in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microcephaly hadn't been seen in past Zika outbreaks. Babies with the condition have a smaller than normal head and often have a smaller brain that hasn't developed properly. Lab tests have detected the virus in the brain tissue of a few babies with microcephaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving the cause is a bit like prosecuting a murder investigation, with Zika as the apparent killer but a lot of unanswered questions, said Dr. Ernesto Marques, a University of Pittsburgh microbiologist who is collaborating with Brazilian researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What you have so far, the victim is there, and you find a person right there that has a smoking gun in his hand,\" Marques said. \"But you still need to close the deal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation poses special challenges. There's currently no good animal substitute for humans to study the virus. And it's not considered ethical to infect people, especially pregnant women, in an experiment to see what happens — not when there seems to be a real chance that a volunteer could be seriously harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers are turning to other kinds of studies to try to establish whether Zika or some other factor is causing the birth defect or, also, a paralyzing condition called Guillain-Barre. Five Latin America countries with Zika outbreaks are reporting an uptick in that condition in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is quick-and-dirty research called a case-control study, which looks back in time after an illness or condition has occurred. For the birth defect research, that means recruiting a group of women with babies born with microcephaly and trying to sort out what may have happened during their pregnancy to spark the condition. For comparison, they will query women whose infants don't have the birth defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is involved in one such a study set to start next week in the Brazilian state of Paraiba. It will focus on 100 babies with microcephaly and at least 100 more without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators will take blood samples from the mothers to check for signs of an earlier Zika infection. They also will ask not only about Zika infections but other possible factors, like other germs or poisons in the environment. Some experts suggest that perhaps Zika needs an accomplice — like malnutrition or an infection with another tropical illness like dengue — to cause serious problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar study, led by Brazil, is investigating 200 babies with microcephaly and 400 without. Results are due in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That will be the first one to tell us if there's strong evidence,\" Dr. Marcos Espinal of the Pan American Health Organization told reporters Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC was in the coastal city of Salvador last month to help health officials with another look-back study, this one targeting Guillain-Barre. They tested 40 people who had the condition, and 80 people who didn't, said Dr. James Sejvar, who led the CDC team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such studies are hardly perfect. People often have trouble remembering every detail from six months ago — for example, when they might have been bitten by mosquitoes, the primary source of Zika infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these studies can sort out potential causes, experts say they need to be confirmed with research that follows people forward. Colombia, for example, will be following 2,000 Zika-infected pregnant women to see what happens with them and their pregnancies, Espinal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Brazil, Zika's possible link to microcephaly emerged in September, when a spike in babies born with the condition got the attention of Dr. Vanessa van der Linden, a pediatric neurologist at a hospital in northeast Recife that works with disabled children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Van der Linden and other doctors looked for the usual causes of microcephaly, such as toxoplasmosis, rubella, HIV, and cytomegalovirus. None were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the mothers had something in common: blotches and skin rashes early in their pregnancies that seemed consistent with Zika. That was the genesis of the link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all been difficult to sort out, though, because Brazil wasn't keeping good track of microcephaly cases before Zika arrived. They're still determining how many of the reported cases are really microcephaly and involve a Zika infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the puzzling questions facing researchers: Why have so many severe health problems been reported in Brazil, but comparatively few in other Latin America or Caribbean countries with Zika? Will we soon see similar spikes elsewhere, or is the Brazilian setting somehow unique?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials are closely watching Colombia, which had a Zika outbreak after Brazil and so far has not seen a spike in microcephaly cases. If there is, it would be apparent by June and would help finger Zika as the culprit, Espinal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a combination of studies and laboratory evidence to finally determine if Zika is the villain it appears to be, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to be solved,\" said Dr. Farrah Mateen, a Harvard researcher. \"It's just a matter of doing the research in the right way.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists suspect an outbreak of the Zika virus is behind a surge in a rare birth defect in Brazil. But how are they going to prove it?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\n\"The simple presence of the virus doesn't mean it caused the birth defect. It means there's a probability.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Authorities in the South American country were quick to make the link last fall. The health minister last week said he was \"absolutely sure\" that the mosquito-borne virus is a cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others aren't so certain. While the evidence has been mounting, so far it is circumstantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The simple presence of the virus doesn't mean it caused the birth defect. It means there's a probability,\" said Dr. Arnold Monto, a University of Michigan epidemiologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation is still in its early stages. It began after Brazilian doctors noticed an increase last fall in babies with a birth defect called microcephaly, which has a number of causes. The cases closely followed the country's first outbreak of the tropical virus Zika, which was thought to cause no more than a mild illness that clears up in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microcephaly hadn't been seen in past Zika outbreaks. Babies with the condition have a smaller than normal head and often have a smaller brain that hasn't developed properly. Lab tests have detected the virus in the brain tissue of a few babies with microcephaly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proving the cause is a bit like prosecuting a murder investigation, with Zika as the apparent killer but a lot of unanswered questions, said Dr. Ernesto Marques, a University of Pittsburgh microbiologist who is collaborating with Brazilian researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What you have so far, the victim is there, and you find a person right there that has a smoking gun in his hand,\" Marques said. \"But you still need to close the deal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation poses special challenges. There's currently no good animal substitute for humans to study the virus. And it's not considered ethical to infect people, especially pregnant women, in an experiment to see what happens — not when there seems to be a real chance that a volunteer could be seriously harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers are turning to other kinds of studies to try to establish whether Zika or some other factor is causing the birth defect or, also, a paralyzing condition called Guillain-Barre. Five Latin America countries with Zika outbreaks are reporting an uptick in that condition in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One method is quick-and-dirty research called a case-control study, which looks back in time after an illness or condition has occurred. For the birth defect research, that means recruiting a group of women with babies born with microcephaly and trying to sort out what may have happened during their pregnancy to spark the condition. For comparison, they will query women whose infants don't have the birth defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is involved in one such a study set to start next week in the Brazilian state of Paraiba. It will focus on 100 babies with microcephaly and at least 100 more without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators will take blood samples from the mothers to check for signs of an earlier Zika infection. They also will ask not only about Zika infections but other possible factors, like other germs or poisons in the environment. Some experts suggest that perhaps Zika needs an accomplice — like malnutrition or an infection with another tropical illness like dengue — to cause serious problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar study, led by Brazil, is investigating 200 babies with microcephaly and 400 without. Results are due in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That will be the first one to tell us if there's strong evidence,\" Dr. Marcos Espinal of the Pan American Health Organization told reporters Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC was in the coastal city of Salvador last month to help health officials with another look-back study, this one targeting Guillain-Barre. They tested 40 people who had the condition, and 80 people who didn't, said Dr. James Sejvar, who led the CDC team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such studies are hardly perfect. People often have trouble remembering every detail from six months ago — for example, when they might have been bitten by mosquitoes, the primary source of Zika infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these studies can sort out potential causes, experts say they need to be confirmed with research that follows people forward. Colombia, for example, will be following 2,000 Zika-infected pregnant women to see what happens with them and their pregnancies, Espinal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Brazil, Zika's possible link to microcephaly emerged in September, when a spike in babies born with the condition got the attention of Dr. Vanessa van der Linden, a pediatric neurologist at a hospital in northeast Recife that works with disabled children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Van der Linden and other doctors looked for the usual causes of microcephaly, such as toxoplasmosis, rubella, HIV, and cytomegalovirus. None were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of the mothers had something in common: blotches and skin rashes early in their pregnancies that seemed consistent with Zika. That was the genesis of the link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all been difficult to sort out, though, because Brazil wasn't keeping good track of microcephaly cases before Zika arrived. They're still determining how many of the reported cases are really microcephaly and involve a Zika infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the puzzling questions facing researchers: Why have so many severe health problems been reported in Brazil, but comparatively few in other Latin America or Caribbean countries with Zika? Will we soon see similar spikes elsewhere, or is the Brazilian setting somehow unique?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials are closely watching Colombia, which had a Zika outbreak after Brazil and so far has not seen a spike in microcephaly cases. If there is, it would be apparent by June and would help finger Zika as the culprit, Espinal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take a combination of studies and laboratory evidence to finally determine if Zika is the villain it appears to be, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to be solved,\" said Dr. Farrah Mateen, a Harvard researcher. \"It's just a matter of doing the research in the right way.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As men age, they lose testosterone — which some say affects their sense of well-being and sexual function. But for healthy older men, using supplemental testosterone as a remedy has been controversial. Past studies of the supplement's use have been relatively small, and the evidence about benefits and risks has been mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"Testosterone improved sexual activity, sexual desire and improved erectile function.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now a well-designed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506119?query=TOC\">published \u003c/a>online Wednesday, in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine,\u003c/em> confirms certain benefits in sexual function and mood for some men 65 and over, at least in the first year. Though the gains were modest, and some tended to wane in the latter months of treatment, researchers say the findings are encouraging, and merit further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Bostick, a retired vocational counselor in Pittsburgh, took part in the study. Bostick loves his wife, but when he got to his 60s, he says, he'd noticed some changes in himself — a decline in his sexual drive, and a drop in his enthusiasm for trying new things at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Zx40QCllMb3bZaOUDpRHJQvphvmh63SV\"]His lack of ambition was so noticeable, he tells Shots, that he decided it was time to retire. But he still wasn't really happy. And one day, while taking a course at the University of Pittsburgh, he was drawn to a posted notice about a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I looked at the announcement,\" he says. \"I said, 'Yes, I'm 65, and yes, I feel low-energy/low-libido.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Pittsburgh was one of 12 sites nationwide that collaborated to look at the possible benefits of testosterone in older men whose levels of the hormone were below 275 ng per deciliter of blood — that's just below the wide range that many doctors consider \"normal\" for healthy, younger men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists screened more than 51,000 men who were 65 or older for their study, and from that group found 790 with low testosterone, as measured by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/04/28/306830577/test-first-before-going-for-those-testosterone-supplements\">a blood test\u003c/a>. The researchers say the study wasn't designed to get at whether the men had lost the hormone more rapidly than others, or whether they produced less testosterone to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants were given testosterone gel, and the other half a placebo gel. Until the first year of the study was over, neither the participants nor the researchers knew which men were getting the placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The testosterone concentrations in the men in this trial [who got the active treatment] were increased, on average, to just the middle of the normal range for young men,\" says endocrinologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p18180\">Dr. Peter Snyder\u003c/a>, of the University of Pennsylvania, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year, Snyder says, though the benefits were only moderate, it was clear that mood and physical activity had improved among the group that had been getting a boost of testosterone. And the biggest improvement, he says, was in sexual function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Testosterone improved sexual activity, sexual desire and improved erectile function,\" Snyder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Bostick, it turned out, was in the group assigned testosterone. He did develop a more robust libido, he says. But even more important, he adds, he felt happier. He had more energy, and his enthusiasm for trying new things — new classes, new interests — was restored. His part of the study ended two years ago, but Bostick is still taking testosterone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has suggested that increasing testosterone levels might also \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/29/268427675/popular-testosterone-therapy-may-raise-risk-of-heart-attack\">increase the risk for of heart attack\u003c/a> and stroke, or lead to prostate issues. But Snyder says, so far, his team of scientists has found no increase in adverse events among those taking the hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that doesn't mean testosterone supplements are safe to take long-term, he says. To get those answers, he says, far more research is needed — larger studies that last longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, endocrinologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-orwoll-b9283519\">Dr. Eric Orwoll\u003c/a>, with the Oregon Health And Science University, says the findings offer a bit more guidance for doctors and some patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we can be confident that there is some benefit for some men,\" Orwoll says. \"This is the first really well-designed and scientifically rigorous trial to get at the question of whether testosterone supplements provide benefit; we didn't have that information before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still don't know exactly which men might benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average participant was 72 years of age,\" Orwoll notes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1600196?query=TOC\">an editorial\u003c/a> that accompanied the journal study. \"Almost 90 percent of participants were white, most were obese, most had hypertension, more than one third had diabetes, and almost 20 percent had sleep apnea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most testosterone prescriptions these days are written for middle-aged men, Orwoll adds — not the demographic included in Snyder's study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not assume that the benefits, lack of benefits, or adverse-event profile observed in these studies would be similar in younger men, men with higher testosterone levels, or those with different demographic or clinical characteristics,\" Orwoll writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supplement was given only to men with abnormally low testosterone — as measured by a blood test. Those men, Orwoll says, now have more information to inform their treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some men would say, 'Yes! I want to take any chance that there might be that my sexual function will improve, even if it's modest,' \" Orwoll says. \"Other men will say, 'Geez, that doesn't sound very encouraging — I don't want to go to the trouble of using testosterone, particularly when we don't know about long-term risks.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which cost $50 million, is ongoing; researchers will soon analyze supplemental testosterone's effect, if any, on cognitive function, bone health and the cardiovascular system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Study+Shows+Extra+Testosterone+Might+Help+Some+Older+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As men age, they lose testosterone — which some say affects their sense of well-being and sexual function. But for healthy older men, using supplemental testosterone as a remedy has been controversial. Past studies of the supplement's use have been relatively small, and the evidence about benefits and risks has been mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"Testosterone improved sexual activity, sexual desire and improved erectile function.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now a well-designed study \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506119?query=TOC\">published \u003c/a>online Wednesday, in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine,\u003c/em> confirms certain benefits in sexual function and mood for some men 65 and over, at least in the first year. Though the gains were modest, and some tended to wane in the latter months of treatment, researchers say the findings are encouraging, and merit further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Bostick, a retired vocational counselor in Pittsburgh, took part in the study. Bostick loves his wife, but when he got to his 60s, he says, he'd noticed some changes in himself — a decline in his sexual drive, and a drop in his enthusiasm for trying new things at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>His lack of ambition was so noticeable, he tells Shots, that he decided it was time to retire. But he still wasn't really happy. And one day, while taking a course at the University of Pittsburgh, he was drawn to a posted notice about a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I looked at the announcement,\" he says. \"I said, 'Yes, I'm 65, and yes, I feel low-energy/low-libido.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Pittsburgh was one of 12 sites nationwide that collaborated to look at the possible benefits of testosterone in older men whose levels of the hormone were below 275 ng per deciliter of blood — that's just below the wide range that many doctors consider \"normal\" for healthy, younger men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists screened more than 51,000 men who were 65 or older for their study, and from that group found 790 with low testosterone, as measured by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/04/28/306830577/test-first-before-going-for-those-testosterone-supplements\">a blood test\u003c/a>. The researchers say the study wasn't designed to get at whether the men had lost the hormone more rapidly than others, or whether they produced less testosterone to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the participants were given testosterone gel, and the other half a placebo gel. Until the first year of the study was over, neither the participants nor the researchers knew which men were getting the placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The testosterone concentrations in the men in this trial [who got the active treatment] were increased, on average, to just the middle of the normal range for young men,\" says endocrinologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p18180\">Dr. Peter Snyder\u003c/a>, of the University of Pennsylvania, who led the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year, Snyder says, though the benefits were only moderate, it was clear that mood and physical activity had improved among the group that had been getting a boost of testosterone. And the biggest improvement, he says, was in sexual function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Testosterone improved sexual activity, sexual desire and improved erectile function,\" Snyder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Bostick, it turned out, was in the group assigned testosterone. He did develop a more robust libido, he says. But even more important, he adds, he felt happier. He had more energy, and his enthusiasm for trying new things — new classes, new interests — was restored. His part of the study ended two years ago, but Bostick is still taking testosterone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past research has suggested that increasing testosterone levels might also \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/29/268427675/popular-testosterone-therapy-may-raise-risk-of-heart-attack\">increase the risk for of heart attack\u003c/a> and stroke, or lead to prostate issues. But Snyder says, so far, his team of scientists has found no increase in adverse events among those taking the hormone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that doesn't mean testosterone supplements are safe to take long-term, he says. To get those answers, he says, far more research is needed — larger studies that last longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, endocrinologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-orwoll-b9283519\">Dr. Eric Orwoll\u003c/a>, with the Oregon Health And Science University, says the findings offer a bit more guidance for doctors and some patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think we can be confident that there is some benefit for some men,\" Orwoll says. \"This is the first really well-designed and scientifically rigorous trial to get at the question of whether testosterone supplements provide benefit; we didn't have that information before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers still don't know exactly which men might benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average participant was 72 years of age,\" Orwoll notes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1600196?query=TOC\">an editorial\u003c/a> that accompanied the journal study. \"Almost 90 percent of participants were white, most were obese, most had hypertension, more than one third had diabetes, and almost 20 percent had sleep apnea.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most testosterone prescriptions these days are written for middle-aged men, Orwoll adds — not the demographic included in Snyder's study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should not assume that the benefits, lack of benefits, or adverse-event profile observed in these studies would be similar in younger men, men with higher testosterone levels, or those with different demographic or clinical characteristics,\" Orwoll writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supplement was given only to men with abnormally low testosterone — as measured by a blood test. Those men, Orwoll says, now have more information to inform their treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some men would say, 'Yes! I want to take any chance that there might be that my sexual function will improve, even if it's modest,' \" Orwoll says. \"Other men will say, 'Geez, that doesn't sound very encouraging — I don't want to go to the trouble of using testosterone, particularly when we don't know about long-term risks.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which cost $50 million, is ongoing; researchers will soon analyze supplemental testosterone's effect, if any, on cognitive function, bone health and the cardiovascular system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Study+Shows+Extra+Testosterone+Might+Help+Some+Older+Men&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Alleged Genetic Discrimination at California School Strikes a Nerve, Raises More Questions",
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"content": "\u003cp>We're seeing a lot of interest in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/08/student-was-asked-to-leave-school-because-of-his-dna/\">Barry Starr's post\u003c/a> about the student who was forced to leave school for a time based on a genetic predisposition to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the comments from our readers have expressed some degree of WTF. One in particular -- \"Here we go!\" -- succinctly captures the fear that we're on a fast Road to Dystopia due to new genetic-testing capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“The allegations in this case present a quintessential ADA claim ... that a child was denied access to his school based on prejudices, stereotypes, and unfounded fear.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>From a brief filed by the Dept. of Justice and Dept. of Education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To recap: Palo Alto Unified School District tried in 2012 to forcibly transfer 11-year-old Colman Chadam -- who did not have CF, just the genes for it -- in order to protect two students at his school who \u003cem>actually \u003c/em>had the disease. The reason: a high risk exists among those with CF to give each other lung infections. As the family sought a court injunction, the district allowed him to return after missing 11 days of school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One remark noted that the post did not mention the California Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (CalGINA), signed into law by Gov. Jerry Brown in 2011. That legislation amended existing state non-discrimination laws, including those in education, to prohibit discrimination based on genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rationale behind CalGINA was to close gaps in protection afforded by the federal Genetic Nondiscrimination Act (plain GINA). As Starr noted in his post on the Palo Alto case, GINA only covers discrimination in employment and health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Colman's parents, who sued Palo Alto Unified School District over the incident in 2014, did not rely on CalGINA. The case was filed in federal court, and it asserted the school district had violated their rights under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ada.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Americans With Disabilies Act\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/sec504.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Rehabilitation Act of 1973\u003c/a>, and the First Amendment's constitutional right to privacy. It also claimed negligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those arguments succeeded in court -- the suit was dismissed, and last month the family filed an appeal with the Ninth Circuit Court in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/genetic-discrimination-workplace-factsheet\" target=\"_blank\">ACLU\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035561/\" target=\"_blank\">others\u003c/a> who have studied the issue do not think the courts will interpret the ADA as applying to genetic discrimination. Given that uncertainty, it's logical to ask why the family didn't go to state court and invoke CalGINA -- which, after all was specifically designed to prevent genetic discrimination -- instead of suing under ADA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawyer for the Chadams has an answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lawsuit under California law would, even if it would prevail, affect only California,\" attorney Stephen R. Jaffe told me on Tuesday. \"This [federal suit] would affect other states. It would have a much broader application.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family is seeking unspecified monetary damages, but Jaffe said a large part of their motivation is \"making some good law on the subject, where there's a need for it to be made, particularly under ADA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted the U.S. departments of education and justice have filed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2701245-DOJ-Amicus-Brief.html\" target=\"_blank\">amicus brief\u003c/a> in support of the Chadams' ADA claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The allegations in this case present a quintessential ADA claim -- allegations that a child was denied access to his school based on prejudices, stereotypes, and unfounded fear,\" the government said in its filing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto Unified said in an emailed statement that it \"cares about and is committed to the safety and well-being of its student population,\" and that it \"continues to agree with the ruling of the Federal District Court.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe said if the appeal with the Ninth Circuit fails, he will take the Chadam family's case to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth noting why the circuit court rebuffed the ADA claims in the lawsuit, reasoning Jaffe called \"tortured and strained.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting Title II of the ADA allows public officials to exclude individuals if they believe they \"pose a direct threat to the health and safety of others,\" and provided the assessment is \"based on reasonable judgement based on current medical knowledge,\" Judge Claudia Wilken wrote that the family failed to show that the district \"did not act in an effort to preserve the safe operation of the school,\" or that their son's \"brief exclusion ... from the school closest to his home, in light of the risk involved, was not reasonable given the information PAUSD had.\" She went on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In fact, they allege that PAUSD told them it was basing its decision on medical evidence provided both by [a physician's letter] and a \"top Stanford doctor.\" They state that PAUSD made its decisions on the basis of its belief that C.C.'s presence in the school was a serious threat to other students. Furthermore, C.C. was allowed, within two weeks, to return to the school closest to his home, indicating that PAUSD had changed its policy with regard to C.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, the Chadams admit that PAUSD believed the risk to other children was real and based on medical evidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don't Ask, Don't Tell?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit alleges that ADA's Title II applies because Colman was perceived as having an impairment, even though he didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a perception that might have been avoided, had the boy's mother not disclosed her son's genetic vulnerability on a school form. That set off a chain of haphazard events in which, according to the complaint, teachers at the school told the parents of the two students with CF about Colman's genes, dueling letters from medical doctors were produced, and Colman was removed from his classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did the Chadams disclose their son's genetic susceptibility to the school in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a good question,\" Jaffe said. \"Mrs. Chadam was not required to do so. She was trying to be honest and forthcoming -- she was just enrolling him\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If she had to do it again, I think she wouldn’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We're seeing a lot of interest in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/08/student-was-asked-to-leave-school-because-of-his-dna/\">Barry Starr's post\u003c/a> about the student who was forced to leave school for a time based on a genetic predisposition to cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the comments from our readers have expressed some degree of WTF. One in particular -- \"Here we go!\" -- succinctly captures the fear that we're on a fast Road to Dystopia due to new genetic-testing capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“The allegations in this case present a quintessential ADA claim ... that a child was denied access to his school based on prejudices, stereotypes, and unfounded fear.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>From a brief filed by the Dept. of Justice and Dept. of Education\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To recap: Palo Alto Unified School District tried in 2012 to forcibly transfer 11-year-old Colman Chadam -- who did not have CF, just the genes for it -- in order to protect two students at his school who \u003cem>actually \u003c/em>had the disease. The reason: a high risk exists among those with CF to give each other lung infections. As the family sought a court injunction, the district allowed him to return after missing 11 days of school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One remark noted that the post did not mention the California Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (CalGINA), signed into law by Gov. Jerry Brown in 2011. That legislation amended existing state non-discrimination laws, including those in education, to prohibit discrimination based on genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rationale behind CalGINA was to close gaps in protection afforded by the federal Genetic Nondiscrimination Act (plain GINA). As Starr noted in his post on the Palo Alto case, GINA only covers discrimination in employment and health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Colman's parents, who sued Palo Alto Unified School District over the incident in 2014, did not rely on CalGINA. The case was filed in federal court, and it asserted the school district had violated their rights under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ada.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Americans With Disabilies Act\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/sec504.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Rehabilitation Act of 1973\u003c/a>, and the First Amendment's constitutional right to privacy. It also claimed negligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those arguments succeeded in court -- the suit was dismissed, and last month the family filed an appeal with the Ninth Circuit Court in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/genetic-discrimination-workplace-factsheet\" target=\"_blank\">ACLU\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035561/\" target=\"_blank\">others\u003c/a> who have studied the issue do not think the courts will interpret the ADA as applying to genetic discrimination. Given that uncertainty, it's logical to ask why the family didn't go to state court and invoke CalGINA -- which, after all was specifically designed to prevent genetic discrimination -- instead of suing under ADA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawyer for the Chadams has an answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lawsuit under California law would, even if it would prevail, affect only California,\" attorney Stephen R. Jaffe told me on Tuesday. \"This [federal suit] would affect other states. It would have a much broader application.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family is seeking unspecified monetary damages, but Jaffe said a large part of their motivation is \"making some good law on the subject, where there's a need for it to be made, particularly under ADA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted the U.S. departments of education and justice have filed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2701245-DOJ-Amicus-Brief.html\" target=\"_blank\">amicus brief\u003c/a> in support of the Chadams' ADA claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The allegations in this case present a quintessential ADA claim -- allegations that a child was denied access to his school based on prejudices, stereotypes, and unfounded fear,\" the government said in its filing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto Unified said in an emailed statement that it \"cares about and is committed to the safety and well-being of its student population,\" and that it \"continues to agree with the ruling of the Federal District Court.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe said if the appeal with the Ninth Circuit fails, he will take the Chadam family's case to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth noting why the circuit court rebuffed the ADA claims in the lawsuit, reasoning Jaffe called \"tortured and strained.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting Title II of the ADA allows public officials to exclude individuals if they believe they \"pose a direct threat to the health and safety of others,\" and provided the assessment is \"based on reasonable judgement based on current medical knowledge,\" Judge Claudia Wilken wrote that the family failed to show that the district \"did not act in an effort to preserve the safe operation of the school,\" or that their son's \"brief exclusion ... from the school closest to his home, in light of the risk involved, was not reasonable given the information PAUSD had.\" She went on:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In fact, they allege that PAUSD told them it was basing its decision on medical evidence provided both by [a physician's letter] and a \"top Stanford doctor.\" They state that PAUSD made its decisions on the basis of its belief that C.C.'s presence in the school was a serious threat to other students. Furthermore, C.C. was allowed, within two weeks, to return to the school closest to his home, indicating that PAUSD had changed its policy with regard to C.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short, the Chadams admit that PAUSD believed the risk to other children was real and based on medical evidence.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don't Ask, Don't Tell?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit alleges that ADA's Title II applies because Colman was perceived as having an impairment, even though he didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a perception that might have been avoided, had the boy's mother not disclosed her son's genetic vulnerability on a school form. That set off a chain of haphazard events in which, according to the complaint, teachers at the school told the parents of the two students with CF about Colman's genes, dueling letters from medical doctors were produced, and Colman was removed from his classroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did the Chadams disclose their son's genetic susceptibility to the school in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a good question,\" Jaffe said. \"Mrs. Chadam was not required to do so. She was trying to be honest and forthcoming -- she was just enrolling him\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If she had to do it again, I think she wouldn’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Until very recently it was thought that just one bacterium was to blame for causing Lyme disease in humans. But it turns out that a second, related bug can cause it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, during routine testing of bacterial DNA floating around in the blood samples of people suspected of having Lyme disease, researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., realized they were looking at something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We detected this result which was positive, but it was clearly different from what we would have expected for \u003cem>Borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>, which at that time was the only known cause of Lyme disease in the U.S.,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/pritt-bobbi-s-m-d/bio-00093461\">Dr. Bobbi Pritt\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they sequenced the genome of the bacterium, they realized it was different enough to be considered a new species. It's been dubbed \u003cem>Borrelia mayonii\u003c/em>, after the Mayo Clinic. News of the new species was \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)00464-8/abstract\">published\u003c/a> this month in the journal \u003cem>The\u003c/em> \u003cem>Lancet Infectious Diseases\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new species hadn't appeared during routine tests on thousands of other samples over the course of a decade. Then, over the span of two years, it appeared in six patients out of about 9,000 tested for Lyme disease. They were all residents of Minnesota, Wisconsin or North Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients' symptoms were a little different from the usual Lyme disease cases. Instead of the telltale bull's-eye pattern associated with \u003cem>B. burgdorferi\u003c/em>, rashes on these patients were diffuse or spotty. In addition to the fever, headache, rash and neck pain that accompanies the usual form of Lyme disease, patients who had contracted the new species of bacteria also experienced nausea and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This organism doesn't behave completely like the Lyme disease that we all know,\" says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other odd symptoms. A child was nearly impossible to wake up from sleep. An adult had trouble with vision, and was seeing double. Two patients were hospitalized. Pritt says all have now recovered, except for one with continued arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the species had not been identified in the thousands of samples that were routinely tested before 2013, Pritt says, it's likely that it either recently emerged as a new organism through mutations of an existing bacterium, or it recently came into contact with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe it infected woodchucks and no one ever tested them,\" she says. \"But what we can say is, it's a species that no one has ever described before, and it's clearly infecting patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterium was isolated alive from the blood of two patients, and was subsequently found in black-legged ticks in two parts of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both species of Lyme-causing bacteria are carried by the tick \u003cem>Ixodes scapularis,\u003c/em> also known as the black-legged or deer tick, which has continued to spread its range across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lots of people are encountering ticks where they didn't encounter them 20 years ago,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cdczilla.com/cdc-employee/contact/rebecca-eisen-970_266_3523\">Rebecca Eisen\u003c/a>, a research biologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who published \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/15/jme.tjv237.abstract\">the latest map\u003c/a> of tick populations in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a living organism, so the range of the tick changes, and so the likelihood of people encountering these ticks changes,\" says Eisen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new bacterium appears to be relatively rare so far. Entomologists found that of 600 ticks collected across Wisconsin, 3 percent tested positive for the new species of bacteria. The older bacterial species is typically found in 30 to 40 percent of black-legged ticks, says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doxycycline is used to kill both species of bacteria. The issue, Pritt says, is for patients and physicians to recognize the slightly different constellation of symptoms associated with this form of Lyme disease, so treatment can be started promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also unclear what is behind the higher bacterial load detected in the blood samples of patients with \u003cem>B. mayonii\u003c/em>, and if it's responsible for the more severe symptoms that the six patients experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just seems like every time you turn around, there's a new tick-borne disease. So when people go outside, I think they have to think about protecting themselves from ticks,\" says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to avoid picking up an infection from a tick is to avoid tick-infested areas, use repellent and remove ticks as soon as they're spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+A+Second+Bacterium+That+Causes+Lyme+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Until very recently it was thought that just one bacterium was to blame for causing Lyme disease in humans. But it turns out that a second, related bug can cause it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, during routine testing of bacterial DNA floating around in the blood samples of people suspected of having Lyme disease, researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., realized they were looking at something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We detected this result which was positive, but it was clearly different from what we would have expected for \u003cem>Borrelia burgdorferi\u003c/em>, which at that time was the only known cause of Lyme disease in the U.S.,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/pritt-bobbi-s-m-d/bio-00093461\">Dr. Bobbi Pritt\u003c/a>, a microbiologist at the Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they sequenced the genome of the bacterium, they realized it was different enough to be considered a new species. It's been dubbed \u003cem>Borrelia mayonii\u003c/em>, after the Mayo Clinic. News of the new species was \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(15)00464-8/abstract\">published\u003c/a> this month in the journal \u003cem>The\u003c/em> \u003cem>Lancet Infectious Diseases\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new species hadn't appeared during routine tests on thousands of other samples over the course of a decade. Then, over the span of two years, it appeared in six patients out of about 9,000 tested for Lyme disease. They were all residents of Minnesota, Wisconsin or North Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients' symptoms were a little different from the usual Lyme disease cases. Instead of the telltale bull's-eye pattern associated with \u003cem>B. burgdorferi\u003c/em>, rashes on these patients were diffuse or spotty. In addition to the fever, headache, rash and neck pain that accompanies the usual form of Lyme disease, patients who had contracted the new species of bacteria also experienced nausea and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This organism doesn't behave completely like the Lyme disease that we all know,\" says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were other odd symptoms. A child was nearly impossible to wake up from sleep. An adult had trouble with vision, and was seeing double. Two patients were hospitalized. Pritt says all have now recovered, except for one with continued arthritis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the species had not been identified in the thousands of samples that were routinely tested before 2013, Pritt says, it's likely that it either recently emerged as a new organism through mutations of an existing bacterium, or it recently came into contact with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe it infected woodchucks and no one ever tested them,\" she says. \"But what we can say is, it's a species that no one has ever described before, and it's clearly infecting patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacterium was isolated alive from the blood of two patients, and was subsequently found in black-legged ticks in two parts of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both species of Lyme-causing bacteria are carried by the tick \u003cem>Ixodes scapularis,\u003c/em> also known as the black-legged or deer tick, which has continued to spread its range across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lots of people are encountering ticks where they didn't encounter them 20 years ago,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cdczilla.com/cdc-employee/contact/rebecca-eisen-970_266_3523\">Rebecca Eisen\u003c/a>, a research biologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who published \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/15/jme.tjv237.abstract\">the latest map\u003c/a> of tick populations in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a living organism, so the range of the tick changes, and so the likelihood of people encountering these ticks changes,\" says Eisen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new bacterium appears to be relatively rare so far. Entomologists found that of 600 ticks collected across Wisconsin, 3 percent tested positive for the new species of bacteria. The older bacterial species is typically found in 30 to 40 percent of black-legged ticks, says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doxycycline is used to kill both species of bacteria. The issue, Pritt says, is for patients and physicians to recognize the slightly different constellation of symptoms associated with this form of Lyme disease, so treatment can be started promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also unclear what is behind the higher bacterial load detected in the blood samples of patients with \u003cem>B. mayonii\u003c/em>, and if it's responsible for the more severe symptoms that the six patients experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just seems like every time you turn around, there's a new tick-borne disease. So when people go outside, I think they have to think about protecting themselves from ticks,\" says Pritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to avoid picking up an infection from a tick is to avoid tick-infested areas, use repellent and remove ticks as soon as they're spotted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Discover+A+Second+Bacterium+That+Causes+Lyme+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Palo Alto Student Was Asked to Leave School Because of His DNA",
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"content": "\u003cp>To find a society where a student is forced to leave school because of his genes, you might think you’d need to watch \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca\">Gattaca\u003c/a>\" or pick up a dystopian novel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, you wouldn't need to immerse yourself in fiction. This exact scenario occurred at a middle school in Palo Alto, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Unless something is done to strengthen legal protections, anyone who is genetically tested could be discriminated against.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And unless something is done to strengthen our legal protections, it could be just the tip of the iceberg. Any of us who learns about our DNA through direct-to-consumer tests like 23andMe, newborn genetic testing or gene sequencing at the doctor’s office could be genetically discriminated against too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Boots Out Sixth Grader Over Predisposition to Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Jordan Middle School tried to force 11-year-old Colman Chadam to transfer to another school, not because he did something wrong or had a contagious disease, but because of his DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"RWAfIZvPfGk0QXWSsjL020T1kdGZFuZd\"]Colman had been born with a heart condition. To try to figure out what was wrong, the doctors had performed a lot of genetic tests, one of which found an increased risk for cystic fibrosis, a very severe genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve years later, Colman's parents, as a simple precaution, filled out a medical form telling the school about his genetic results even though he had none of the symptoms of CF. He did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the student population at Jordan Middle School included two siblings who had CF. Because there is a high risk for people with the disease to give each other lung infections, it is important to always keep them at least 6 feet away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After teachers at the school told the parents of these students about Colman's genetics, the district ordered Colman's transfer, despite the fact that he did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents took the district to court. After Colman missed 11 days of school, a settlement was reached to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/6th-grader-back-in-school-despite-genes-4010983.php\" target=\"_blank\">let him return\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Chadams filed a suit in federal court, alleging unlawful disclosure of Colman's private medical information. The case was dismissed, but last month the Chadams filed an \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2701506/Opening-Brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this brouhaha occurred even though Colman did not have CF and posed no risk to anyone. The specific genetic differences he had are in a gray area of genetics known as \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=penetrance\">variable penetrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people with his DNA end up with CF and some don't. Up to that time, Colman had not developed any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it's not surprising that well-meaning people at Jordan Middle School did not understand these subtleties and misinterpreted Colman's results. What is surprising is that there is so little legal protection against this sort of misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-108371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-400x255.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-768x489.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-960x612.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \u003ccite>(NHGRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprisingly Weak Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2008 President Bush signed the \u003ca href=\"http://ginahelp.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act\u003c/a> (GINA). Unfortunately for the Chadams, it only covers employment and health insurance discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This oversight needs to be addressed sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day more and more people learn about potential disease risks from their DNA. Many people will have results similar to Colman's that could be used against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perils of Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is more complicated than a lot of people think. For example, scientists have found over 2000 DNA variants or differences in CFTR, the key gene involved in cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without additional protections in place, CF screening programs like the one described \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/01/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns/\">here\u003c/a> could place many more people in Colman Chadam's situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiply these risks by 10, 100, 1000 or even 10,000 for some of the proposed screens where \u003ca href=\"http://genomemag.com/a-newborn-challenge/#.Vrj3vfkrKM8\">every gene of a newborn might be looked at\u003c/a> (exome sequencing), and you begin to see what we're up against. People will be flooded with a lot of hard-to-understand information that is easy to misinterpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn't mean genetic testing, which can have many benefits, shouldn't be done. We just need to ensure it isn't used to discriminate, as we head toward a world where everyone knows their DNA but doesn’t necessarily understand genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To find a society where a student is forced to leave school because of his genes, you might think you’d need to watch \"\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca\">Gattaca\u003c/a>\" or pick up a dystopian novel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, you wouldn't need to immerse yourself in fiction. This exact scenario occurred at a middle school in Palo Alto, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Unless something is done to strengthen legal protections, anyone who is genetically tested could be discriminated against.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And unless something is done to strengthen our legal protections, it could be just the tip of the iceberg. Any of us who learns about our DNA through direct-to-consumer tests like 23andMe, newborn genetic testing or gene sequencing at the doctor’s office could be genetically discriminated against too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Boots Out Sixth Grader Over Predisposition to Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Jordan Middle School tried to force 11-year-old Colman Chadam to transfer to another school, not because he did something wrong or had a contagious disease, but because of his DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Colman had been born with a heart condition. To try to figure out what was wrong, the doctors had performed a lot of genetic tests, one of which found an increased risk for cystic fibrosis, a very severe genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twelve years later, Colman's parents, as a simple precaution, filled out a medical form telling the school about his genetic results even though he had none of the symptoms of CF. He did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the student population at Jordan Middle School included two siblings who had CF. Because there is a high risk for people with the disease to give each other lung infections, it is important to always keep them at least 6 feet away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After teachers at the school told the parents of these students about Colman's genetics, the district ordered Colman's transfer, despite the fact that he did not have the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents took the district to court. After Colman missed 11 days of school, a settlement was reached to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/6th-grader-back-in-school-despite-genes-4010983.php\" target=\"_blank\">let him return\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Chadams filed a suit in federal court, alleging unlawful disclosure of Colman's private medical information. The case was dismissed, but last month the Chadams filed an \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2701506/Opening-Brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this brouhaha occurred even though Colman did not have CF and posed no risk to anyone. The specific genetic differences he had are in a gray area of genetics known as \u003ca href=\"http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=penetrance\">variable penetrance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people with his DNA end up with CF and some don't. Up to that time, Colman had not developed any symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it's not surprising that well-meaning people at Jordan Middle School did not understand these subtleties and misinterpreted Colman's results. What is surprising is that there is so little legal protection against this sort of misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108371\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-108371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-800x510.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-400x255.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-768x489.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008-960x612.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/BushSignsGINA2008.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008 President Bush signed the Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) . It did not protect a middle school student from being asked to transfer to a new school because of his DNA. \u003ccite>(NHGRI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surprisingly Weak Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2008 President Bush signed the \u003ca href=\"http://ginahelp.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Genetics Information Nondiscrimination Act\u003c/a> (GINA). Unfortunately for the Chadams, it only covers employment and health insurance discrimination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This oversight needs to be addressed sooner rather than later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day more and more people learn about potential disease risks from their DNA. Many people will have results similar to Colman's that could be used against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Perils of Testing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is more complicated than a lot of people think. For example, scientists have found over 2000 DNA variants or differences in CFTR, the key gene involved in cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without additional protections in place, CF screening programs like the one described \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/01/stanford-develops-fast-affordable-genetic-test-for-newborns/\">here\u003c/a> could place many more people in Colman Chadam's situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiply these risks by 10, 100, 1000 or even 10,000 for some of the proposed screens where \u003ca href=\"http://genomemag.com/a-newborn-challenge/#.Vrj3vfkrKM8\">every gene of a newborn might be looked at\u003c/a> (exome sequencing), and you begin to see what we're up against. People will be flooded with a lot of hard-to-understand information that is easy to misinterpret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn't mean genetic testing, which can have many benefits, shouldn't be done. We just need to ensure it isn't used to discriminate, as we head toward a world where everyone knows their DNA but doesn’t necessarily understand genetics.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is It Time To Stop Using Race In Medical Research?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Genetics researchers often discover certain snips and pieces of the human genome that are important for health and development such as the genetic mutations that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. And scientists noticed that genetic variants are more common in some races – which makes it seem like race is important in genetics research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But some researchers say that we've taken the concept too far. To find out what that means, we've talked to two of the authors of an \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full\">article\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003c/em>Science\u003cem>. Sarah Tishkoff is a human population geneticist and a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Dorothy Roberts is a legal scholar, sociologist, and a professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Africana Studies department. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do geneticists use race now, and how does that cause problems for science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah Tishkoff: We know people don't group according to so called races based purely on genetic data. Whenever the topic comes up, we have to address, how are we going to define race? I have never ever seen anybody come to a consensus at any of these human genetics meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Whenever the topic comes up, we have to address, how are we going to define race? I have never ever seen anybody come to a consensus at any of these human genetics meetings.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dorothy Roberts: That's because race is based on cultural, legal, social and political determinations, and those groupings have changed over time. As a social scientist, looking at biologists treating these groupings as if they were determined by innate genetic distinctions, I'm dumbfounded. There's so much evidence that they're invented social categories. How you can say this is a biological race is just absurd. It's absurd. It violates the scientific evidence about human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: But I as a human geneticist wouldn't want to imply that there are no differences -- but among different ethnic groups, not racial classifications. For example, I'm Ashkenazi Jewish. I have a much higher risk of getting certain genetic diseases that are common in certain Ashkenazi Jewish populations. That was an important question when I was having children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a drug, called BiDil, that somebody claimed is more effective with African Americans than other race – which was not true. But there are genes that play a role in drug metabolism. So if a doctor was prescribing drug treatment based on her identification of race she'd say, \"You should use drug A because that's better for people of European descent.\" But the patient might not carry the right gene. That might have negative consequences. That might be the wrong treatment for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: Race isn't a good category to use to understand those differences or the commonalities. It in many cases leads researchers down the wrong path and leads to harmful results for patients. For example black patients who have the symptoms of cystic fibrosis aren't diagnosed because doctors see it as a white disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So part of the problem is that when we see a high frequency of a medically relevant gene in one racial population, we start to assume that all members of that race have that gene?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: Yeah, I think that's right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: People take what's a difference in [gene] frequency and turn it into a categorical difference that interprets it as if one race has one gene and another race doesn't have the gene. You can't reach the conclusion that because you know someone's race you know what their genes are. It's not the case that there are populations where 100 percent, everyone, has those genes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> nobody in other populations have those genes. It's a crude way and unhelpful way of figuring out what the disease risk is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: That's not to say that genetic risk in disease isn't important. I do think geography is important, and I think that people historically during evolutionary history have adapted to different environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it that the science of genetics and the science of human populations are racist? Or is it that the numbers are there and, as a society, we're interpreting these things in a racist way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: There is a long history of justifying the subordination of different groups and social groupings based on myths about their biologic or genetic predispositions. It's not only that there's scientific evidence that humans aren't divided into discrete biological categories we'd call races. But there's also evidence of the harm these biological meanings of race have caused for centuries. It's one of the reasons why it's difficult for human geneticists today to grapple with the meaning of race. You can't talk about race without also considering the history of racism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: But modern human geneticists, we're not trying to say they have a racist agenda. It's a positive thing to try and increase studies of genetic diversity that may differ across different ethnicities or ancestries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: Yes. I'm not trying to say anything about the motivations or what scientists are trying now to do. Our paper is a call for scientists to come up with better ways of understanding human genetic diversity without relying on this antiquated concept of race There is a failure of imagination for people to think, what is there something better that we can use? Let's develop that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it that difficult, though? What are the things holding scientists back from developing something better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: If I want a grant from the National Institutes of Health, I am required to check off the racial classification according to the U.S. government's census categories. I study very diverse people from all over Africa, but I believe the classification is African American or Black. I always feel awkward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: The NIH guidelines require the use of race in recruiting research subjects. There's a history of advocating for that in order to increase the participation of minorities in clinical research. Then it gets confusing, because the researchers continue to use these categories in conducting the research. Scientists must conform their research to these admittedly social categories of race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: One also has to take into account that you need a way to identify your study population. Ideally you want ethnically diverse populations, so obviously you have to have some way of identifying research subjects. And that's fine. But they don't need to say based on race. The language and terminology does matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: Except if the research question has to do with investigating the effects of racism – race as a social category that does affect people's lives and health and future because of the impact of social inequality. I often get the justification from doctors that 'I know it's crude but it's the best we have given the limited resources.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: To some extent I think that's true. If a doctor doesn't have a readily available genetic test to look at ancestry or to look at individual genotypes of that person, race will be their best proxy. But the language matters. We need to move away from racial terminology, particularly in the field of medical genetics. That should just be eliminated. It reinforces the notion that there's a genetic basis to this classification system. We as scientists have to set an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Time+To+Stop+Using+Race+In+Medical+Research%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Genetics researchers often discover certain snips and pieces of the human genome that are important for health and development such as the genetic mutations that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. And scientists noticed that genetic variants are more common in some races – which makes it seem like race is important in genetics research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But some researchers say that we've taken the concept too far. To find out what that means, we've talked to two of the authors of an \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/564.full\">article\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003c/em>Science\u003cem>. Sarah Tishkoff is a human population geneticist and a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Dorothy Roberts is a legal scholar, sociologist, and a professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Africana Studies department. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This interview has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do geneticists use race now, and how does that cause problems for science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah Tishkoff: We know people don't group according to so called races based purely on genetic data. Whenever the topic comes up, we have to address, how are we going to define race? I have never ever seen anybody come to a consensus at any of these human genetics meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Whenever the topic comes up, we have to address, how are we going to define race? I have never ever seen anybody come to a consensus at any of these human genetics meetings.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dorothy Roberts: That's because race is based on cultural, legal, social and political determinations, and those groupings have changed over time. As a social scientist, looking at biologists treating these groupings as if they were determined by innate genetic distinctions, I'm dumbfounded. There's so much evidence that they're invented social categories. How you can say this is a biological race is just absurd. It's absurd. It violates the scientific evidence about human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: But I as a human geneticist wouldn't want to imply that there are no differences -- but among different ethnic groups, not racial classifications. For example, I'm Ashkenazi Jewish. I have a much higher risk of getting certain genetic diseases that are common in certain Ashkenazi Jewish populations. That was an important question when I was having children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a drug, called BiDil, that somebody claimed is more effective with African Americans than other race – which was not true. But there are genes that play a role in drug metabolism. So if a doctor was prescribing drug treatment based on her identification of race she'd say, \"You should use drug A because that's better for people of European descent.\" But the patient might not carry the right gene. That might have negative consequences. That might be the wrong treatment for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: Race isn't a good category to use to understand those differences or the commonalities. It in many cases leads researchers down the wrong path and leads to harmful results for patients. For example black patients who have the symptoms of cystic fibrosis aren't diagnosed because doctors see it as a white disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So part of the problem is that when we see a high frequency of a medically relevant gene in one racial population, we start to assume that all members of that race have that gene?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: Yeah, I think that's right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: People take what's a difference in [gene] frequency and turn it into a categorical difference that interprets it as if one race has one gene and another race doesn't have the gene. You can't reach the conclusion that because you know someone's race you know what their genes are. It's not the case that there are populations where 100 percent, everyone, has those genes \u003cem>and\u003c/em> nobody in other populations have those genes. It's a crude way and unhelpful way of figuring out what the disease risk is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: That's not to say that genetic risk in disease isn't important. I do think geography is important, and I think that people historically during evolutionary history have adapted to different environments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it that the science of genetics and the science of human populations are racist? Or is it that the numbers are there and, as a society, we're interpreting these things in a racist way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DR: There is a long history of justifying the subordination of different groups and social groupings based on myths about their biologic or genetic predispositions. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ST: To some extent I think that's true. If a doctor doesn't have a readily available genetic test to look at ancestry or to look at individual genotypes of that person, race will be their best proxy. But the language matters. We need to move away from racial terminology, particularly in the field of medical genetics. That should just be eliminated. It reinforces the notion that there's a genetic basis to this classification system. We as scientists have to set an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Is+It+Time+To+Stop+Using+Race+In+Medical+Research%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they’ve been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test’s progress. Speaking with KQED’s Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he’s been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year’s end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and — in at least one case — sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s in a few weeks.”\u003cbr>\n—\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease’s spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you’re testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It’s a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses – the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED’s digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or — from anywhere — you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they’ve been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test’s progress. Speaking with KQED’s Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he’s been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year’s end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and — in at least one case — sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s in a few weeks.”\u003cbr>\n—\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease’s spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you’re testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It’s a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses – the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED’s digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or — from anywhere — you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mice were much healthier and lived about 25 percent longer when scientists killed off a certain kind of cell that accumulates in the body with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the mice didn't seem to suffer any ill effects from losing their so-called senescent cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Not only did the mice live 25 percent longer, but they had fewer cataracts, hearts with better stress tolerance and improved kidney function.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These are cells that have stopped dividing, though not necessarily because the cells themselves are old. \"It's a normal cell that experienced an unusual amount of stress, and it decided to stop dividing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/van-deursen-jan-ph-d/bio-00027650\">Jan van Deursen\u003c/a>, who studies senescent cells at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older creatures have a lot more of these cells than young 'uns. And even though the cells aren't dividing, they do keep busy — they secrete a mixture of chemicals that can trigger inflammation, which seems to be involved in just about every major age-related disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So van Deursen and his colleagues wanted to know: What would happen if you simply got rid of senescent cells? That's tough to do in humans, but possible in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers created mice that were genetically altered so that giving them a drug would trigger senescent cells to kill themselves. Then they waited until the mice reached middle age, and gave some of them the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, wiping out the senescent cells didn't seem to make much difference. But as the mice got older, the research team could see that the treated mice looked healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then when we started to record the life span of the animals, we saw that there was about a 25 percent extension in life span of animals that had their senescent cells removed from 1 year of age on,\" says van Deursen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the treated mice had fewer cataracts, hearts with better stress tolerance, and improved kidney function. And losing the cells didn't seem to cause them any problems, the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature16932.html\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, says van Deursen, is that \"it seems like we're accumulating a cell type that we really don't need for anything and that makes us more unhealthy and reduces the length of our healthy lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, the hunt is already on for drugs that could eliminate these cells in people. That's not going to happen tomorrow, of course, and useful drugs might never materialize. But the findings in mice provide researchers with a new place to look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Deursen himself is working with a new company, \u003ca href=\"http://unitybiotechnology.com/\">Unity Biotechnology\u003c/a> in San Francisco, that has some promising candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/campisiLab\">Judith Campisi\u003c/a>, who studies senescent cells at the independent Buck Institute for Research on Aging, also works with Unity. She thinks the findings of the latest study are significant. \"The impressive thing is those mice not only lived longer but they lived healthier,\" says Campisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she cautions that removing these cells isn't going to be a magic bullet against aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, even in the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> paper, those mice got old and died,\" she points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some research shows that these cells may have a useful role to play in our bodies. For example, there's evidence that senescent cells aid wound healing and that cellular senescence helps protect against cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One needs to move forward with care about trying to just kill off senescent cells with the anticipation that things will be wholly beneficial,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.withers\">Dominic Withers\u003c/a>, a researcher at the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it looks like these cells do contribute to aging, but it's too soon to say what to do with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's early days at the moment,\" Withers says. \"There's still quite a lot to learn about whether you would want to try and kill senescent cells or do something to the senescent cells that exist, such as stop them secreting this cocktail of potentially bad molecules.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Boosting+Life+Span+By+Clearing+Out+Cellular+Clutter&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mice were much healthier and lived about 25 percent longer when scientists killed off a certain kind of cell that accumulates in the body with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the mice didn't seem to suffer any ill effects from losing their so-called senescent cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Not only did the mice live 25 percent longer, but they had fewer cataracts, hearts with better stress tolerance and improved kidney function.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These are cells that have stopped dividing, though not necessarily because the cells themselves are old. \"It's a normal cell that experienced an unusual amount of stress, and it decided to stop dividing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/van-deursen-jan-ph-d/bio-00027650\">Jan van Deursen\u003c/a>, who studies senescent cells at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older creatures have a lot more of these cells than young 'uns. And even though the cells aren't dividing, they do keep busy — they secrete a mixture of chemicals that can trigger inflammation, which seems to be involved in just about every major age-related disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So van Deursen and his colleagues wanted to know: What would happen if you simply got rid of senescent cells? That's tough to do in humans, but possible in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers created mice that were genetically altered so that giving them a drug would trigger senescent cells to kill themselves. Then they waited until the mice reached middle age, and gave some of them the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, wiping out the senescent cells didn't seem to make much difference. But as the mice got older, the research team could see that the treated mice looked healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then when we started to record the life span of the animals, we saw that there was about a 25 percent extension in life span of animals that had their senescent cells removed from 1 year of age on,\" says van Deursen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, the treated mice had fewer cataracts, hearts with better stress tolerance, and improved kidney function. And losing the cells didn't seem to cause them any problems, the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature16932.html\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, says van Deursen, is that \"it seems like we're accumulating a cell type that we really don't need for anything and that makes us more unhealthy and reduces the length of our healthy lives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, the hunt is already on for drugs that could eliminate these cells in people. That's not going to happen tomorrow, of course, and useful drugs might never materialize. But the findings in mice provide researchers with a new place to look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Deursen himself is working with a new company, \u003ca href=\"http://unitybiotechnology.com/\">Unity Biotechnology\u003c/a> in San Francisco, that has some promising candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scientist named \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckinstitute.org/campisiLab\">Judith Campisi\u003c/a>, who studies senescent cells at the independent Buck Institute for Research on Aging, also works with Unity. She thinks the findings of the latest study are significant. \"The impressive thing is those mice not only lived longer but they lived healthier,\" says Campisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she cautions that removing these cells isn't going to be a magic bullet against aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously, even in the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> paper, those mice got old and died,\" she points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some research shows that these cells may have a useful role to play in our bodies. For example, there's evidence that senescent cells aid wound healing and that cellular senescence helps protect against cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One needs to move forward with care about trying to just kill off senescent cells with the anticipation that things will be wholly beneficial,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.withers\">Dominic Withers\u003c/a>, a researcher at the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it looks like these cells do contribute to aging, but it's too soon to say what to do with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's early days at the moment,\" Withers says. \"There's still quite a lot to learn about whether you would want to try and kill senescent cells or do something to the senescent cells that exist, such as stop them secreting this cocktail of potentially bad molecules.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Boosting+Life+Span+By+Clearing+Out+Cellular+Clutter&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is it Ethical to Create Babies With Genes From Three People? Panel Says Yes",
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"content": "\u003cp>Would it be ethical for scientists to try to create babies that have genetic material from three different people? An influential panel of experts has concluded the answer could be yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12-member panel, assembled by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, released a 164-page \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21871/mitochondrial-replacement-techniques-ethical-social-and-policy-considerations\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday outlining a plan for how scientists could ethically pursue the controversial research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The committee concludes that it is ethically permissible\" to conduct such experiments, the report says, but then goes on to detail a long list of conditions that would have to be met first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, scientists would have to perform extensive preliminary research in the laboratory and with animals to try to make sure it is safe. And then researchers should initially try to make only male babies, because they would be incapable of passing their unusual amalgamation of DNA on to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Minimizing risk to future children should be of highest priority,\" the committee writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/09/229167219/proposed-treatment-to-fix-genetic-diseases-raising-ethics-issues\">requested \u003c/a>by the Food and Drug Administration in response to applications by two groups of scientists in New York and Oregon to conduct the experiments. Their goal is to help women have healthy babies even though they come from families plagued by genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement issued by the FDA immediately after the report's release raised questions about whether the FDA would permit the research to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA email praised the \"thoughtful work\" of the panel and said the agency would be \"reviewing\" the recommendations. But it noted that the latest federal budget \"prevents the FDA from using funds to review applications in which a human embryo is intentionally created or modified to include\" changes that could be passed down to future generations. As a result, the email says, any such research \"cannot be performed in the United States\" at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers pursuing these experiments welcomed the panel's conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a great step in the right direction,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbiaobgyn.org/doctor/mark-v-sauer#.VrFk2bIrLIU\">Mark Sauer\u003c/a>, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University who is a member of one of the teams, said of the National Academies report in an interview before the FDA issued its statement\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sauer called the report more of a \"yellow light\" than a \"green light,\" because of the long list of caveats and cautions. But that is \"better than a red light,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most importantly to us is that it allows the work to continue to hopefully produce children without these disorders,\" Sauer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sauer said he was disappointed when he learned of the FDA's response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Politics as usual often gets in way of progress,\" Sauer said in a subsequent email. While the FDA statement would cause \"undue delays\" in his research, he added that he hoped it wouldn't permanently \"necessarily halt the efforts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the research, meanwhile, say the number of women who could benefit from the experiments is so small that it's not worth crossing a line that's long been considered off-limits — making genetic changes that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The possibility of what you could call 'mission creep' is very real,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2081\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society, a watchdog group based in Berkeley, Calif. \"People are talking about going forward not just with this but with the kind of genetic engineering that will produce outright genetically modified human beings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once that happens, Darnovsky says, \"I think you get into a situation of where some people are genetically enhanced and other people are the regular old variety of human being. And I don't think that's a world we want to live in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to help women carrying diseases known as \u003ca href=\"http://mitochondrialdiseases.org/mitochondrial-disease/\">mitochondrial disorders\u003c/a>, which are only passed down by women through defects in the genetic material in their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the defects are in a type of genetic material known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.umdf.org/site/pp.aspx?c=8qKOJ0MvF7LUG&b=7934627\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the DNA that most people are familiar with — the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that program most of our body processes and traits — mitochondrial DNA consists of just 37 genes inside mitochondria, which are structures inside cells that provide their energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondrial disorders range from mild to severe. In many cases there is no treatment, and the affected child dies early in life after suffering progressive, debilitating symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists want to create eggs free of mitochondrial defects by removing the defective mitochondrial DNA. It would be replaced with healthy mitochondrial DNA from eggs donated by other women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British government recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">approved\u003c/a> such experiments in that country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this remains \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/11/10/360342623/combining-the-dna-of-three-people-raises-ethical-questions\">controversial\u003c/a>, not only due to the fact that the resulting children would have DNA from three people. Because the transplanted DNA could be passed down for generations, critics fear it could accidentally introduce errors into the human gene pool that could create new diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also worry it would set a precedent that could open the door to creating designer babies, in which parents can pick and chose the traits of their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of such concerns, making any change in DNA that could be passed down for generations has long been considered off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee report acknowledged that making babies with DNA from three different people could have \"psychological and social effects\" on the offspring, including issues about their \"conception of identity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the committee acknowledged the possibility that it could lead to attempts at genetic \"enhancements.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such work would raise thorny regulatory issues, the committee noted. For example, the federal government is prohibited from funding research that involves destroying human embryos. As a result, \"even an agency request\" for data from such research in support of FDA approval \"could well be controversial,\" the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the committee says the potential benefits make the work worth pursuing with careful oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the FDA could at some point even consider letting experiments proceed to try to create female babies if certain criteria are met, the report said, including the production of \"clear evidence of safety and efficacy from male\" experiments and signs that it would be publicly acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Babies+With+Genes+From+3+People+Could+Be+Ethical%2C+Panel+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Would it be ethical for scientists to try to create babies that have genetic material from three different people? An influential panel of experts has concluded the answer could be yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12-member panel, assembled by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, released a 164-page \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21871/mitochondrial-replacement-techniques-ethical-social-and-policy-considerations\">report\u003c/a> Wednesday outlining a plan for how scientists could ethically pursue the controversial research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The committee concludes that it is ethically permissible\" to conduct such experiments, the report says, but then goes on to detail a long list of conditions that would have to be met first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, scientists would have to perform extensive preliminary research in the laboratory and with animals to try to make sure it is safe. And then researchers should initially try to make only male babies, because they would be incapable of passing their unusual amalgamation of DNA on to future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Minimizing risk to future children should be of highest priority,\" the committee writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/09/229167219/proposed-treatment-to-fix-genetic-diseases-raising-ethics-issues\">requested \u003c/a>by the Food and Drug Administration in response to applications by two groups of scientists in New York and Oregon to conduct the experiments. Their goal is to help women have healthy babies even though they come from families plagued by genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A statement issued by the FDA immediately after the report's release raised questions about whether the FDA would permit the research to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA email praised the \"thoughtful work\" of the panel and said the agency would be \"reviewing\" the recommendations. But it noted that the latest federal budget \"prevents the FDA from using funds to review applications in which a human embryo is intentionally created or modified to include\" changes that could be passed down to future generations. As a result, the email says, any such research \"cannot be performed in the United States\" at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers pursuing these experiments welcomed the panel's conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's a great step in the right direction,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.columbiaobgyn.org/doctor/mark-v-sauer#.VrFk2bIrLIU\">Mark Sauer\u003c/a>, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University who is a member of one of the teams, said of the National Academies report in an interview before the FDA issued its statement\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sauer called the report more of a \"yellow light\" than a \"green light,\" because of the long list of caveats and cautions. But that is \"better than a red light,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most importantly to us is that it allows the work to continue to hopefully produce children without these disorders,\" Sauer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sauer said he was disappointed when he learned of the FDA's response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Politics as usual often gets in way of progress,\" Sauer said in a subsequent email. While the FDA statement would cause \"undue delays\" in his research, he added that he hoped it wouldn't permanently \"necessarily halt the efforts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the research, meanwhile, say the number of women who could benefit from the experiments is so small that it's not worth crossing a line that's long been considered off-limits — making genetic changes that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The possibility of what you could call 'mission creep' is very real,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2081\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society, a watchdog group based in Berkeley, Calif. \"People are talking about going forward not just with this but with the kind of genetic engineering that will produce outright genetically modified human beings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once that happens, Darnovsky says, \"I think you get into a situation of where some people are genetically enhanced and other people are the regular old variety of human being. And I don't think that's a world we want to live in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to help women carrying diseases known as \u003ca href=\"http://mitochondrialdiseases.org/mitochondrial-disease/\">mitochondrial disorders\u003c/a>, which are only passed down by women through defects in the genetic material in their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the defects are in a type of genetic material known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.umdf.org/site/pp.aspx?c=8qKOJ0MvF7LUG&b=7934627\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the DNA that most people are familiar with — the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that program most of our body processes and traits — mitochondrial DNA consists of just 37 genes inside mitochondria, which are structures inside cells that provide their energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondrial disorders range from mild to severe. In many cases there is no treatment, and the affected child dies early in life after suffering progressive, debilitating symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists want to create eggs free of mitochondrial defects by removing the defective mitochondrial DNA. It would be replaced with healthy mitochondrial DNA from eggs donated by other women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The British government recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">approved\u003c/a> such experiments in that country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this remains \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/11/10/360342623/combining-the-dna-of-three-people-raises-ethical-questions\">controversial\u003c/a>, not only due to the fact that the resulting children would have DNA from three people. Because the transplanted DNA could be passed down for generations, critics fear it could accidentally introduce errors into the human gene pool that could create new diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also worry it would set a precedent that could open the door to creating designer babies, in which parents can pick and chose the traits of their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of such concerns, making any change in DNA that could be passed down for generations has long been considered off-limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The committee report acknowledged that making babies with DNA from three different people could have \"psychological and social effects\" on the offspring, including issues about their \"conception of identity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the committee acknowledged the possibility that it could lead to attempts at genetic \"enhancements.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such work would raise thorny regulatory issues, the committee noted. For example, the federal government is prohibited from funding research that involves destroying human embryos. As a result, \"even an agency request\" for data from such research in support of FDA approval \"could well be controversial,\" the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the committee says the potential benefits make the work worth pursuing with careful oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, the FDA could at some point even consider letting experiments proceed to try to create female babies if certain criteria are met, the report said, including the production of \"clear evidence of safety and efficacy from male\" experiments and signs that it would be publicly acceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Babies+With+Genes+From+3+People+Could+Be+Ethical%2C+Panel+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Would You See a Holographic Doctor?",
"title": "Would You See a Holographic Doctor?",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine if instead of schlepping across town to your physician's office, spending a half-hour in the waiting room leafing through a year-old National Geographic, and spending just long enough with the doc to get a prescription, you could instead request a personal house call in the form of a hologram. Or talk to an artificial representation not only possessing your doctor's knowledge, but all the research contained in medical databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"We can take care of more and more patients virtually and save the brick and mortar visits for those that really need it.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Well, if the “virtual care clinic,” now in the works at the University of Southern California, opens for business sometime later this year, we're going to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to combine real physicians, their visual representations, and artificial intelligence into one badass caregiver, providing patients access to not only a wealth of routine and specialized information, but also to virtual doctors who don’t get cranky when you ask, “So can I, like, die from this?\" Patients will transmit information about their physical condition through body sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will this look like? Well, take a look at the videos below, where you'll see patients who want more information about their condition or treatment as they connect with electronic versions of their physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first demo, a video version of a real doctor asks the patient which treatment outcomes concern him the most. When he chooses “survival mortality,” the \"doctor\" searches its database and pulls studies of patients with a similar profile. She then reports that a new medication for his condition reduced mortality 9 percent more than an older treatment. That, coupled with a reduced risk of stroke, leads the virtual physician to recommend the newer medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YOX9Bh3jR8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this demo, an avatar with a computer-generated voice gives a patient with prostate cancer the mortality rate for radical prostatectomy as compared to the rate for active surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt8Hfy9A8zg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And apparently holograms are also on the table ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61xd07vxev8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By allowing people to access doctors on their own time, it can create an interaction that’s been missing from medicine,” said Dr. Leslie Saxon, the executive director of the University of Southern California's Center for Body Computing, which is creating the clinic in partnership with the USC Institute for Creative Technologies and Keck Medicine of USC. In addition, there are eight “\u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-next-level-of-on-demand-expert-medical-care-is-here-usc-center-for-body-computing-announces-its-virtual-care-clinic-vcc-in-collaboration-with-eight-strategic-partners-for-an-anytime-anywhere-disruptive-health-care-model--300210442.html\" target=\"_blank\">foundational partners\u003c/a>,\" which the clinic announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon believes this sort of remote, virtual care will become the \"dominant global health care solution\" because of the benefits it will provide for physicians, patients and the bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By “virtualizing” the knowledge set of experts, she said, “we can provide access to [them] at a fraction of the cost. We can take care of more and more patients virtually and save the brick and mortar visits for those that really need it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon also thinks enabling appointments from anywhere patients can use a smartphone will relieve many of the burdens involved in traditional encounters, including having to leave work to travel to the doctor and the inability to have all concerns addressed in a time-sensitive, sometimes intimidating environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the democratizing aspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only so many medical experts in the world,” Saxon told the Voice of America in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.voanews.com/content/virtual-medical-clinic-equalize-health-care/3168894.html\" target=\"_blank\">interview\u003c/a>, \"and we're never going to have enough to supply the need of the entire world. So we can clone, if you will, many of the experts to provide care anywhere anytime, without borders.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About The Human Element?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right. Do I really want a computer to compel me to “say ahh”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not saying you don’t need [human interaction],” Saxon said. “But you don’t need it for everything. What people like is convenience and continuous access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon said the early data shows patients have responded well to this type of interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons, perhaps: a virtual doctor doesn’t get annoyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a cardiologist,\" Saxon says \"I see 30 patients at a clinic, I’m describing the same information a lot. Do you think I’m as fresh at 4 p.m. as I am at 8 a.m.? I like the idea of being able to standardize my behavior and conduct. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Privacy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering that all these interactions would take place online, I asked Saxon how the clinic could ensure privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We work only with HIPAA compliant partners that have a high level of security required for the transfer and storage of digital health data,” she said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Do Doctors Think About \"Being Virtualized?\"\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I described the virtual clinic to the AMA, it seemed a bit like, \"that's a new one on us.\" But I sent some info and they emailed me back a response, \"While the AMA has not reviewed the virtual health service that you describe, we would be interested in how this health care delivery model is addressing some of the challenges that occur in telehealth: no serious history-taking, no patient evaluation to guide a proper diagnosis, no counseling, no monitoring or assessment of a treatment, and no semblance of a true patient-physician relationship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wondered how a regular doctor, not particularly connected to the tech world and who has seen a ton of patients, would react to the ideas in play here. My pal Dan O’Connell, an assistant professor of family medicine at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, fit the bill. He sees about 25 patients per week and supervises residents who treat about 45 more patients. Most of this clientele is low-income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn’t particularly impressed by the demonstration videos. One of the main tasks of any medical interaction, he said, is to see if the patient actually understands what you are talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The virtual doctors are only some pre-set scripts with no interaction or intelligence at all,” he said. “Most effective education is an interactive conversation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thought the demonstration of the doctor providing the respective mortality rates for Coumadin and New Oral Anticoagulants showed the system’s limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the \u003cem>conversation\u003c/em> is so central to the doctor-patient relationship, this particular example is useless -- it spends a lot of time and clicks to basically say, ‘the very expensive one is slightly better’ without individualizing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm sure they will get better at this,” he said, “but the early basic assumptions -- that patients want an avatar to translate epidemiology into high school math -- misses what people want from their health provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess we'll have to see how patients respond. If enough like this model of care, well ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember this guy from Star Trek Voyager?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr0OHhA6rGs\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine if instead of schlepping across town to your physician's office, spending a half-hour in the waiting room leafing through a year-old National Geographic, and spending just long enough with the doc to get a prescription, you could instead request a personal house call in the form of a hologram. Or talk to an artificial representation not only possessing your doctor's knowledge, but all the research contained in medical databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"We can take care of more and more patients virtually and save the brick and mortar visits for those that really need it.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Well, if the “virtual care clinic,” now in the works at the University of Southern California, opens for business sometime later this year, we're going to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to combine real physicians, their visual representations, and artificial intelligence into one badass caregiver, providing patients access to not only a wealth of routine and specialized information, but also to virtual doctors who don’t get cranky when you ask, “So can I, like, die from this?\" Patients will transmit information about their physical condition through body sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will this look like? Well, take a look at the videos below, where you'll see patients who want more information about their condition or treatment as they connect with electronic versions of their physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first demo, a video version of a real doctor asks the patient which treatment outcomes concern him the most. When he chooses “survival mortality,” the \"doctor\" searches its database and pulls studies of patients with a similar profile. She then reports that a new medication for his condition reduced mortality 9 percent more than an older treatment. That, coupled with a reduced risk of stroke, leads the virtual physician to recommend the newer medication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/1YOX9Bh3jR8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/1YOX9Bh3jR8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In this demo, an avatar with a computer-generated voice gives a patient with prostate cancer the mortality rate for radical prostatectomy as compared to the rate for active surveillance.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Mt8Hfy9A8zg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Mt8Hfy9A8zg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>And apparently holograms are also on the table ...\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/61xd07vxev8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/61xd07vxev8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“By allowing people to access doctors on their own time, it can create an interaction that’s been missing from medicine,” said Dr. Leslie Saxon, the executive director of the University of Southern California's Center for Body Computing, which is creating the clinic in partnership with the USC Institute for Creative Technologies and Keck Medicine of USC. In addition, there are eight “\u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-next-level-of-on-demand-expert-medical-care-is-here-usc-center-for-body-computing-announces-its-virtual-care-clinic-vcc-in-collaboration-with-eight-strategic-partners-for-an-anytime-anywhere-disruptive-health-care-model--300210442.html\" target=\"_blank\">foundational partners\u003c/a>,\" which the clinic announced last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon believes this sort of remote, virtual care will become the \"dominant global health care solution\" because of the benefits it will provide for physicians, patients and the bottom line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By “virtualizing” the knowledge set of experts, she said, “we can provide access to [them] at a fraction of the cost. We can take care of more and more patients virtually and save the brick and mortar visits for those that really need it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon also thinks enabling appointments from anywhere patients can use a smartphone will relieve many of the burdens involved in traditional encounters, including having to leave work to travel to the doctor and the inability to have all concerns addressed in a time-sensitive, sometimes intimidating environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there's the democratizing aspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are only so many medical experts in the world,” Saxon told the Voice of America in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.voanews.com/content/virtual-medical-clinic-equalize-health-care/3168894.html\" target=\"_blank\">interview\u003c/a>, \"and we're never going to have enough to supply the need of the entire world. So we can clone, if you will, many of the experts to provide care anywhere anytime, without borders.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About The Human Element?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All right. Do I really want a computer to compel me to “say ahh”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not saying you don’t need [human interaction],” Saxon said. “But you don’t need it for everything. What people like is convenience and continuous access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saxon said the early data shows patients have responded well to this type of interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons, perhaps: a virtual doctor doesn’t get annoyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a cardiologist,\" Saxon says \"I see 30 patients at a clinic, I’m describing the same information a lot. Do you think I’m as fresh at 4 p.m. as I am at 8 a.m.? I like the idea of being able to standardize my behavior and conduct. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Privacy?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering that all these interactions would take place online, I asked Saxon how the clinic could ensure privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We work only with HIPAA compliant partners that have a high level of security required for the transfer and storage of digital health data,” she said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Do Doctors Think About \"Being Virtualized?\"\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I described the virtual clinic to the AMA, it seemed a bit like, \"that's a new one on us.\" But I sent some info and they emailed me back a response, \"While the AMA has not reviewed the virtual health service that you describe, we would be interested in how this health care delivery model is addressing some of the challenges that occur in telehealth: no serious history-taking, no patient evaluation to guide a proper diagnosis, no counseling, no monitoring or assessment of a treatment, and no semblance of a true patient-physician relationship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wondered how a regular doctor, not particularly connected to the tech world and who has seen a ton of patients, would react to the ideas in play here. My pal Dan O’Connell, an assistant professor of family medicine at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, fit the bill. He sees about 25 patients per week and supervises residents who treat about 45 more patients. Most of this clientele is low-income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wasn’t particularly impressed by the demonstration videos. One of the main tasks of any medical interaction, he said, is to see if the patient actually understands what you are talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The virtual doctors are only some pre-set scripts with no interaction or intelligence at all,” he said. “Most effective education is an interactive conversation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thought the demonstration of the doctor providing the respective mortality rates for Coumadin and New Oral Anticoagulants showed the system’s limitations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because the \u003cem>conversation\u003c/em> is so central to the doctor-patient relationship, this particular example is useless -- it spends a lot of time and clicks to basically say, ‘the very expensive one is slightly better’ without individualizing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm sure they will get better at this,” he said, “but the early basic assumptions -- that patients want an avatar to translate epidemiology into high school math -- misses what people want from their health provider.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I guess we'll have to see how patients respond. If enough like this model of care, well ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember this guy from Star Trek Voyager?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Low-Cost Test For Cystic Fibrosis",
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"content": "\u003cp>The bad news came on Kirsten McGowan's birthday. She was pregnant with her first child Patrick, and discovered she was a carrier for cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child can only inherit the disease if both parents are carriers, and McGowan's husband also tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hit us out of the blue,\" McGowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. Digestive enzymes are blocked, which inhibits the absorption of food nutrients. It's a chronic illness that can't be cured, but can be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Patrick was born with the illness, doctors put him on a diet high in protein, fat and salt so he'd maintain a healthy weight. And they outlined a daily breathing regime of two to three hours to prevent mucus build-up in his lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-104549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg\" alt=\"cystic fibrosis image\" width=\"336\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\">Mucus builds up because CF makes it more thick and viscous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CF gene controls the movement of chloride ions in and out of cells, which regulates the salt and water balances in the lungs and pancreas. Mutations in this gene rob mucus of water and it builds up in the lungs it can inhibit breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGowan says detecting the illness early in Patrick meant he could get treatment right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Getting a diagnosis early is key,\" says McGowan. \"Knowing sooner helps you process that emotion--to be angry, to be sad--and then say, 'OK, now h\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do I help my son or daughter stay healthy.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CF is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States. It takes just two CF gene mutation to cause cystic fibrosis and more than 2,000 changes are known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rapid and Affordable New Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty different genetic mutations account for most types of cystic fibrosis in California. The state tests for these common mutations but there are more than 2,000 possible changes, and more are discovered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Current tests are not comprehensive,\" says Stanford geneticist Curt Scharfe. \u003c/span>\"They can miss newborns with two rare mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharfe compares the CF gene mutations to typos in a novel. But imagine a really big novel, like \"War and Peace,\" with really unusual typos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Imagine changes in a letter in a word somewhere in a book,\" says Scharfe. \"It doesn't help if you read one page very well, you need to read all these pages--or genetic changes--well. We're talking about rare typos and they happen once, not many times.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the state has a tiered testing method for CF; it\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>tests once for common mutations and send all positive results to Stanford for further testing. Stanford does about 9,000 tests a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at Stanford have figured out how to do \u003ca href=\"http://jmd.amjpathol.org/article/S1525-1578(15)00275-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one test for CF \u003c/a>using genome sequencing. The scientists were able to sequence the entire CF gene which means they can spot any and all abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104686\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-104686\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood spots to test newborns for cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-400x221.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-768x425.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-960x532.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood to sequence the CF gene for cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Eric T. Sheler/US Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At birth, all infants get a heel pin-prick to test their blood for a range of diseases. Stanford researchers used blood from the test to map\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the CF gene. Now when they test babies, the results show whether or not a baby has a mutation on that gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit of Stanford's new test is that researchers can sequence DNA from nearly 100 babies at once in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/systems/miseq.html\">Illumina genome sequencing machine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process takes only a few days and Scharfe hopes eventually it will only take a few hours. Current tests take longer than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the process sequences the entire CF genome it won't miss mutations, even if they are extremely rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future for Stanford's CF Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's new test is about one-fifth the cost of current CF tests. That's partially because genome sequencing has become much less expensive. Analyzing the CF gene is possible in a way that it wasn't fifty years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-105112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/IMG_7115-338x600.png\" alt=\"At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Kirsten McGowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Scharfe hopes that, eventually, the test will be used throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California has the most comprehensive cystic fibrosis testing program and it would be very beneficial to have this new test available in many states.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before California's statewide newborn screening program started in 1966, many kids with genetic disorders would go undiagnosed and symptoms would show up later.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut this hasn't been a problem for Kirsten's son Patrick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Outwardly he looks like any other kid walking down the sidewalk,\" says McGowan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said early detection of genetic diseases is crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sooner you get that news, the sooner you stop thinking ‘what if’. And then can get to that good place of living with the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The bad news came on Kirsten McGowan's birthday. She was pregnant with her first child Patrick, and discovered she was a carrier for cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A child can only inherit the disease if both parents are carriers, and McGowan's husband also tested positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It hit us out of the blue,\" McGowan says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic disease causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. Digestive enzymes are blocked, which inhibits the absorption of food nutrients. It's a chronic illness that can't be cured, but can be treated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Patrick was born with the illness, doctors put him on a diet high in protein, fat and salt so he'd maintain a healthy weight. And they outlined a daily breathing regime of two to three hours to prevent mucus build-up in his lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-104549\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg\" alt=\"cystic fibrosis image\" width=\"336\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/cystic-fibrosis-image-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\">Mucus builds up because CF makes it more thick and viscous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CF gene controls the movement of chloride ions in and out of cells, which regulates the salt and water balances in the lungs and pancreas. Mutations in this gene rob mucus of water and it builds up in the lungs it can inhibit breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGowan says detecting the illness early in Patrick meant he could get treatment right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Getting a diagnosis early is key,\" says McGowan. \"Knowing sooner helps you process that emotion--to be angry, to be sad--and then say, 'OK, now h\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ow do I help my son or daughter stay healthy.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CF is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States. It takes just two CF gene mutation to cause cystic fibrosis and more than 2,000 changes are known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rapid and Affordable New Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty different genetic mutations account for most types of cystic fibrosis in California. The state tests for these common mutations but there are more than 2,000 possible changes, and more are discovered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Current tests are not comprehensive,\" says Stanford geneticist Curt Scharfe. \u003c/span>\"They can miss newborns with two rare mutations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharfe compares the CF gene mutations to typos in a novel. But imagine a really big novel, like \"War and Peace,\" with really unusual typos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Imagine changes in a letter in a word somewhere in a book,\" says Scharfe. \"It doesn't help if you read one page very well, you need to read all these pages--or genetic changes--well. We're talking about rare typos and they happen once, not many times.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the state has a tiered testing method for CF; it\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>tests once for common mutations and send all positive results to Stanford for further testing. Stanford does about 9,000 tests a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at Stanford have figured out how to do \u003ca href=\"http://jmd.amjpathol.org/article/S1525-1578(15)00275-5/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">one test for CF \u003c/a>using genome sequencing. The scientists were able to sequence the entire CF gene which means they can spot any and all abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104686\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-104686\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood spots to test newborns for cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"800\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-800x443.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-400x221.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-768x425.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-960x532.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/Dried-blood-testing.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford researchers were able to take enough DNA from dried blood to sequence the CF gene for cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Eric T. Sheler/US Air Force)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At birth, all infants get a heel pin-prick to test their blood for a range of diseases. Stanford researchers used blood from the test to map\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the CF gene. Now when they test babies, the results show whether or not a baby has a mutation on that gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit of Stanford's new test is that researchers can sequence DNA from nearly 100 babies at once in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.illumina.com/systems/miseq.html\">Illumina genome sequencing machine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process takes only a few days and Scharfe hopes eventually it will only take a few hours. Current tests take longer than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because the process sequences the entire CF genome it won't miss mutations, even if they are extremely rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future for Stanford's CF Test\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's new test is about one-fifth the cost of current CF tests. That's partially because genome sequencing has become much less expensive. Analyzing the CF gene is possible in a way that it wasn't fifty years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_105112\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-105112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/IMG_7115-338x600.png\" alt=\"At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis.\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age six, Patrick McGowan is extremely active and shows few outward signs of cystic fibrosis. \u003ccite>(Kirsten McGowan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Scharfe hopes that, eventually, the test will be used throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"California has the most comprehensive cystic fibrosis testing program and it would be very beneficial to have this new test available in many states.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before California's statewide newborn screening program started in 1966, many kids with genetic disorders would go undiagnosed and symptoms would show up later.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut this hasn't been a problem for Kirsten's son Patrick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Outwardly he looks like any other kid walking down the sidewalk,\" says McGowan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said early detection of genetic diseases is crucial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The sooner you get that news, the sooner you stop thinking ‘what if’. And then can get to that good place of living with the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>STAT's \"Signal\" podcast has put up its latest episode, called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/28/podcast-alzheimers-amyloid-science/\" target=\"_blank\">Choosing scientific sides in the fight against Alzheimer's\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The segment takes a look at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=amyloid%20hypothesis%20controversy\" target=\"_blank\">controversy\u003c/a> around the theory that the buildup in the brain of a protein called beta amyloid is a key cause of Alzheimer's. This is called \"the amyloid hypothesis.\" For almost 30 years, STAT says, researchers have targeted the protein in trying to fight the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \"the industry as a whole has so far struck out,\" STAT says. \"Out of 244 drugs tested between 2002 and 2012, only one successfully got to market.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not all scientists agree the amyloid hypothesis is even correct. Listen below ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/stat-signal-podcast/episode-6-choosing-scientific-sides-in-the-fight-against-alzheimers\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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