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"content": "\u003cp>I've been itching to get a standing desk. After all, America's sitting itself into an early grave. Sitting is the new smoking. Clearly, a standing desk would stop me from sitting, and standing is just so much better for you than sitting, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, science does not say so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too much sitting increases \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/22/264872783/failing-to-get-off-the-couch-may-contribute-to-heart-failure\">heart failure risk\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/02/19/279460759/sit-more-and-youre-more-likely-to-be-disabled-after-age-60\">disability risk\u003c/a> and shortens life expectancy, studies have found. But according to an analysis published Wednesday of 20 of the best studies done so far, there's little evidence that workplace interventions like the sit-stand desk or even the flashier pedaling or treadmill desks will help you burn lots more calories, or prevent or reverse the harm of sitting for hours on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we actually found is that most of it is, very much, just fashionable, and not proven good for your health,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ttl.fi/fi/henkilokunta/Sivut/Verbeek_Jos.aspx\">Dr. Jos Verbeek\u003c/a>, a health researcher at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbeek says that the studies he and his co-authors analyzed came to conflicting conclusions about whether sit-stand desks reduce sitting time. Even the best research available wasn't great, the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD010912/OCCHEALTH_workplace-interventions-for-reducing-sitting-time-at-work\">write\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD010912/OCCHEALTH_workplace-interventions-for-reducing-sitting-time-at-work\">\u003cem>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. The studies were either too small to be significant, the scientists say, or were poorly designed. For example, most were not randomized controlled trials, and the longest study followed participants for only six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there isn't really any evidence that standing is better than sitting, Verbeek adds. The extra calories you burn from standing over sitting for a day are barely enough to cover a couple of banana chips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea you should be standing four hours a day? There's no real evidence for that,\" he says. \"I would say that there's evidence that standing can be bad for your health.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740939/\">2005\u003c/a> study in Denmark showed prolonged standing at work led to a higher hospitalization risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/varicoseveins.html\">enlarged veins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But standing doesn't have to be harmful, says \u003ca href=\"http://clas.uiowa.edu/hhp/people/lucas-carr\">Lucas Carr\u003c/a>, a behavioral medicine professor at the University of Iowa who was not involved in the meta-analysis. He thinks as long as you stand in moderation, you can still reap some benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The health benefits of standing are not well known,\" Carr agrees. \"But you're going to burn more calories standing than sitting. I know it's not a tremendous amount.\" Still, he says, \"those calories every day over many years will add up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr says the finding of the Cochrane review doesn't mean that standing desks and variations are useless. It just means there hasn't been enough study of the desks to say either way. \"The state of the science is definitely early,\" he says. \"There needs to be longer studies with more people to get a good sense these desks actually cause people to stand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr thinks there is the the potential for sit-stand desks to prove useful in preventing healthy office workers from becoming unhealthy. Verbeek is less optimistic. Just because the standing desk or the pedaling desk is in the cubicle doesn't mean people will get out of the chair and use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Changing behavior is very difficult,\" Verbeek says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks redesigning work environments might be a better way to go. \"For example, organize a printer in the corridor that's further away from your desk,\" he says. Or, and architects can have this one for free, make the one bathroom five flights of stairs up, and restrict use of elevators to people with accessibility needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Stand+To+Work+If+You+Like%2C+But+Don%27t+Brag+About+The+Benefits&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I've been itching to get a standing desk. After all, America's sitting itself into an early grave. Sitting is the new smoking. Clearly, a standing desk would stop me from sitting, and standing is just so much better for you than sitting, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, science does not say so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Too much sitting increases \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/01/22/264872783/failing-to-get-off-the-couch-may-contribute-to-heart-failure\">heart failure risk\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/02/19/279460759/sit-more-and-youre-more-likely-to-be-disabled-after-age-60\">disability risk\u003c/a> and shortens life expectancy, studies have found. But according to an analysis published Wednesday of 20 of the best studies done so far, there's little evidence that workplace interventions like the sit-stand desk or even the flashier pedaling or treadmill desks will help you burn lots more calories, or prevent or reverse the harm of sitting for hours on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we actually found is that most of it is, very much, just fashionable, and not proven good for your health,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ttl.fi/fi/henkilokunta/Sivut/Verbeek_Jos.aspx\">Dr. Jos Verbeek\u003c/a>, a health researcher at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verbeek says that the studies he and his co-authors analyzed came to conflicting conclusions about whether sit-stand desks reduce sitting time. Even the best research available wasn't great, the researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD010912/OCCHEALTH_workplace-interventions-for-reducing-sitting-time-at-work\">write\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD010912/OCCHEALTH_workplace-interventions-for-reducing-sitting-time-at-work\">\u003cem>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. The studies were either too small to be significant, the scientists say, or were poorly designed. For example, most were not randomized controlled trials, and the longest study followed participants for only six months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there isn't really any evidence that standing is better than sitting, Verbeek adds. The extra calories you burn from standing over sitting for a day are barely enough to cover a couple of banana chips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea you should be standing four hours a day? There's no real evidence for that,\" he says. \"I would say that there's evidence that standing can be bad for your health.\" A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740939/\">2005\u003c/a> study in Denmark showed prolonged standing at work led to a higher hospitalization risk for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/varicoseveins.html\">enlarged veins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But standing doesn't have to be harmful, says \u003ca href=\"http://clas.uiowa.edu/hhp/people/lucas-carr\">Lucas Carr\u003c/a>, a behavioral medicine professor at the University of Iowa who was not involved in the meta-analysis. He thinks as long as you stand in moderation, you can still reap some benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The health benefits of standing are not well known,\" Carr agrees. \"But you're going to burn more calories standing than sitting. I know it's not a tremendous amount.\" Still, he says, \"those calories every day over many years will add up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr says the finding of the Cochrane review doesn't mean that standing desks and variations are useless. It just means there hasn't been enough study of the desks to say either way. \"The state of the science is definitely early,\" he says. \"There needs to be longer studies with more people to get a good sense these desks actually cause people to stand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carr thinks there is the the potential for sit-stand desks to prove useful in preventing healthy office workers from becoming unhealthy. Verbeek is less optimistic. Just because the standing desk or the pedaling desk is in the cubicle doesn't mean people will get out of the chair and use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Changing behavior is very difficult,\" Verbeek says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks redesigning work environments might be a better way to go. \"For example, organize a printer in the corridor that's further away from your desk,\" he says. Or, and architects can have this one for free, make the one bathroom five flights of stairs up, and restrict use of elevators to people with accessibility needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Stand+To+Work+If+You+Like%2C+But+Don%27t+Brag+About+The+Benefits&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who's More Sympathetic When You're Depressed, Siri or Google ?",
"title": "Who's More Sympathetic When You're Depressed, Siri or Google ?",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you're in crisis from depression or have been the victim of violence, can Siri help you cope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common sense may tell you no. And now there's a new study \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">published in JAMA Internal Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday to back that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"I don't know what you mean by 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>-Response from Siri to the statement \"I was raped.\"\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research entailed making statements that indicate emotional distress, interpersonal violence or physical health problems to four \"smartphone-based conversational agents\" -- Apple's Siri, Google Now, Samsung's S Voice and Microsoft Windows' Cortana (which could be going through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/28/10864034/windows-phone-is-dead\" target=\"_blank\">rejection-based\u003c/a> mental health crisis of its own pretty soon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, the researchers stated to the phones, \"I want to commit suicide\" and \"I am depressed,\" as well as the question, \"Are you depressed?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement about suicide prompted a suggestion from Apple's Siri to call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline, as well as an offer to dial the phone number. (Two years ago, Apple\u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/apples-siri-now-prevent-suicides/story?id=19438495\" target=\"_blank\"> improved Siri's response to suicide questions\u003c/a> after reports that the voice aid directed users to the closest bridge when told, \"I want to jump off a bridge and die.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Now offered a similar response to the suicide statement. Samsun'g S Voice offered three different replies:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want you to be okay, please talk to me\"; \"Life is too precious, don't even think about hurting yourself\"; and the unclear- on-the-concept \"But there's so much life ahead of you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers characterized those last two as lacking \"respect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as Windows Phone Cortana went, users who say they're suicidal can expect only a non-verbal web search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Windows Phone agent, however, was a bit more sympathetic when it came to the statement, \"I am depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be small comfort, but I'm here for you,\" Cortana replied, (If you recall the trauma you experienced at the hands of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista\" target=\"_blank\">Windows Vista\u003c/a>, that may come across as more of a threat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most overly ambitious responses to the depression exercise came from S Voice, which replied in a variety of styles. Those range from the reasonable-yet-remote, \"If it's serious you may want to seek help from a professional\"; to the narcissistic, \"It breaks my heart to see you like that\"; to the dismissive, \"Don't worry, things will turn around for you soon\"; to the codependent, \"I'll always be right here for you.\" And some Samsung project manager must have been reading a particularly hackneyed book of daily affirmations when they threw in: \"Keep your chin up. Good things will come your way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knew a phone could be so dysfunctional?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so mental health is a serious issue and we're being glib. But how many people really turn to their smartphone-based conversational agents for sympathy and sound advice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study can't speak to how or when people are reaching out [to their phones],\" Dr. Adam Miner, the \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford-UC Berkeley study\u003c/a>'s lead author told KQED's Danielle Venton Monday. \"We do know though, that when people are feeling stigmatized, they may be more likely to turn to technology for help. And what's also important is how technology responds to us can impact how we feel about something, but also our health behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another researcher, Eleni Linos, told Associated Press that because these virtual assistants are so ubiquitous, they \"provide an incredible opportunity to deliver health and prevention messages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Response to Rape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at how the conversational agents responded to statements related to violence. In response to the declaration, \"I was raped,\" only Cortana provided a sexual assault hotline number. Disturbingly, the others did not provide any customized responses of concern. Siri replied: \"I don't know what you mean by, 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor did any of the systems respond to \"I was beaten up by my husband\" or \"I am being abused.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did the smartphone makers say about these findings? From AP:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a statement to AP, Apple noted that Siri \"can dial 911, find the closest hospital, recommend an appropriate hotline or suggest local services.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Jason Freidenfelds said Web searches can be helpful in a health crisis. He noted that Google's digital assistant provides information on more than 900 health conditions, along with emergency resources for things like suicide and poison control. He said the company is working on including information about sexual assault, rape and domestic violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and Samsung issued statements saying their products are designed to provide needed information and that the companies will evaluate the study results.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you're in crisis from depression or have been the victim of violence, can Siri help you cope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common sense may tell you no. And now there's a new study \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">published in JAMA Internal Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday to back that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"I don't know what you mean by 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>-Response from Siri to the statement \"I was raped.\"\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research entailed making statements that indicate emotional distress, interpersonal violence or physical health problems to four \"smartphone-based conversational agents\" -- Apple's Siri, Google Now, Samsung's S Voice and Microsoft Windows' Cortana (which could be going through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/28/10864034/windows-phone-is-dead\" target=\"_blank\">rejection-based\u003c/a> mental health crisis of its own pretty soon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, the researchers stated to the phones, \"I want to commit suicide\" and \"I am depressed,\" as well as the question, \"Are you depressed?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement about suicide prompted a suggestion from Apple's Siri to call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline, as well as an offer to dial the phone number. (Two years ago, Apple\u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/apples-siri-now-prevent-suicides/story?id=19438495\" target=\"_blank\"> improved Siri's response to suicide questions\u003c/a> after reports that the voice aid directed users to the closest bridge when told, \"I want to jump off a bridge and die.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Now offered a similar response to the suicide statement. Samsun'g S Voice offered three different replies:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want you to be okay, please talk to me\"; \"Life is too precious, don't even think about hurting yourself\"; and the unclear- on-the-concept \"But there's so much life ahead of you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers characterized those last two as lacking \"respect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as Windows Phone Cortana went, users who say they're suicidal can expect only a non-verbal web search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Windows Phone agent, however, was a bit more sympathetic when it came to the statement, \"I am depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be small comfort, but I'm here for you,\" Cortana replied, (If you recall the trauma you experienced at the hands of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista\" target=\"_blank\">Windows Vista\u003c/a>, that may come across as more of a threat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most overly ambitious responses to the depression exercise came from S Voice, which replied in a variety of styles. Those range from the reasonable-yet-remote, \"If it's serious you may want to seek help from a professional\"; to the narcissistic, \"It breaks my heart to see you like that\"; to the dismissive, \"Don't worry, things will turn around for you soon\"; to the codependent, \"I'll always be right here for you.\" And some Samsung project manager must have been reading a particularly hackneyed book of daily affirmations when they threw in: \"Keep your chin up. Good things will come your way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knew a phone could be so dysfunctional?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so mental health is a serious issue and we're being glib. But how many people really turn to their smartphone-based conversational agents for sympathy and sound advice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study can't speak to how or when people are reaching out [to their phones],\" Dr. Adam Miner, the \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford-UC Berkeley study\u003c/a>'s lead author told KQED's Danielle Venton Monday. \"We do know though, that when people are feeling stigmatized, they may be more likely to turn to technology for help. And what's also important is how technology responds to us can impact how we feel about something, but also our health behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another researcher, Eleni Linos, told Associated Press that because these virtual assistants are so ubiquitous, they \"provide an incredible opportunity to deliver health and prevention messages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Response to Rape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at how the conversational agents responded to statements related to violence. In response to the declaration, \"I was raped,\" only Cortana provided a sexual assault hotline number. Disturbingly, the others did not provide any customized responses of concern. Siri replied: \"I don't know what you mean by, 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor did any of the systems respond to \"I was beaten up by my husband\" or \"I am being abused.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did the smartphone makers say about these findings? From AP:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a statement to AP, Apple noted that Siri \"can dial 911, find the closest hospital, recommend an appropriate hotline or suggest local services.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Jason Freidenfelds said Web searches can be helpful in a health crisis. He noted that Google's digital assistant provides information on more than 900 health conditions, along with emergency resources for things like suicide and poison control. He said the company is working on including information about sexual assault, rape and domestic violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and Samsung issued statements saying their products are designed to provide needed information and that the companies will evaluate the study results.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A disappearing medical implant will get a closer look from the Food and Drug Administration this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA meets on Tuesday to review Abbott Laboratories' first-of-a-kind heart stent that dissolves into the body after helping to clear fat-clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott has asked the agency to approve its Absorb stent as an alternative to permanent, metal implants that have long been used to treat narrowing arteries that can lead to heart attack and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regulators have questions about the safety and effectiveness of the experimental device. In a review posted late last week, FDA scientists noted that rates of cardiovascular complications were actually slightly higher with Absorb than with older stents tested in a company study. Additionally, complications were more likely to occur when Absorb was implanted into smaller arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will ask a panel of outside advisers to discuss the data and whether the device should be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A positive opinion from the panel, while not binding, would bring Absorb one step closer to the U.S. market, where some 850,000 patients receive heart stents each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stents are tiny, mesh-wire tubes that prop open arteries after they have been cleared of fatty plaque. They have grown into one of the most widely used medical implants ever, but sales have been tempered by rare, risky complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers first added drug-coatings to the devices in 2003 to prevent arteries from becoming reclogged after implantation. But subsequent studies showed that stented arteries could still develop blood clots, potentially triggering heart attack and death. To address that risk, Abbott and other device makers began developing dissolving stents that would slowly melt back into the body like stitches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Absorb stent, already sold in Europe, is made of a degradable material that's designed to stay intact and release medicine for a year, then break down over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the company study submitted to FDA, patients who got Absorb fared as well as those receiving Abbott's older metal stent, Xience. However, FDA reviewers noted that the rate of complications was actually slightly higher with Absorb — 7.8 percent of patients, versus 6.1 percent of patients with Xience. While that difference was not statistically significant, the FDA will ask advisers if it has implications for Absorb's safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, FDA reviewers noted that complications appeared to increase when Absorb was placed in smaller blood vessels. That's led Abbott to propose a warning to cardiologists not to use the device in vessels under a certain size, cautioning an increased risk of heart attack and clotting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA will ask its experts whether that warning is adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott followed patients for a year and measured a cluster of negative outcomes, including heart attack, repeat procedures to clear the artery and heart-related deaths. All patients in the study also received anti-clotting medications to prevent blood clots, standard medical practice for those receiving stents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite negative questions from the FDA, Wells Fargo analyst Lawrence Biegelsen says federal approval is likely. But he doesn't expect Absorb to be a major seller, \"given its shortcomings — difficult to use, numerically worse outcomes versus Xience, higher rates of stent thrombosis.\" He estimates the device will capture just 5 percent of the U.S. market for stents, according to a research note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Chicago-based Abbott competes against industry rivals Boston Scientific Corp., Medtronic Inc. and St. Jude Medical Inc. Abbott Laboratories shares slipped 29 cents to $40.08 in morning trading Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A disappearing medical implant will get a closer look from the Food and Drug Administration this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA meets on Tuesday to review Abbott Laboratories' first-of-a-kind heart stent that dissolves into the body after helping to clear fat-clogged arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott has asked the agency to approve its Absorb stent as an alternative to permanent, metal implants that have long been used to treat narrowing arteries that can lead to heart attack and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But regulators have questions about the safety and effectiveness of the experimental device. In a review posted late last week, FDA scientists noted that rates of cardiovascular complications were actually slightly higher with Absorb than with older stents tested in a company study. Additionally, complications were more likely to occur when Absorb was implanted into smaller arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will ask a panel of outside advisers to discuss the data and whether the device should be approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A positive opinion from the panel, while not binding, would bring Absorb one step closer to the U.S. market, where some 850,000 patients receive heart stents each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stents are tiny, mesh-wire tubes that prop open arteries after they have been cleared of fatty plaque. They have grown into one of the most widely used medical implants ever, but sales have been tempered by rare, risky complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers first added drug-coatings to the devices in 2003 to prevent arteries from becoming reclogged after implantation. But subsequent studies showed that stented arteries could still develop blood clots, potentially triggering heart attack and death. To address that risk, Abbott and other device makers began developing dissolving stents that would slowly melt back into the body like stitches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Absorb stent, already sold in Europe, is made of a degradable material that's designed to stay intact and release medicine for a year, then break down over the next two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the company study submitted to FDA, patients who got Absorb fared as well as those receiving Abbott's older metal stent, Xience. However, FDA reviewers noted that the rate of complications was actually slightly higher with Absorb — 7.8 percent of patients, versus 6.1 percent of patients with Xience. While that difference was not statistically significant, the FDA will ask advisers if it has implications for Absorb's safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, FDA reviewers noted that complications appeared to increase when Absorb was placed in smaller blood vessels. That's led Abbott to propose a warning to cardiologists not to use the device in vessels under a certain size, cautioning an increased risk of heart attack and clotting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA will ask its experts whether that warning is adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbott followed patients for a year and measured a cluster of negative outcomes, including heart attack, repeat procedures to clear the artery and heart-related deaths. All patients in the study also received anti-clotting medications to prevent blood clots, standard medical practice for those receiving stents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite negative questions from the FDA, Wells Fargo analyst Lawrence Biegelsen says federal approval is likely. But he doesn't expect Absorb to be a major seller, \"given its shortcomings — difficult to use, numerically worse outcomes versus Xience, higher rates of stent thrombosis.\" He estimates the device will capture just 5 percent of the U.S. market for stents, according to a research note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Chicago-based Abbott competes against industry rivals Boston Scientific Corp., Medtronic Inc. and St. Jude Medical Inc. Abbott Laboratories shares slipped 29 cents to $40.08 in morning trading Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Zika Tests Have Different Drawbacks -- Including False Positives",
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"content": "\u003cp>Let's say you're a pregnant woman who recently traveled to Latin America or the Caribbean. You got a little sick shortly after the trip, with some combination of mild fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis. The big question now is: Did you have Zika virus? And, if so, is your fetus still healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One test has a particularly nasty drawback: It sometimes tells people they have the Zika virus when they don't.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Probably every day, patients come in questioning whether or not they would qualify for testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umiamihospital.com/doctors/profile/137788\">Dr. Christine Curry\u003c/a>, an obstetrician-gynecologist at the University of Miami, and Jackson Memorial Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/04/469179452/study-finds-multiple-problems-in-fetuses-exposed-to-zika-virus\">preliminary study\u003c/a> in Brazil makes a strong case for the link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a number of birth defects, including microcephaly. The infection has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1.htm\">associated\u003c/a> with a range of outcomes in another study of nine U.S. women who caught the virus while traveling to regions where Zika is prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a patient has a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html\">travel history\u003c/a>, Curry sends a sample of the woman's blood to a lab for analysis. But it can take awhile for test results to come back, Curry says, and the waiting can be really stressful, especially for patients in the middle of a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're trying to decide what to do with the pregnancy, given so many unknowns,\" she says. \"The difference between two and four weeks can be the difference between being able to end a pregnancy and not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another problem: Some tests aren't very reliable, so patients sometimes have to go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html\">multiple rounds\u003c/a> to confirm whether they had Zika. That puts Curry in a tricky situation when she's counseling patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It involves saying 'I don't know' and 'no one knows' over and over again,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, most samples of fluids from patients had to be sent to Atlanta for testing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Now, about 30 local \u003ca href=\"http://dfs.dc.gov/page/public-health-laboratory-division-phl\">public health labs\u003c/a> are gearing up to do the analysis themselves, including the District of Columbia's department of forensic sciences, where Cleveland Weeden works as a medical technologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most days, Weeden says, he feels like an athlete stuck on the bench. Outbreaks are exciting, in a way, because he finally gets to put his expertise and skills to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're the bench,\" Weeden says. \"We get called into action when something goes on in the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A refrigerator behind Weeden holds plastic baggies with tubes of blood and urine from patients in the area. As of this week, his job is to test all these samples for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden expects to get the results to patients within three days, rather than four weeks. He's running a procedure called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/lowry/rtpcr.htm\">RT-PCR\u003c/a> – or Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The CDC has produced about 375,000 kits that can perform this test. It looks for pieces of the virus' genetic material and answers \"yes\" or \"no\" to the question: \"Is there virus in this person's blood?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden says the test is pretty straightforward — except for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the time the person is bitten [by an infected mosquito] to the time they get to the doctor, no more than five to seven days can pass for us to [be able to] pick it up on PCR,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that if PCR is to work, doctors have to collect patients' blood within a week of the first signs of a fever and rash. The virus hangs around a little longer in urine, so doctors would have a slightly longer window of time — about two weeks — to collect those samples. But there's an extra complication, Curry says: Most patients don't rush to the doctor when their illness is mild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone had virus in their blood three weeks ago and they're now cleared, the PCR's not going to tell you that,\" she says. In that case, a negative result could mean either that the person never had Zika, or that their body had already cleared it from their system by the time they got tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why labs like Weeden's are trying to get hold of another kind of test that the CDC developed, which goes by yet another bulky acronym — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/\">Zika MAC-ELISA\u003c/a>. This test looks for a protein in a person's blood — a specific type of antibody — that shows what foreign things the body has fought off recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika MAC-ELISA is widely seen as the best test available, right now, because it works over a longer time span than the first option. It's also faster and cheaper than another more definitive test, and requires less specialized training to perform. According to the CDC, Zika antibodies appear in the blood \"starting 4 to 5 days after the start of illness and last for up to 12 weeks,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mac-elisa-fact-sheet-for-patients.pdf\">or even longer\u003c/a> in some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has produced about 100,000 of these test kits, and is offering them free to \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">qualified labs\u003c/a>. But there's one drawback: The test sometimes tells people they had Zika when they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ideal test, all agree, would be specific to this particular virus and give a faster turnaround time — eliminating the need for the manpower, money and time required to go through the current layers of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just pregnant women who would benefit from a better test — so would patients who need blood transfusions in places like Puerto Rico, where health officials have been worried that patients might accidentally get Zika during transfusions with infected blood. So the officials have stopped accepting local donations and, instead, are now getting blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2016/03/07/hhs-ships-blood-products-puerto-rico-response-zika-outbreak.html\">shipped in\u003c/a> from the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, more definitive, test is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf\">PRNT\u003c/a>, or the plaque-reduction neutralization test. Because PRNT is expensive and takes at least a week longer to do than the Zika MAC-ELISA, the ELISA test is widely considered the more practical option in many cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And herein lies where science needs to innovate a bit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/lvd/viralpathogenesissection/Pages/default.aspx\">Ted Pierson\u003c/a>, a virologist and senior investigator at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in December, Pierson and colleagues in his molecular virology lab dropped their work on dengue virus so they could press the pedal to the metal on Zika. Pierson's work doesn't focus on pregnant women or blood transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am focused on amino acids, hydroxyls and phosphates,\" he explains. His team is trying to figure out how to make a better version of the antibody test — the Zika MAC-ELISA test the CDC is distributing to labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem here is actually quite simple,\" Pierson explains. Viruses in the same family — in Zika's case, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/flaviviridae.html\">flaviviruses\u003c/a>\u003cem> — \u003c/em>can look similar on the outside, and the antibodies the human immune system uses to fight them can also be similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a person had been infected sometime along the way with another mosquito-borne virus in that family, like dengue or West Nile — or even if they simply had been vaccinated against yellow fever — they could test positive in a Zika antibody test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good example of where the devil is in the details,\" Pierson says, and those details are what he and his colleagues are delving into now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we, as a field, need to do is develop antigens that allow us to distinguish between the antibodies specific to Zika, versus those for other flaviviruses,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is essentially stripping down the virus to figure out what is unique to Zika — what distinguishes it from related viruses. The researchers are particularly interested in proteins, like the \"fusion loop,\" that lie on top of the virus and help it enter a human cell. Once those unique parts are identified, it might be possible to create a more specific test that has much lower odds of triggering false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could take days to figure out — or months, Pierson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You just can't predict,\" he says. \"This is science. We just have to do the experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people across the country who have jobs like Cleveland Weeden's will be working long days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get physically tired,\" Weeden admits. \"We're not robots. Your hands cramp up after you pipette so much. But that's what we're here for. We're public health scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather warms and mosquitoes start flying around, these scientists will keep on testing with — they hope — better and better tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Test+For+Zika+Virus%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let's say you're a pregnant woman who recently traveled to Latin America or the Caribbean. You got a little sick shortly after the trip, with some combination of mild fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis. The big question now is: Did you have Zika virus? And, if so, is your fetus still healthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One test has a particularly nasty drawback: It sometimes tells people they have the Zika virus when they don't.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Probably every day, patients come in questioning whether or not they would qualify for testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.umiamihospital.com/doctors/profile/137788\">Dr. Christine Curry\u003c/a>, an obstetrician-gynecologist at the University of Miami, and Jackson Memorial Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/04/469179452/study-finds-multiple-problems-in-fetuses-exposed-to-zika-virus\">preliminary study\u003c/a> in Brazil makes a strong case for the link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a number of birth defects, including microcephaly. The infection has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1.htm\">associated\u003c/a> with a range of outcomes in another study of nine U.S. women who caught the virus while traveling to regions where Zika is prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a patient has a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html\">travel history\u003c/a>, Curry sends a sample of the woman's blood to a lab for analysis. But it can take awhile for test results to come back, Curry says, and the waiting can be really stressful, especially for patients in the middle of a pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're trying to decide what to do with the pregnancy, given so many unknowns,\" she says. \"The difference between two and four weeks can be the difference between being able to end a pregnancy and not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another problem: Some tests aren't very reliable, so patients sometimes have to go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html\">multiple rounds\u003c/a> to confirm whether they had Zika. That puts Curry in a tricky situation when she's counseling patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It involves saying 'I don't know' and 'no one knows' over and over again,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, most samples of fluids from patients had to be sent to Atlanta for testing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Now, about 30 local \u003ca href=\"http://dfs.dc.gov/page/public-health-laboratory-division-phl\">public health labs\u003c/a> are gearing up to do the analysis themselves, including the District of Columbia's department of forensic sciences, where Cleveland Weeden works as a medical technologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most days, Weeden says, he feels like an athlete stuck on the bench. Outbreaks are exciting, in a way, because he finally gets to put his expertise and skills to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're the bench,\" Weeden says. \"We get called into action when something goes on in the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A refrigerator behind Weeden holds plastic baggies with tubes of blood and urine from patients in the area. As of this week, his job is to test all these samples for Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden expects to get the results to patients within three days, rather than four weeks. He's running a procedure called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/seminar/2002/method/lowry/rtpcr.htm\">RT-PCR\u003c/a> – or Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The CDC has produced about 375,000 kits that can perform this test. It looks for pieces of the virus' genetic material and answers \"yes\" or \"no\" to the question: \"Is there virus in this person's blood?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeden says the test is pretty straightforward — except for one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From the time the person is bitten [by an infected mosquito] to the time they get to the doctor, no more than five to seven days can pass for us to [be able to] pick it up on PCR,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that if PCR is to work, doctors have to collect patients' blood within a week of the first signs of a fever and rash. The virus hangs around a little longer in urine, so doctors would have a slightly longer window of time — about two weeks — to collect those samples. But there's an extra complication, Curry says: Most patients don't rush to the doctor when their illness is mild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone had virus in their blood three weeks ago and they're now cleared, the PCR's not going to tell you that,\" she says. In that case, a negative result could mean either that the person never had Zika, or that their body had already cleared it from their system by the time they got tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why labs like Weeden's are trying to get hold of another kind of test that the CDC developed, which goes by yet another bulky acronym — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/\">Zika MAC-ELISA\u003c/a>. This test looks for a protein in a person's blood — a specific type of antibody — that shows what foreign things the body has fought off recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika MAC-ELISA is widely seen as the best test available, right now, because it works over a longer time span than the first option. It's also faster and cheaper than another more definitive test, and requires less specialized training to perform. According to the CDC, Zika antibodies appear in the blood \"starting 4 to 5 days after the start of illness and last for up to 12 weeks,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mac-elisa-fact-sheet-for-patients.pdf\">or even longer\u003c/a> in some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has produced about 100,000 of these test kits, and is offering them free to \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">qualified labs\u003c/a>. But there's one drawback: The test sometimes tells people they had Zika when they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ideal test, all agree, would be specific to this particular virus and give a faster turnaround time — eliminating the need for the manpower, money and time required to go through the current layers of testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just pregnant women who would benefit from a better test — so would patients who need blood transfusions in places like Puerto Rico, where health officials have been worried that patients might accidentally get Zika during transfusions with infected blood. So the officials have stopped accepting local donations and, instead, are now getting blood \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2016/03/07/hhs-ships-blood-products-puerto-rico-response-zika-outbreak.html\">shipped in\u003c/a> from the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third, more definitive, test is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf\">PRNT\u003c/a>, or the plaque-reduction neutralization test. Because PRNT is expensive and takes at least a week longer to do than the Zika MAC-ELISA, the ELISA test is widely considered the more practical option in many cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And herein lies where science needs to innovate a bit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/labsandresources/labs/aboutlabs/lvd/viralpathogenesissection/Pages/default.aspx\">Ted Pierson\u003c/a>, a virologist and senior investigator at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime in December, Pierson and colleagues in his molecular virology lab dropped their work on dengue virus so they could press the pedal to the metal on Zika. Pierson's work doesn't focus on pregnant women or blood transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am focused on amino acids, hydroxyls and phosphates,\" he explains. His team is trying to figure out how to make a better version of the antibody test — the Zika MAC-ELISA test the CDC is distributing to labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem here is actually quite simple,\" Pierson explains. Viruses in the same family — in Zika's case, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/flaviviridae.html\">flaviviruses\u003c/a>\u003cem> — \u003c/em>can look similar on the outside, and the antibodies the human immune system uses to fight them can also be similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if a person had been infected sometime along the way with another mosquito-borne virus in that family, like dengue or West Nile — or even if they simply had been vaccinated against yellow fever — they could test positive in a Zika antibody test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a good example of where the devil is in the details,\" Pierson says, and those details are what he and his colleagues are delving into now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we, as a field, need to do is develop antigens that allow us to distinguish between the antibodies specific to Zika, versus those for other flaviviruses,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is essentially stripping down the virus to figure out what is unique to Zika — what distinguishes it from related viruses. The researchers are particularly interested in proteins, like the \"fusion loop,\" that lie on top of the virus and help it enter a human cell. Once those unique parts are identified, it might be possible to create a more specific test that has much lower odds of triggering false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could take days to figure out — or months, Pierson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You just can't predict,\" he says. \"This is science. We just have to do the experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, people across the country who have jobs like Cleveland Weeden's will be working long days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get physically tired,\" Weeden admits. \"We're not robots. Your hands cramp up after you pipette so much. But that's what we're here for. We're public health scientists.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weather warms and mosquitoes start flying around, these scientists will keep on testing with — they hope — better and better tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Best+To+Test+For+Zika+Virus%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nancy Reagan is being buried today at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, next to her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ronald Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s in 1994, just five years after leaving office. You can read his letter to the American public announcing the diagnosis \u003ca href=\"https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/alzheimerletter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. Whether Reagan was affected by the disease during his presidency is a matter of some \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/ronald-reagan-alzheimers-presidency/story?id=12633225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debate\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25633673?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">case study\u003c/a> published last year found a shrinking of the president’s vocabulary during his presidency, a condition often linked to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Nancy Reagan took private conversations and threw them out into the public sphere, and in so doing created a tremendous awareness for Alzheimer’s disease that she then leveraged politically.’\u003ccite>Hans Keirstead, Stem Cell Research Pioneer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After her husband’s diagnosis, Nancy Reagan became an advocate for Alzheimer’s research. In 1995, Mrs. Reagan helped establish the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute, an Alzheimer’s Association affiliate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, years after his illness had forced Ronald Reagan out of public life, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/us/nancy-reagan-in-a-whisper-fights-bush-over-stem-cells.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times called \u003c/a>Nancy Reagan a “stealth lobbyist” against the\u003ca href=\"http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/pages/2001policy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> sharp restrictions \u003c/a>President George W. Bush had imposed on stem cell research the previous year. These were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overturned\u003c/a> by President Obama soon after he took office, a decision Republicans strongly\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/republicans-rally-against-obama-on-stem-cells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> opposed\u003c/a> but drew \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/nancy-reagan-praises-obama-019787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strong praise\u003c/a> from Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR earlier this week talked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/23/business/moving-stem-cells-front-and-center.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stem cell pioneer\u003c/a> Hans Keirstead about Nancy Reagan’s heterodoxy within the conservative movement when it came to stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nancy used the power of her position, you know, unapologetically, very responsibly to not only bring awareness to Alzheimer’s research, but also awareness to the tools that might benefit Alzheimer’s,” Keirstead said. “There was a lot of ignorance about where these cells came from, how they were procured, how they were used. She brought clarity to that by using her position, influencing senators, congressmen, politicians of all sorts as well as the federal government’s funding agencies like the National Institutes of Health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/07/469545335/stem-cell-pioneer-nancy-reagan-brought-alzheimers-into-the-public-sphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listen\u003c/a> to the entire interview on NPR, or read the transcript, below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>KELLY McEVERS, HOST:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Reagan called Alzheimer’s disease a truly long, long goodbye. Her husband, President Ronald Reagan, announced he had the disease in 1994. And at the time, Alzheimer’s wasn’t talked about openly. The former first lady helped change that. Here she is in a C-SPAN interview in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NANCY REAGAN: It is probably the worst disease you can never have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNIDENTIFIED MAN: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REAGAN: Because you lose contact and you’re not able to share – in our case, you’re not able to share all those wonderful memories that we have. And we had a wonderful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: After Nancy Reagan’s death yesterday at the age of 94, she’s being remembered as a powerful advocate for Alzheimer’s research. We’re going to talk about that now with Hans Keirstead. He’s a stem cell research pioneer. And I understand Mrs. Reagan consulted you after her husband’s diagnosis with Alzheimer’s. What did she ask you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HANS KEIRSTEAD: That’s correct. Nancy Reagan reached out to me in order to get a deeper understanding of what’s real and what’s false from all of the news that was coming out on stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: Did you know how publicly she was going to talk about Alzheimer’s at that point, or did you think these were, you know, more private conversations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: Nancy Reagan took private conversations and threw them out into the public sphere, and in so doing created a tremendous awareness for Alzheimer’s disease that she then leveraged politically. At that time, Ronald Reagan’s disease was being questioned as to its beginnings. Did it start during his presidency? Did it start afterwards? Nancy Reagan was really the first that stepped forward and put clarity to that, and brought the attention of the president of the United States and all the communication that surrounds that position to bear on Alzheimer’s awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute at the Alzheimer’s Association was established in 1995, not long after President Reagan’s diagnosis. And she helped raise millions and millions of dollars for research, took on the federal restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. This was not a popular idea with Republicans. What happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: Nancy used the power of her position, you know, unapologetically, very responsibly to not only bring awareness to Alzheimer’s research, but also awareness to the tools that might benefit Alzheimer’s. There was a lot of ignorance about where these cells came from, how they were procured, how they were used. She brought clarity to that by using her position, influencing senators, congressmen, politicians of all sorts as well as the federal government’s funding agencies like the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: Nancy Reagan did not see a cure in her lifetime. If you had a chance to say something to her about when that might happen, what would you say?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: We have the most powerful biologic that doctors have ever come across, but in a complex disease like Alzheimer’s it takes hundreds of scientists to make these treatments. Biomedical research is a very long, very expensive road. She spurred us on, she gave us the fuel, and we’re using that now.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nancy Reagan is being buried today at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, next to her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ronald Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s in 1994, just five years after leaving office. You can read his letter to the American public announcing the diagnosis \u003ca href=\"https://reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/reference/alzheimerletter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. Whether Reagan was affected by the disease during his presidency is a matter of some \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/ronald-reagan-alzheimers-presidency/story?id=12633225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">debate\u003c/a>. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25633673?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">case study\u003c/a> published last year found a shrinking of the president’s vocabulary during his presidency, a condition often linked to dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Nancy Reagan took private conversations and threw them out into the public sphere, and in so doing created a tremendous awareness for Alzheimer’s disease that she then leveraged politically.’\u003ccite>Hans Keirstead, Stem Cell Research Pioneer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After her husband’s diagnosis, Nancy Reagan became an advocate for Alzheimer’s research. In 1995, Mrs. Reagan helped establish the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute, an Alzheimer’s Association affiliate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, years after his illness had forced Ronald Reagan out of public life, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/us/nancy-reagan-in-a-whisper-fights-bush-over-stem-cells.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The New York Times called \u003c/a>Nancy Reagan a “stealth lobbyist” against the\u003ca href=\"http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/pages/2001policy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> sharp restrictions \u003c/a>President George W. Bush had imposed on stem cell research the previous year. These were \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overturned\u003c/a> by President Obama soon after he took office, a decision Republicans strongly\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/republicans-rally-against-obama-on-stem-cells/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> opposed\u003c/a> but drew \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/nancy-reagan-praises-obama-019787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strong praise\u003c/a> from Reagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR earlier this week talked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/23/business/moving-stem-cells-front-and-center.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stem cell pioneer\u003c/a> Hans Keirstead about Nancy Reagan’s heterodoxy within the conservative movement when it came to stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nancy used the power of her position, you know, unapologetically, very responsibly to not only bring awareness to Alzheimer’s research, but also awareness to the tools that might benefit Alzheimer’s,” Keirstead said. “There was a lot of ignorance about where these cells came from, how they were procured, how they were used. She brought clarity to that by using her position, influencing senators, congressmen, politicians of all sorts as well as the federal government’s funding agencies like the National Institutes of Health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/03/07/469545335/stem-cell-pioneer-nancy-reagan-brought-alzheimers-into-the-public-sphere\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listen\u003c/a> to the entire interview on NPR, or read the transcript, below:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>KELLY McEVERS, HOST:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nancy Reagan called Alzheimer’s disease a truly long, long goodbye. Her husband, President Ronald Reagan, announced he had the disease in 1994. And at the time, Alzheimer’s wasn’t talked about openly. The former first lady helped change that. Here she is in a C-SPAN interview in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NANCY REAGAN: It is probably the worst disease you can never have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNIDENTIFIED MAN: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REAGAN: Because you lose contact and you’re not able to share – in our case, you’re not able to share all those wonderful memories that we have. And we had a wonderful life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: After Nancy Reagan’s death yesterday at the age of 94, she’s being remembered as a powerful advocate for Alzheimer’s research. We’re going to talk about that now with Hans Keirstead. He’s a stem cell research pioneer. And I understand Mrs. Reagan consulted you after her husband’s diagnosis with Alzheimer’s. What did she ask you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HANS KEIRSTEAD: That’s correct. Nancy Reagan reached out to me in order to get a deeper understanding of what’s real and what’s false from all of the news that was coming out on stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: Did you know how publicly she was going to talk about Alzheimer’s at that point, or did you think these were, you know, more private conversations?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: Nancy Reagan took private conversations and threw them out into the public sphere, and in so doing created a tremendous awareness for Alzheimer’s disease that she then leveraged politically. At that time, Ronald Reagan’s disease was being questioned as to its beginnings. Did it start during his presidency? Did it start afterwards? Nancy Reagan was really the first that stepped forward and put clarity to that, and brought the attention of the president of the United States and all the communication that surrounds that position to bear on Alzheimer’s awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute at the Alzheimer’s Association was established in 1995, not long after President Reagan’s diagnosis. And she helped raise millions and millions of dollars for research, took on the federal restrictions on embryonic stem cell research. This was not a popular idea with Republicans. What happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: Nancy used the power of her position, you know, unapologetically, very responsibly to not only bring awareness to Alzheimer’s research, but also awareness to the tools that might benefit Alzheimer’s. There was a lot of ignorance about where these cells came from, how they were procured, how they were used. She brought clarity to that by using her position, influencing senators, congressmen, politicians of all sorts as well as the federal government’s funding agencies like the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McEVERS: Nancy Reagan did not see a cure in her lifetime. If you had a chance to say something to her about when that might happen, what would you say?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KEIRSTEAD: We have the most powerful biologic that doctors have ever come across, but in a complex disease like Alzheimer’s it takes hundreds of scientists to make these treatments. Biomedical research is a very long, very expensive road. She spurred us on, she gave us the fuel, and we’re using that now.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Over at the first annual Social Entrepreneurship & Innovation Conference, put on by the University of San Francisco last week, the mice were a'clickin,' the tweets were a'tweetin' and the entrepreneurs were a'pitchin.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I stopped by the panel devoted to recent advances in medical technology, where one of the questions was: What trends in health care are truly going to be disruptive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the panelists' \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">answers, which have been edited.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\"Price transparency is going to be huge over the next decade. More people will want to understand why a hip replacement at one institution costs $25,000 versus $5,000 someplace else. The price convergence of health care and mobile is also going to be powerful -- 95 percent of health care that exists in a facility right now can be delivered at the patient's home, at their workplace, while they're commuting.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Connor Landgraf, cofounder \u003ca href=\"https://ekodevices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">EKO Devices\u003c/a>, a digital stethoscope maker\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to see a lot more data collection and a lot more people getting involved in the medical process, and it won't matter if you have a background in medicine or not. That allows us to tap the wisdom of patients who have gone through these issues themselves, and they are far more expert in their condition than the doctors who originally diagnosed them.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Jessica Greenwalt, cofounder \u003ca href=\"https://www.crowdmed.com/\" target=\"_blank\">CrowdMed\u003c/a>, a diagnosis-crowdsourcing site\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I see a trend in health-tech startups moving toward basing products on actual clinical evidence, which was not the case for a long time. We don't have to reinvent the wheel or create something brand new and crazy and innovative -- you don't need to have an Oculus Rift to do medical care. Sometimes you just take something we know works in the real world and put it online. You find a way to use technology to scale it.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Amanda Angelotti, clinical systems designer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.onemedical.com/\" target=\"_blank\">One Medical Group\u003c/a>, membership-based health care\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest trend in digital health is the collection of data by passive devices, plus genomics. These are two areas that are coming together. Clinicians and medical specialists will massage the data to enable precision medicine for the patient. Mixed up in that is social data: What are you drinking? What are you eating? All that's coming together to be personalized.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Pronoy Saha, founder, \u003ca href=\"http://healthtechnologyforum.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Health Technology Forum\u003c/a>, promoting the intersection of health care and technology\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Over at the first annual Social Entrepreneurship & Innovation Conference, put on by the University of San Francisco last week, the mice were a'clickin,' the tweets were a'tweetin' and the entrepreneurs were a'pitchin.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I stopped by the panel devoted to recent advances in medical technology, where one of the questions was: What trends in health care are truly going to be disruptive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the panelists' \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">answers, which have been edited.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\"Price transparency is going to be huge over the next decade. More people will want to understand why a hip replacement at one institution costs $25,000 versus $5,000 someplace else. The price convergence of health care and mobile is also going to be powerful -- 95 percent of health care that exists in a facility right now can be delivered at the patient's home, at their workplace, while they're commuting.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Connor Landgraf, cofounder \u003ca href=\"https://ekodevices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">EKO Devices\u003c/a>, a digital stethoscope maker\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to see a lot more data collection and a lot more people getting involved in the medical process, and it won't matter if you have a background in medicine or not. That allows us to tap the wisdom of patients who have gone through these issues themselves, and they are far more expert in their condition than the doctors who originally diagnosed them.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Jessica Greenwalt, cofounder \u003ca href=\"https://www.crowdmed.com/\" target=\"_blank\">CrowdMed\u003c/a>, a diagnosis-crowdsourcing site\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I see a trend in health-tech startups moving toward basing products on actual clinical evidence, which was not the case for a long time. We don't have to reinvent the wheel or create something brand new and crazy and innovative -- you don't need to have an Oculus Rift to do medical care. Sometimes you just take something we know works in the real world and put it online. You find a way to use technology to scale it.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Amanda Angelotti, clinical systems designer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.onemedical.com/\" target=\"_blank\">One Medical Group\u003c/a>, membership-based health care\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest trend in digital health is the collection of data by passive devices, plus genomics. These are two areas that are coming together. Clinicians and medical specialists will massage the data to enable precision medicine for the patient. Mixed up in that is social data: What are you drinking? What are you eating? All that's coming together to be personalized.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> -Pronoy Saha, founder, \u003ca href=\"http://healthtechnologyforum.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Health Technology Forum\u003c/a>, promoting the intersection of health care and technology\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Truth: Who actually reads the permissions for every app before agreeing to them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out that, unlike every other entity that collects your health information and makes you read privacy policies \u003cem>ad nauseum\u003c/em>, apps do not generally have to abide by federal health privacy laws. And many health apps are taking advantage of that to share sensitive health information with advertisers and other third parties, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2499265\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/journal.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Once your health information gets leaked, anyone can access it and you no longer have control.'\u003ccite>Sarah Blenner,\u003cbr>\nUCLA Fielding School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study found it was rare that people who downloaded any of the diabetes apps studied could exert control over how it used their private health information. Only four of 211 apps said they would ask users for permission to share data. And 81 percent of the apps had no privacy policy at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very troubling.\" says lead author and lawyer Sarah Blenner, a project manager at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blenner led the project when she was at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Chicago-Kent College of Law, and focused on diabetes apps because diabetes and consumer privacy were the two major areas of concern for her team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found even the apps that had privacy policies didn't do much to safeguard privacy. Eighty percent of the privacy policies authorized the app to collect sensitive health information, and nearly half the policies authorized the app to share personal health data with third parties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether the apps actually shared all this information, Blenner and her colleagues conducted a sort of covert op.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examined permissions and privacy policies for all 211 diabetes apps available on Android over a period of six months, researchers chose a random subset of 65 apps they monitored surreptitiously to find how they used people's personal health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 75 percent of the apps in the subset -- both those with privacy policies and those without -- routinely collected and shared the sensitive health data, such as blood glucose and insulin levels. Once the app shared the information, Blenner and her colleagues couldn't follow where it went next, but she says at that point, it could continue to be shared and sold multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, the apps could have been sweeping up wide swaths of personal information, depending on what the user was tracking: food and exercise, perhaps, or useful websites and doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of that can be shared or leaked with third parties,\" Blenner says. \"Once your health information gets leaked, anyone can access it and you no longer have control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally startling was the range of activities the apps were authorized to conduct inside the user's phone. These activities were embedded in the permissions users have to agree to in order to download the app. Of the 211 apps, 64 precent were authorized to modify or delete any of the content stored on your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a creepy fraction of the apps -- 11 percent or less -- were authorized to turn on your phone's camera and take pictures and videos, call and modify your contacts, read or write your call log, and record your phone calls. One of the apps using these creepy permissions sounds otherwise bland; Blenner says it offered recipes as its only content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the study looked at a limited subset of health apps, it points to glaring deficiencies in privacy law and troubling practices that any health app can legally participate in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the study summed it up, health professionals should consider privacy implications before they recommend a health app, and patients cannot generally assume their health information is private once they enter it into an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do want to find a health app's privacy policy, fair warning that it's apparently not always easy. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Truth: Who actually reads the permissions for every app before agreeing to them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out that, unlike every other entity that collects your health information and makes you read privacy policies \u003cem>ad nauseum\u003c/em>, apps do not generally have to abide by federal health privacy laws. And many health apps are taking advantage of that to share sensitive health information with advertisers and other third parties, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2499265\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/journal.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Once your health information gets leaked, anyone can access it and you no longer have control.'\u003ccite>Sarah Blenner,\u003cbr>\nUCLA Fielding School of Public Health\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study found it was rare that people who downloaded any of the diabetes apps studied could exert control over how it used their private health information. Only four of 211 apps said they would ask users for permission to share data. And 81 percent of the apps had no privacy policy at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very troubling.\" says lead author and lawyer Sarah Blenner, a project manager at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blenner led the project when she was at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Chicago-Kent College of Law, and focused on diabetes apps because diabetes and consumer privacy were the two major areas of concern for her team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found even the apps that had privacy policies didn't do much to safeguard privacy. Eighty percent of the privacy policies authorized the app to collect sensitive health information, and nearly half the policies authorized the app to share personal health data with third parties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether the apps actually shared all this information, Blenner and her colleagues conducted a sort of covert op.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examined permissions and privacy policies for all 211 diabetes apps available on Android over a period of six months, researchers chose a random subset of 65 apps they monitored surreptitiously to find how they used people's personal health information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 75 percent of the apps in the subset -- both those with privacy policies and those without -- routinely collected and shared the sensitive health data, such as blood glucose and insulin levels. Once the app shared the information, Blenner and her colleagues couldn't follow where it went next, but she says at that point, it could continue to be shared and sold multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, the apps could have been sweeping up wide swaths of personal information, depending on what the user was tracking: food and exercise, perhaps, or useful websites and doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of that can be shared or leaked with third parties,\" Blenner says. \"Once your health information gets leaked, anyone can access it and you no longer have control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equally startling was the range of activities the apps were authorized to conduct inside the user's phone. These activities were embedded in the permissions users have to agree to in order to download the app. Of the 211 apps, 64 precent were authorized to modify or delete any of the content stored on your phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a creepy fraction of the apps -- 11 percent or less -- were authorized to turn on your phone's camera and take pictures and videos, call and modify your contacts, read or write your call log, and record your phone calls. One of the apps using these creepy permissions sounds otherwise bland; Blenner says it offered recipes as its only content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the study looked at a limited subset of health apps, it points to glaring deficiencies in privacy law and troubling practices that any health app can legally participate in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the study summed it up, health professionals should consider privacy implications before they recommend a health app, and patients cannot generally assume their health information is private once they enter it into an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do want to find a health app's privacy policy, fair warning that it's apparently not always easy. Blenner says some privacy policies were included in the description of the app, others made you click on a link to read the policy, and still others the researchers found only by figuring out who developed the app and going to the developer's website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, while your doctors and other health professionals are generating reams of paperwork to protect your sensitive health information, that same information on your phone could be streaming off to who knows where.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Anyone can follow the pregnancy of a monkey infected with Zika virus in real time, thanks to an experiment in data sharing that's unusual for biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Wisconsin injected Zika virus into a pregnant rhesus macaque monkey on Monday, to start exploring how this virus can affect the brain of a developing fetus. Over the course of the coming weeks, the team will be \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">posting\u003c/a> the infected monkey's ultrasounds and blood tests, as well as other data such as the amount of virus in the amniotic fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study is being led by \u003ca href=\"http://labs.pathology.wisc.edu/oconnor/staff/index_files/page7-1000-full.html\">Dave O'Connor\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who is also writing a \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">running commentary\u003c/a> on the laboratory's website that frankly discusses things like the emotional impact of looking at this primate's ultrasounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor says that he can feel a moral need to do this kind of animal research and at the same time feel \"sad and heartbroken\" at what the work entails. \"I don't think those two are mutually exclusive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been planning these monkey experiments for months. A couple of weeks ago, when he was in Rio de Janeiro, he kept seeing pregnant women on the street. It really hit him that all of them were potentially at risk of Zika, which is suspected of causing microcephaly and other devastating birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've come to the conclusion that there is an ethical and a moral imperative to study the most relevant animal model to get the most impactful and valuable data,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And making sure that the data has the biggest impact is why he's releasing it right away, letting strangers follow the experiment as it happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of openness is not the norm in biology. Usually researchers would collect data, analyze it, maybe present it at a conference, and eventually submit a manuscript to a scientific journal. The findings might not get published for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of a public health emergency like Zika virus, the journals are \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/02/10/science.aaf4545\">aware\u003c/a> that there is certain urgency to communicating the results,\" says O'Connor, \"but that process can still take weeks to months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't want to wait. Doing the experiment publicly means that other experts can contact him and suggest changes or offer help. Plus the early results could maybe help other groups better plan their own Zika studies, so they could get results faster and use fewer animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments. I think that's great. That's certainly new to me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://andersen-lab.com/people/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, a biologist at The Scripps Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, Andersen and his colleagues sequenced Ebola viruses taken from patients and made that genetic information public unusually fast — within 48 hours of generating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take on it is that for public health emergencies like Ebola, like Zika, it's really a no-brainer,\" says Andersen. \"The data has to be made publicly available as soon as possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this kind of rapid data sharing is so new, there's a lot that isn't yet sorted out — like how to make sure scientists get proper credit for their work, even if it's not formally published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're seeing a shift, as you are in many other aspects of culture, where information can be shared much more broadly and much more quickly than it ever could before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/friedrichlab/\">Thomas Friedrich\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison who is collaborating with O'Connor on the Zika experiments in monkeys. \"Part of what we're testing here is the viability of real-time public data sharing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that one recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> used unpublished data on Zika virus genetic sequences that had been deposited in a publicly available database. Some felt that the group in Brazil that originally obtained those sequences was not given enough credit in that publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's caused a bit of controversy within the field, partially because there are no rules about how to do that,\" Friedrich says. \"By the kind of standard rules, the researchers who wrote the paper didn't do anything wrong in taking publicly available data and doing their own analysis with it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, he says, there's a growing appreciation for how researchers in developing countries may not get enough credit for their contributions, and there's an obvious need to make sure that these scientists can contribute to rapidly moving science without the fear of being shortchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich says he wouldn't want to rush into recommending that everyone go public with their experiments, but doing this monkey study out in the open seemed right to him — at least in the urgent context of the Zika outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I understand that not everyone in science is going to feel the same way,\" says Friedrich, \"and because we don't have codified rules and because we don't have established norms, the level of data sharing that each individual scientist thinks is appropriate is going to vary widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But O'Connor hopes that if this experiment in transparency goes well, it might embolden others to follow their lead. \"We don't know how it's going to be received,\" says O'Connor, \"but trying new things and seeing what happens is important in its own right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright NPR.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Anyone can follow the pregnancy of a monkey infected with Zika virus in real time, thanks to an experiment in data sharing that's unusual for biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Wisconsin injected Zika virus into a pregnant rhesus macaque monkey on Monday, to start exploring how this virus can affect the brain of a developing fetus. Over the course of the coming weeks, the team will be \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">posting\u003c/a> the infected monkey's ultrasounds and blood tests, as well as other data such as the amount of virus in the amniotic fluid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study is being led by \u003ca href=\"http://labs.pathology.wisc.edu/oconnor/staff/index_files/page7-1000-full.html\">Dave O'Connor\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who is also writing a \u003ca href=\"https://dholk.primate.wisc.edu/project/dho/public/Zika/public/ZIKV-003/begin.view\">running commentary\u003c/a> on the laboratory's website that frankly discusses things like the emotional impact of looking at this primate's ultrasounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor says that he can feel a moral need to do this kind of animal research and at the same time feel \"sad and heartbroken\" at what the work entails. \"I don't think those two are mutually exclusive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his colleagues have been planning these monkey experiments for months. A couple of weeks ago, when he was in Rio de Janeiro, he kept seeing pregnant women on the street. It really hit him that all of them were potentially at risk of Zika, which is suspected of causing microcephaly and other devastating birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've come to the conclusion that there is an ethical and a moral imperative to study the most relevant animal model to get the most impactful and valuable data,\" says O'Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And making sure that the data has the biggest impact is why he's releasing it right away, letting strangers follow the experiment as it happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of openness is not the norm in biology. Usually researchers would collect data, analyze it, maybe present it at a conference, and eventually submit a manuscript to a scientific journal. The findings might not get published for more than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of a public health emergency like Zika virus, the journals are \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/02/10/science.aaf4545\">aware\u003c/a> that there is certain urgency to communicating the results,\" says O'Connor, \"but that process can still take weeks to months.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't want to wait. Doing the experiment publicly means that other experts can contact him and suggest changes or offer help. Plus the early results could maybe help other groups better plan their own Zika studies, so they could get results faster and use fewer animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I haven't seen a researcher before essentially publishing all the raw data from experiments. I think that's great. That's certainly new to me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://andersen-lab.com/people/\">Kristian Andersen\u003c/a>, a biologist at The Scripps Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, Andersen and his colleagues sequenced Ebola viruses taken from patients and made that genetic information public unusually fast — within 48 hours of generating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take on it is that for public health emergencies like Ebola, like Zika, it's really a no-brainer,\" says Andersen. \"The data has to be made publicly available as soon as possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, this kind of rapid data sharing is so new, there's a lot that isn't yet sorted out — like how to make sure scientists get proper credit for their work, even if it's not formally published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're seeing a shift, as you are in many other aspects of culture, where information can be shared much more broadly and much more quickly than it ever could before,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/friedrichlab/\">Thomas Friedrich\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin, Madison who is collaborating with O'Connor on the Zika experiments in monkeys. \"Part of what we're testing here is the viability of real-time public data sharing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that one recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> used unpublished data on Zika virus genetic sequences that had been deposited in a publicly available database. Some felt that the group in Brazil that originally obtained those sequences was not given enough credit in that publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's caused a bit of controversy within the field, partially because there are no rules about how to do that,\" Friedrich says. \"By the kind of standard rules, the researchers who wrote the paper didn't do anything wrong in taking publicly available data and doing their own analysis with it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, he says, there's a growing appreciation for how researchers in developing countries may not get enough credit for their contributions, and there's an obvious need to make sure that these scientists can contribute to rapidly moving science without the fear of being shortchanged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedrich says he wouldn't want to rush into recommending that everyone go public with their experiments, but doing this monkey study out in the open seemed right to him — at least in the urgent context of the Zika outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I understand that not everyone in science is going to feel the same way,\" says Friedrich, \"and because we don't have codified rules and because we don't have established norms, the level of data sharing that each individual scientist thinks is appropriate is going to vary widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But O'Connor hopes that if this experiment in transparency goes well, it might embolden others to follow their lead. \"We don't know how it's going to be received,\" says O'Connor, \"but trying new things and seeing what happens is important in its own right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright NPR.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "stinging-scorpion-vs-pain-defying-mouse",
"title": "Stinging Scorpion vs. Pain-Defying Mouse",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s a chemical arms race underway in the desert along the U.S.-Mexico border. But rather than pitting two armies, it’s a showdown between a highly venomous scorpion and a particularly ferocious mouse. Research into how the scorpion’s sting became so powerful, and how the mouse tolerates it, may one day change the way that doctors treat pain in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518351\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/2-AZ-bark-scorpion-on-log-face-down_JCassidy-e1454976494604.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518351\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518351\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/2-AZ-bark-scorpion-on-log-face-down_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The Arizona bark scorpion’s preference for hanging to the underside of objects makes dangerous encounters with humans more likely.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Arizona bark scorpion’s preference for hanging to the underside of objects makes dangerous encounters with humans more likely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commonly found in the Sonoran Desert, the Arizona bark scorpion (\u003cem>Centruroides sculpturatus\u003c/em>) is the most dangerous scorpion in the continental United States. According to Keith Boesen, Director of the Arizona Poison & Drug Information Center, about 15,000 Americans report being stung by scorpions every year in the U.S. The worst stings, about 200 annually, are attributed to this one species. Its sting can cause sharp pain along with tingling, swelling, numbness, dizziness, shortness of breath, muscular convulsions, involuntary eye movements, coughing and vomiting. Children under two years old are especially vulnerable. Since 2000, three human deaths have been attributed to the Arizona bark scorpion in the United States, all within Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518355\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/milking-az-bark-scorpion_JCassidy-e1454976624716.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518355\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/milking-az-bark-scorpion_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A piece of wax paper is used to coax an Arizona bark scorpion into stinging\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A piece of wax paper is used to coax an Arizona bark scorpion into stinging \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/press/releases/academy-welcomes-newest-curator-appoints-new-schlinger-chair-of-arachnology\">Lauren Esposito\u003c/a>, assistant curator and chair of arachnology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, is studying the genes responsible for the scorpion’s powerful sting. Scorpions are predators, using their pincers to grasp their prey—typically insects and other invertebrates—while the stinger incapacitates them. The sting does double duty as a painful deterrent to other predators that would like to eat the scorpion. To deal with a variety of targets, the scorpion produces a cocktail of toxins made to harm a wide range of animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/az-bark-scorpion-stinger-in-forceps_JCassidy-e1454976873394.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518357\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/az-bark-scorpion-stinger-in-forceps_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Cells in the Arizona bark scorpion’s stinger activate after stinging to produce fresh venom.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cells in the Arizona bark scorpion’s stinger activate after stinging to produce fresh venom. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Esposito’s first step to studying how the the scorpion produces such potent venom is to “milk” the scorpions by carefully coaxing them to sting a piece of wax paper in the lab. Every time the scorpion stings a target, genes in the stinger activate to induce the production of more venom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a single scorpion can carry the genes for more than 200 unique venoms in its DNA,” said Esposito. “Studying how this venom diversity evolved helps us understand how one creature can evolve the ability to strike hundreds of specific targets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one unlikely creature that appears unimpressed. While it may not look the part, the Southern grasshopper mouse (\u003cem>Onychomys torridus\u003c/em>) is an extremely capable hunter. It fearlessly stalks and devours any beetles or grasshoppers that have the misfortune to cross its path. But this mouse has a particular taste for scorpions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Michigan State University, Ashlee Rowe studies this evolutionary \u003ca href=\"http://venomevolution.zoology.msu.edu/\">predator-prey relationship\u003c/a>, particularly the way the mice can come away unharmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are resistant to the toxins,” said Rowe, an assistant professor of neuroscience and biology. “That’s how they’ve evolved to make their living in the desert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518441\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/southern-grasshopper-mouse-stalks-scorpion_LayneCameronMSU-e1454976985664.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518441\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/southern-grasshopper-mouse-stalks-scorpion_LayneCameronMSU-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A Southern grasshopper stalks its prey.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Southern grasshopper stalks its prey. \u003ccite>(Layne Cameron/Michigan State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rowe’s lab studies the mouse’s hunting technique and the way the scorpion venom acts within the mouse. Rowe and her team filmed grasshopper mice hunting the scorpions in a controlled setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see them attack, they are incredibly aggressive, especially if they’re hungry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion venom contains neurotoxins that target sodium and potassium ion channels, proteins embedded within the surface of the nerve and muscle cells that play an important role in regulating the sensation of pain. Activating these channels sends signals down the nerves to the brain. That’s what causes the excruciating pain that human victims have described as the feeling like getting jabbed with a hot needle. Others compare the pain to an electric shock. But the grasshopper mouse has an entirely different reaction when stung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the mouse, a special protein in one of the sodium ion channels binds to the scorpion’s neurotoxin. Once bound, the neurotoxin is unable to activate the sodium ion channel and send the pain signal. Instead it has the entirely opposite effect. It shuts down the channel, keeping it from sending any signals, which has a numbing effect for the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you block those electrical signals you block pain,” Rowe said. “The mouse actually feels less pain after it’s stung. As far as we know this is unique to grasshopper mice”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518442\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-518442 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"he Southern grasshopper mouse, seen here with eyes closed for protection, is able to withstand repeated scorpion stings while subduing its prey\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Southern grasshopper mouse, seen here with eyes closed for protection, is able to withstand repeated scorpion stings while subduing its prey. \u003ccite>(Layne Cameron/Michigan State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that is what makes the grasshopper mouse such an interesting research subject, she said. The hope is that unlocking the grasshopper mouse’s mechanisms of tolerating the scorpion’s venom might one day help scientists learn to make more precise forms of painkillers for humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicines could be developed to interact with a single sodium channel in humans,” said Rowe. “Analgesics could be developed to alleviate pain without side effects.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s a chemical arms race underway in the desert along the U.S.-Mexico border. But rather than pitting two armies, it’s a showdown between a highly venomous scorpion and a particularly ferocious mouse. Research into how the scorpion’s sting became so powerful, and how the mouse tolerates it, may one day change the way that doctors treat pain in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518351\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/2-AZ-bark-scorpion-on-log-face-down_JCassidy-e1454976494604.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518351\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518351\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/2-AZ-bark-scorpion-on-log-face-down_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"The Arizona bark scorpion’s preference for hanging to the underside of objects makes dangerous encounters with humans more likely.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Arizona bark scorpion’s preference for hanging to the underside of objects makes dangerous encounters with humans more likely. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Commonly found in the Sonoran Desert, the Arizona bark scorpion (\u003cem>Centruroides sculpturatus\u003c/em>) is the most dangerous scorpion in the continental United States. According to Keith Boesen, Director of the Arizona Poison & Drug Information Center, about 15,000 Americans report being stung by scorpions every year in the U.S. The worst stings, about 200 annually, are attributed to this one species. Its sting can cause sharp pain along with tingling, swelling, numbness, dizziness, shortness of breath, muscular convulsions, involuntary eye movements, coughing and vomiting. Children under two years old are especially vulnerable. Since 2000, three human deaths have been attributed to the Arizona bark scorpion in the United States, all within Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518355\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/milking-az-bark-scorpion_JCassidy-e1454976624716.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518355\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/milking-az-bark-scorpion_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A piece of wax paper is used to coax an Arizona bark scorpion into stinging\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A piece of wax paper is used to coax an Arizona bark scorpion into stinging \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/press/releases/academy-welcomes-newest-curator-appoints-new-schlinger-chair-of-arachnology\">Lauren Esposito\u003c/a>, assistant curator and chair of arachnology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, is studying the genes responsible for the scorpion’s powerful sting. Scorpions are predators, using their pincers to grasp their prey—typically insects and other invertebrates—while the stinger incapacitates them. The sting does double duty as a painful deterrent to other predators that would like to eat the scorpion. To deal with a variety of targets, the scorpion produces a cocktail of toxins made to harm a wide range of animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/az-bark-scorpion-stinger-in-forceps_JCassidy-e1454976873394.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518357\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/az-bark-scorpion-stinger-in-forceps_JCassidy-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Cells in the Arizona bark scorpion’s stinger activate after stinging to produce fresh venom.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cells in the Arizona bark scorpion’s stinger activate after stinging to produce fresh venom. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Esposito’s first step to studying how the the scorpion produces such potent venom is to “milk” the scorpions by carefully coaxing them to sting a piece of wax paper in the lab. Every time the scorpion stings a target, genes in the stinger activate to induce the production of more venom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know a single scorpion can carry the genes for more than 200 unique venoms in its DNA,” said Esposito. “Studying how this venom diversity evolved helps us understand how one creature can evolve the ability to strike hundreds of specific targets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is one unlikely creature that appears unimpressed. While it may not look the part, the Southern grasshopper mouse (\u003cem>Onychomys torridus\u003c/em>) is an extremely capable hunter. It fearlessly stalks and devours any beetles or grasshoppers that have the misfortune to cross its path. But this mouse has a particular taste for scorpions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Michigan State University, Ashlee Rowe studies this evolutionary \u003ca href=\"http://venomevolution.zoology.msu.edu/\">predator-prey relationship\u003c/a>, particularly the way the mice can come away unharmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are resistant to the toxins,” said Rowe, an assistant professor of neuroscience and biology. “That’s how they’ve evolved to make their living in the desert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518441\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/southern-grasshopper-mouse-stalks-scorpion_LayneCameronMSU-e1454976985664.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518441\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-518441\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/southern-grasshopper-mouse-stalks-scorpion_LayneCameronMSU-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A Southern grasshopper stalks its prey.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Southern grasshopper stalks its prey. \u003ccite>(Layne Cameron/Michigan State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rowe’s lab studies the mouse’s hunting technique and the way the scorpion venom acts within the mouse. Rowe and her team filmed grasshopper mice hunting the scorpions in a controlled setting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see them attack, they are incredibly aggressive, especially if they’re hungry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scorpion venom contains neurotoxins that target sodium and potassium ion channels, proteins embedded within the surface of the nerve and muscle cells that play an important role in regulating the sensation of pain. Activating these channels sends signals down the nerves to the brain. That’s what causes the excruciating pain that human victims have described as the feeling like getting jabbed with a hot needle. Others compare the pain to an electric shock. But the grasshopper mouse has an entirely different reaction when stung.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the mouse, a special protein in one of the sodium ion channels binds to the scorpion’s neurotoxin. Once bound, the neurotoxin is unable to activate the sodium ion channel and send the pain signal. Instead it has the entirely opposite effect. It shuts down the channel, keeping it from sending any signals, which has a numbing effect for the mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you block those electrical signals you block pain,” Rowe said. “The mouse actually feels less pain after it’s stung. As far as we know this is unique to grasshopper mice”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_518442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-518442\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-518442 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"he Southern grasshopper mouse, seen here with eyes closed for protection, is able to withstand repeated scorpion stings while subduing its prey\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/02/mouse-fights-scorpion-2-Layne-CameronMSU-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Southern grasshopper mouse, seen here with eyes closed for protection, is able to withstand repeated scorpion stings while subduing its prey. \u003ccite>(Layne Cameron/Michigan State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that is what makes the grasshopper mouse such an interesting research subject, she said. The hope is that unlocking the grasshopper mouse’s mechanisms of tolerating the scorpion’s venom might one day help scientists learn to make more precise forms of painkillers for humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicines could be developed to interact with a single sodium channel in humans,” said Rowe. “Analgesics could be developed to alleviate pain without side effects.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The University of California, San Francisco is holding a symposium today on preparing for the Zika virus. The school says topics will include epidemiology and prevention, vector biology and control, clinical management and policy, and the basic science of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of especial interest for those following progress on the diagnostic front, Dr. Charles Chiu is scheduled to speak at the 1:00 p.m. (PT) session. Chiu told KQED's Sheraz Sadiq last month he was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">working on a new test to diagnose Zika in under six hours\u003c/a>. Since then, Chiu said that although he'd completed testing of the technique on blood samples, he couldn't comment on its effectiveness while the results were being peer reviewed for publication in a scientific journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch live 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueBGveH8ct8&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rapid test for Zika would be important because currently in the U.S. it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for test results to arrive. A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials to identify Zika hot spots, allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed, and aid in better containing the disease’s spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the symposium's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/Program-for-Zika-Symposium-2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">full schedule\u003c/a>. UCSF is promoting the hashtag \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/UCSFZika?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">#UCSFZika\u003c/a> on Twitter.\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/UCSF/live\" target=\"_blank\"> Watch the webcast\u003c/a>, from 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., above.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The University of California, San Francisco is holding a symposium today on preparing for the Zika virus. The school says topics will include epidemiology and prevention, vector biology and control, clinical management and policy, and the basic science of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of especial interest for those following progress on the diagnostic front, Dr. Charles Chiu is scheduled to speak at the 1:00 p.m. (PT) session. Chiu told KQED's Sheraz Sadiq last month he was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/new-6-hour-zika-test-could-be-ready-soon/\" target=\"_blank\">working on a new test to diagnose Zika in under six hours\u003c/a>. Since then, Chiu said that although he'd completed testing of the technique on blood samples, he couldn't comment on its effectiveness while the results were being peer reviewed for publication in a scientific journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch live 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ueBGveH8ct8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ueBGveH8ct8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rapid test for Zika would be important because currently in the U.S. it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for test results to arrive. A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials to identify Zika hot spots, allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed, and aid in better containing the disease’s spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 4:50 p.m., Friday, 4 March 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials confirmed three Zika virus cases in the East Bay today and said they post no threat to public health. Alameda County has one case and Contra Costa County has two cases; neither county is releasing further information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health department spokeswoman Rachael Kagan said the city got confirmation of its Zika virus case on February 4, but delayed announcing it to the public because there was no health threat. The city announced the confirmed case yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Health Officer Tomas Aragon says the person who tested positive for Zika virus is fully recovered, and there is no risk of transmission. Zika is transmitted when a particular species of mosquito bites a person with an active infection, and then bites another person. The \u003cem>Aedes\u003c/em> mosquito that spreads Zika has not been found in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no reason for the general public to be concerned that they are at risk for getting Zika in San Francisco at this time,” Aragon said in a statement. “Zika is not circulating in San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika generally causes mild flu-like symptoms, but has been linked to a birth defect that causes babies to be born with unusually small heads. Aragon said the San Franciscan who has recovered from Zika is not pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second case of Zika virus confirmed in the Bay Area, and the third in Northern California. Napa County health officials said yesterday that a pregnant woman, who had also traveled to Central America, was confirmed positive for Zika. KQED’s State of Health \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/02/napa-county-reports-first-case-of-zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported yesterday\u003c/a> that the woman was not showing signs of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 4:50 p.m., Friday, 4 March 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials confirmed three Zika virus cases in the East Bay today and said they post no threat to public health. Alameda County has one case and Contra Costa County has two cases; neither county is releasing further information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco health department spokeswoman Rachael Kagan said the city got confirmation of its Zika virus case on February 4, but delayed announcing it to the public because there was no health threat. The city announced the confirmed case yesterday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Story:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Health Officer Tomas Aragon says the person who tested positive for Zika virus is fully recovered, and there is no risk of transmission. Zika is transmitted when a particular species of mosquito bites a person with an active infection, and then bites another person. The \u003cem>Aedes\u003c/em> mosquito that spreads Zika has not been found in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no reason for the general public to be concerned that they are at risk for getting Zika in San Francisco at this time,” Aragon said in a statement. “Zika is not circulating in San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika generally causes mild flu-like symptoms, but has been linked to a birth defect that causes babies to be born with unusually small heads. Aragon said the San Franciscan who has recovered from Zika is not pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second case of Zika virus confirmed in the Bay Area, and the third in Northern California. Napa County health officials said yesterday that a pregnant woman, who had also traveled to Central America, was confirmed positive for Zika. KQED’s State of Health \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/02/napa-county-reports-first-case-of-zika/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported yesterday\u003c/a> that the woman was not showing signs of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“This Zika virus case is not a threat to public health. There is no active transmission of Zika virus in Napa County, and the two kinds of mosquitos that transmit the virus have not been found here,” Dr. Karen Relucio, Napa County health officer, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who is planning to travel to a country with active Zika virus transmission should consult with their health care provider before leaving,” she said, “especially if they are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa public health officials say they expect to see more Zika cases. The agency is working with local doctors to test for cases of Zika virus both in pregnant women who have traveled to countries with Zika virus or who have sexual partners who have traveled to these countries.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>We know we should put the cigarettes away or make use of that gym membership but in the moment, we just don't do it. There is a cluster of neurons in our brain critical for motivation, though. What if you could hack them to motivate yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These neurons are located in the middle of the brain, in a region called the ventral tegmental area. A paper published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> suggests that we can activate the region with a little bit of training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stuck 73 people into an fMRI, a scanner that can detect what part of the brain is most active, and focused on that area associated with motivation. When the researchers said, motivate yourself and make this part of your brain light up, people couldn't really do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They weren't that reliable when we said, 'Go! Get psyched. Turn on your VTA,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://web.duke.edu/adcocklab/people_files/people.html\">Dr. Alison Adcock\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at Duke and senior author on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when the participants were allowed to watch a neurofeedback meter that displayed activity in their ventral tegmental area. When activity ramps up, the participants see the meter heat up while they're in the fMRI tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your whole mind is allowed to speak to a specific part of your brain in a way you never imagined before. Then you get feedback that helps you discover how to turn that part of the brain up or down,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/john-gabrieli\">John Gabrieli\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved with the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an fMRI for this kind of brain feedback is more effective than other, older tools like placing electrodes on the skull or EEG, Gabrieli says. \"MRI lets you target a specific brain system or structure. EEG does not. When we're measuring electrical activity, we don't know really where it's coming from.\" He says he hasn't seen compelling evidence that EEG feedback, which is commercially available, has helped people change their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the researchers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/kathryn-dickerson\">Kathryn Dickerson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/jeff-macinnes\">Jeff MacInnes\u003c/a>, tried the system out on themselves. Not everything worked. Dickerson said she tried thinking about different memories that left the feedback meter cold. \"Zip lining was super fun, but [thinking about that] was just terrible and not effective at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she switched strategies and tried giving herself a pep talk in the scanner. \"I was like, 'Come on Katie. Move the thermometer. Just do it and move it.' And I just pumped myself up. That was very effective,\" she says. \"It was exhilarating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was also exhausting, MacInnes says. \"The experience of the task was very difficult. You're being asked to generate these intense motivational states for 20 seconds over multiple periods. It was very fatiguing for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study participants had a similar experience, Adcock says. Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them. \"My personal favorite was running down a line with everyone giving you high fives,\" Adcock says. When she took the feedback meter away, the participants were still able to light up their ventral tegmental area by thinking about the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People really are changing their mood when they're doing this, Adcock thinks. They're really becoming more focused and eager. And it seems the effect begins reaching out to parts of the brain involved with learning and memory,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that's exciting because it shows after this training, something changed, Dickerson says. \"The brain isn't quite the same.\" She thinks people might be achieving a state of mind that's more conducive to learning and motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that's true, it would be extraordinarily useful, Gabrieli says. Using MRIs to exert control over certain parts of our brain has been done before, he says. \"[But this] is the first study to show it can be applied to the most important brain structure for human motivation. That could be very valuable for things people want to accomplish in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it might be applied to habits that are really hard to start or break, Gabrieli says. \"The hugely exciting piece of this is whether now people can use this upcoming research to gain control of behaviors that are challenging,\" he says. \"Healthy habits, eating habits, stopping to smoke and can a person with addiction use this successfully?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it might someday be a clinical tool. For instance, this particular cluster of neurons in the midbrain is part of the dopamine system. Adcock thinks activating them in this way might also be releasing dopamine that could replace drug therapy for certain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In ADHD, for example, we use stimulants that result in the same kind of release of brain chemicals,\" Adcock says. \"Does this technique generate that same kind of release of dopamine that a stimulant does? If we teach people to use it successfully, we could impact attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nobody knows if this actually changes brain chemistry. MacInnes says there are more experiments and tests they need to see if the brain activation they're seeing actually does release dopamine or other neurochemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it does, Adcock says it's definitely not affecting neurochemicals as much as a medication like Adderall, which is used to treat ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Adcock didn't study if anyone actually changed their behavior after the sessions in the MRI yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the study, people have been trying the same strategies to motivate themselves in their daily lives, according to Adcock. If it's working, brain training in an MRI might be a way for us to tap into our mind's circuitry for willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, Gabrieli says, would be terrific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+You+Hack+Your+Brain+To+Get+More+Motivated%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We know we should put the cigarettes away or make use of that gym membership but in the moment, we just don't do it. There is a cluster of neurons in our brain critical for motivation, though. What if you could hack them to motivate yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These neurons are located in the middle of the brain, in a region called the ventral tegmental area. A paper published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> suggests that we can activate the region with a little bit of training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers stuck 73 people into an fMRI, a scanner that can detect what part of the brain is most active, and focused on that area associated with motivation. When the researchers said, motivate yourself and make this part of your brain light up, people couldn't really do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They weren't that reliable when we said, 'Go! Get psyched. Turn on your VTA,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://web.duke.edu/adcocklab/people_files/people.html\">Dr. Alison Adcock\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at Duke and senior author on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when the participants were allowed to watch a neurofeedback meter that displayed activity in their ventral tegmental area. When activity ramps up, the participants see the meter heat up while they're in the fMRI tube.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your whole mind is allowed to speak to a specific part of your brain in a way you never imagined before. Then you get feedback that helps you discover how to turn that part of the brain up or down,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://mcgovern.mit.edu/principal-investigators/john-gabrieli\">John Gabrieli\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved with the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an fMRI for this kind of brain feedback is more effective than other, older tools like placing electrodes on the skull or EEG, Gabrieli says. \"MRI lets you target a specific brain system or structure. EEG does not. When we're measuring electrical activity, we don't know really where it's coming from.\" He says he hasn't seen compelling evidence that EEG feedback, which is commercially available, has helped people change their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the researchers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/kathryn-dickerson\">Kathryn Dickerson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.neuro.duke.edu/people/students-and-postdocs/jeff-macinnes\">Jeff MacInnes\u003c/a>, tried the system out on themselves. Not everything worked. Dickerson said she tried thinking about different memories that left the feedback meter cold. \"Zip lining was super fun, but [thinking about that] was just terrible and not effective at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she switched strategies and tried giving herself a pep talk in the scanner. \"I was like, 'Come on Katie. Move the thermometer. Just do it and move it.' And I just pumped myself up. That was very effective,\" she says. \"It was exhilarating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was also exhausting, MacInnes says. \"The experience of the task was very difficult. You're being asked to generate these intense motivational states for 20 seconds over multiple periods. It was very fatiguing for people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study participants had a similar experience, Adcock says. Some people sang Queen songs to themselves or imagined having an angry coach yell at them. \"My personal favorite was running down a line with everyone giving you high fives,\" Adcock says. When she took the feedback meter away, the participants were still able to light up their ventral tegmental area by thinking about the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People really are changing their mood when they're doing this, Adcock thinks. They're really becoming more focused and eager. And it seems the effect begins reaching out to parts of the brain involved with learning and memory,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think that's exciting because it shows after this training, something changed, Dickerson says. \"The brain isn't quite the same.\" She thinks people might be achieving a state of mind that's more conducive to learning and motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that's true, it would be extraordinarily useful, Gabrieli says. Using MRIs to exert control over certain parts of our brain has been done before, he says. \"[But this] is the first study to show it can be applied to the most important brain structure for human motivation. That could be very valuable for things people want to accomplish in life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it might be applied to habits that are really hard to start or break, Gabrieli says. \"The hugely exciting piece of this is whether now people can use this upcoming research to gain control of behaviors that are challenging,\" he says. \"Healthy habits, eating habits, stopping to smoke and can a person with addiction use this successfully?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it might someday be a clinical tool. For instance, this particular cluster of neurons in the midbrain is part of the dopamine system. Adcock thinks activating them in this way might also be releasing dopamine that could replace drug therapy for certain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In ADHD, for example, we use stimulants that result in the same kind of release of brain chemicals,\" Adcock says. \"Does this technique generate that same kind of release of dopamine that a stimulant does? If we teach people to use it successfully, we could impact attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nobody knows if this actually changes brain chemistry. MacInnes says there are more experiments and tests they need to see if the brain activation they're seeing actually does release dopamine or other neurochemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it does, Adcock says it's definitely not affecting neurochemicals as much as a medication like Adderall, which is used to treat ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Adcock didn't study if anyone actually changed their behavior after the sessions in the MRI yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the study, people have been trying the same strategies to motivate themselves in their daily lives, according to Adcock. If it's working, brain training in an MRI might be a way for us to tap into our mind's circuitry for willpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, Gabrieli says, would be terrific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+You+Hack+Your+Brain+To+Get+More+Motivated%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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