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"content": "\u003cp>Many people with the rare blood disease, hemophilia, never expected to be alive today because they were told at a young age they would likely die from uncontrolled bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'My mom had taken me to the hematologist and he said, \"You know, these kids don’t live much past 13.\" ’\u003ccite>Randy Curtis, hemophilia patient\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When Randy Curtis bumped his knee in second grade he received devastating news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had fallen or something like that and my mom had taken me to the hematologist and he said, ‘You know, these kids don’t really live past 13.’ So, I went back to school the next day and told my math teacher, 'I don't have to learn this stuff. I’m going to be dead!'” says Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he was wrong. He’s now 61-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Is Hemophilia?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis has hemophilia, a rare genetic disease, where his liver fails to produce a protein that helps his blood clot. Only \u003ca href=\"http://www.wfh.org/en/page.aspx?pid=646\" target=\"_blank\">one in 10,000\u003c/a> boys are born with hemophilia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent something as benign as a bump or a fall, Curtis wore protective gear growing up. He went to school in a wheelchair. He wore braces on his elbows and knees. He spent recess in the school office because injuries could spark days of internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For these children the bleeding doesn’t stop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/marion.koerper\" target=\"_blank\">Marion Koerper\u003c/a>, a retired UCSF hematologist. \"And, after six or eight hours the ankle or the knee joint is swollen to the point where it’s extremely painful. They can’t straighten their leg, they can’t walk on their leg and they need to be brought in for treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145999\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-145999\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Randy Curtis at 2-years-old with a bruised eye.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old.jpg 1739w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Randy Curtis at 2-years-old with a bruised eye. \u003ccite>(Curtis family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curtis' childhood was peppered with weeklong trips to the hospital every month or so. He lived in fear of an intracranial bleed that would take his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Royal History\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemophilia has often been called the \"royal disease\" because it spread through many noble families in Europe in the 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British monarch Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837-1901, is believed to have had one son who had hemophilia, and two daughters who were carriers of the disease. One of the princesses married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, whose son Alexei had hemophilia at the turn of the 20th century. The tale is featured in the 1971 Academy Award winning film \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCQahAJnW1g\" target=\"_blank\">Nicholas and Alexandra\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemophilia was carried through various royal family members for three generations before it disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s scientists discovered that fresh frozen plasma, could be transfused in patients in a hospital. But it took days to transfuse enough clotting factor to provide relief for a joint bleed. In 1960 the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/History-of-Bleeding-Disorders\" target=\"_blank\">life expectancy\u003c/a> for severe hemophiliacs was less than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in the late 1960s scientists discovered how to make the missing clotting factor in freeze-dried powder concentrate from human blood plasma. It was a huge breakthrough because suddenly patients could infuse the missing factor at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146024\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-146024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-450x600.jpg\" alt=\"Doctors put casts on Randy Curtis's ankles during summer months to immobilize his ankles and prevent injuries. \" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-450x600.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-768x1023.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts.jpg 872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doctors put casts on Randy Curtis during summer months to immobilize his ankles and prevent injuries. \u003ccite>(Curtis family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Randy Curtis has given himself an intravenous injection of clotting factor every few days since he was 14-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home regimen gave Curtis his life back. No more bleeds. No more hospitals. As long as Curtis injected his medicine his blood would clot normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About my second year in college I realized that with the new products that they had out, I was going to have to get a job!” exclaims Curtis. “It was a shocking revelation. And I had a plan for employment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He graduated with a degree in genetics. He married, had a son and started an MBA program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Elation Turns to Devastation \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then it all came crashing down when we discovered how many were infected with HIV,” says hematologist Dr. Koerper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koerper is referring to a medical disaster that occurred in the early 1980s. The clotting factor medication for hemophiliacs was accidentally contaminated with HIV and hepatitis C from human blood donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those were really dark days,” Koeper says hauntingly. “I looked at my patients and said you’re gonna die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as hemophiliac patients received a new lease on life, half (about 10,000) of the hemophiliacs in the U.S. were infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/3tZGx/12/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"748\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of my really good friends are gone,” says Curtis. “A lot of their wives are gone because there was a lot of spread of HIV before we even knew it was HIV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis was one of the lucky ones, he never became infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few years ago, he was diagnosed with hepatitis C, a virus he likely acquired at the same time as the HIV crisis when the nation's blood supply was tainted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was 48 weeks of hell. This was inteferon, ribavirin and all this stuff that gave you basically the flu everyday for 48 weeks,” explains Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs successfully knocked out hepatitis C. But, the treatment took a toll. Curtis’ system is still recovering a year later from all the drugs. Fortunately, virus contamination is no longer a threat because today’s hemophilia medication is often developed in a lab through the use of DNA technology rather than sourced from human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Future\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical companies manufacture hemophilia medication at plants like \u003ca href=\"http://pharma.bayer.com/en/innovation-partnering/research-focus/hematology/\" target=\"_blank\">Bayer HealthCare's\u003c/a> biotech plant in Berkeley. The company was one of the early players in helping to develop the breakthrough clotting factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now researchers are looking beyond treatment, toward a cure using some of the latest, albeit controversial, advances in genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope could be that in about ten years a gene therapy product could become available,” says Hans Duerr, who is with Bayer’s hematology unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146025\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-146025 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer.jpg 709w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bayer scientists manufacturing hemophilia medication at the company's plant in Berkeley, California. \u003ccite>(Bayer HealthCare)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company recently partnered with \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Therapeutics \u003c/a>— a gene editing startup. Bayer is investing $300 million in the partnership in hopes of altering the genes involved in the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>First World Success Story\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Randy Curtis is enjoying retirement. He's almost giddy when he looks back on his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been really lucky!” exclaims Curtis. “I mean I’m vertical! Right? I can’t complain!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, his journey is a First World tale. Hemophilia treatment is extremely expensive. Curtis’ annual treatment is around $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high cost and lack of access to drugs leaves most hemophiliacs in developing countries without treatment. The majority of patients in the world still don't see puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis plans to spend a lot of his retirement volunteering with the National Hemophilia Foundation and World Federation of Hemophilia to improve international care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re building tools for developing countries and showing them how to collect data and do their own advocacy,” says Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he hopes someday \u003cem>all\u003c/em> hemophiliacs will live full active lives.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis has hemophilia, a rare genetic disease, where his liver fails to produce a protein that helps his blood clot. Only \u003ca href=\"http://www.wfh.org/en/page.aspx?pid=646\" target=\"_blank\">one in 10,000\u003c/a> boys are born with hemophilia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent something as benign as a bump or a fall, Curtis wore protective gear growing up. He went to school in a wheelchair. He wore braces on his elbows and knees. He spent recess in the school office because injuries could spark days of internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For these children the bleeding doesn’t stop,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/marion.koerper\" target=\"_blank\">Marion Koerper\u003c/a>, a retired UCSF hematologist. \"And, after six or eight hours the ankle or the knee joint is swollen to the point where it’s extremely painful. They can’t straighten their leg, they can’t walk on their leg and they need to be brought in for treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145999\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-145999\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Randy Curtis at 2-years-old with a bruised eye.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/2yrs-old.jpg 1739w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Randy Curtis at 2-years-old with a bruised eye. \u003ccite>(Curtis family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curtis' childhood was peppered with weeklong trips to the hospital every month or so. He lived in fear of an intracranial bleed that would take his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Royal History\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemophilia has often been called the \"royal disease\" because it spread through many noble families in Europe in the 1900s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British monarch Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837-1901, is believed to have had one son who had hemophilia, and two daughters who were carriers of the disease. One of the princesses married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, whose son Alexei had hemophilia at the turn of the 20th century. The tale is featured in the 1971 Academy Award winning film \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCQahAJnW1g\" target=\"_blank\">Nicholas and Alexandra\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemophilia was carried through various royal family members for three generations before it disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s scientists discovered that fresh frozen plasma, could be transfused in patients in a hospital. But it took days to transfuse enough clotting factor to provide relief for a joint bleed. In 1960 the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/History-of-Bleeding-Disorders\" target=\"_blank\">life expectancy\u003c/a> for severe hemophiliacs was less than 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in the late 1960s scientists discovered how to make the missing clotting factor in freeze-dried powder concentrate from human blood plasma. It was a huge breakthrough because suddenly patients could infuse the missing factor at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146024\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-146024\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-450x600.jpg\" alt=\"Doctors put casts on Randy Curtis's ankles during summer months to immobilize his ankles and prevent injuries. \" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-450x600.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts-768x1023.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Casts.jpg 872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doctors put casts on Randy Curtis during summer months to immobilize his ankles and prevent injuries. \u003ccite>(Curtis family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Randy Curtis has given himself an intravenous injection of clotting factor every few days since he was 14-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home regimen gave Curtis his life back. No more bleeds. No more hospitals. As long as Curtis injected his medicine his blood would clot normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About my second year in college I realized that with the new products that they had out, I was going to have to get a job!” exclaims Curtis. “It was a shocking revelation. And I had a plan for employment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He graduated with a degree in genetics. He married, had a son and started an MBA program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Elation Turns to Devastation \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then it all came crashing down when we discovered how many were infected with HIV,” says hematologist Dr. Koerper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koerper is referring to a medical disaster that occurred in the early 1980s. The clotting factor medication for hemophiliacs was accidentally contaminated with HIV and hepatitis C from human blood donations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those were really dark days,” Koeper says hauntingly. “I looked at my patients and said you’re gonna die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as hemophiliac patients received a new lease on life, half (about 10,000) of the hemophiliacs in the U.S. were infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/3tZGx/12/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"748\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of my really good friends are gone,” says Curtis. “A lot of their wives are gone because there was a lot of spread of HIV before we even knew it was HIV.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis was one of the lucky ones, he never became infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few years ago, he was diagnosed with hepatitis C, a virus he likely acquired at the same time as the HIV crisis when the nation's blood supply was tainted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was 48 weeks of hell. This was inteferon, ribavirin and all this stuff that gave you basically the flu everyday for 48 weeks,” explains Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs successfully knocked out hepatitis C. But, the treatment took a toll. Curtis’ system is still recovering a year later from all the drugs. Fortunately, virus contamination is no longer a threat because today’s hemophilia medication is often developed in a lab through the use of DNA technology rather than sourced from human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Future\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical companies manufacture hemophilia medication at plants like \u003ca href=\"http://pharma.bayer.com/en/innovation-partnering/research-focus/hematology/\" target=\"_blank\">Bayer HealthCare's\u003c/a> biotech plant in Berkeley. The company was one of the early players in helping to develop the breakthrough clotting factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now researchers are looking beyond treatment, toward a cure using some of the latest, albeit controversial, advances in genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope could be that in about ten years a gene therapy product could become available,” says Hans Duerr, who is with Bayer’s hematology unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_146025\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-146025 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer.jpg 709w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Bayer-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bayer scientists manufacturing hemophilia medication at the company's plant in Berkeley, California. \u003ccite>(Bayer HealthCare)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company recently partnered with \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR Therapeutics \u003c/a>— a gene editing startup. Bayer is investing $300 million in the partnership in hopes of altering the genes involved in the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>First World Success Story\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Randy Curtis is enjoying retirement. He's almost giddy when he looks back on his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been really lucky!” exclaims Curtis. “I mean I’m vertical! Right? I can’t complain!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, his journey is a First World tale. Hemophilia treatment is extremely expensive. Curtis’ annual treatment is around $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high cost and lack of access to drugs leaves most hemophiliacs in developing countries without treatment. The majority of patients in the world still don't see puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtis plans to spend a lot of his retirement volunteering with the National Hemophilia Foundation and World Federation of Hemophilia to improve international care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re building tools for developing countries and showing them how to collect data and do their own advocacy,” says Curtis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he hopes someday \u003cem>all\u003c/em> hemophiliacs will live full active lives.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you sleep in unfamiliar surroundings, only half your brain is getting a good night's rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The left side seems to be more awake than the right side,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.brown.edu/Departments/CLPS/people/yuka-sasaki\">Yuka Sasaki\u003c/a>, an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological sciences at Brown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30174-9\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, helps explain why people tend to feel tired after sleeping in a new place. And it suggests people have something in common with birds and sea mammals, which frequently put half their brain to sleep while the other half remains on guard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep researchers discovered the \"first-night effect\" decades ago, when they began studying people in sleep labs. The first night in a lab, a person's sleep is usually so bad that researchers simply toss out any data they collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sasaki wanted to know what was going on in the brain during that first night. So she and a team of researchers studied the brain wave patterns of 35 Brown University students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team measured something called slow-wave activity, which appears during deep sleep. And they found that during a student's first night in the lab, slow wave activity was greater in certain areas of the right hemisphere than in the corresponding areas of the left hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the first night, though, the difference went away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To confirm that the left side of the brain really was more alert, the team did two other experiments. First, they had the sleeping students listen to a repeated standard tone followed by a single tone of a different pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When someone is awake or sleeping lightly, the brain responds to this \"deviant tone.\" And the students' brains did respond -- but only on the left side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the researchers played a sound loud enough to wake someone who was sleeping lightly. And they found that students woke up faster when the sound was played into the right ear, which is connected to the left side of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to rest just one side of the brain has never been demonstrated in people before, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.orn.mpg.de/employees/26373/672697\">Niels Rattenborg\u003c/a>, leader of the avian sleep group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. But he says it's a trick many animals can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've known for quite a while that some marine mammals like dolphins and some of the seals as well as many birds can sleep with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Rattenborg did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6718/full/397397a0.html\" target=\"_blank\">experiment\u003c/a> with ducks that suggests at least one way in which half-brain sleeping provided an evolutionary advantage. The experiment involved putting ducks in a row, literally, and watching them sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattenborg found that ducks with a bird on either side of them put their entire brain to sleep and kept both eyes closed. \"However, the ducks at the end of the row slept more with one half of the brain at a time,\" he says. \"And when they did that they directed the open eye away from the other birds, as if they were looking for approaching predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predators aren't a big problem for people these days. But the human brain was shaped during a time when nights were dark and full of terrors, Rattenborg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're sleeping in a new environment and we don't know how many predators are around,\" he says, \"it would make sense to keep half the brain more alert and more responsive to bumps in the night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sasaki says that brain response is involuntary and there's nothing people can do to prevent it, even if they've just flown in for a big presentation the next morning. So lots of coffee the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Half+Your+Brain+Stands+Guard+When+Sleeping+In+A+New+Place&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>John Oliver turned his righteous outrage to lead poisoning in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUizvEjR-0U\" target=\"_blank\">weekly show \u003c/a>last night. And, as he tends to do, did it with humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no safe level of lead,\" Oliver said. \"It's one of those things so dangerous that you shouldn't even let a little bit inside you, like heroin, or Jeremy Piven.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started with the Flint, Michigan water crisis and expanded from there, pointing out that there are 2.1 million homes in the U.S. where children under age six live that also have a lead dust hazard. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6213a3.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estimates that 535,000 children\u003c/a> under age six have an elevated blood lead level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lead is almost as much a scourge in young children's homes as 'Frozen' merchandise,\" he said, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is a naturally occurring mineral, but is toxic to humans, especially children, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/\" target=\"_blank\">can lead to irreversible neurodevelopmental \u003c/a>problems, including intellectual disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver recounted the \"major public health victory\" starting in the U.S. in the 1970s when lead was removed from paint and then from gasoline. Children's blood lead levels plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the federal government determined that totally removing lead from all homes, nationwide, would cost $16.6 billion every year for a decade, a very steep price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the federal government funded a lead hazard control program in homes where families where low-income families lived. While $230 million was recommended, the HUD's Lead Hazard Control Program was never funded above $176 million, Oliver said, and has been steadily declining since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the allocation is $110 million, not even as much as Ride Along 2 \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Ride-Along-2#tab=summary\" target=\"_blank\">has made so far\u003c/a>, a movie the \u003ca href=\"http://nypost.com/2016/01/13/the-worst-part-about-being-a-movie-critic-ride-along-2/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Post said \u003c/a>was \"as funny as lead poisoning.\" (How Oliver put those facts together, I don't know, but it' s true, follow the links.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver turned to all manner of archival news clips during his history lesson, including a 20-year-old clip from \"Sesame Street\" featuring a song about protecting yourself from lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's clearly time to address the problem again,\" Oliver said, and went off to visit \"Sesame Street\" where Elmo, Rosita and even Oscar teamed up to sing a song motivating everyone to conquer the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>John Oliver turned his righteous outrage to lead poisoning in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUizvEjR-0U\" target=\"_blank\">weekly show \u003c/a>last night. And, as he tends to do, did it with humor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no safe level of lead,\" Oliver said. \"It's one of those things so dangerous that you shouldn't even let a little bit inside you, like heroin, or Jeremy Piven.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He started with the Flint, Michigan water crisis and expanded from there, pointing out that there are 2.1 million homes in the U.S. where children under age six live that also have a lead dust hazard. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6213a3.htm\" target=\"_blank\">estimates that 535,000 children\u003c/a> under age six have an elevated blood lead level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lead is almost as much a scourge in young children's homes as 'Frozen' merchandise,\" he said, to laughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead is a naturally occurring mineral, but is toxic to humans, especially children, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/\" target=\"_blank\">can lead to irreversible neurodevelopmental \u003c/a>problems, including intellectual disability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver recounted the \"major public health victory\" starting in the U.S. in the 1970s when lead was removed from paint and then from gasoline. Children's blood lead levels plummeted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2000, the federal government determined that totally removing lead from all homes, nationwide, would cost $16.6 billion every year for a decade, a very steep price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the federal government funded a lead hazard control program in homes where families where low-income families lived. While $230 million was recommended, the HUD's Lead Hazard Control Program was never funded above $176 million, Oliver said, and has been steadily declining since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the allocation is $110 million, not even as much as Ride Along 2 \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Ride-Along-2#tab=summary\" target=\"_blank\">has made so far\u003c/a>, a movie the \u003ca href=\"http://nypost.com/2016/01/13/the-worst-part-about-being-a-movie-critic-ride-along-2/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Post said \u003c/a>was \"as funny as lead poisoning.\" (How Oliver put those facts together, I don't know, but it' s true, follow the links.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver turned to all manner of archival news clips during his history lesson, including a 20-year-old clip from \"Sesame Street\" featuring a song about protecting yourself from lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's clearly time to address the problem again,\" Oliver said, and went off to visit \"Sesame Street\" where Elmo, Rosita and even Oscar teamed up to sing a song motivating everyone to conquer the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some users of LSD say one of the most profound parts of the experience is a deep oneness with the universe. The hallucinogenic drug might be causing this by blurring boundaries in the brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation that the boundaries between yourself and the world around you are erasing correlates to changes in brain connectivity while on LSD, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30062-8\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>published Wednesday in \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>. Scientists gave 15 volunteers either a drop of acid or a placebo and slid them into an MRI scanner to monitor brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about an hour, when the high begins peaking, the brains of people on acid looked markedly different than those on the placebo. For those on LSD, activity in certain areas of their brain, particularly areas rich in neurons associated with serotonin, ramped up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their sensory cortices, which process sensations like sight and touch, became far more connected than usual to the frontal parietal network, which is involved with our sense of self. \"The stronger that communication, the stronger the experience of the dissolution [of self],\" says Enzo Tagliazucchi, the lead author and a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi speculates that what's happening is a confusion of information. Your brain on acid, flooded with signals crisscrossing between these regions, begins muddling the things you see, feel, taste or hear around you with you. This can create the perception that you and, say, the pizza you're eating are no longer separate entities. You are the pizza and the world beyond the windowsill. You are the church and the tree and the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, described this in his book \u003cem>LSD: My Problem Child\u003c/em>. \"A portion of the self overflows into the outer world, into objects, which begin to live, to have another, a deeper meaning,\" he wrote. He felt the world would be a better place if more people understood this. \"What is needed today is a fundamental re-experience of the oneness of all living things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation is neurologically similar to synesthesia, Tagliazucchi thinks. \"In synesthesia, you mix up sensory modalities. You can feel the color of a sound or smell the sound. This happens in LSD, too,\" Tagliazucchi says. \"And ego dissolution is a form of synesthesia, but it's a synesthesia of areas of brain with consciousness of self and the external environment. You lose track of which is which.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi and other researchers also measured the volunteers' brain electrical activity with another device. Our brains normally generate a regular rhythm of electrical activity called the alpha rhythm, which links to our brain's ability to suppress irrelevant activity. But in a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1518377113.full?sid=4396f1ed-3885-49bd-bab1-21b161793e12\" target=\"_blank\">paper \u003c/a>published on Monday in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, he and several co-authors show that LSD weakens the alpha rhythm. He thinks this weakening could make the hallucinations seem more real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is intriguing if still somewhat speculative, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Charles Grob\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center who was not involved with the work. \"They may genuinely be on to something. This should really further our understanding of the brain and consciousness.\" And, he says, the work highlights hallucinogens' powerful therapeutic potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The altered state of reality that comes with psychedelics might enhance psychotherapy, Grob thinks. \"Hallucinogens are a catalyst,\" he says. \"In well-prepared subjects, you might elicit powerful, altered states of consciousness. [That] has been predicative of positive therapeutic outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychedelics have been trickling their way back to psychiatric research. LSD was considered a good candidate for psychiatric treatment until 1966, when it was outlawed and became very difficult to obtain for study. Grob has done work testing the treatment potential of psilocybin, the active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He imagines a future where psychedelics are commonly used to treat a range of conditions. \"[There could] be a peaceful room attractively fixed up with nice paintings, objects to look at, fresh flowers, a chair or recliner for the patient and two therapists in the room,\" he muses. \"A safe container for that individual as they explore deep inner space, inner terrain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grob believes the right candidate would benefit greatly from LSD or other hallucinogen therapy, though he cautions that bad experiences can still happen for some on the drugs. Those who are at risk for schizophrenia may want to avoid psychedelics, Tagliazucchi says. \"There has been evidence saying what could happen is LSD could trigger the disease and turn it into full-fledged schizophrenia,\" he says. \"There is a lot of debate around this. It's an open topic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi thinks that this particular ability of psychedelics to evoke a sense of dissolution of self and unity with the external environment has already helped some patients. \"Psilocybin has been used to \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210962#ref-yoa05049-27\" target=\"_blank\">treat anxiety with terminal cancer patients\u003c/a>,\" he says. \"One reason why they felt so good after treatment is the ego dissolution is they become part of something larger: the universe. This led them to a new perspective on their death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Angus Chen on Twitter @angrchen.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+LSD+Makes+Your+Brain+One+With+The+Universe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some users of LSD say one of the most profound parts of the experience is a deep oneness with the universe. The hallucinogenic drug might be causing this by blurring boundaries in the brain, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation that the boundaries between yourself and the world around you are erasing correlates to changes in brain connectivity while on LSD, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)30062-8\" target=\"_blank\">study \u003c/a>published Wednesday in \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>. Scientists gave 15 volunteers either a drop of acid or a placebo and slid them into an MRI scanner to monitor brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about an hour, when the high begins peaking, the brains of people on acid looked markedly different than those on the placebo. For those on LSD, activity in certain areas of their brain, particularly areas rich in neurons associated with serotonin, ramped up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their sensory cortices, which process sensations like sight and touch, became far more connected than usual to the frontal parietal network, which is involved with our sense of self. \"The stronger that communication, the stronger the experience of the dissolution [of self],\" says Enzo Tagliazucchi, the lead author and a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi speculates that what's happening is a confusion of information. Your brain on acid, flooded with signals crisscrossing between these regions, begins muddling the things you see, feel, taste or hear around you with you. This can create the perception that you and, say, the pizza you're eating are no longer separate entities. You are the pizza and the world beyond the windowsill. You are the church and the tree and the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albert Hofmann, the discoverer of LSD, described this in his book \u003cem>LSD: My Problem Child\u003c/em>. \"A portion of the self overflows into the outer world, into objects, which begin to live, to have another, a deeper meaning,\" he wrote. He felt the world would be a better place if more people understood this. \"What is needed today is a fundamental re-experience of the oneness of all living things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensation is neurologically similar to synesthesia, Tagliazucchi thinks. \"In synesthesia, you mix up sensory modalities. You can feel the color of a sound or smell the sound. This happens in LSD, too,\" Tagliazucchi says. \"And ego dissolution is a form of synesthesia, but it's a synesthesia of areas of brain with consciousness of self and the external environment. You lose track of which is which.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi and other researchers also measured the volunteers' brain electrical activity with another device. Our brains normally generate a regular rhythm of electrical activity called the alpha rhythm, which links to our brain's ability to suppress irrelevant activity. But in a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/04/05/1518377113.full?sid=4396f1ed-3885-49bd-bab1-21b161793e12\" target=\"_blank\">paper \u003c/a>published on Monday in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>, he and several co-authors show that LSD weakens the alpha rhythm. He thinks this weakening could make the hallucinations seem more real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is intriguing if still somewhat speculative, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Charles Grob\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center who was not involved with the work. \"They may genuinely be on to something. This should really further our understanding of the brain and consciousness.\" And, he says, the work highlights hallucinogens' powerful therapeutic potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The altered state of reality that comes with psychedelics might enhance psychotherapy, Grob thinks. \"Hallucinogens are a catalyst,\" he says. \"In well-prepared subjects, you might elicit powerful, altered states of consciousness. [That] has been predicative of positive therapeutic outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, psychedelics have been trickling their way back to psychiatric research. LSD was considered a good candidate for psychiatric treatment until 1966, when it was outlawed and became very difficult to obtain for study. Grob has done work testing the treatment potential of psilocybin, the active compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He imagines a future where psychedelics are commonly used to treat a range of conditions. \"[There could] be a peaceful room attractively fixed up with nice paintings, objects to look at, fresh flowers, a chair or recliner for the patient and two therapists in the room,\" he muses. \"A safe container for that individual as they explore deep inner space, inner terrain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grob believes the right candidate would benefit greatly from LSD or other hallucinogen therapy, though he cautions that bad experiences can still happen for some on the drugs. Those who are at risk for schizophrenia may want to avoid psychedelics, Tagliazucchi says. \"There has been evidence saying what could happen is LSD could trigger the disease and turn it into full-fledged schizophrenia,\" he says. \"There is a lot of debate around this. It's an open topic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tagliazucchi thinks that this particular ability of psychedelics to evoke a sense of dissolution of self and unity with the external environment has already helped some patients. \"Psilocybin has been used to \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210962#ref-yoa05049-27\" target=\"_blank\">treat anxiety with terminal cancer patients\u003c/a>,\" he says. \"One reason why they felt so good after treatment is the ego dissolution is they become part of something larger: the universe. This led them to a new perspective on their death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Angus Chen on Twitter @angrchen.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+LSD+Makes+Your+Brain+One+With+The+Universe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Paralyzed Man Regains Use of Hand Through Rerouted Brain Signals (Video)",
"title": "Paralyzed Man Regains Use of Hand Through Rerouted Brain Signals (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ian Burkhart, now 24, was paralyzed in 2010 after diving into a wave in shallow water. The accident left him with some arm movement but no use of his hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, about two years ago, scientists in Ohio equipped Burkhart with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.battelle.org/our-work/pharmaceutical-medical-devices/medical-devices/neurorehab-battelle-neurolife-neural-bypass-technology\">system\u003c/a> that allowed him to control his right wrist and hand with his thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60fAjaRfwnU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first time moving my hand — that was really just like that flicker of hope,\" Burkhart told reporters during a media briefing Tuesday. The briefing was held to publicize a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17435\">study\u003c/a> in this week's issue of \u003cem>Nature, \u003c/em>which describes Burkhart's progress since he started using the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many months of practice, Burkhart can now perform tasks like pouring water from a bottle, grasping small objects, and swiping a credit card through a card reader. He can also control the movement of individual fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all possible because of technology that intercepts and decodes electrical signals from the brain before they reach Burkhart's damaged spine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're actually routing them around the spinal cord injury and then reinserting those signals into the muscles,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinsteininstitute.org/our-researchers/chad-bouton/\">Chad Bouton\u003c/a>, the study's first author and vice president of advanced engineering at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system relies on electrodes implanted in Burkhart's brain, a computer interface attached to his skull, and electrical stimulators wrapped around his forearm. It was developed by a team at Ohio State University and Battelle Memorial Institute, in Columbus, Ohio, where Bouton used to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Burkhart could grasp objects, but he would drop them when he moved his arm. His skill has improved steadily, though, Bouton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ian is learning how to think about very detailed movements and the machine is actually learning how to decipher those signals more effectively as well,\" Bouton says. \"So they're actually learning together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burkhart's achievements have received a great deal of media attention. But he is just one of many paralyzed people using technology that allows them to perform daily tasks using their thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And much of the technology Burkhart relies on is also in use at other research centers, says \u003ca href=\"http://fescenter.org/about-fes-center/leadership/kirsch-robert-phd/\">Robert Kirsch\u003c/a>, chairman of the department of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University and executive director of the Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The brain computer interfacing that they did is kind of garden variety,\" Kirsch says. \"And the electrical stimulation that they've done is really old-fashioned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have obtained better results using electrical stimulators that are implanted in muscles, instead of placed on the skin, Kirsch says. That approach requires extra surgery but allows more precise control of muscles, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a scientific meeting last year, a member of Kirsch's team \u003ca href=\"http://www.abstractsonline.com/plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?cKey=d6f2efec-2e7c-4724-b4cb-3cf7d620158f&mID=3744&mKey=d0ff4555-8574-4fbb-b9d4-04eec8ba0c84&sKey=aa75df3c-e7d5-4de2-8dfc-16fd0ed43f11\">reported\u003c/a> on a person using their technology who is able to use thoughts to trigger muscles in both the arm and hand. That's important, Kirsch says, because, unlike Burkhart, many other paralyzed people have no use of their arms or shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a decade of experiments has shown that paralyzed people can learn to use their thoughts to control computers, robotic arms and even their own limbs, says \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/lhochber\">Leigh Hochberg\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering at Brown University. Unfortunately, the systems that make this possible still aren't suitable for use at home, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What people who are paralyzed really want, Hochberg says, is \"a fully implanted technology, one that doesn't have wires or plugs that are sticking up above the scalp, doesn't have wires that are wrapped around the outside of the arm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, will require technological advances — including the ability to transmit signals from the brain without using wires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The process of getting from where we are today, which is some exciting early clinical research, all the way through to a clinically useful, vetted device that will help someone with paralysis is still a long one,\" Hochberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hochberg and other paralysis researchers say the wait will probably be measured in years, not decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Technology+Helps+A+Paralyzed+Man+Transform+Thought+Into+Movement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ian Burkhart, now 24, was paralyzed in 2010 after diving into a wave in shallow water. The accident left him with some arm movement but no use of his hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, about two years ago, scientists in Ohio equipped Burkhart with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.battelle.org/our-work/pharmaceutical-medical-devices/medical-devices/neurorehab-battelle-neurolife-neural-bypass-technology\">system\u003c/a> that allowed him to control his right wrist and hand with his thoughts.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/60fAjaRfwnU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/60fAjaRfwnU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\"The first time moving my hand — that was really just like that flicker of hope,\" Burkhart told reporters during a media briefing Tuesday. The briefing was held to publicize a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17435\">study\u003c/a> in this week's issue of \u003cem>Nature, \u003c/em>which describes Burkhart's progress since he started using the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many months of practice, Burkhart can now perform tasks like pouring water from a bottle, grasping small objects, and swiping a credit card through a card reader. He can also control the movement of individual fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all possible because of technology that intercepts and decodes electrical signals from the brain before they reach Burkhart's damaged spine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're actually routing them around the spinal cord injury and then reinserting those signals into the muscles,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinsteininstitute.org/our-researchers/chad-bouton/\">Chad Bouton\u003c/a>, the study's first author and vice president of advanced engineering at the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, N.Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system relies on electrodes implanted in Burkhart's brain, a computer interface attached to his skull, and electrical stimulators wrapped around his forearm. It was developed by a team at Ohio State University and Battelle Memorial Institute, in Columbus, Ohio, where Bouton used to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Burkhart could grasp objects, but he would drop them when he moved his arm. His skill has improved steadily, though, Bouton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ian is learning how to think about very detailed movements and the machine is actually learning how to decipher those signals more effectively as well,\" Bouton says. \"So they're actually learning together.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burkhart's achievements have received a great deal of media attention. But he is just one of many paralyzed people using technology that allows them to perform daily tasks using their thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And much of the technology Burkhart relies on is also in use at other research centers, says \u003ca href=\"http://fescenter.org/about-fes-center/leadership/kirsch-robert-phd/\">Robert Kirsch\u003c/a>, chairman of the department of biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University and executive director of the Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The brain computer interfacing that they did is kind of garden variety,\" Kirsch says. \"And the electrical stimulation that they've done is really old-fashioned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have obtained better results using electrical stimulators that are implanted in muscles, instead of placed on the skin, Kirsch says. That approach requires extra surgery but allows more precise control of muscles, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a scientific meeting last year, a member of Kirsch's team \u003ca href=\"http://www.abstractsonline.com/plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?cKey=d6f2efec-2e7c-4724-b4cb-3cf7d620158f&mID=3744&mKey=d0ff4555-8574-4fbb-b9d4-04eec8ba0c84&sKey=aa75df3c-e7d5-4de2-8dfc-16fd0ed43f11\">reported\u003c/a> on a person using their technology who is able to use thoughts to trigger muscles in both the arm and hand. That's important, Kirsch says, because, unlike Burkhart, many other paralyzed people have no use of their arms or shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a decade of experiments has shown that paralyzed people can learn to use their thoughts to control computers, robotic arms and even their own limbs, says \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/lhochber\">Leigh Hochberg\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering at Brown University. Unfortunately, the systems that make this possible still aren't suitable for use at home, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What people who are paralyzed really want, Hochberg says, is \"a fully implanted technology, one that doesn't have wires or plugs that are sticking up above the scalp, doesn't have wires that are wrapped around the outside of the arm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, will require technological advances — including the ability to transmit signals from the brain without using wires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The process of getting from where we are today, which is some exciting early clinical research, all the way through to a clinically useful, vetted device that will help someone with paralysis is still a long one,\" Hochberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hochberg and other paralysis researchers say the wait will probably be measured in years, not decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Technology+Helps+A+Paralyzed+Man+Transform+Thought+Into+Movement&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A project to speed development of cancer-fighting drugs that harness the immune system has academic and drug industry researchers collaborating and sharing their findings like never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly created Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy is being funded by a $250 million grant from Sean Parker, the co-founder of the file-sharing site Napster and Facebook's first president. It brings together partners at six top academic cancer centers, dozens of drugmakers and other groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody knows that we need to move forward and change the model\" for cancer research, Jeffrey Bluestone, an immunology researcher and the institute's CEO, told The Associated Press Tuesday. \"The goal here is to rapidly move our discoveries to patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, fiercely competitive and secretive drugmakers protected their money-making discoveries with patents and lawsuits. Academic researchers likewise often guarded their work closely until it was published because their promotions, awards and sometimes revenue from licensing patents depended on individual achievement. That often slowed progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the increasing cost and complexity of research, drugmakers began licensing or buying patents and research programs from university researchers. Then big drugmakers began collaborating with each other and buying smaller companies, to share research costs, speed up the drug development process and get an edge on rivals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Institute, founded nine months ago, pushes those trends to a new level, by creating a virtual \"sandbox\" in which scientists at different institutions can work collaboratively, Bluestone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 300 scientists at leading cancer institutions — Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Stanford Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, San Francisco; University of Pennsylvania; and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center — will share their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll focus on early research. After initial patient testing, the institute's technology-transfer committee will strike licensing deals with drugmakers best able to develop those drugs, providing funding for other early research. Those drugmakers, from industry giants Amgen Inc. and Pfizer Inc., to small drug and diagnostic test developers, will fund the much-larger tests needed for drug approval, which can include hundreds or thousands of patients and cost hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker worked with hundreds of scientists to create a roadmap for the institute's work. It will quickly fund projects fitting its scientific targets and then rapidly enroll many of the 300,000 or more patients treated at the six centers each year in tests of resulting experimental drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll make progress against three or four cancer types in the next several years,\" Parker predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that to be most effective, immunotherapy must become an initial treatment. Now it's usually reserved until patients relapse after chemotherapy and other standard treatments that weaken the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have tried less-sophisticated strategies to use the immune system against cancer for about a century, with limited success, noted Dr. Eric Rubin, head of early stage cancer drug development at Merck & Co. It took recent advances in cell biology, genetics and related science to make progress. Now there are a handful of approved immunotherapy drugs that greatly extend lives of some patients with lung cancer and melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include Merck's Keytruda and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.'s Yervoy and Opdivo. They are so-called \"checkpoint inhibitors,\" which block molecules that slow down or turn off the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other immunotherapy approaches that will be part of the institute's initial work include CAR-T therapy, in which a patient's T-cells are removed from the blood, engineered to be \"cancer assassins,\" then injected into the patient, Parker said. Researchers also will develop therapeutic viruses and vaccines to drive the immune system to recognize and attack tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Parker Institute does have the potential to accelerate development (of drugs) that will enable a greater number of cures,\" Rubin said. \"We're very happy to be part of this.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Institute, founded nine months ago, pushes those trends to a new level, by creating a virtual \"sandbox\" in which scientists at different institutions can work collaboratively, Bluestone said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 300 scientists at leading cancer institutions — Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Stanford Medicine; University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, San Francisco; University of Pennsylvania; and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center — will share their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll focus on early research. After initial patient testing, the institute's technology-transfer committee will strike licensing deals with drugmakers best able to develop those drugs, providing funding for other early research. Those drugmakers, from industry giants Amgen Inc. and Pfizer Inc., to small drug and diagnostic test developers, will fund the much-larger tests needed for drug approval, which can include hundreds or thousands of patients and cost hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker worked with hundreds of scientists to create a roadmap for the institute's work. It will quickly fund projects fitting its scientific targets and then rapidly enroll many of the 300,000 or more patients treated at the six centers each year in tests of resulting experimental drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll make progress against three or four cancer types in the next several years,\" Parker predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that to be most effective, immunotherapy must become an initial treatment. Now it's usually reserved until patients relapse after chemotherapy and other standard treatments that weaken the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have tried less-sophisticated strategies to use the immune system against cancer for about a century, with limited success, noted Dr. Eric Rubin, head of early stage cancer drug development at Merck & Co. It took recent advances in cell biology, genetics and related science to make progress. Now there are a handful of approved immunotherapy drugs that greatly extend lives of some patients with lung cancer and melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include Merck's Keytruda and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.'s Yervoy and Opdivo. They are so-called \"checkpoint inhibitors,\" which block molecules that slow down or turn off the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other immunotherapy approaches that will be part of the institute's initial work include CAR-T therapy, in which a patient's T-cells are removed from the blood, engineered to be \"cancer assassins,\" then injected into the patient, Parker said. Researchers also will develop therapeutic viruses and vaccines to drive the immune system to recognize and attack tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Parker Institute does have the potential to accelerate development (of drugs) that will enable a greater number of cures,\" Rubin said. \"We're very happy to be part of this.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/\" target=\"_blank\">40 seconds\u003c/a> there is a suicide somewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurophenomics.info/MP%20Suicidality%20in%20women%202016.pdf\">New research \u003c/a>reveals how blood tests combined with questionnaires can accurately measure the risk of suicide in women. The results corroborate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v20/n11/full/mp2015112a.html\" target=\"_blank\">previous research\u003c/a> that found the tools can predict suicide in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found women and men have different reasons for taking their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some chemicals in the blood change when you're thinking about taking your life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Data has already shown women are three times more likely to attempt suicide than men, though men are more than three times as \u003ca href=\"http://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/\" target=\"_blank\">likely\u003c/a> to succeed due to their use of more violent means, usually guns. (Females more often use pills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings suggest women are more likely to attempt suicide if they feel socially isolated, while men try to kill themselves when they're under too much pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also demonstrate why gender is a factor when recommending therapy, the study's lead author, Alexander B. Niculescu III, says. For example, women may benefit from support groups, whereas men might improve with meditation or relaxation techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, from the Indiana University School of Medicine, was published online in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Blood?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed 51 female patients who had been diagnosed with mental health issues such as bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia, in order to track their risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, both their mental health status and their blood were tested every three to six months. The goal was to see if combining mental self-evaluations with biological tests could accurately predict whether someone would attempt to take her own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the blood tests was to offer a more objective measure of suicide risk, one that didn't rely on patients telling the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with people who are really serious about committing suicide is they do not share that [information] with their clinicians, or with their loved ones, or friends, for fear of being hospitalized or stopped from committing the act,” said Niculescu, a professor of psychiatry and medical neuroscience at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The new findings suggest women are more likely to attempt suicide if they feel socially isolated, while men try to kill themselves when they're under too much pressure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So researchers looked for molecular changes or chemicals in the blood, called RNA biomarkers, that appear to correlate with suicidal thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, some chemicals in the blood change when you're thinking about ending your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to identify markers that changed between a state where [the patients] had absolutely no suicidal ideation and a state where they had very high suicidal ideation,\" Niculescu says. “Just like you would look at high cholesterol, or inflammatory markers in cardiovascular diseases, here you would have these markers that would alert you that somebody is at high risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evaluating Mental Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In concert with the blood tests, researchers used two apps to evaluate the mental health of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first app tracked mood and anxiety. Throughout the day, patients responded to simple prompts asking about their mood at a particular time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[The app] is kind of like an odometer on a car,” said Niculescu. “It says, ‘Compared to the lowest your mood has ever been and the highest it’s ever been, where are you at this moment in time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second app measured suicidal risk by asking questions in 22 different areas, including life history, psychiatric history, addictions, recent deaths,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>chronic pain and current sources of stress. When a patient completed the questionnaire, a risk assessment was generated. Niculescu likens it to a FICO mortgage score that instead of measuring credit risk evaluates a tendency toward suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>High Accuracy \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We looked at how the suicide predicter app, the mood and anxiety scores and the biomarkers combined can predict suicide. And there's synergy,\" says Niculescu. \"The biomarkers by themselves are predictive. The apps by themselves are predictive. And when you combine them, you get an even better prediction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this combination the researchers were able to predict suicidal risk with more than 80 percent accuracy. Niculescu says he was thrilled blood tests might offer psychiatrists a concrete tool to predict behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make psychiatry just like every other medical field where you use objective tests to support diagnoses!\" he exclaimed. “You can give people the best care in a tailored fashion based on their gender, based on their diagnoses and based on their risk factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the four-year study, one participant committed suicide. And, when the analyses were completed, her risk prediction score was at the 100th percentile of all participants. Researchers hope earlier predictions can prevent future tragedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was limited to high-risk females with psychiatric diagnoses in a VA hospital, so researchers are not certain the combined tests will work to predict suicidal risk in a more general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I suspect that our findings will be more generalizeable, but we do have a lot of work to do to establish levels in different populations by gender, by age, by diagnosis, by ethnicity and so on,\" says Niculescu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team have larger studies in the works, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Your Risk for Committing Suicide Can Be Found in Your Blood, Scientists Find",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/\" target=\"_blank\">40 seconds\u003c/a> there is a suicide somewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurophenomics.info/MP%20Suicidality%20in%20women%202016.pdf\">New research \u003c/a>reveals how blood tests combined with questionnaires can accurately measure the risk of suicide in women. The results corroborate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v20/n11/full/mp2015112a.html\" target=\"_blank\">previous research\u003c/a> that found the tools can predict suicide in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found women and men have different reasons for taking their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some chemicals in the blood change when you're thinking about taking your life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Data has already shown women are three times more likely to attempt suicide than men, though men are more than three times as \u003ca href=\"http://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/\" target=\"_blank\">likely\u003c/a> to succeed due to their use of more violent means, usually guns. (Females more often use pills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings suggest women are more likely to attempt suicide if they feel socially isolated, while men try to kill themselves when they're under too much pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results also demonstrate why gender is a factor when recommending therapy, the study's lead author, Alexander B. Niculescu III, says. For example, women may benefit from support groups, whereas men might improve with meditation or relaxation techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, from the Indiana University School of Medicine, was published online in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Blood?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers followed 51 female patients who had been diagnosed with mental health issues such as bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia, in order to track their risk for suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For four years, both their mental health status and their blood were tested every three to six months. The goal was to see if combining mental self-evaluations with biological tests could accurately predict whether someone would attempt to take her own life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the blood tests was to offer a more objective measure of suicide risk, one that didn't rely on patients telling the truth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with people who are really serious about committing suicide is they do not share that [information] with their clinicians, or with their loved ones, or friends, for fear of being hospitalized or stopped from committing the act,” said Niculescu, a professor of psychiatry and medical neuroscience at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The new findings suggest women are more likely to attempt suicide if they feel socially isolated, while men try to kill themselves when they're under too much pressure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So researchers looked for molecular changes or chemicals in the blood, called RNA biomarkers, that appear to correlate with suicidal thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, some chemicals in the blood change when you're thinking about ending your life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to identify markers that changed between a state where [the patients] had absolutely no suicidal ideation and a state where they had very high suicidal ideation,\" Niculescu says. “Just like you would look at high cholesterol, or inflammatory markers in cardiovascular diseases, here you would have these markers that would alert you that somebody is at high risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evaluating Mental Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In concert with the blood tests, researchers used two apps to evaluate the mental health of study participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first app tracked mood and anxiety. Throughout the day, patients responded to simple prompts asking about their mood at a particular time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[The app] is kind of like an odometer on a car,” said Niculescu. “It says, ‘Compared to the lowest your mood has ever been and the highest it’s ever been, where are you at this moment in time.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second app measured suicidal risk by asking questions in 22 different areas, including life history, psychiatric history, addictions, recent deaths,\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>chronic pain and current sources of stress. When a patient completed the questionnaire, a risk assessment was generated. Niculescu likens it to a FICO mortgage score that instead of measuring credit risk evaluates a tendency toward suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>High Accuracy \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We looked at how the suicide predicter app, the mood and anxiety scores and the biomarkers combined can predict suicide. And there's synergy,\" says Niculescu. \"The biomarkers by themselves are predictive. The apps by themselves are predictive. And when you combine them, you get an even better prediction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through this combination the researchers were able to predict suicidal risk with more than 80 percent accuracy. Niculescu says he was thrilled blood tests might offer psychiatrists a concrete tool to predict behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make psychiatry just like every other medical field where you use objective tests to support diagnoses!\" he exclaimed. “You can give people the best care in a tailored fashion based on their gender, based on their diagnoses and based on their risk factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the four-year study, one participant committed suicide. And, when the analyses were completed, her risk prediction score was at the 100th percentile of all participants. Researchers hope earlier predictions can prevent future tragedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was limited to high-risk females with psychiatric diagnoses in a VA hospital, so researchers are not certain the combined tests will work to predict suicidal risk in a more general population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I suspect that our findings will be more generalizeable, but we do have a lot of work to do to establish levels in different populations by gender, by age, by diagnosis, by ethnicity and so on,\" says Niculescu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team have larger studies in the works, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Google Glass Flopped. But Kids With Autism Are Using It to Recognize Emotions",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gabby Warner coveted a Google Glass headset when it first became available so she could search the web. But now, she's using it for a more profound\u003cb> \u003c/b>purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s helped me to understand some people’s emotions,\" says Warner, who has autism. \"I can tell when a friend is upset better now than I could before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“I can tell when a friend is upset better now than I could before.”\u003ccite>Gabby Warner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 14-year-old attends Westmont High School in Campbell, California and is one of the first study participants in Stanford's Autism Glass Project. Currently, children ages six to 17 are participating, and researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://autismglass.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">looking for\u003c/a> more volunteers for the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to validate the technology as a learning aid that helps students recognize human emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with autism struggle to understand social interactions, make eye contact or recognize facial expressions. So the Stanford researchers developed facial-recognition software specifically for Glass. The software acts as a coach, helping the kids search for and correctly identify emotions expressed on people's faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology could impact millions of children. In 2014, one in 68 children was diagnosed with autism, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0327-autism-spectrum-disorder.html\" target=\"_blank\">a report \u003c/a>from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That's up about 30 percent from the previous estimate in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early results of the Stanford study have shown benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-141584\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-141584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Study manager Beth McCarthy shows study participant Gabby Warner new features on the smartphone app that connects to Google Glass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Study manager Beth McCarthy shows study participant Gabby Warner new features on the smartphone app that connects to Google Glass. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We are really seeing improvements in social acuity,\" says Stanford University associate professor of pediatrics Dennis Wall. Parents, he said, are also spending more focused therapeutic time with their kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall is leading the project with entrepreneur and Stanford University computer science undergrad Catalin Voss, at the \u003ca href=\"http://wall-lab.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Wall Lab\u003c/a>, housed within \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford's School of Medicine\u003c/a>. The team started phase I clinical trials in February 2015 by having students wear Google Glass and an eye-tracker while they looked at a monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Children in the study looked more frequently at people's faces and eyes and were better able to differentiate emotions.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During phase I, the screen showed an image and then a list of seven emotions from which the kids could choose. The first round of images was used for a baseline test, where the kids tried to identify the emotions on their own; in the second round, Glass provided them with audio and visual cues, such as emoticons or playful sound effects, which were linked to different emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the third round, the students again identified the emotions on their own. Researchers wanted to see if they were any better at it having used Glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall said the participants could better differentiate the emotions they saw and were less likely to confuse emotions like surprise and fear. They also looked more frequently at people's faces and made more eye contact. (The researchers couldn't provide KQED statistics on the study because a published scientific paper is forthcoming.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were generally more socially confident,\" says Wall, \"and a side benefit is that they feel less isolated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Taking Glass Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lab setting is nothing like the real world. So the study is now sending children home with Glass to measure how they interact with their families and record changes in their social skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of four months, the kids and their families will participate in the therapy. During three 20-minute sessions per day, anything a child sees while wearing Glass is recorded and saved onto a smartphone app developed by the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids and parents can then review the footage together, and the parents can point out the emotions they were feeling at specific moments. As this occurs, corresponding color-coded bars at the bottom of the screen are linked to those feelings. A red bar at the bottom of the screen means someone is upset, for example, and a yellow bar indicates they are happy. In the photo below, the blue dot is centered over a yellow bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_142201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-142201\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-142201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The smartphone app that kids use to review human interaction color codes different facial expressions. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The smartphone app that kids use to review human interaction color codes different facial expressions. \u003ccite>(Autism Glass Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These color-coded videos help kids remember what emotions they saw and in what context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we do this face tracking, we start to develop some very quantifiable metrics that weren’t available in autism before,\" Voss says. \"Now we actually know how much you are looking at your mom.\" Potentially, he says, the lab could send a weekly eye contact report to families who want to know if there's been improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabby Warner has been using Glass at home for almost two months, and it's helped her socialize at school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been applying what I saw with the Google Glass to situations without the Google Glass,\" Warner says. \"I would see my friend’s face and it would look similar to one of the faces I saw on my parents when they were upset so then I could ask my friend, 'What happened?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end goal is to make a product that is commercially available and medically reimbursable through health insurance. Researchers say they hope to have a new product could be on the market within two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many kids we have to reach,\" Wall says, \"not just kids in Silicon Valley but globally.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gabby Warner coveted a Google Glass headset when it first became available so she could search the web. But now, she's using it for a more profound\u003cb> \u003c/b>purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s helped me to understand some people’s emotions,\" says Warner, who has autism. \"I can tell when a friend is upset better now than I could before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“I can tell when a friend is upset better now than I could before.”\u003ccite>Gabby Warner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The 14-year-old attends Westmont High School in Campbell, California and is one of the first study participants in Stanford's Autism Glass Project. Currently, children ages six to 17 are participating, and researchers are \u003ca href=\"http://autismglass.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">looking for\u003c/a> more volunteers for the next phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to validate the technology as a learning aid that helps students recognize human emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some children with autism struggle to understand social interactions, make eye contact or recognize facial expressions. So the Stanford researchers developed facial-recognition software specifically for Glass. The software acts as a coach, helping the kids search for and correctly identify emotions expressed on people's faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology could impact millions of children. In 2014, one in 68 children was diagnosed with autism, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0327-autism-spectrum-disorder.html\" target=\"_blank\">a report \u003c/a>from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That's up about 30 percent from the previous estimate in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early results of the Stanford study have shown benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-141584\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-141584\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Study manager Beth McCarthy shows study participant Gabby Warner new features on the smartphone app that connects to Google Glass.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Gabby_tutorial_lighter-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Study manager Beth McCarthy shows study participant Gabby Warner new features on the smartphone app that connects to Google Glass. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We are really seeing improvements in social acuity,\" says Stanford University associate professor of pediatrics Dennis Wall. Parents, he said, are also spending more focused therapeutic time with their kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall is leading the project with entrepreneur and Stanford University computer science undergrad Catalin Voss, at the \u003ca href=\"http://wall-lab.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Wall Lab\u003c/a>, housed within \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford's School of Medicine\u003c/a>. The team started phase I clinical trials in February 2015 by having students wear Google Glass and an eye-tracker while they looked at a monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Children in the study looked more frequently at people's faces and eyes and were better able to differentiate emotions.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During phase I, the screen showed an image and then a list of seven emotions from which the kids could choose. The first round of images was used for a baseline test, where the kids tried to identify the emotions on their own; in the second round, Glass provided them with audio and visual cues, such as emoticons or playful sound effects, which were linked to different emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the third round, the students again identified the emotions on their own. Researchers wanted to see if they were any better at it having used Glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall said the participants could better differentiate the emotions they saw and were less likely to confuse emotions like surprise and fear. They also looked more frequently at people's faces and made more eye contact. (The researchers couldn't provide KQED statistics on the study because a published scientific paper is forthcoming.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were generally more socially confident,\" says Wall, \"and a side benefit is that they feel less isolated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Taking Glass Home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lab setting is nothing like the real world. So the study is now sending children home with Glass to measure how they interact with their families and record changes in their social skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of four months, the kids and their families will participate in the therapy. During three 20-minute sessions per day, anything a child sees while wearing Glass is recorded and saved onto a smartphone app developed by the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kids and parents can then review the footage together, and the parents can point out the emotions they were feeling at specific moments. As this occurs, corresponding color-coded bars at the bottom of the screen are linked to those feelings. A red bar at the bottom of the screen means someone is upset, for example, and a yellow bar indicates they are happy. In the photo below, the blue dot is centered over a yellow bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_142201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-142201\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-142201\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The smartphone app that kids use to review human interaction color codes different facial expressions. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Catalin_glass_app_color_corrected-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The smartphone app that kids use to review human interaction color codes different facial expressions. \u003ccite>(Autism Glass Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These color-coded videos help kids remember what emotions they saw and in what context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we do this face tracking, we start to develop some very quantifiable metrics that weren’t available in autism before,\" Voss says. \"Now we actually know how much you are looking at your mom.\" Potentially, he says, the lab could send a weekly eye contact report to families who want to know if there's been improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabby Warner has been using Glass at home for almost two months, and it's helped her socialize at school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been applying what I saw with the Google Glass to situations without the Google Glass,\" Warner says. \"I would see my friend’s face and it would look similar to one of the faces I saw on my parents when they were upset so then I could ask my friend, 'What happened?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end goal is to make a product that is commercially available and medically reimbursable through health insurance. Researchers say they hope to have a new product could be on the market within two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are so many kids we have to reach,\" Wall says, \"not just kids in Silicon Valley but globally.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last month Temple University scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep22555\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> on their \u003ca href=\"http://articles.philly.com/2016-03-24/entertainment/71762044_1_cells-gene-editing-latent-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">removal of HIV DNA\u003c/a> from immune cells, curtailing replication by the virus -- in lab dishes, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(16)30298-4\" target=\"_blank\">new research\u003c/a> from a different group, published in Cell Reports, shows the notoriously wily virus in some cases was strengthened by the technique. It also became resistant to CRISPR attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commenting on the recent discouraging development, Kamel Khalili, from the Temple research group, told New Scientist that \"carpet-bombing\" the virus could solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key could be using multiple viral sites for editing,” he said. “This would reduce any chance for virus escape or the emergence of virus resistant to the initial treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the New Scientist report below ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2083404-hiv-defies-attempt-to-edit-virus-out-of-human-cells-with-crispr/?utm_source=NSNS&utm_medium=SOC&utm_campaign=hoot&cmpid=SOC%7CNSNS%7C2016-GLOBAL-twitter\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last month Temple University scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep22555\" target=\"_blank\">research\u003c/a> on their \u003ca href=\"http://articles.philly.com/2016-03-24/entertainment/71762044_1_cells-gene-editing-latent-hiv\" target=\"_blank\">removal of HIV DNA\u003c/a> from immune cells, curtailing replication by the virus -- in lab dishes, at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(16)30298-4\" target=\"_blank\">new research\u003c/a> from a different group, published in Cell Reports, shows the notoriously wily virus in some cases was strengthened by the technique. It also became resistant to CRISPR attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commenting on the recent discouraging development, Kamel Khalili, from the Temple research group, told New Scientist that \"carpet-bombing\" the virus could solve the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key could be using multiple viral sites for editing,” he said. “This would reduce any chance for virus escape or the emergence of virus resistant to the initial treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the New Scientist report below ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some people can get away with eating red meat their whole lives and stay fit as a fiddle. For others, their carnivorous ways may end up contributing to heart disease, cancer or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/08/23/red-meat-consumption-linked-to-alzheimer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alzheimer's\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">People who have a variation of a certain gene might want to eat more veggies and less red meat to stay healthy, while others may be able to tolerate more meat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/03/09/molbev.msw049.abstract\">study\u003c/a> in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution suggests our different responses to diet may stem from where our ancestors lived. That's because the food available to our forebears resulted in differences in DNA that still linger today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this isn’t surprising. In the past, if there were mostly vegetables available in a certain geographical area, the people who do best eating vegetables would have thrived. Over the generations, those people would be healthier, have more kids and more frequently pass their genes on. Sooner than you may think, most people in the group would have a set of genes more conducive to eating vegetables and less tolerant of red meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Are What Your Ancestors Ate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is exactly what these researchers found when they looked at the DNA of over 1,000 people. Those whose ancestors ate very little red meat have a key variation in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FADS2\" target=\"_blank\">FADS2\u003c/a> gene that allows them to flourish on a mostly plant-based diet. The variation boosts their ability to make long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), critical for brain development and the control of inflammation. Thus, when these vegetarian-inclined people eat red meat, they may become more susceptible to inflammation, leading to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers first compared a group of 234 primarily vegetarian people of Indian origin to 311 people from the U.S., who presumably ate a more Western diet with lots of meat and processed food. Sixty-eight percent of the Indian vegetarian group had the genetic difference that optimized their bodies for a plant-based diet while only 18 percent of the group from the U.S. did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then expanded the study, using the DNA available in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1000genomes.org/\">1000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>. This public database contains the DNA from people all over the world. The results were similar to what they found with the smaller group. For example, around 70 percent of South Asians had the “vegetarian” DNA difference while only 17 percent of Europeans did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests that what our ancestors ate might affect what our optimal diet is today. People with a “vegetarian” version of this gene might want to eat more veggies and less red meat to stay healthy, while those who lack this variation may be able to tolerate more red meat. There may be no one-size-fits-all diet that works best for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this calls into question diets like the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_diet\">paleo diet\u003c/a>, which recommends we eat like our ancestors did because that is what our bodies have been configured for. But as this study shows, not everyone's body is the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139649\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-139649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Eating what they ate may not be ideal for you depending on your ancestors. Modern people are genetically different from these folks.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-800x463.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-400x232.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-768x445.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eating what they ate may not be ideal for you, depending on your ancestors. Modern people are genetically different from these folks. (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Diorama,_cavemen_-_National_Museum_of_Mongolian_History.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind, of course, that the genetic difference looked at in this study is one of many bits of DNA that affect how well our bodies process food. There are probably people with the \"vegetarian\" genetic variation who have other DNA that makes them better able to process red meat, and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do not yet understand our genetics well enough to predict from our DNA what our ideal diet maybe. This finding is one piece in that puzzle, but we still have a long way to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we do get there, we will be able to go to our doctor and find out what diet is best for us. But we'll have to see if our future selves are any better at listening to nutritional advice.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some people can get away with eating red meat their whole lives and stay fit as a fiddle. For others, their carnivorous ways may end up contributing to heart disease, cancer or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/08/23/red-meat-consumption-linked-to-alzheimer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alzheimer's\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">People who have a variation of a certain gene might want to eat more veggies and less red meat to stay healthy, while others may be able to tolerate more meat.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/03/09/molbev.msw049.abstract\">study\u003c/a> in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution suggests our different responses to diet may stem from where our ancestors lived. That's because the food available to our forebears resulted in differences in DNA that still linger today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this isn’t surprising. In the past, if there were mostly vegetables available in a certain geographical area, the people who do best eating vegetables would have thrived. Over the generations, those people would be healthier, have more kids and more frequently pass their genes on. Sooner than you may think, most people in the group would have a set of genes more conducive to eating vegetables and less tolerant of red meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Are What Your Ancestors Ate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is exactly what these researchers found when they looked at the DNA of over 1,000 people. Those whose ancestors ate very little red meat have a key variation in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FADS2\" target=\"_blank\">FADS2\u003c/a> gene that allows them to flourish on a mostly plant-based diet. The variation boosts their ability to make long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), critical for brain development and the control of inflammation. Thus, when these vegetarian-inclined people eat red meat, they may become more susceptible to inflammation, leading to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers first compared a group of 234 primarily vegetarian people of Indian origin to 311 people from the U.S., who presumably ate a more Western diet with lots of meat and processed food. Sixty-eight percent of the Indian vegetarian group had the genetic difference that optimized their bodies for a plant-based diet while only 18 percent of the group from the U.S. did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then expanded the study, using the DNA available in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1000genomes.org/\">1000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>. This public database contains the DNA from people all over the world. The results were similar to what they found with the smaller group. For example, around 70 percent of South Asians had the “vegetarian” DNA difference while only 17 percent of Europeans did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This suggests that what our ancestors ate might affect what our optimal diet is today. People with a “vegetarian” version of this gene might want to eat more veggies and less red meat to stay healthy, while those who lack this variation may be able to tolerate more red meat. There may be no one-size-fits-all diet that works best for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this calls into question diets like the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_diet\">paleo diet\u003c/a>, which recommends we eat like our ancestors did because that is what our bodies have been configured for. But as this study shows, not everyone's body is the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139649\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-139649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-800x463.jpg\" alt=\"Eating what they ate may not be ideal for you depending on your ancestors. Modern people are genetically different from these folks.\" width=\"800\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-800x463.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-400x232.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-768x445.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-1180x683.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/CavePeople-960x556.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eating what they ate may not be ideal for you, depending on your ancestors. Modern people are genetically different from these folks. (\u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Diorama,_cavemen_-_National_Museum_of_Mongolian_History.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>) \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind, of course, that the genetic difference looked at in this study is one of many bits of DNA that affect how well our bodies process food. There are probably people with the \"vegetarian\" genetic variation who have other DNA that makes them better able to process red meat, and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do not yet understand our genetics well enough to predict from our DNA what our ideal diet maybe. This finding is one piece in that puzzle, but we still have a long way to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we do get there, we will be able to go to our doctor and find out what diet is best for us. But we'll have to see if our future selves are any better at listening to nutritional advice.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/content/seth-borenstein\" target=\"_blank\">Seth Borenstein\u003c/a>,\u003c/br> \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Associated Press\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Man-made global warming is making America sicker, and it’s only going to get worse, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://health2016.globalchange.gov/\">federal government report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 332-page report issued Monday by the Obama administration said global warming will make the air dirtier, water more contaminated and food more tainted. It warned of diseases, such as those spread by ticks and mosquitoes, longer allergy seasons, and thousands of heat wave deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> chief Gina McCarthy said if that’s not enough, climate change affects people’s mental health, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just about polar bears and melting ice caps. It’s about our families. It’s about our future,” McCarthy said at a White House event unveiling the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change affects more people in more ways than anything doctors have seen in the past, said Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. He said the report allows doctors to better quantify “the sheer number of pathways through which climate affects health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes air pollution worsened from power plants, pollen and even wildfires, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not being able to breathe is one of the most frightening experience” for people, Murthy said. “We’re talking about scary moments for parents and children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asthma is already the No. 1 cause of children going to the hospital and “now we’re seeing it worsening because of the heat, the allergens,” and air pollution, said Lynn Goldman, dean of the George Washington University’s public health school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White House science adviser John Holdren highlighted heat waves, saying that even with some reduction in emissions of heat-trapping gases globally, “we can see thousands to tens of thousands of heat-related deaths in the United States each summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centers of Disease Control and Prevention computer simulations of 209 cities show that extra summer heat deaths will outweigh fewer winter cold deaths from climate change, said CDC’s Shubhayu Saha, a study lead author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holdren said the report is based on more than 1,800 published scientific studies and new federal research, and was reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report clearly establishes that climate change is a major threat to public health in the United States,” said Howard Frumkin, dean of the University of Washington’s public health school, who wasn’t part of the report. He said the government isn’t doing enough. “There is a vast disconnect between the magnitude of the problem, as outlined by this report, and the response of government health agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Josh Lederman contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With the warming weather it’s the season for spring cleaning. But before you reach for the broom and mop, take a moment to look at who else is sharing your home with you. The number of uninvited guests you find in your dustpan may surprise you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/1582/\">PeerJ\u003c/a> took up the challenge of cataloging the large numbers of tiny animals that live in human dwellings. The researchers found that the average home contains roughly 100 different species of arthropods, including familiar types like flies, spiders and ants, but also some kinds that are less well known like gall wasps and book lice. And no matter how much human residents may clean, there will always be a considerable number of mini-roommates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A Cheyletid mite searches for prey in the weave of a carpet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cheyletid mite searches for prey in the weave of a carpet \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Even as entomologists we were really surprised. We live in our houses all the time, so we thought we’d be more familiar with the kind of things we’d come across. There was a surprising level of biodiversity,” said Michelle Trautwein, assistant curator of entomology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607110\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Flies (Diptera) made up about 25% of the types of arthropods found in the homes sampled\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flies (Diptera) made up about 25% of the types of arthropods found in the homes sampled \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trautwein lead the research team that donned headlamps and knee pads and unsheathed forceps before scouring residences in North Carolina for arthropods — creatures that have exoskeletons, multiple appendages and segmented bodies. The researchers collected dust from corners, flies from windowsills and spiders from under sinks. They also sampled the dust in people’s carpets and rugs using a handheld vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Michelle Trautwein searches a kitchen windowsill, a common location to find arthropods that filtered in from the surrounding environment.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein searches a kitchen windowsill, a common location to find arthropods that filtered in from the surrounding environment. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The samples were painstaking analyzed by a team of entomologists using both genetic analysis and traditional visual microscope identification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that homes with kids and pets had a greater number of different types of these diminutive lodgers. They also found that there are more species on lower floors of a building than higher floors. Common rooms, carpeted rooms and rooms with more windows and doors to the outside also had a greater diversity of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the animals found were not pests but simply creatures that filtered in from outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of things we found don’t bite or sting or feed on our food. Most of them have no effect on our daily lives,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607114\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A book louse crawls among grains of uncooked rice. Book lice are nearly ubiquitous in human homes where they largely go unnoticed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A book louse crawls among grains of uncooked rice. Book lice are nearly ubiquitous in human homes where they largely go unnoticed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was the advent of agriculture that resulted in humans creating permanent housing which presented a new ecosystem for other animals as well. Many of those roommates live in house dust, a collection of dirt, lint, pollen, hair and pet fur. A large amount of house dust is actually comprised of dead skin that constantly rains down as it’s shed by humans and pets. That skin is a constant source of food for one of the most common tiny bugs found in our homes — house dust mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607194\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607194\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Smaller than a grain of sand, this house dust mite (Pyroglyphidae) is barely visible without the use of magnification.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smaller than a grain of sand, this house dust mite (Pyroglyphidae) is barely visible without the use of magnification. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dust mites are arachnids, relatives of spiders. They’re tiny. Five can fit in 1 millimeter on a ruler. They are barely visible by the naked eye. They look like little translucent jelly beans with legs that they use to crawl around among the dust. They don’t hunt, instead munching on the dead skin flakes that we unknowingly feed them every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead skin is mainly composed of keratin, a tough structural protein that also gives shape to nails and hair. It’s not a particularly nutritious food, but it is abundant. Dust mites use powerful enzymes to break it down and digest it. After that dust mites produce waste pellets at a prodigious rate. In addition to feces, dust mites shed their exoskeletons as they grow. These two appealing materials contribute to the overall bulk of dust in our homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607195\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607195\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Humans constantly shed skin flakes like this which feeds a hidden indoor ecosystem. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humans constantly shed skin flakes like this which feeds a hidden indoor ecosystem. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of this has effects on people. When dust gets kicked up, people breath in the droppings and the enzymes within them can cause an allergic reaction in the lungs. Those enzymes that are left over in the dust mite’s droppings have been found to be a major causes of allergic reactions and are associated with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8542107\">childhood asthma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dust mites didn’t always live in our homes. Researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21279-genetic-study-of-house-dust-mites-demonstrates-reversible-evolution\">University of Michigan\u003c/a> found evidence that the ancestors one type of dust mite that can be found in human homes once made its living as a parasite that lived on birds. At some point, the mite spread to also live in bird’s nests and found the conditions there quite acceptable. Nests are kept warm and humid by birds and dander and feathers from molting nestlings provide nourishment. They’re an unusual animal because dust mites were able to go from free roaming to parasitic before returning to the free living lifestyle they have today, an example of reversible evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who are less welcoming of these unexpected guests, you can ditch the wall-to-wall carpets, vacuum and mop often and reduce humidity, because dust mites are not usually found in dry climates. Regardless, it’s practically impossible to rid a home of all of arthropod visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very much a part of the natural world and even our homes that may seem more sterile are not exempt from that, ” said Trautwein. “When we think about wild areas, it’s exciting to think that even our homes are still these unexplored areas waiting for more discoveries to be made.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With the warming weather it’s the season for spring cleaning. But before you reach for the broom and mop, take a moment to look at who else is sharing your home with you. The number of uninvited guests you find in your dustpan may surprise you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/1582/\">PeerJ\u003c/a> took up the challenge of cataloging the large numbers of tiny animals that live in human dwellings. The researchers found that the average home contains roughly 100 different species of arthropods, including familiar types like flies, spiders and ants, but also some kinds that are less well known like gall wasps and book lice. And no matter how much human residents may clean, there will always be a considerable number of mini-roommates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607106\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607106\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A Cheyletid mite searches for prey in the weave of a carpet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Predatory-Mite-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cheyletid mite searches for prey in the weave of a carpet \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Even as entomologists we were really surprised. We live in our houses all the time, so we thought we’d be more familiar with the kind of things we’d come across. There was a surprising level of biodiversity,” said Michelle Trautwein, assistant curator of entomology at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607110\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607110\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Flies (Diptera) made up about 25% of the types of arthropods found in the homes sampled\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dead-fly-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flies (Diptera) made up about 25% of the types of arthropods found in the homes sampled \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trautwein lead the research team that donned headlamps and knee pads and unsheathed forceps before scouring residences in North Carolina for arthropods — creatures that have exoskeletons, multiple appendages and segmented bodies. The researchers collected dust from corners, flies from windowsills and spiders from under sinks. They also sampled the dust in people’s carpets and rugs using a handheld vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607111\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Michelle Trautwein searches a kitchen windowsill, a common location to find arthropods that filtered in from the surrounding environment.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-Michelle-Trautwein-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein searches a kitchen windowsill, a common location to find arthropods that filtered in from the surrounding environment. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The samples were painstaking analyzed by a team of entomologists using both genetic analysis and traditional visual microscope identification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that homes with kids and pets had a greater number of different types of these diminutive lodgers. They also found that there are more species on lower floors of a building than higher floors. Common rooms, carpeted rooms and rooms with more windows and doors to the outside also had a greater diversity of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the animals found were not pests but simply creatures that filtered in from outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of things we found don’t bite or sting or feed on our food. Most of them have no effect on our daily lives,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607114\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607114\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"A book louse crawls among grains of uncooked rice. Book lice are nearly ubiquitous in human homes where they largely go unnoticed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-book-louse-on-rice-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A book louse crawls among grains of uncooked rice. Book lice are nearly ubiquitous in human homes where they largely go unnoticed. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was the advent of agriculture that resulted in humans creating permanent housing which presented a new ecosystem for other animals as well. Many of those roommates live in house dust, a collection of dirt, lint, pollen, hair and pet fur. A large amount of house dust is actually comprised of dead skin that constantly rains down as it’s shed by humans and pets. That skin is a constant source of food for one of the most common tiny bugs found in our homes — house dust mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607194\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607194\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Smaller than a grain of sand, this house dust mite (Pyroglyphidae) is barely visible without the use of magnification.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-dust-mite-in-sand-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smaller than a grain of sand, this house dust mite (Pyroglyphidae) is barely visible without the use of magnification. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dust mites are arachnids, relatives of spiders. They’re tiny. Five can fit in 1 millimeter on a ruler. They are barely visible by the naked eye. They look like little translucent jelly beans with legs that they use to crawl around among the dust. They don’t hunt, instead munching on the dead skin flakes that we unknowingly feed them every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead skin is mainly composed of keratin, a tough structural protein that also gives shape to nails and hair. It’s not a particularly nutritious food, but it is abundant. Dust mites use powerful enzymes to break it down and digest it. After that dust mites produce waste pellets at a prodigious rate. In addition to feces, dust mites shed their exoskeletons as they grow. These two appealing materials contribute to the overall bulk of dust in our homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_607195\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-607195\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-607195\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Humans constantly shed skin flakes like this which feeds a hidden indoor ecosystem. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/DL306-skin-flake-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humans constantly shed skin flakes like this which feeds a hidden indoor ecosystem. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of this has effects on people. When dust gets kicked up, people breath in the droppings and the enzymes within them can cause an allergic reaction in the lungs. Those enzymes that are left over in the dust mite’s droppings have been found to be a major causes of allergic reactions and are associated with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8542107\">childhood asthma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dust mites didn’t always live in our homes. Researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/21279-genetic-study-of-house-dust-mites-demonstrates-reversible-evolution\">University of Michigan\u003c/a> found evidence that the ancestors one type of dust mite that can be found in human homes once made its living as a parasite that lived on birds. At some point, the mite spread to also live in bird’s nests and found the conditions there quite acceptable. Nests are kept warm and humid by birds and dander and feathers from molting nestlings provide nourishment. They’re an unusual animal because dust mites were able to go from free roaming to parasitic before returning to the free living lifestyle they have today, an example of reversible evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who are less welcoming of these unexpected guests, you can ditch the wall-to-wall carpets, vacuum and mop often and reduce humidity, because dust mites are not usually found in dry climates. Regardless, it’s practically impossible to rid a home of all of arthropod visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are very much a part of the natural world and even our homes that may seem more sterile are not exempt from that, ” said Trautwein. “When we think about wild areas, it’s exciting to think that even our homes are still these unexplored areas waiting for more discoveries to be made.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
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