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"content": "\u003cp>Genetically manipulated food remains generally safe for humans and the environment, a high-powered science advisory board declared in a report Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that tinkering with the genetics of what we eat doesn't produce the \"Frankenfood\" monster some opponents claim — but it isn't feeding the world with substantially increased yields, as proponents promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the line between engineered and natural foods blurring thanks to newer techniques such as gene editing, the 408-page report said, regulators need to make their safety focus more on the end-product of the food that's made rather than the nuts and bolts of how it's made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report waltzed a bit around the hot political issue of whether genetically modified food should be labeled. The study's authors said labels aren't needed for food safety reasons but potentially could be justified because of transparency, social and cultural factors, somewhat similar to made-in-America stickers. That stance was praised by some environmental and consumer groups, but criticized by some scientists as unnecessary because the food poses no unique risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence of environmental problems caused by genetically modified crops, but pesticide resistance is a problem, the report said. Farms that use genetically modified crops in general are helped, but it may be a different story for smaller farmers and in poorer areas of the world, it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the modified plants are soybean, cotton, corn and canola; in most cases, genetic tinkering has made them resistant to certain herbicides and insects. When farms switched from conventional crops to the engineered varieties, there was no substantial change in the yield compared to non-engineered food. Production in general is increasing in agriculture, but U.S. Department of Agriculture data don't show that genetically engineered crops are increasing at a higher rate, despite experimental results suggest that they should, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in general are gaining,\" with less pesticide use and a bit higher yield, academy committee chairman Fred Gould said at a Tuesday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuanced report first said it is important not to make sweeping statements on genetically engineered foods, which it called GE. Still, \"the committee concluded that no differences have been found that implicate a higher risk to human health safety from these GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academy, established by President Abraham Lincoln to provide scientific advice, has issued reports before saying it could find no safety problem with eating genetically modified food. But the academy committee chairman Fred Gould of North Carolina State University said this report is different because his study team started by listening to critics of such foods and examined anew more than 1,000 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some extent we know more about some genetically engineered food than we do about other food,\" committee member Dominique Brossard of the University of Wisconsin said. \"There are limits to what can be known about any food. That's something we're not used to hearing as consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists who work on the issue but weren't part of the study team lauded the report as sensible, but not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sorrells at Cornell called it \"very well balanced, accurate, and reiterates much of what has already been published many times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Science is science, facts are facts,\" emailed Bruce Chassy, an emeritus professor of biochemistry and food science at the University of Illinois. \"There's just no sound basis for their opposition just as there was never any scientific basis to believe GM plants should be viewed any differently than any other,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One dissenter was Charles Benbrook, who used to be at Washington State University but is now a private consultant. He said he feels the risks of genetically engineered food are more serious than more mainstream scientists do, and that the human health assessments aren't ample enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups critical of genetically engineering foods criticized the report before it came out. Food & Water Watch criticized the National Academy as taking funding from biotechnology firms and using \"pro-GMO scientists\" to write its reports. The report was funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the New Venture Fund, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the academy itself — none of which have direct connections to the agricultural biotechnology industry. It was peer reviewed by outside experts and committee members are vetted for financial conflicts of interests, said academy spokesman William Kearney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many scientists, Marion Nestle of New York University, who was a reviewer but not author of the report, said \"the report reveals how little is known about the effects of GE foods.\" She said if the people behind the report wanted to end the polarization over these foods, \"this won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Genetically manipulated food remains generally safe for humans and the environment, a high-powered science advisory board declared in a report Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine concluded that tinkering with the genetics of what we eat doesn't produce the \"Frankenfood\" monster some opponents claim — but it isn't feeding the world with substantially increased yields, as proponents promised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the line between engineered and natural foods blurring thanks to newer techniques such as gene editing, the 408-page report said, regulators need to make their safety focus more on the end-product of the food that's made rather than the nuts and bolts of how it's made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report waltzed a bit around the hot political issue of whether genetically modified food should be labeled. The study's authors said labels aren't needed for food safety reasons but potentially could be justified because of transparency, social and cultural factors, somewhat similar to made-in-America stickers. That stance was praised by some environmental and consumer groups, but criticized by some scientists as unnecessary because the food poses no unique risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no evidence of environmental problems caused by genetically modified crops, but pesticide resistance is a problem, the report said. Farms that use genetically modified crops in general are helped, but it may be a different story for smaller farmers and in poorer areas of the world, it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the modified plants are soybean, cotton, corn and canola; in most cases, genetic tinkering has made them resistant to certain herbicides and insects. When farms switched from conventional crops to the engineered varieties, there was no substantial change in the yield compared to non-engineered food. Production in general is increasing in agriculture, but U.S. Department of Agriculture data don't show that genetically engineered crops are increasing at a higher rate, despite experimental results suggest that they should, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Farmers in general are gaining,\" with less pesticide use and a bit higher yield, academy committee chairman Fred Gould said at a Tuesday news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuanced report first said it is important not to make sweeping statements on genetically engineered foods, which it called GE. Still, \"the committee concluded that no differences have been found that implicate a higher risk to human health safety from these GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Academy, established by President Abraham Lincoln to provide scientific advice, has issued reports before saying it could find no safety problem with eating genetically modified food. But the academy committee chairman Fred Gould of North Carolina State University said this report is different because his study team started by listening to critics of such foods and examined anew more than 1,000 studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some extent we know more about some genetically engineered food than we do about other food,\" committee member Dominique Brossard of the University of Wisconsin said. \"There are limits to what can be known about any food. That's something we're not used to hearing as consumers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many scientists who work on the issue but weren't part of the study team lauded the report as sensible, but not surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Sorrells at Cornell called it \"very well balanced, accurate, and reiterates much of what has already been published many times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Science is science, facts are facts,\" emailed Bruce Chassy, an emeritus professor of biochemistry and food science at the University of Illinois. \"There's just no sound basis for their opposition just as there was never any scientific basis to believe GM plants should be viewed any differently than any other,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One dissenter was Charles Benbrook, who used to be at Washington State University but is now a private consultant. He said he feels the risks of genetically engineered food are more serious than more mainstream scientists do, and that the human health assessments aren't ample enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups critical of genetically engineering foods criticized the report before it came out. Food & Water Watch criticized the National Academy as taking funding from biotechnology firms and using \"pro-GMO scientists\" to write its reports. The report was funded by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the New Venture Fund, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the academy itself — none of which have direct connections to the agricultural biotechnology industry. It was peer reviewed by outside experts and committee members are vetted for financial conflicts of interests, said academy spokesman William Kearney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike many scientists, Marion Nestle of New York University, who was a reviewer but not author of the report, said \"the report reveals how little is known about the effects of GE foods.\" She said if the people behind the report wanted to end the polarization over these foods, \"this won't do the trick.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "64-Year-Old Receives First Penis Transplant in U.S.",
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"content": "\u003cp>A 64-year-old cancer patient has received the nation's first penis transplant, a groundbreaking operation that may also help some of the U.S. veterans maimed by roadside bombs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case that represents the latest frontier in the growing field of reconstructive transplants, Thomas Manning of Halifax, Massachusetts, is faring well after the 15-hour operation last week, Massachusetts General Hospital said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His doctors said they are cautiously optimistic that Manning eventually will be able to urinate normally and function sexually again for the first time since aggressive penile cancer led to the amputation of his genitals in 2012. They said his psychological state will play a big role in his recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//players.brightcove.net/245991542/344c319b-6d23-4cbc-975e-c8530534af8a_default/index.html?videoId=4895992613001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Emotionally he's doing amazing. I'm really impressed with how he's handling things. He's just a positive person,\" Dr. Curtis Cetrulo, who was among the lead surgeons on a team of more than 50, said at a news conference. \"He wants to be whole again. He does not want to be in the shadows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning, who is single, did not appear at the news conference but said in a statement: \"Today I begin a new chapter filled with personal hope and hope for others who have suffered genital injuries. In sharing this success with all of you, it is my hope we can usher in a bright future for this type of transplantation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identity of the deceased donor was not released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operation is highly experimental — only one other patient, in South Africa, has a transplanted penis. But four additional hospitals around the country have permission from the United Network for Organ Sharing, which oversees the nation's transplant system, to attempt the delicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of a penis, whether from cancer, accident or war injury, is emotionally traumatic, affecting urination, sexual intimacy and the ability to conceive a child. Many patients suffer in silence because of the stigma their injuries sometimes carry; Cetrulo said many become isolated and despondent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike traditional life-saving transplants of hearts, kidneys or livers, reconstructive transplants are done to improve quality of life. And while a penis transplant may sound radical, it follows transplants of faces, hands and even the uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a logical next step,\" said Dr. W. P. Andrew Lee, chairman of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hospital is preparing for a penis transplant in a wounded veteran soon, and Lee said this new field is important for \"people who want to feel whole again after the loss of important body parts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, candidates face some serious risks: rejection of the tissue, and side effects from the anti-rejection drugs that must be taken for life. Doctors are working to reduce the medication needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penis transplants have generated intense interest among veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan, but they will require more extensive surgery since their injuries, often from roadside bombs, tend to be more extensive, with damage to blood vessels, nerves and pelvic tissue that also will need repair, Lee noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Defense Trauma Registry has recorded 1,367 male service members who survived with genitourinary injuries between 2001 and 2013. It's not clear how many victims lost all or part of the penis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A man in China received a penis transplant in 2005. But doctors said he asked them to remove his new organ two weeks later because he and his wife were having psychological problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, a 21-year-old man in South Africa whose penis had been amputated following complications from circumcision in his late teens received a transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Andre van der Merwe of the University of Stellenbosch told The Associated Press that the man is healthy, has normal sexual function and was able to conceive, although the baby was stillborn. But his recovery was difficult, with blood clots and infections, the doctor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For congenital abnormalities or transgender surgery, doctors can fashion the form of a penis from a patient's own skin, using implants to achieve erection. But transplanting a functional penis requires connecting tiny blood vessels and nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger challenge than the surgery itself is finding donor organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are still reluctant to donate,\" van der Merwe said. \"There are huge psychological issues about donating your relative's penis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., people or their families who agree to donate organs such as the heart or lung must be asked separately about also donating a penis, hand or other body part, said Dr. Scott Levin, a hand transplant surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania and vice chairman of UNOS' committee on reconstructive transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Boston, Cetrulo said the transplanted penis has good blood flow and so far shows no signs of rejection. He said that Manning should be released from the hospital soon, and that the surgery had three aims: ensuring the transplanted penis looks natural, is capable of normal urination — which he hopes will resume in a few weeks — and eventually normal sexual function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reproduction won't be possible, he said, since Manning did not receive new testes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 64-year-old cancer patient has received the nation's first penis transplant, a groundbreaking operation that may also help some of the U.S. veterans maimed by roadside bombs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a case that represents the latest frontier in the growing field of reconstructive transplants, Thomas Manning of Halifax, Massachusetts, is faring well after the 15-hour operation last week, Massachusetts General Hospital said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His doctors said they are cautiously optimistic that Manning eventually will be able to urinate normally and function sexually again for the first time since aggressive penile cancer led to the amputation of his genitals in 2012. They said his psychological state will play a big role in his recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//players.brightcove.net/245991542/344c319b-6d23-4cbc-975e-c8530534af8a_default/index.html?videoId=4895992613001\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Emotionally he's doing amazing. I'm really impressed with how he's handling things. He's just a positive person,\" Dr. Curtis Cetrulo, who was among the lead surgeons on a team of more than 50, said at a news conference. \"He wants to be whole again. He does not want to be in the shadows.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manning, who is single, did not appear at the news conference but said in a statement: \"Today I begin a new chapter filled with personal hope and hope for others who have suffered genital injuries. In sharing this success with all of you, it is my hope we can usher in a bright future for this type of transplantation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The identity of the deceased donor was not released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operation is highly experimental — only one other patient, in South Africa, has a transplanted penis. But four additional hospitals around the country have permission from the United Network for Organ Sharing, which oversees the nation's transplant system, to attempt the delicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The loss of a penis, whether from cancer, accident or war injury, is emotionally traumatic, affecting urination, sexual intimacy and the ability to conceive a child. Many patients suffer in silence because of the stigma their injuries sometimes carry; Cetrulo said many become isolated and despondent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike traditional life-saving transplants of hearts, kidneys or livers, reconstructive transplants are done to improve quality of life. And while a penis transplant may sound radical, it follows transplants of faces, hands and even the uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a logical next step,\" said Dr. W. P. Andrew Lee, chairman of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hospital is preparing for a penis transplant in a wounded veteran soon, and Lee said this new field is important for \"people who want to feel whole again after the loss of important body parts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, candidates face some serious risks: rejection of the tissue, and side effects from the anti-rejection drugs that must be taken for life. Doctors are working to reduce the medication needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penis transplants have generated intense interest among veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan, but they will require more extensive surgery since their injuries, often from roadside bombs, tend to be more extensive, with damage to blood vessels, nerves and pelvic tissue that also will need repair, Lee noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Defense Trauma Registry has recorded 1,367 male service members who survived with genitourinary injuries between 2001 and 2013. It's not clear how many victims lost all or part of the penis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A man in China received a penis transplant in 2005. But doctors said he asked them to remove his new organ two weeks later because he and his wife were having psychological problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, a 21-year-old man in South Africa whose penis had been amputated following complications from circumcision in his late teens received a transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Andre van der Merwe of the University of Stellenbosch told The Associated Press that the man is healthy, has normal sexual function and was able to conceive, although the baby was stillborn. But his recovery was difficult, with blood clots and infections, the doctor said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For congenital abnormalities or transgender surgery, doctors can fashion the form of a penis from a patient's own skin, using implants to achieve erection. But transplanting a functional penis requires connecting tiny blood vessels and nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger challenge than the surgery itself is finding donor organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are still reluctant to donate,\" van der Merwe said. \"There are huge psychological issues about donating your relative's penis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., people or their families who agree to donate organs such as the heart or lung must be asked separately about also donating a penis, hand or other body part, said Dr. Scott Levin, a hand transplant surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania and vice chairman of UNOS' committee on reconstructive transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Boston, Cetrulo said the transplanted penis has good blood flow and so far shows no signs of rejection. He said that Manning should be released from the hospital soon, and that the surgery had three aims: ensuring the transplanted penis looks natural, is capable of normal urination — which he hopes will resume in a few weeks — and eventually normal sexual function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reproduction won't be possible, he said, since Manning did not receive new testes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bill Would Require FDA to Evaluate Chemicals in Cosmetics for the First Time Ever",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you brush your teeth or rub on body lotion, you might assume the products are guaranteed to be safe, and that some government agency oversees that. But no agency does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long list of ingredients on a label might include chemicals and heavy metals that, at certain levels of exposure, are known to cause cancer or affect brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The goal is to give somebody who buys a product, eventually, the knowledge that there’s nothing in that product which in five years can cause you cancer or can disrupt your endocrine system.’\u003ccite>Senator Dianne Feinstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The label might also include chemicals that harm the reproductive system in animals and haven’t been well-studied in humans. Some of these chemicals don’t have to be specifically listed as ingredients; they can be hidden behind the words “fragrance” or “perfume” because scents are proprietary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product manufacturer is the only entity charged with ensuring the products are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bipartisan bill introduced by Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-California) and Susan Collins (R-Maine) would require the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the chemicals in personal care products for the first time ever. The FDA would have authority to set exposure limits, require warning labels and even recall products deemed unsafe. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=89FF88B8-5FB1-4617-B96A-C46547CA14EF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Personal Care Products Safety Act\u003c/a> is expected to receive a hearing in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Happens Now\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the FDA has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jurisdiction\u003c/a> over the regulation of personal care products, but the agency does not test or investigate the chemicals before they go to market. The agency isn’t even allowed to do that, unlike the extensive testing required for pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Feinstein notes that Europe has \u003ca href=\"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R1223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">banned\u003c/a> hundreds of chemicals from personal care products, whereas the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm127406.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA\u003c/a> has banned only nine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to give somebody who buys a product, eventually, the knowledge that there’s nothing in that product which in five years can cause you cancer or can disrupt your endocrine system,” says Senator Feinstein.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/3BsGU/7/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Would Change\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1014?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1014%5C%22%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new bill\u003c/a> the FDA would be required to evaluate at least five common ingredients in personal care products every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of chemicals that would be reviewed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Diazolidinyl urea\u003c/b>—An antimicrobial preservative in many products, such as bubble bath and lotion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Lead acetate\u003c/b>—A color additive in hair dyes that’s listed on California’s toxics registry as a chemical known to cause cancer\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Methylene glycol/Formaldehyde\u003c/b>—Used in hair treatments\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Propylparaben\u003c/b>—A preservative in a many products, including shampoo and conditioner\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Quaternium-15\u003c/b>—An ammonium salt used as a preservative in products such as shaving cream and cleansers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The bill would also require companies to register facilities, products and ingredients with the FDA and to comply with good manufacturing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big labels like Estee Lauder and Johnson and Johnson have signed on in support. So has the Personal Care Products Council; the three other large trade organizations are split. None wanted to be interviewed for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Toxic Are the Products in Your Bathroom?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are raising questions about two groups of chemicals used widely in personal care products: parabens and pthalates. Parabens are used as preservatives and antimicrobials, and pthalates make lotions more creamier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both types of chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors, which means they might interfere with estrogen and testosterone in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_697371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-697371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley student Carolina Mundo no longer wears makeup, after she participated in a study measuring endocrine disruptors in Latina teens.\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley student Carolina Mundo no longer wears makeup, after she participated in a study measuring endocrine disruptors in Latina teens. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim Harley, a UC Berkeley epidemiologist, emphasizes that published research on these chemicals is limited; scientists don’t yet know how they could affect us or what concentrations could be harmful to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our concerns with endocrine disruption are, first of all, that it seems like very small levels of these chemicals may impact our health,” Harley says, “and second of all, it’s a very diverse set of health effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley published a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/07/big-drop-in-chemical-levels-in-girls-who-switched-cosmetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> this spring measuring the levels of four common endocrine disruptors in Latina teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing that we found,” she says, “was that all girls had detectable levels of these chemicals in their body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley asked the girls to stop using products like body wash, lotion and deodorant for three days. She was astounded by how quickly the body cleansed. Chemical levels dropped by as much as 45 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_697485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-697485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"California guidelines say companies must warn consumers if lead levels in lipsticks are greater than 5 parts per million (ppm). A 2010 FDA study of 400 lipsticks found two products above that level. Lead is not added to lipsticks, but is an impurity resulting from manufacturing or chemical breakdowns,\" width=\"1386\" height=\"1385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg 1386w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-800x799.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-768x767.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-1180x1179.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-960x959.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1386px) 100vw, 1386px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California guidelines say companies must warn consumers if lead levels in lipsticks are greater than 5 parts per million (ppm). A 2010 FDA study of 400 lipsticks found two products above that level. Lead is not added to lipsticks, but is an impurity resulting from manufacturing or chemical breakdowns. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Harley can’t say specifically how that might affect the girls’ health, there are alarming examples of how endocrine disruptors affect wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know enough from animal studies and laboratory studies to be concerned about their estrogenic properties,” says Harley, “but we’re really still learning whether they’re impacting human health or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the famous pesticide DDT that was banned in the 1970’s? It threatened bald eagles by making the bird’s eggshells too thin. On Lake Apopka in Florida, researchers in the 1990s suggested that chemical contamination 50 years earlier was responsible for abnormal gonads and poor egg viability in alligators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doing Your Own Homework\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about what’s inside your products you can test before you buy with smartphone apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group offers an app called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/#sthash.dnOKDZIA.dpuf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Skin Deep, \u003c/a>which rates more than 97,000 personal care products. When you scan the bar code the app shows the available research on whether the product includes ingredients known to cause cancer, allergies or reproductive harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.thinkdirtyapp.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Think Dirty\u003c/a> app is similar; you can scan the bar code of more than 305,000 items (including Canadian brands), and it lists ingredients that are banned in some countries but not in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Bill Would Require FDA to Evaluate Chemicals in Cosmetics for the First Time Ever | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you brush your teeth or rub on body lotion, you might assume the products are guaranteed to be safe, and that some government agency oversees that. But no agency does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long list of ingredients on a label might include chemicals and heavy metals that, at certain levels of exposure, are known to cause cancer or affect brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The goal is to give somebody who buys a product, eventually, the knowledge that there’s nothing in that product which in five years can cause you cancer or can disrupt your endocrine system.’\u003ccite>Senator Dianne Feinstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The label might also include chemicals that harm the reproductive system in animals and haven’t been well-studied in humans. Some of these chemicals don’t have to be specifically listed as ingredients; they can be hidden behind the words “fragrance” or “perfume” because scents are proprietary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product manufacturer is the only entity charged with ensuring the products are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bipartisan bill introduced by Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-California) and Susan Collins (R-Maine) would require the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to evaluate the chemicals in personal care products for the first time ever. The FDA would have authority to set exposure limits, require warning labels and even recall products deemed unsafe. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=89FF88B8-5FB1-4617-B96A-C46547CA14EF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Personal Care Products Safety Act\u003c/a> is expected to receive a hearing in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Happens Now\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the FDA has \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm074162.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jurisdiction\u003c/a> over the regulation of personal care products, but the agency does not test or investigate the chemicals before they go to market. The agency isn’t even allowed to do that, unlike the extensive testing required for pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senator Feinstein notes that Europe has \u003ca href=\"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R1223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">banned\u003c/a> hundreds of chemicals from personal care products, whereas the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/GuidanceRegulation/LawsRegulations/ucm127406.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FDA\u003c/a> has banned only nine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to give somebody who buys a product, eventually, the knowledge that there’s nothing in that product which in five years can cause you cancer or can disrupt your endocrine system,” says Senator Feinstein.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/3BsGU/7/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Would Change\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1014?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22%5C%22s1014%5C%22%22%5D%7D&resultIndex=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new bill\u003c/a> the FDA would be required to evaluate at least five common ingredients in personal care products every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of chemicals that would be reviewed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Diazolidinyl urea\u003c/b>—An antimicrobial preservative in many products, such as bubble bath and lotion\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Lead acetate\u003c/b>—A color additive in hair dyes that’s listed on California’s toxics registry as a chemical known to cause cancer\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Methylene glycol/Formaldehyde\u003c/b>—Used in hair treatments\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Propylparaben\u003c/b>—A preservative in a many products, including shampoo and conditioner\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cb>Quaternium-15\u003c/b>—An ammonium salt used as a preservative in products such as shaving cream and cleansers\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The bill would also require companies to register facilities, products and ingredients with the FDA and to comply with good manufacturing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big labels like Estee Lauder and Johnson and Johnson have signed on in support. So has the Personal Care Products Council; the three other large trade organizations are split. None wanted to be interviewed for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Toxic Are the Products in Your Bathroom?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are raising questions about two groups of chemicals used widely in personal care products: parabens and pthalates. Parabens are used as preservatives and antimicrobials, and pthalates make lotions more creamier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both types of chemicals are known as endocrine disruptors, which means they might interfere with estrogen and testosterone in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_697371\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-697371\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg\" alt=\"UC Berkeley student Carolina Mundo no longer wears makeup, after she participated in a study measuring endocrine disruptors in Latina teens.\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0196-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UC Berkeley student Carolina Mundo no longer wears makeup, after she participated in a study measuring endocrine disruptors in Latina teens. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim Harley, a UC Berkeley epidemiologist, emphasizes that published research on these chemicals is limited; scientists don’t yet know how they could affect us or what concentrations could be harmful to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our concerns with endocrine disruption are, first of all, that it seems like very small levels of these chemicals may impact our health,” Harley says, “and second of all, it’s a very diverse set of health effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley published a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/03/07/big-drop-in-chemical-levels-in-girls-who-switched-cosmetics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> this spring measuring the levels of four common endocrine disruptors in Latina teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing that we found,” she says, “was that all girls had detectable levels of these chemicals in their body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harley asked the girls to stop using products like body wash, lotion and deodorant for three days. She was astounded by how quickly the body cleansed. Chemical levels dropped by as much as 45 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_697485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-697485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg\" alt=\"California guidelines say companies must warn consumers if lead levels in lipsticks are greater than 5 parts per million (ppm). A 2010 FDA study of 400 lipsticks found two products above that level. Lead is not added to lipsticks, but is an impurity resulting from manufacturing or chemical breakdowns,\" width=\"1386\" height=\"1385\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium.jpg 1386w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-800x799.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-768x767.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-1180x1179.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-960x959.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/iStock_000084810667_Medium-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1386px) 100vw, 1386px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California guidelines say companies must warn consumers if lead levels in lipsticks are greater than 5 parts per million (ppm). A 2010 FDA study of 400 lipsticks found two products above that level. Lead is not added to lipsticks, but is an impurity resulting from manufacturing or chemical breakdowns. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While Harley can’t say specifically how that might affect the girls’ health, there are alarming examples of how endocrine disruptors affect wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know enough from animal studies and laboratory studies to be concerned about their estrogenic properties,” says Harley, “but we’re really still learning whether they’re impacting human health or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember the famous pesticide DDT that was banned in the 1970’s? It threatened bald eagles by making the bird’s eggshells too thin. On Lake Apopka in Florida, researchers in the 1990s suggested that chemical contamination 50 years earlier was responsible for abnormal gonads and poor egg viability in alligators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Doing Your Own Homework\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re worried about what’s inside your products you can test before you buy with smartphone apps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group offers an app called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/#sthash.dnOKDZIA.dpuf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Skin Deep, \u003c/a>which rates more than 97,000 personal care products. When you scan the bar code the app shows the available research on whether the product includes ingredients known to cause cancer, allergies or reproductive harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.thinkdirtyapp.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Think Dirty\u003c/a> app is similar; you can scan the bar code of more than 305,000 items (including Canadian brands), and it lists ingredients that are banned in some countries but not in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A crowd of helmeted cyclists cheered as Oakland Mayor Libby Shaff and councilmembers from Oakland and Piedmont cut the ribbon to celebrate the opening of a bright green dedicated bike lane on Grand Avenue, connecting the two cities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s event, marking the 22nd annual Bay Area Bike to Work Day, was one of four ribbon-cutting ceremonies for new dedicated bike lanes in Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.’\u003ccite>Renee Rivera, Bike East Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, more than 19,000 participants rolled onto East Bay streets to commute to work and take advantage of various Energizer Stations that provided snacks, raffles, and support for the commuters. The huge turnout reflects a broader trend; now more than ever, East Bay residents are choosing bikes for their morning commutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, everybody bikes. Our councilmembers bike, our mayor bikes,” says Kristine Shaff, spokeswoman for the city’s Public Works department. “People of every color, shape, and size were in the plaza and on the roadways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay's Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay’s Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane. \u003ccite>(Timothy Rood )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of bike commuters in Alameda County has doubled in the past five years, says Renee Rivera, executive director of Bike East Bay. The nonprofit advocacy group has been helping design and lobby for the new bike lanes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a huge turnout, lots of people out celebrating,” Rivera says. “There’s a feeling of momentum right now. Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bike Commuting Made Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the four new bike lanes have protective barriers between cyclists and the traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels relaxed, it feels much safer. It completely transforms the experience of riding on the streets,” Rivera says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On many bikeways, cyclists ride in a narrow lane with traffic on one side and parked cars on the other, says Rivera. This can set riders up for “dooring,” in which the door of a parked car flies open and the cyclist crashes into the door and hurtles through space over the front of the door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a protected bike lane, the parked cars or another barrier like flexible posts separate the cyclist from traffic, and the cyclist rides closest to the curb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emeryville completed a two-way protected bike lane on Christie Ave, connecting the Bay Trail north of Powell Street to the Bay Bridge bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley opened a protected lane on Fulton Street that connects the UC Berkeley campus and Oxford Street to Channing Way Bicycle Boulevard. The lane fills in a dangerous, two-block gap in the bike network, a project the city approved after a serious accident occurred in February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-695225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Bike East Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland opened its first protected bike lane earlier in the week on Telegraph Ave. between 20th and 29th. Some 1,200 commuters travel the corridor every day. The new set-up uses parked cars to separate the riders. The city plans on extending the bike lane to 40th St, and eventually all the way to the Oakland border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new projects are funded partly through Alameda County’s Measure BB, a transportation sales tax meant to pay for improvements in modes of transportation, including for bicycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bikes are important for Oakland because we’re a little more spread out,” Shaff says. “Owning a car is not feasible for everyone. We want to make cycling as comfortable as we can for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\" alt=\"Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg 4000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \u003ccite>(Lisa Marie Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Loves Cycling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, thousands of people commuted for Bike to Work Day; a counter on Market Street ticked off 2,360 people riding for their morning commute, says Chris Cassidy, communications director for the San Francisco Bike Coalition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riding to work has always been popular in San Francisco, home to the monthly Critical Mass cycling event. And bike commuting continues to grow, with an 8.5 percent increase in 2015 alone. The city has varying degrees of protected bike lanes: fully protected lanes that prevent cars from driving into them, lanes protected by parking, and a pilot elevated bike lane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a core principle among safer-street advocates: If you build it, then they will come,” says Cassidy. “People will walk, and bike and enjoy safer and more welcoming streets.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A crowd of helmeted cyclists cheered as Oakland Mayor Libby Shaff and councilmembers from Oakland and Piedmont cut the ribbon to celebrate the opening of a bright green dedicated bike lane on Grand Avenue, connecting the two cities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday’s event, marking the 22nd annual Bay Area Bike to Work Day, was one of four ribbon-cutting ceremonies for new dedicated bike lanes in Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.’\u003ccite>Renee Rivera, Bike East Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year, more than 19,000 participants rolled onto East Bay streets to commute to work and take advantage of various Energizer Stations that provided snacks, raffles, and support for the commuters. The huge turnout reflects a broader trend; now more than ever, East Bay residents are choosing bikes for their morning commutes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now, everybody bikes. Our councilmembers bike, our mayor bikes,” says Kristine Shaff, spokeswoman for the city’s Public Works department. “People of every color, shape, and size were in the plaza and on the roadways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay's Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane.\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Grand-Ave-ribbon-cutting-2-credit-Timothy-Rood-3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland Mayor Libby Shaaf, Oakland City Council member Abel Guillén, Piedmont City Council member Timothy Rood and Bike East Bay’s Renee Rivera cut the ribbon to celebrate a new dedicated bike lane. \u003ccite>(Timothy Rood )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The number of bike commuters in Alameda County has doubled in the past five years, says Renee Rivera, executive director of Bike East Bay. The nonprofit advocacy group has been helping design and lobby for the new bike lanes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a huge turnout, lots of people out celebrating,” Rivera says. “There’s a feeling of momentum right now. Changes are happening, they’re happening fast, and we have a lot to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bike Commuting Made Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the four new bike lanes have protective barriers between cyclists and the traffic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels relaxed, it feels much safer. It completely transforms the experience of riding on the streets,” Rivera says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On many bikeways, cyclists ride in a narrow lane with traffic on one side and parked cars on the other, says Rivera. This can set riders up for “dooring,” in which the door of a parked car flies open and the cyclist crashes into the door and hurtles through space over the front of the door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a protected bike lane, the parked cars or another barrier like flexible posts separate the cyclist from traffic, and the cyclist rides closest to the curb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emeryville completed a two-way protected bike lane on Christie Ave, connecting the Bay Trail north of Powell Street to the Bay Bridge bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley opened a protected lane on Fulton Street that connects the UC Berkeley campus and Oxford Street to Channing Way Bicycle Boulevard. The lane fills in a dangerous, two-block gap in the bike network, a project the city approved after a serious accident occurred in February. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-695225\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/Fulton-Street-credit-Bike-East-Bay.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flexible posts block traffic from driving into a new protected bike lane in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Bike East Bay)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakland opened its first protected bike lane earlier in the week on Telegraph Ave. between 20th and 29th. Some 1,200 commuters travel the corridor every day. The new set-up uses parked cars to separate the riders. The city plans on extending the bike lane to 40th St, and eventually all the way to the Oakland border. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new projects are funded partly through Alameda County’s Measure BB, a transportation sales tax meant to pay for improvements in modes of transportation, including for bicycles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bikes are important for Oakland because we’re a little more spread out,” Shaff says. “Owning a car is not feasible for everyone. We want to make cycling as comfortable as we can for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_695223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg\" alt=\"Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \" width=\"4000\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-695223\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork.jpg 4000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/BikeToWork-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morning commuters pedal through the Mission District in San Francisco on Bike To Work Day. \u003ccite>(Lisa Marie Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco Loves Cycling\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, thousands of people commuted for Bike to Work Day; a counter on Market Street ticked off 2,360 people riding for their morning commute, says Chris Cassidy, communications director for the San Francisco Bike Coalition. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riding to work has always been popular in San Francisco, home to the monthly Critical Mass cycling event. And bike commuting continues to grow, with an 8.5 percent increase in 2015 alone. The city has varying degrees of protected bike lanes: fully protected lanes that prevent cars from driving into them, lanes protected by parking, and a pilot elevated bike lane. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a core principle among safer-street advocates: If you build it, then they will come,” says Cassidy. “People will walk, and bike and enjoy safer and more welcoming streets.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Some With Troubled Past, Becoming Human Guinea Pig is Best Way to Make a Living",
"title": "For Some With Troubled Past, Becoming Human Guinea Pig is Best Way to Make a Living",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>There are lots of ways to make a buck, but becoming a human guinea pig for drug research has to be one of the oddest.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The vast majority of participants are under-represented minorities.\"\u003ccite>Jill Fisher, sociologist, University of North Carolina's Center for Bioethics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are selling our bodies, most definitely,\" says Paul Clough, who has taken part in more than 80 drug tests in the past 11 years. \"Well, renting,\" might be more accurate, he concedes. Clough, who's 37, also runs a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jalr.org/\">website\u003c/a> that helps people find trials to sign up for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are like the one he's doing right now, which stretches over three months and involves multiple stints living in a clinic with other volunteers, eating cafeteria food and showing up on time to get his vitals checked or to pop another pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like summer camp,\" he says, then reconsiders, since in this trial he can't leave. \"It's kind of like being in jail, except you don't get shanked in the shower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clough first heard about this line of work from a homeless man in Kansas City. Since then, he moved to Austin, Texas, to be closer to some of the big clinics that pay well. He says he can make thousands of dollars in just a few weeks. \"Generally, the more procedures, the more perceived risk in a study, the more it's going to pay,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early tests, though usually safe, can carry unexpected hazards. In January, the test of an experimental pain drug in France \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/03/475867184/botched-french-drug-trial-followed-rules-but-lacked-common-sense\">was halted\u003c/a> after several participants developed serious neurological problems. One man died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every time you see a TV commercial for a drug and they rattle off all the reasons why you shouldn't take the drug — that's all information that they got from people like me,\" says Clough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"It's kind of like being in jail, except you don't get shanked in the shower.\"\u003ccite>Professional human test-subject Paul Clough\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He may be overstating the case a bit. Larger trials of the potential new medicines in people with illnesses the drugs aim to treat are more likely to uncover a wide range of side effects, but there's no question that these early tests in humans help reveal the potential hazards of experimental medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/ctphases.html\">phase 1 studies\u003c/a> involve a small group of healthy people to determine the right dosage and to get a first look at what the side effects in humans might be. A drug that passes the first test will then move on to larger human studies where it is typically compared with a placebo or other treatment in patients suffering from the condition it's meant to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clough says he'll do about eight or nine trials a year. It's enough to fund day-to-day life, plus travel. He's planning a trip to Alaska to photograph bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other serial participants in clinical trials, Clough knows that what he's doing could potentially help others down the line. But that's not the main drive for volunteers. \"We need money,\" says Clough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For Some, a Rare Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for some people, especially those with a history of incarceration, clinical trials are a rare opportunity. \"I can't get a regular job because I have a couple of legal problems in my background,\" he says. But when he signs up for a clinical trial, he says, \"They're only looking at what your body does, not what you did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sociologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/socialmed/people/jill-fisher\">Jill Fisher\u003c/a>, at the Center for Bioethics at University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, says that's a perspective she's come across frequently in her research. She \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408988/\">studies\u003c/a> people who participate repeatedly in phase 1 clinical trials, including self-proclaimed professionals like Clough. \"I think that says a lot about our system overall and what kind of opportunities we have for people in a period of post-incarceration,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the 1970s, experimental medications were often tested in prisoners. Now, clinics rely on healthy volunteers, who get paid for taking the risk, typically around $200 a night spent in a facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, it's good money. But Fisher says there are a few things about phase 1 clinical research that are concerning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, medical research trials in the later stages of drug development — usually involving patients who could gain something more than money from taking the experimental medication — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/16/459666750/clinical-trials-still-dont-reflect-the-diversity-of-america\">tend not\u003c/a> to involve enough minority participants. By contrast, in phase 1 research, she says, \"The vast majority of participants are under-represented minorities.\" In the Northeast they're typically black men, and in the Southwest they're typically Hispanic men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs they're testing may go on to make billions of dollars for pharmaceutical companies, though the vast majority that manage pass phase 1 never make it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am very concerned about the fact that we're using a segment of our population who might not ever be able to afford the drugs that they're part of testing, and not compensating them perhaps to the degree that we really should,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Biafore doesn't see it that way. He's a former car salesman who lost his job when the economy went sour in 2008. Biafore says he's participated in at least 50 trials in the last six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My time will come to an end ... and I will go back to selling cars. But in the meantime, this is easy. And I'm getting full medical checks,\" says Biafore, who's uninsured. \"Where else am I going to go and get labs done, physicals done, ECGs done, MRIs looked at and people are going to look at my body and tell me what is wrong with me before something's even wrong?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledges that his line of work has risks. But Biafore says the worst that's happened to him was that he got a rash and vomited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all part of the game,\" he says. \"You're letting scientists use your body to get data for clinical results, so they can get it approved by the [Food and Drug Administration]. It is what it is. You can't be afraid of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time someone picks up medicine from a pharmacy, or gets a prescription, they owe a debt to the human guinea pigs. \"If it wasn't for people like us you wouldn't get that medication,\" Biafore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Professional+%27Guinea+Pigs%27+Can+Make+A+Living+Testing+Drugs+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There are lots of ways to make a buck, but becoming a human guinea pig for drug research has to be one of the oddest.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The vast majority of participants are under-represented minorities.\"\u003ccite>Jill Fisher, sociologist, University of North Carolina's Center for Bioethics\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are selling our bodies, most definitely,\" says Paul Clough, who has taken part in more than 80 drug tests in the past 11 years. \"Well, renting,\" might be more accurate, he concedes. Clough, who's 37, also runs a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jalr.org/\">website\u003c/a> that helps people find trials to sign up for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some are like the one he's doing right now, which stretches over three months and involves multiple stints living in a clinic with other volunteers, eating cafeteria food and showing up on time to get his vitals checked or to pop another pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like summer camp,\" he says, then reconsiders, since in this trial he can't leave. \"It's kind of like being in jail, except you don't get shanked in the shower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clough first heard about this line of work from a homeless man in Kansas City. Since then, he moved to Austin, Texas, to be closer to some of the big clinics that pay well. He says he can make thousands of dollars in just a few weeks. \"Generally, the more procedures, the more perceived risk in a study, the more it's going to pay,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early tests, though usually safe, can carry unexpected hazards. In January, the test of an experimental pain drug in France \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/03/475867184/botched-french-drug-trial-followed-rules-but-lacked-common-sense\">was halted\u003c/a> after several participants developed serious neurological problems. One man died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Every time you see a TV commercial for a drug and they rattle off all the reasons why you shouldn't take the drug — that's all information that they got from people like me,\" says Clough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"It's kind of like being in jail, except you don't get shanked in the shower.\"\u003ccite>Professional human test-subject Paul Clough\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He may be overstating the case a bit. Larger trials of the potential new medicines in people with illnesses the drugs aim to treat are more likely to uncover a wide range of side effects, but there's no question that these early tests in humans help reveal the potential hazards of experimental medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/ctphases.html\">phase 1 studies\u003c/a> involve a small group of healthy people to determine the right dosage and to get a first look at what the side effects in humans might be. A drug that passes the first test will then move on to larger human studies where it is typically compared with a placebo or other treatment in patients suffering from the condition it's meant to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clough says he'll do about eight or nine trials a year. It's enough to fund day-to-day life, plus travel. He's planning a trip to Alaska to photograph bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like other serial participants in clinical trials, Clough knows that what he's doing could potentially help others down the line. But that's not the main drive for volunteers. \"We need money,\" says Clough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For Some, a Rare Opportunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for some people, especially those with a history of incarceration, clinical trials are a rare opportunity. \"I can't get a regular job because I have a couple of legal problems in my background,\" he says. But when he signs up for a clinical trial, he says, \"They're only looking at what your body does, not what you did.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sociologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.unc.edu/socialmed/people/jill-fisher\">Jill Fisher\u003c/a>, at the Center for Bioethics at University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, says that's a perspective she's come across frequently in her research. She \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408988/\">studies\u003c/a> people who participate repeatedly in phase 1 clinical trials, including self-proclaimed professionals like Clough. \"I think that says a lot about our system overall and what kind of opportunities we have for people in a period of post-incarceration,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the 1970s, experimental medications were often tested in prisoners. Now, clinics rely on healthy volunteers, who get paid for taking the risk, typically around $200 a night spent in a facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, it's good money. But Fisher says there are a few things about phase 1 clinical research that are concerning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, medical research trials in the later stages of drug development — usually involving patients who could gain something more than money from taking the experimental medication — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/16/459666750/clinical-trials-still-dont-reflect-the-diversity-of-america\">tend not\u003c/a> to involve enough minority participants. By contrast, in phase 1 research, she says, \"The vast majority of participants are under-represented minorities.\" In the Northeast they're typically black men, and in the Southwest they're typically Hispanic men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugs they're testing may go on to make billions of dollars for pharmaceutical companies, though the vast majority that manage pass phase 1 never make it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am very concerned about the fact that we're using a segment of our population who might not ever be able to afford the drugs that they're part of testing, and not compensating them perhaps to the degree that we really should,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Biafore doesn't see it that way. He's a former car salesman who lost his job when the economy went sour in 2008. Biafore says he's participated in at least 50 trials in the last six years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My time will come to an end ... and I will go back to selling cars. But in the meantime, this is easy. And I'm getting full medical checks,\" says Biafore, who's uninsured. \"Where else am I going to go and get labs done, physicals done, ECGs done, MRIs looked at and people are going to look at my body and tell me what is wrong with me before something's even wrong?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He acknowledges that his line of work has risks. But Biafore says the worst that's happened to him was that he got a rash and vomited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all part of the game,\" he says. \"You're letting scientists use your body to get data for clinical results, so they can get it approved by the [Food and Drug Administration]. It is what it is. You can't be afraid of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time someone picks up medicine from a pharmacy, or gets a prescription, they owe a debt to the human guinea pigs. \"If it wasn't for people like us you wouldn't get that medication,\" Biafore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Professional+%27Guinea+Pigs%27+Can+Make+A+Living+Testing+Drugs+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Boy, here are three words you don't often see together:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autonomous. Robot. Surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think it could be coming our way -- at some point. The possibility came closer to reality after the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot, or STAR, performed a suture on a pig's bowel, as documented in a \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/337/337ra64.full\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a> published in Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite dynamic scene changes and tissue movement during surgery, we demonstrate that the outcome of supervised autonomous procedures is superior to surgery performed by expert surgeons ...\" the paper says. \"These results demonstrate the potential for autonomous robots to improve the efficacy, consistency, functional outcome, and accessibility of surgical techniques.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a video report on SMART from The Wall Street Journal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5lzGk7dgCQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cool! If you're not a surgeon, that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wired, though, says those in the profession shouldn't pawn their forceps quite yet. Their article is headlined \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2016/05/robot-surgeon/\" target=\"_blank\">Why An Autonomous Robot Won't Replace Your Surgeon Anytime Soon\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"... STAR was still dependent on a surgeon to make the initial incision, take out the bowel, and line up the pieces before it fired up its autonomous suturing algorithm. “When you drive a car you use cruise control. The same logic would apply for surgical technology,” says Peter Kim, a pediatric surgeon on the STAR team.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And although \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/robotics/medical-robots/autonomous-robot-surgeon-bests-human-surgeons-in-world-first\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE Spectrum\u003c/a> gleefully reports \"Autonomous Robot Surgeon Bests Humans in World First\" (exclamation point implied), one expert who was interviewed party-pooped the development:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Blake Hannaford, a pioneer of autonomous surgical robotics at the University of Washington ... questioned the clinical significance of the task that STAR performed. “While in a technical sense, semi-autonomous suturing is a ‘grand challenge’ problem of surgical robotics, clinically much suturing and bowel anastomosis is done by staplers which can do the whole thing in seconds,” he wrote in an email. “Clearly the task they chose does not justify the elaborate equipment they used.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let's face it: Sooner or later, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/28/when-a-robot-counts-out-your-pills-what-will-your-pharmacist-do/\" target=\"_blank\">robots\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/hospital-uses-robots-instead-of-people-to-cart-things-around/\" target=\"_blank\">moving\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj\" target=\"_blank\">health care\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prepare.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Boy, here are three words you don't often see together:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autonomous. Robot. Surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think it could be coming our way -- at some point. The possibility came closer to reality after the Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot, or STAR, performed a suture on a pig's bowel, as documented in a \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/8/337/337ra64.full\" target=\"_blank\">paper\u003c/a> published in Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite dynamic scene changes and tissue movement during surgery, we demonstrate that the outcome of supervised autonomous procedures is superior to surgery performed by expert surgeons ...\" the paper says. \"These results demonstrate the potential for autonomous robots to improve the efficacy, consistency, functional outcome, and accessibility of surgical techniques.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a video report on SMART from The Wall Street Journal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/-5lzGk7dgCQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/-5lzGk7dgCQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Cool! If you're not a surgeon, that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wired, though, says those in the profession shouldn't pawn their forceps quite yet. Their article is headlined \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/2016/05/robot-surgeon/\" target=\"_blank\">Why An Autonomous Robot Won't Replace Your Surgeon Anytime Soon\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"... STAR was still dependent on a surgeon to make the initial incision, take out the bowel, and line up the pieces before it fired up its autonomous suturing algorithm. “When you drive a car you use cruise control. The same logic would apply for surgical technology,” says Peter Kim, a pediatric surgeon on the STAR team.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And although \u003ca href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/robotics/medical-robots/autonomous-robot-surgeon-bests-human-surgeons-in-world-first\" target=\"_blank\">IEEE Spectrum\u003c/a> gleefully reports \"Autonomous Robot Surgeon Bests Humans in World First\" (exclamation point implied), one expert who was interviewed party-pooped the development:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Blake Hannaford, a pioneer of autonomous surgical robotics at the University of Washington ... questioned the clinical significance of the task that STAR performed. “While in a technical sense, semi-autonomous suturing is a ‘grand challenge’ problem of surgical robotics, clinically much suturing and bowel anastomosis is done by staplers which can do the whole thing in seconds,” he wrote in an email. “Clearly the task they chose does not justify the elaborate equipment they used.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But let's face it: Sooner or later, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/28/when-a-robot-counts-out-your-pills-what-will-your-pharmacist-do/\" target=\"_blank\">robots\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/01/hospital-uses-robots-instead-of-people-to-cart-things-around/\" target=\"_blank\">moving\u003c/a> into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/robotics-surgeons-google-jandj\" target=\"_blank\">health care\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prepare.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have been able to make and study human embryos in their labs for decades. But they have never been able to keep them alive outside a woman's womb for more than about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limitation meant scientists were unable to conduct a range of detailed research into early human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now researchers say they have discovered a way to keep human embryos alive in the laboratory about a week longer than ever before, and through a critical period of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a step they say will yield important insights into human development and could lead to a better understanding of the factors that cause miscarriages and birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of this research which we do in the lab should have enormous benefit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/~zernickagoetzlab/\">Magdelena Zernicka-Goetz\u003c/a>, a professor of developmental biology at the University of Cambridge in England who helped conduct the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the advance is reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on human embryos in the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the move has raised questions about whether to change a long-standing rule that has limited research on human embryos to the first 14 days of their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published Wednesday in two papers in \u003ca href=\"10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a>, builds on a recent discovery by Zernicka-Goetz's group showing how to keep mouse embryos alive longer in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers developed a specific mix of amino acids, hormones and growth factors that \"would allow embryos to feel as good as they would feel in the body of the mother,\" Zernicka-Goetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big question was: Would the same mix work to keep \u003cem>human\u003c/em> embryos alive longer? Until now, the upper limit for human embryos was about seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz's group and a separate team at Rockefeller University in New York decided to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it worked. Human embryos kept developing in the lab for about another week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz says being able to go past the previous limit is \"extremely important\" from a scientific point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the seventh day of development is the time when the human embryo becomes embedded within the body of the mother — when it becomes implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had thought embryos could only keep developing if they were safely in the womb and receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the embryos in the studies implanted in the dish as they would in the womb. Then they started organizing themselves into the very early stages of different complex organs and tissues and structures in the body, the researchers report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big eureka moment in the lab,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Ali Brinvalou\u003c/a>, an embryologist at Rockefeller University in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the information necessary and sufficient to have the embryo move forward is already contained within those handful of cells,\" he says. \"That was a very big surprise to us and to the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers know relatively little about how a tiny ball of cells that makes up an embryo starts to become a complex human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a complete \"black box,\" Brinvalou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find this to be alarming and I find it to be a bit embarrassing,\" he says, \"because I know more about the fruit fly and the frog and the fish and the bird than I know about my own [human] development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance should help scientists investigate many long-standing questions, including: Why do so many pregnancies end in miscarriages? How could infertility treatments be improved? What causes birth defects? How do embryonic stem cells really work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will learn things we cannot even imagine,\" Brinvalou says. \"It's as if you say: 'If I look at new sets of Hubble Space Telescope pictures that I haven't seen yet, what will I learn from them?' It's difficult to say until you look at them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers agree the advance is very promising. In a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/533169a\">commentary\u003c/a> accompanying the research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/Directory/People/R/Janet-Rossant.html\">Janet Rossant\u003c/a> of The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto says the work could \"provide important information\" to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads back to the current status of the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's no other way to retrieve valuable information that could be good for humankind, I think it's definitely worth discussing the possibility of renegotiating where that stopping point ought to be,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who think experimenting on human embryos is morally wrong, going even further is deeply troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The 14-day rule has kept it pretty limited in terms of what scientists could do. Once that goes, then it begins to sort of say: 'It's open season on human embryos. Anything goes,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/daniel-p-sulmasy\">Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question has to be: 'Are there any limits to what we will do to human beings in order to gain scientific knowledge?' And then who counts as a human being?\" says Sulmasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was established at a time when it was impossible to keep embryos alive in the lab even that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current research, both groups of scientists stopped the embryos from developing past 14 days because of the long-standing rule. But the new work suggests they could have kept the embryos alive longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day mark was also picked originally because it was thought that was about the time when embryos tend to form the \"primitive streak,\" which is a structure that starts to give the embryo more of a structure and individuality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Policymakers and others have looked at that developmental time point and thought: That might actually be significant for peoples' moral beliefs if they think that's when you get a unique individual who finally appears for the first time,\" Hyun says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hyun argues in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17894\">article\u003c/a> accompanying the new research that the latest advance means it may be time to rethink that rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now there will be further questions about whether or not there would be good scientific reasons for moving that line out a little bit farther,\" Hyun tells \u003cem>Shots\u003c/em>. \"What is the purpose of the 14-day rule in today's scientific environment and do we want to keep it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyun stresses, however, that any change to the 14-day rule would require the same kind of careful, coordinated international debate that created the rule in the first place, to satisfy moral qualms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advance+In+Human+Embryo+Research+Rekindles+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have been able to make and study human embryos in their labs for decades. But they have never been able to keep them alive outside a woman's womb for more than about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limitation meant scientists were unable to conduct a range of detailed research into early human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now researchers say they have discovered a way to keep human embryos alive in the laboratory about a week longer than ever before, and through a critical period of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a step they say will yield important insights into human development and could lead to a better understanding of the factors that cause miscarriages and birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of this research which we do in the lab should have enormous benefit,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/~zernickagoetzlab/\">Magdelena Zernicka-Goetz\u003c/a>, a professor of developmental biology at the University of Cambridge in England who helped conduct the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the advance is reviving a debate about the ethics of conducting experiments on human embryos in the laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the move has raised questions about whether to change a long-standing rule that has limited research on human embryos to the first 14 days of their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research, published Wednesday in two papers in \u003ca href=\"10.1038/nature17948\">Nature\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncb3347\">Nature Cell Biology\u003c/a>, builds on a recent discovery by Zernicka-Goetz's group showing how to keep mouse embryos alive longer in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers developed a specific mix of amino acids, hormones and growth factors that \"would allow embryos to feel as good as they would feel in the body of the mother,\" Zernicka-Goetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big question was: Would the same mix work to keep \u003cem>human\u003c/em> embryos alive longer? Until now, the upper limit for human embryos was about seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz's group and a separate team at Rockefeller University in New York decided to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it worked. Human embryos kept developing in the lab for about another week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zernicka-Goetz says being able to go past the previous limit is \"extremely important\" from a scientific point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the seventh day of development is the time when the human embryo becomes embedded within the body of the mother — when it becomes implanted in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had thought embryos could only keep developing if they were safely in the womb and receiving instructions from the mother's body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the embryos in the studies implanted in the dish as they would in the womb. Then they started organizing themselves into the very early stages of different complex organs and tissues and structures in the body, the researchers report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was a big eureka moment in the lab,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockefeller.edu/research/faculty/labheads/AliBrivanlou/#content\">Ali Brinvalou\u003c/a>, an embryologist at Rockefeller University in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All the information necessary and sufficient to have the embryo move forward is already contained within those handful of cells,\" he says. \"That was a very big surprise to us and to the field.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers know relatively little about how a tiny ball of cells that makes up an embryo starts to become a complex human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a complete \"black box,\" Brinvalou says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I find this to be alarming and I find it to be a bit embarrassing,\" he says, \"because I know more about the fruit fly and the frog and the fish and the bird than I know about my own [human] development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance should help scientists investigate many long-standing questions, including: Why do so many pregnancies end in miscarriages? How could infertility treatments be improved? What causes birth defects? How do embryonic stem cells really work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will learn things we cannot even imagine,\" Brinvalou says. \"It's as if you say: 'If I look at new sets of Hubble Space Telescope pictures that I haven't seen yet, what will I learn from them?' It's difficult to say until you look at them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers agree the advance is very promising. In a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/533169a\">commentary\u003c/a> accompanying the research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/Directory/People/R/Janet-Rossant.html\">Janet Rossant\u003c/a> of The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto says the work could \"provide important information\" to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that leads back to the current status of the 14-day rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If there's no other way to retrieve valuable information that could be good for humankind, I think it's definitely worth discussing the possibility of renegotiating where that stopping point ought to be,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://case.edu/medicine/bioethics/about/faculty--staff/hyun.html\">Insoo Hyun\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at Case Western Reserve University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who think experimenting on human embryos is morally wrong, going even further is deeply troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The 14-day rule has kept it pretty limited in terms of what scientists could do. Once that goes, then it begins to sort of say: 'It's open season on human embryos. Anything goes,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://divinity.uchicago.edu/daniel-p-sulmasy\">Daniel Sulmasy\u003c/a>, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The question has to be: 'Are there any limits to what we will do to human beings in order to gain scientific knowledge?' And then who counts as a human being?\" says Sulmasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day rule was established at a time when it was impossible to keep embryos alive in the lab even that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the current research, both groups of scientists stopped the embryos from developing past 14 days because of the long-standing rule. But the new work suggests they could have kept the embryos alive longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14-day mark was also picked originally because it was thought that was about the time when embryos tend to form the \"primitive streak,\" which is a structure that starts to give the embryo more of a structure and individuality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Policymakers and others have looked at that developmental time point and thought: That might actually be significant for peoples' moral beliefs if they think that's when you get a unique individual who finally appears for the first time,\" Hyun says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hyun argues in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature17894\">article\u003c/a> accompanying the new research that the latest advance means it may be time to rethink that rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now there will be further questions about whether or not there would be good scientific reasons for moving that line out a little bit farther,\" Hyun tells \u003cem>Shots\u003c/em>. \"What is the purpose of the 14-day rule in today's scientific environment and do we want to keep it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hyun stresses, however, that any change to the 14-day rule would require the same kind of careful, coordinated international debate that created the rule in the first place, to satisfy moral qualms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advance+In+Human+Embryo+Research+Rekindles+Ethical+Debate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[ted id=2490]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone interested in the potential benefits of having the human genome mapped will be interested in this recent TED talk by data scientist Riccardo Sabbatini, who is researching \"computational genomics and how to crack the code of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabbatini says the genetic components that form each human being are \"the biggest amount of information you will ever encounter. Forget big data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To illustrate, he brings onstage Craig Venter, a pioneer in sequencing the human genome. \"Not the man in his flesh,\" Sabbatini explains, as carts full of bound volumes are wheeled onstage, but his genome, \"printed page by page, letter by letter.\" The code fills more than 175 books, or 262,000 densely printed pages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabbatini goes on to explain that differences between individual human beings make up just 500 of those pages -- the rest of our genetic code is shared by everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He ends with a somewhat spooky demonstration of how machine learning can be used to make predictions of what an individual will look like by reading that code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can we read the books and predict height? Yes, within 5 centimeters. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm\" target=\"_blank\">BMI\u003c/a>, within eight kilograms. Eye color and skin color -- 80 percent accuracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the video, above. The presentation is about 15 minutes long.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[ted id=2490]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone interested in the potential benefits of having the human genome mapped will be interested in this recent TED talk by data scientist Riccardo Sabbatini, who is researching \"computational genomics and how to crack the code of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabbatini says the genetic components that form each human being are \"the biggest amount of information you will ever encounter. Forget big data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To illustrate, he brings onstage Craig Venter, a pioneer in sequencing the human genome. \"Not the man in his flesh,\" Sabbatini explains, as carts full of bound volumes are wheeled onstage, but his genome, \"printed page by page, letter by letter.\" The code fills more than 175 books, or 262,000 densely printed pages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabbatini goes on to explain that differences between individual human beings make up just 500 of those pages -- the rest of our genetic code is shared by everyone on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He ends with a somewhat spooky demonstration of how machine learning can be used to make predictions of what an individual will look like by reading that code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can we read the books and predict height? Yes, within 5 centimeters. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm\" target=\"_blank\">BMI\u003c/a>, within eight kilograms. Eye color and skin color -- 80 percent accuracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at the video, above. The presentation is about 15 minutes long.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a> has gotten so much attention lately that even a pop culture hit like \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/25/how-crispr-made-it-onto-the-x-files/\" target=\"_blank\">The X-Files\" has taken note.\u003c/a> The revolutionary DNA-editing tool is appreciably simpler and more versatile than the techniques scientists had previously\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>used to alter unwanted DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">It's like instead of correcting a spelling error by copying and pasting a whole new section that includes the right letter, you can just delete the single incorrect letter and insert the right one.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And now a new process devised by researchers at Dr. David Liu's lab at Harvard University,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096365\"> described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/index.html\">\u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>\u003c/a>last week, appears to make CRISPR/Cas9 more efficient at fixing DNA while causing less collateral damage to boot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this new version cannot fix as many broken genes as the original, on balance it appears to be a better-behaved genome editing tool, potentially giving scientists a real chance to cure certain genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique is so much more precise, you can think of it this way: Where the old system is the equivalent of correcting a single spelling error by copying and pasting a whole new section that includes the right letter, this new technique enables you to make the correction by simply deleting the incorrect letter and substituting the right one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impact of CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the development of this new technique, CRISPR/Cas9's ability to easily tweak the DNA in a living cell has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\">transforming biology\u003c/a>. For example, it is now easier to test the function of genes in animals, there have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.fastcoexist.com/3059228/what-does-the-new-crispr-edited-mushroom-mean-for-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\">impacts on agriculture\u003c/a>, and the technique is even being used in exotic applications like \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/50275-bringing-back-woolly-mammoth-dna.html\" target=\"_blank\">inserting the DNA of extinct woolly mammoths into elephants.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 will almost certainly transform medicine, as well, giving scientists the ability to treat or cure genetic diseases through the repair of broken genes. Scientists have even tentatively begun to \u003ca href=\"http://futurism.com/scientists-successfully-genetically-modify-human-embryos-hiv/\">tweak DNA in human embryos\u003c/a> as a first step toward curing severe genetic illnesses before they occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Old Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by using three components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RNA, a close relative to DNA, is used as a precise targeting device to home in on a gene that needs correcting. Cas9, an enzyme, travels with the RNA and makes a cut in the DNA at a specific, problematic spot. New, added DNA that has the corrected sequence -- the third component -- is then used by the cell's internal machinery to correct the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key strength of this technique is its ability to send Cas9 where it should and nowhere else -- most of the time. But its efficiency in editing, however, is not as topnotch. Usually only a few cells end up with the desired change, so that in many cases no effect can be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more problematic is that more often than not, after Cas9 cuts the original DNA, the cell -- in a sort of panic -- will immediately try to fill the gap, adding to or subtracting from the gene's code, potentially damaging the DNA further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now! New and Improved!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve this problem, the Harvard researchers created two radically changed versions of Cas9, which they called BE2 and BE3. Both are much better at changing the DNA and less likely to damage it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists started by using a form of Cas9 that could be directed to the right place in the genome but could not cut DNA. To this inactive Cas9 they added an enzyme (\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytidine_deaminase\">cytidine deaminase\u003c/a>). This changes an unwanted C -- a molecule called cytosine that is one of the four bases found in someone's genetic code -- into a U, a base found in RNA that is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>very similar to a T (thymine), another DNA base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They called this new version BE1. Essentially, BE1 changes Cs to Ts without an incision -- and the resulting damage -- in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-152267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"This new Cas9 can target a common mutation in the APOE gene that increases risk for Alzheimer's. (Pixabay)\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-768x476.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new Cas9 can target a common mutation in the APOE gene that increases risk for Alzheimer's. (\u003ca href=\"https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2012/10/31/05/55/alzheimers-63610_960_720.jpg\">Pixabay\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But although BE1 worked very well in a test tube, it didn't perform as well in a cell. That's because cells frequently like to replace the newly added U with the old C. (Click \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination#Cytosine\">\u003cu>here\u003c/u>\u003c/a> for why the cell has such a system.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers fixed this problem by kludging onto BE1 something from bacteria called uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor (UGI), which makes it more difficult for the cell to put back the C. This new version, which still does not cut the DNA, was called BE2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a final step to make an even better tool, they tweaked Cas9 one last time, partially restoring its ability to cut DNA. However, in this version, Cas9 was engineered to cut only a single strand of DNA, opposite the C. Because cells have a much more precise system for this type of repair, less damage is done. This version was called BE3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new technique is fundamentally different from the old one. Instead of cutting the DNA and relying on the cell's machinery to repair a gene, BE2 and BE3 actually go in and swap out a single letter of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the advantages of BE2 and BE3 over the old Cas9 in the following results obtained after editing a particular DNA site:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">% Cells with a Fixed Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">% Cells with a Damaged Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">% Cells with an Unaffected Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">Old Cas9\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">0.5\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">4.3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">95.2\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">BE2\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">20\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">Less than 0.1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">79.9\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">BE3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">37\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">1.3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">61.7\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Similarly, improved efficiency was seen at 14 other locations in the DNA of six different genes, with the number of cells repaired hitting a high of 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These improvements are significant enough that the new versions might be able to cure a disease whereas the old Cas9 might fall short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these results can be repeated at other sites, it looks like the lab will have built a better CRISPR mousetrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disadvantage of the new technique is that unlike old-school Cas9, neither BE2 nor BE3 will work on every gene or piece of DNA. Only those genes with mutations in which a C has been changed to a T can be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because DNA is made up of four bases -- A and G in addition to C and T -- the inability to repair more than one permutation is definitely limiting. But it still means a lot of repaired genes. The authors, in fact, compiled a list of 300-900 mutations in genes that cause diseases like cystic fibrosis and Leigh disease and can be fixed with these new versions of Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Videos: How CRISPR works\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[vimeo 118031032 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-crispr-the-new-tool-1702114381\">CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a> has gotten so much attention lately that even a pop culture hit like \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/25/how-crispr-made-it-onto-the-x-files/\" target=\"_blank\">The X-Files\" has taken note.\u003c/a> The revolutionary DNA-editing tool is appreciably simpler and more versatile than the techniques scientists had previously\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>used to alter unwanted DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">It's like instead of correcting a spelling error by copying and pasting a whole new section that includes the right letter, you can just delete the single incorrect letter and insert the right one.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And now a new process devised by researchers at Dr. David Liu's lab at Harvard University,\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27096365\"> described\u003c/a> in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/index.html\">\u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>\u003c/a>last week, appears to make CRISPR/Cas9 more efficient at fixing DNA while causing less collateral damage to boot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this new version cannot fix as many broken genes as the original, on balance it appears to be a better-behaved genome editing tool, potentially giving scientists a real chance to cure certain genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technique is so much more precise, you can think of it this way: Where the old system is the equivalent of correcting a single spelling error by copying and pasting a whole new section that includes the right letter, this new technique enables you to make the correction by simply deleting the incorrect letter and substituting the right one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Impact of CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the development of this new technique, CRISPR/Cas9's ability to easily tweak the DNA in a living cell has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\">transforming biology\u003c/a>. For example, it is now easier to test the function of genes in animals, there have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.fastcoexist.com/3059228/what-does-the-new-crispr-edited-mushroom-mean-for-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\">impacts on agriculture\u003c/a>, and the technique is even being used in exotic applications like \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/50275-bringing-back-woolly-mammoth-dna.html\" target=\"_blank\">inserting the DNA of extinct woolly mammoths into elephants.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 will almost certainly transform medicine, as well, giving scientists the ability to treat or cure genetic diseases through the repair of broken genes. Scientists have even tentatively begun to \u003ca href=\"http://futurism.com/scientists-successfully-genetically-modify-human-embryos-hiv/\">tweak DNA in human embryos\u003c/a> as a first step toward curing severe genetic illnesses before they occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Old Way\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by using three components.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RNA, a close relative to DNA, is used as a precise targeting device to home in on a gene that needs correcting. Cas9, an enzyme, travels with the RNA and makes a cut in the DNA at a specific, problematic spot. New, added DNA that has the corrected sequence -- the third component -- is then used by the cell's internal machinery to correct the gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key strength of this technique is its ability to send Cas9 where it should and nowhere else -- most of the time. But its efficiency in editing, however, is not as topnotch. Usually only a few cells end up with the desired change, so that in many cases no effect can be seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more problematic is that more often than not, after Cas9 cuts the original DNA, the cell -- in a sort of panic -- will immediately try to fill the gap, adding to or subtracting from the gene's code, potentially damaging the DNA further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now! New and Improved!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve this problem, the Harvard researchers created two radically changed versions of Cas9, which they called BE2 and BE3. Both are much better at changing the DNA and less likely to damage it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists started by using a form of Cas9 that could be directed to the right place in the genome but could not cut DNA. To this inactive Cas9 they added an enzyme (\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytidine_deaminase\">cytidine deaminase\u003c/a>). This changes an unwanted C -- a molecule called cytosine that is one of the four bases found in someone's genetic code -- into a U, a base found in RNA that is\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>very similar to a T (thymine), another DNA base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They called this new version BE1. Essentially, BE1 changes Cs to Ts without an incision -- and the resulting damage -- in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_152267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-152267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"This new Cas9 can target a common mutation in the APOE gene that increases risk for Alzheimer's. (Pixabay)\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Alzheimer-768x476.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This new Cas9 can target a common mutation in the APOE gene that increases risk for Alzheimer's. (\u003ca href=\"https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2012/10/31/05/55/alzheimers-63610_960_720.jpg\">Pixabay\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But although BE1 worked very well in a test tube, it didn't perform as well in a cell. That's because cells frequently like to replace the newly added U with the old C. (Click \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination#Cytosine\">\u003cu>here\u003c/u>\u003c/a> for why the cell has such a system.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers fixed this problem by kludging onto BE1 something from bacteria called uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor (UGI), which makes it more difficult for the cell to put back the C. This new version, which still does not cut the DNA, was called BE2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a final step to make an even better tool, they tweaked Cas9 one last time, partially restoring its ability to cut DNA. However, in this version, Cas9 was engineered to cut only a single strand of DNA, opposite the C. Because cells have a much more precise system for this type of repair, less damage is done. This version was called BE3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new technique is fundamentally different from the old one. Instead of cutting the DNA and relying on the cell's machinery to repair a gene, BE2 and BE3 actually go in and swap out a single letter of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the advantages of BE2 and BE3 over the old Cas9 in the following results obtained after editing a particular DNA site:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">% Cells with a Fixed Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">% Cells with a Damaged Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">% Cells with an Unaffected Gene\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">Old Cas9\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">0.5\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">4.3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">95.2\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">BE2\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">20\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">Less than 0.1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">79.9\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd width=\"79\">BE3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"120\">37\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"174\">1.3\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd width=\"162\">61.7\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>Similarly, improved efficiency was seen at 14 other locations in the DNA of six different genes, with the number of cells repaired hitting a high of 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These improvements are significant enough that the new versions might be able to cure a disease whereas the old Cas9 might fall short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these results can be repeated at other sites, it looks like the lab will have built a better CRISPR mousetrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disadvantage of the new technique is that unlike old-school Cas9, neither BE2 nor BE3 will work on every gene or piece of DNA. Only those genes with mutations in which a C has been changed to a T can be fixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because DNA is made up of four bases -- A and G in addition to C and T -- the inability to repair more than one permutation is definitely limiting. But it still means a lot of repaired genes. The authors, in fact, compiled a list of 300-900 mutations in genes that cause diseases like cystic fibrosis and Leigh disease and can be fixed with these new versions of Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Videos: How CRISPR works\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tiny Central Valley Community Tests California's Clean-Water Law",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. With the help of Werner’s group, Matheny countersued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a lack of responsibility on the part of elected officials to the residents of Matheny Tract,\" says Werner. \"In a sense, by everybody involved, that they had no duty and no commitment to this community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"3syvmgeeaRwdP3TVOQNBOwaofFQPiC0D\"]Matheny and Tulare remained in a legal stalemate until March of this year, when the state intervened under a new law. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB88\">Senate Bill 88\u003c/a> allows the state to order a city to share its water with communities that need it. Matheny Tract is the law’s first success. By June, Tulare will be forced to share its drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting clean water is a huge relief for Javier Medina. He’s a dairy worker, and his family of six has been using bottled water. He’s glad that the state stepped in. But he wishes it hadn’t been necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We live in the best country in the world and everyone should be looking out for everyone’s well-being,\" says Medina. \"Everyone should try to find a way to help their neighbor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract should have safe drinking water soon, but hundreds of California communities still don’t. Maybe some of them are your neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/261171293\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here’s a statistic that, no matter how many times we report about it, still sounds shocking: \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/documents/dwdocuments/2014/2014_acr_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">More than a million Californians \u003c/a>lack access to safe, clean drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"When the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body, I thought, 'If this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone.'\"\u003ccite>Reinelda Palma, resident Matheny Tract\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The crisis is particularly acute in the rural Central Valley, where some communities -- like tiny Matheny Tract outside Tulare -- have struggled with unsafe drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny Tract, the community's two wells are contaminated with arsenic. Reinelda Palma knows about it firsthand. She drank the tap water until a few years ago, when a doctor told her that she had been exposed to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was very traumatic when the doctor told me that I had high arsenic contamination in my body,\" she says in Spanish. \"And I thought, if this is happening to me, then this must be happening to everyone, including the children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s when she became an advocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matheny Tract is not a city or a town. It’s unincorporated, which means it has no elected government, and it’s hard to get services like sidewalks or streetlights. About 1,200 people live here, and almost a third of them live below the federal poverty line. Like Palma, most are Latino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177434 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_0977_0-e1461788970527.jpg\" alt=\"This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This hydrant, installed over a year ago, is still not hooked up to running water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palma and her neighbor Javier Medina, took me on a tour of the neighborhood. We saw a lot of bright yellow fire hydrants that looked brand-new, but Palma and Medina said they didn't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because they are waiting to be hooked up to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashley Werner of the nonprofit advocacy group the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leadershipcounsel.org/#!about/cjn9\">Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability\u003c/a> says people in unincorporated communities like Matheny Tract have been fighting for clean water for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Effectively in local government, often there’s no elected representatives claiming to have any responsibility to ensure that people have access to clean water,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Matheny’s case, getting water from the nearby city of Tulare seemed like an obvious solution. The city is so close, Palma can point to it from her backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Matheny and Tulare signed a contract to connect their water systems. Roads were dug up and hydrants put in place. But in 2014, the city sued to re-evaluate the contract. Construction stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177435\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-177435 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/IMG_1009_0-e1461789066582.jpg\" alt=\"Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scars of dark pavement in Matheny Tract's roads remind residents of the water mains that are still not hooked up to water. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KVPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We did not have capacity to serve 300 homes at a turn of the switch, \" says Martin Koczanowicz, Tulare's city attorney. \"We spent over half a million dollars in short-term fixes to our infrastructure, and we had jurisdictional issues which were a barrier.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ashley Werner says the community’s residents -- mostly immigrants, farmworkers, and minorities -- felt discriminated against. 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"disqusTitle": "How A Birth at Stanford 50 Years Ago Launched Search for Down Syndrome Test",
"title": "How A Birth at Stanford 50 Years Ago Launched Search for Down Syndrome Test",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via\u003c/em> Only Human, \u003cem>a new podcast from WNYC Studios. Hosted by Mary Harris, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\">Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> tells stories we all can relate to. Because every body has a story. Subscribe to \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem> on iTunes or wherever you like to get your podcasts. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>When Lee Herzenberg remembers the day her son Michael was born, she laughs and calls it a \"cool birth.\" Her obstetrician was a friend, and she describes it almost like a party — \"a little bit painful, but that you forget very quickly.\" Lee even got a kick out of the fact that a resident learned to do an episiotomy on her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was November 1961, and she was at the newly christened Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center; her husband, Len, was a biology professor on campus. Like most fathers at the time, he didn't attend the birth, which meant he wasn't there when Michael started turning blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurses whisked the newborn off to the nursery without telling Lee anything was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then that a doctor noticed the characteristic features of Down syndrome: floppy muscles, eyes that slanted upward. They got Michael breathing again, but doctors thought his prognosis was grim. They gave Michael just a few months to live. A daisy chain of physicians was called, and Lee says it was a pediatrics professor who told her husband what had happened. Then Len was dispatched to tell Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers the moment with uncharacteristic emotion. \"We hugged each other, and it was a terrible conversation to realize that you'd lost the baby, but the baby was lost,\" Lee says now. \"We knew immediately what we'd do. We had already made the decision that it was not a good thing to take the baby home, and so we didn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s — an era before neurodiversity movements and early intervention programs — many people still called people with Down syndrome \"mongoloids.\" Playwright Arthur Miller institutionalized his son, Daniel, in 1966. A few years later, \u003ca href=\"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1031271\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic Monthly\u003c/em> argued that \"a Down's is not a person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and Len Herzenberg had seen friends struggle with the birth of a child with Down syndrome and had even gone with a colleague to an institution, where he dropped off his own infant daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they decided Michael would never come home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michael wasn't absolutely lost to them. Michael's birth sparked their search for a blood test that has revolutionized prenatal care in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I made the mistake of telling one scientist I was reporting about \"Len Herzenberg's lab.\" He corrected me instantly: \"Len \u003cem>and Lee's\u003c/em> lab.\" Because Lee Herzenberg was \"leaning in\" decades before Sheryl Sandberg coined the phrase. At 81, Lee, a professor of genetics, is still running the lab she and her husband founded more than 50 years ago. Len died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a quirky place, even by Stanford standards. Lee rarely sits on chairs, preferring cushions on the floor. She's often accompanied by her bichon frise, Gigi. Researchers can often be found working in this basement office well into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee Herzenberg isn't just quirky. She is one of the few professors at Stanford — possibly the only one — never to have officially graduated from college. Instead, she trained by her husband's side, auditing courses while he got his Ph.D. at Caltech (women weren't allowed to attend at the time) and working at his labs at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the science that's been done here has changed the course of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herzenbergs are best known as the creators of the modern-day \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fluorescence-activated flow cytometer\u003c/a>, or FACS. It was a machine born out of frustration: Len couldn't stand squinting down a microscope looking at cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FACS, a biologist peering at slides could feel like he was playing a really intense round of \"Where's Waldo,\" staring at crowds of all kinds of cells, trying to pinpoint the exact ones he was looking for. Not only was it annoying — Len Herzenberg worried it wasn't particularly scientific. He wanted a way to find and describe cells that didn't rely on his worn-out eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS allows you to pour cells in, program the machine to find whatever it is you're looking for, and then it will spit out a little tube of just those cells alone. And the FACS gives you all kinds of information, too: how big the cells are and how much DNA they have inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS was used to diagnose AIDS because the technology can quickly and easily sort out T cells. The FACS was used to find the first stem cells. When Len Herzenberg died, one colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/leonard-herzenberg-immunologist-who-revolutionized-research-dies-at-81.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>T\u003c/em>\u003cem>he New York Times\u003c/em> that \"without Len, tens of thousands of people now alive would not be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1970s, the Herzenbergs were still proving the value of this machine. That's when they started thinking about using it to create a blood test for Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-177037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \u003ccite>(Mary Harris/WNYC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Len had seen research from Finland claiming it was possible to see a fetus's cells in a mother's blood. It was hard to believe. But he figured that FACS, with its nearly magical sorting capabilities, could figure it out. So he took on a medical student named Diana Bianchi as a research associate and made sorting out these cells her project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they could isolate these cells, he could learn a lot about the developing fetus, including whether the fetus had chromosomal abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They had a very personal reason for doing this, because of their son Michael,\" Bianchi says now. \"They wanted to have a test that could be offered to any pregnant woman — that would be noninvasive and would allow them to know if a child had Down syndrome. The first step, however, was to show that you could pull out fetal cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists now estimate that for every 200 billion cells in a mother's bloodstream, about 10 of those are fetal cells. Bianchi was one of the first people to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> quoted Len saying the work was a \"first step\" toward a blood test for Down syndrome for all pregnant women. But it would take 30 years for a practical test to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, Len's FACS wasn't the right tool for prenatal diagnosis. There weren't very many fetal cells to be sorted, and if a pregnant woman already had children, scientists couldn't be sure if the cells in her blood came from the current fetus or one of her older kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2008, Len helped ensure the right tool was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher named Stephen Quake had discovered a way to sequence chunks of fetal DNA floating in expectant mothers' blood. As a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Len made sure the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/03/0808319105\" target=\"_blank\">paper was published\u003c/a> in the academy's journal. Another researcher, Dennis Lo, confirmed Quake's findings. Three years later, the tests were on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at just 10 weeks into a pregnancy, a whole range of things can be revealed with this test. Not just Down syndrome, but a host of other chromosomal abnormalities as well as the sex of the child to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this test, doctors had to rely on amniocentesis, an invasive procedure that involves inserting a needle in the womb to sample amniotic fluid, or biopsying the placenta, to tell them with any reliability whether a fetus had a chromosomal abnormality. These tests aren't just uncomfortable; they come with a risk of miscarriage. By some estimates, in the past five years the number of these procedures performed in this country \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/26/368449371/dna-blood-test-gives-women-a-new-option-for-prenatal-screening\" target=\"_blank\">has plummeted\u003c/a> by more than 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some parents, this knowledge can be alarming. Advocates in Ohio are trying to pass a law preventing abortions if Down syndrome is the reason (North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/25/471842196/indiana-governor-signs-new-abortion-restrictions-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">Indiana\u003c/a> have already passed similar laws).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee Herzenberg is honest about what she would have done if she'd known early on in her pregnancy that Michael had Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd say if I had the choice of not pushing Michael into this life — if I at that time would know I was carrying a Down syndrome child — I would have aborted the child,\" she says. \"I see no reason Michael has to live the life he leads. The fact that we've made it very happy for him or that he's made it very happy for us — all of that is adapting to a situation, but I don't think it's fair or proper.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee is alarmed that these tests are now being used to determine the sex of unborn babies. She worries about parents choosing to abort girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diana Bianchi, that medical student from the Herzenberg lab, is now a professor at Tufts, where she founded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/Research-Clinical-Trials/Institutes-Centers-Labs/Mother-Infant-Research-Institute/Laboratories/Bianchi-Laboratory.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Infant Research Institute\u003c/a>. She's still working in prenatal testing. In fact, perfecting these tests has become her life's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her focus has shifted. Now that she can detect Down syndrome so early, she wants to treat it early, too — in the womb. Because finding this chromosomal abnormality at 10 weeks means there's a window of opportunity: The brain changes associated with Down syndrome don't occur until a month or so later. Theoretically, you could treat a fetus before some brain changes occur at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianchi's work is still early. She's experimenting with mice, giving them existing drugs in utero to see if she can forestall brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an often-quoted statistic, that 90 percent of parents who find out that their fetus has Down syndrome will abort. But that statistic is from a study done in the United Kingdom. In the U.S., far fewer women terminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to unpack this connection between prenatal testing and abortion,\" she says. \"We have good data to suggest that approximately 40 plus percent of women who know their fetus has Down syndrome continue their pregnancy. There are many women who speak very highly of the fact that this allows them to prepare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Down syndrome baby who kicked off the search for this blood test is now a 54-year-old man. He lives in a squat house in Redwood City, Calif., just a 30-minute drive from his birth mother's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, Michael lived with a local woman named Barbara Jennings, who raised a number of children with developmental challenges. The Herzenbergs' pediatrician helped them find her when Michael was a newborn. The Herzenbergs would visit Michael every month or so, but they never felt they should bring him home. When Barbara died, Michael moved to this group home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to know how much Michael understands when I speak to him, though he has learned to read and use a cellphone. And he's stubborn. A lot like his mother, actually. \"Michael has the hardest head in the whole world,\" says Janet Thomas, the caretaker who runs this house. \"He does whatever he wants to do. He does not care whatever you say. He's going to do whatever it is he wants to do — that's Michael.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Lee if she ever regretted not raising Michael, and she said no. \"It was a decision that was selfish, if you like, because we had things we wanted to do. In retrospect, a lot of things would never have gotten done. There would be no FACS had we decided to do this. Because it would have been a very intensive kind of upbringing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Michael, he clearly loves his mother, no matter what she decided. In Michael's room, there are photos on almost every surface, with snapshots of his biological and adopted families. In the corner is a huge poster of his father, celebrating when \u003ca href=\"//www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/24076/title/Herzenberg-wins-Kyoto-Prize/\" target=\"_blank\">he won the Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for his contributions to biotechnology. And deep in one album, there's a picture of Len and Lee together. The caption reads: \"Michael's Other Mom + Dad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Only+Human%3A+A+Birth+That+Launched+The+Search+For+A+Down+Syndrome+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes to us via\u003c/em> Only Human, \u003cem>a new podcast from WNYC Studios. Hosted by Mary Harris, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/onlyhuman/\" target=\"_blank\">Only Human\u003c/a>\u003cem> tells stories we all can relate to. Because every body has a story. Subscribe to \u003c/em>Only Human\u003cem> on iTunes or wherever you like to get your podcasts. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>When Lee Herzenberg remembers the day her son Michael was born, she laughs and calls it a \"cool birth.\" Her obstetrician was a friend, and she describes it almost like a party — \"a little bit painful, but that you forget very quickly.\" Lee even got a kick out of the fact that a resident learned to do an episiotomy on her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was November 1961, and she was at the newly christened Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center; her husband, Len, was a biology professor on campus. Like most fathers at the time, he didn't attend the birth, which meant he wasn't there when Michael started turning blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurses whisked the newborn off to the nursery without telling Lee anything was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was then that a doctor noticed the characteristic features of Down syndrome: floppy muscles, eyes that slanted upward. They got Michael breathing again, but doctors thought his prognosis was grim. They gave Michael just a few months to live. A daisy chain of physicians was called, and Lee says it was a pediatrics professor who told her husband what had happened. Then Len was dispatched to tell Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She remembers the moment with uncharacteristic emotion. \"We hugged each other, and it was a terrible conversation to realize that you'd lost the baby, but the baby was lost,\" Lee says now. \"We knew immediately what we'd do. We had already made the decision that it was not a good thing to take the baby home, and so we didn't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s — an era before neurodiversity movements and early intervention programs — many people still called people with Down syndrome \"mongoloids.\" Playwright Arthur Miller institutionalized his son, Daniel, in 1966. A few years later, \u003ca href=\"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1031271\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic Monthly\u003c/em> argued that \"a Down's is not a person.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and Len Herzenberg had seen friends struggle with the birth of a child with Down syndrome and had even gone with a colleague to an institution, where he dropped off his own infant daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they decided Michael would never come home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Michael wasn't absolutely lost to them. Michael's birth sparked their search for a blood test that has revolutionized prenatal care in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I made the mistake of telling one scientist I was reporting about \"Len Herzenberg's lab.\" He corrected me instantly: \"Len \u003cem>and Lee's\u003c/em> lab.\" Because Lee Herzenberg was \"leaning in\" decades before Sheryl Sandberg coined the phrase. At 81, Lee, a professor of genetics, is still running the lab she and her husband founded more than 50 years ago. Len died in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab is a quirky place, even by Stanford standards. Lee rarely sits on chairs, preferring cushions on the floor. She's often accompanied by her bichon frise, Gigi. Researchers can often be found working in this basement office well into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee Herzenberg isn't just quirky. She is one of the few professors at Stanford — possibly the only one — never to have officially graduated from college. Instead, she trained by her husband's side, auditing courses while he got his Ph.D. at Caltech (women weren't allowed to attend at the time) and working at his labs at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the science that's been done here has changed the course of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Herzenbergs are best known as the creators of the modern-day \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.umass.edu/micro/immunology/facs542/facswhat.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fluorescence-activated flow cytometer\u003c/a>, or FACS. It was a machine born out of frustration: Len couldn't stand squinting down a microscope looking at cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FACS, a biologist peering at slides could feel like he was playing a really intense round of \"Where's Waldo,\" staring at crowds of all kinds of cells, trying to pinpoint the exact ones he was looking for. Not only was it annoying — Len Herzenberg worried it wasn't particularly scientific. He wanted a way to find and describe cells that didn't rely on his worn-out eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS allows you to pour cells in, program the machine to find whatever it is you're looking for, and then it will spit out a little tube of just those cells alone. And the FACS gives you all kinds of information, too: how big the cells are and how much DNA they have inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FACS was used to diagnose AIDS because the technology can quickly and easily sort out T cells. The FACS was used to find the first stem cells. When Len Herzenberg died, one colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/leonard-herzenberg-immunologist-who-revolutionized-research-dies-at-81.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>T\u003c/em>\u003cem>he New York Times\u003c/em> that \"without Len, tens of thousands of people now alive would not be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1970s, the Herzenbergs were still proving the value of this machine. That's when they started thinking about using it to create a blood test for Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_177037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-177037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2016/04/herzenberg-2-8b2c93f342bef3820866b27fb8d5fb69f300d149-s800-c85-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Michael's albums, with a photo of his birth parents, Lee and Len Herzenberg. \u003ccite>(Mary Harris/WNYC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Len had seen research from Finland claiming it was possible to see a fetus's cells in a mother's blood. It was hard to believe. But he figured that FACS, with its nearly magical sorting capabilities, could figure it out. So he took on a medical student named Diana Bianchi as a research associate and made sorting out these cells her project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they could isolate these cells, he could learn a lot about the developing fetus, including whether the fetus had chromosomal abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They had a very personal reason for doing this, because of their son Michael,\" Bianchi says now. \"They wanted to have a test that could be offered to any pregnant woman — that would be noninvasive and would allow them to know if a child had Down syndrome. The first step, however, was to show that you could pull out fetal cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists now estimate that for every 200 billion cells in a mother's bloodstream, about 10 of those are fetal cells. Bianchi was one of the first people to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> quoted Len saying the work was a \"first step\" toward a blood test for Down syndrome for all pregnant women. But it would take 30 years for a practical test to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, Len's FACS wasn't the right tool for prenatal diagnosis. There weren't very many fetal cells to be sorted, and if a pregnant woman already had children, scientists couldn't be sure if the cells in her blood came from the current fetus or one of her older kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2008, Len helped ensure the right tool was found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher named Stephen Quake had discovered a way to sequence chunks of fetal DNA floating in expectant mothers' blood. As a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Len made sure the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/03/0808319105\" target=\"_blank\">paper was published\u003c/a> in the academy's journal. Another researcher, Dennis Lo, confirmed Quake's findings. Three years later, the tests were on the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, at just 10 weeks into a pregnancy, a whole range of things can be revealed with this test. Not just Down syndrome, but a host of other chromosomal abnormalities as well as the sex of the child to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this test, doctors had to rely on amniocentesis, an invasive procedure that involves inserting a needle in the womb to sample amniotic fluid, or biopsying the placenta, to tell them with any reliability whether a fetus had a chromosomal abnormality. These tests aren't just uncomfortable; they come with a risk of miscarriage. By some estimates, in the past five years the number of these procedures performed in this country \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/01/26/368449371/dna-blood-test-gives-women-a-new-option-for-prenatal-screening\" target=\"_blank\">has plummeted\u003c/a> by more than 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some parents, this knowledge can be alarming. Advocates in Ohio are trying to pass a law preventing abortions if Down syndrome is the reason (North Dakota and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/25/471842196/indiana-governor-signs-new-abortion-restrictions-into-law\" target=\"_blank\">Indiana\u003c/a> have already passed similar laws).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee Herzenberg is honest about what she would have done if she'd known early on in her pregnancy that Michael had Down syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'd say if I had the choice of not pushing Michael into this life — if I at that time would know I was carrying a Down syndrome child — I would have aborted the child,\" she says. \"I see no reason Michael has to live the life he leads. The fact that we've made it very happy for him or that he's made it very happy for us — all of that is adapting to a situation, but I don't think it's fair or proper.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lee is alarmed that these tests are now being used to determine the sex of unborn babies. She worries about parents choosing to abort girls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diana Bianchi, that medical student from the Herzenberg lab, is now a professor at Tufts, where she founded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/Research-Clinical-Trials/Institutes-Centers-Labs/Mother-Infant-Research-Institute/Laboratories/Bianchi-Laboratory.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Mother Infant Research Institute\u003c/a>. She's still working in prenatal testing. In fact, perfecting these tests has become her life's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But her focus has shifted. Now that she can detect Down syndrome so early, she wants to treat it early, too — in the womb. Because finding this chromosomal abnormality at 10 weeks means there's a window of opportunity: The brain changes associated with Down syndrome don't occur until a month or so later. Theoretically, you could treat a fetus before some brain changes occur at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bianchi's work is still early. She's experimenting with mice, giving them existing drugs in utero to see if she can forestall brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an often-quoted statistic, that 90 percent of parents who find out that their fetus has Down syndrome will abort. But that statistic is from a study done in the United Kingdom. In the U.S., far fewer women terminate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to unpack this connection between prenatal testing and abortion,\" she says. \"We have good data to suggest that approximately 40 plus percent of women who know their fetus has Down syndrome continue their pregnancy. There are many women who speak very highly of the fact that this allows them to prepare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Down syndrome baby who kicked off the search for this blood test is now a 54-year-old man. He lives in a squat house in Redwood City, Calif., just a 30-minute drive from his birth mother's home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, Michael lived with a local woman named Barbara Jennings, who raised a number of children with developmental challenges. The Herzenbergs' pediatrician helped them find her when Michael was a newborn. The Herzenbergs would visit Michael every month or so, but they never felt they should bring him home. When Barbara died, Michael moved to this group home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to know how much Michael understands when I speak to him, though he has learned to read and use a cellphone. And he's stubborn. A lot like his mother, actually. \"Michael has the hardest head in the whole world,\" says Janet Thomas, the caretaker who runs this house. \"He does whatever he wants to do. He does not care whatever you say. He's going to do whatever it is he wants to do — that's Michael.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Lee if she ever regretted not raising Michael, and she said no. \"It was a decision that was selfish, if you like, because we had things we wanted to do. In retrospect, a lot of things would never have gotten done. There would be no FACS had we decided to do this. Because it would have been a very intensive kind of upbringing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Michael, he clearly loves his mother, no matter what she decided. In Michael's room, there are photos on almost every surface, with snapshots of his biological and adopted families. In the corner is a huge poster of his father, celebrating when \u003ca href=\"//www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/24076/title/Herzenberg-wins-Kyoto-Prize/\" target=\"_blank\">he won the Kyoto Prize\u003c/a> for his contributions to biotechnology. And deep in one album, there's a picture of Len and Lee together. The caption reads: \"Michael's Other Mom + Dad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Only+Human%3A+A+Birth+That+Launched+The+Search+For+A+Down+Syndrome+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Recently a friend of mine on Facebook posted a link whose headline quoted a scientist saying, “Most cancer research is largely a fraud.” The quote is both out of context and many decades old. But its appearance still makes a strong point: the general public has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/01/30/even-in-2015-the-public-doesnt-trust-scientists/\">growing distrust\u003c/a> of science and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientific findings can't be replicated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Recent reports in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/08/27/trouble-in-science-massive-effort-to-reproduce-100-experimental-results-succeeds-only-36-times/\">Washington Post\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific-research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong\">Economist,\u003c/a> among others, raise the concern that \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/we-found-only-one-third-of-published-psychology-research-is-reliable-now-what-46596\">relatively few\u003c/a> scientists' experimental findings \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/real-crisis-in-psychology-isnt-that-studies-dont-replicate-but-that-we-usually-dont-even-try-47249\">can be replicated\u003c/a>. This is worrying: replicating an experiment is a main foundation of the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists, we build on knowledge gained and published by others. We develop new experiments and questions based on the knowledge we gain from those published reports. If those papers are valid, our work is supported and knowledge advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if published research is not actually valid, if it can’t be replicated, it delivers only an incidental finding, not scientific knowledge. Any subsequent questions will either be wrong or flawed in important ways. Identifying which reports are invalid is critical to prevent wasting money and time pursuing an incorrect idea based on bad data. How can we know which findings to trust?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Would a Repeat Fail?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Repeating a result is not always a simple task. Say you flip a coin three times and get heads each time. You may conclude that coins always land on heads. As an independent test, your friend flips a coin five more times and gets four tails and one heads. The friend concludes your results were incorrect, not reproducible and that coins usually land on tails. Repeating the research can both correct inaccuracies and deepen our understanding of the real truth: the coin lands on heads and tails equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-152331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/The-Conversation-1-400x32.png\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"400\" height=\"32\">This is much harder in studies that are more complex than coin-flipping. In a recent \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7243\">commentary\u003c/a> in Science, lead author and Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert notes that the 2015 study that reported low reproducibility of psychology research \u003ca href=\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/03/study-that-undercut-psych-research-got-it-wrong/\">did not correctly replicate\u003c/a> the methods or approaches of the original studies. For example, a study of race and affirmative action performed at Stanford University was “replicated” at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands -- a different country with different racial diversity. When the study was later repeated at Stanford, the original published results were indeed replicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Publishing data that contradicts a fellow researcher’s results risks alienating peers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Gilbert’s analysis suggests that the reproducibility “problem” may be more complex. Perhaps some studies cannot be repeated due to problems with the initial study, while others aren’t replicable because the follow-up research did not follow the methods or use the same tools as the original study. Likely both contribute to the reproducibility problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focusing on the Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The scientific community is addressing this challenge in several ways. For example, scholarly journals are requiring much more detailed explanations of how we did our experiments. More detail allows scholars to better evaluate and understand what parts of the experiment could \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/journals-unite-for-reproducibility-1.16259\">influence the result\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when reviewing requests for government research grant money, the National Institutes of Health now \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/repetitive-flaws-1.19192\">requires\u003c/a> scientists to detail both the tools they will use and the tests they used to confirm the tools are exactly what they should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way scientists can get results that can’t be reproduced is if one or more of the tools used doesn’t work as the researchers assume or intend. Researchers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/announcement-time-to-tackle-cells-mistaken-identity-1.17316\">found\u003c/a> that tools such as cell lines can become contaminated, mislabeled or mixed up. Antibodies used to identify one protein may actually identify the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/reproducibility-crisis-blame-it-on-the-antibodies-1.17586\">wrong protein\u003c/a> or more than one protein. Even variations in the type of food given to lab mice have shown to significantly \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/chow-down-1.19378\">change experiment results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat this type of problem, researchers have begun sequencing DNA to ensure they are working with the cell lines they intend. Some lab supply companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v527/n7579/full/527545a.html\">testing their antibodies in-house\u003c/a> to confirm they work as expected. Other companies are using the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-sharing-economy-comes-to-scientific-research-55368\">online lab-services marketplace\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceexchange.com\">Science Exchange\u003c/a> to find expert labs like mine to independently test their antibodies. (I am on Science Exchange’s Lab Advisory Board, but have no financial interest in the company.) The results of those tests can “validate” an antibody as good or bad for a particular experiment, letting future scientists know which antibodies are the best tools for their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Time to Reproduce Important Studies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those steps address future and ongoing research. But how do we know which already published experiments are reproducible and which are not? Most journals focus on publishing new and groundbreaking findings, rather than publishing a replication of a previous study. Further, research that finds a study’s results can’t be replicated – getting what are called “negative results” – can also be difficult for scientists and journals to publish. Collaboration and support from colleagues are key to academic success; publishing data that contradicts a fellow researcher’s results risks alienating peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the biopharmaceutical company Amgen \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/biotech-giant-publishes-failures-to-confirm-high-profile-science-1.19269\">reported\u003c/a> that it had been unable to reproduce 47 of 53 “landmark” cancer papers. For confidentiality reasons, however, the company did not release which papers it could not replicate and thus did not provide details about how it repeated the experiments. As with the psychology studies, this leaves the possibility that Amgen got different results because the experiments were not performed the same way as the original study. It opens the door to doubt about which result – the first or the repeat test – was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://validation.scienceexchange.com/\">Several initiatives\u003c/a> are addressing this problem in multiple disciplines. Science Exchange; the \u003ca href=\"https://cos.io/\">Center for Open Science\u003c/a>, dedicated to “openness, integrity and reproducibility of scientific research\"; and \u003ca href=\"http://f1000research.com/\">F1000Research\u003c/a>, a team focused on \u003ca href=\"http://f1000research.com/channels/PRR\">immediate and transparent publishing\u003c/a> have all introduced initiatives along this line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Exchange and the Center for Open Science have launched a specific effort in this direction regarding cancer research. Their effort, the \u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/e81xl/\">Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology\u003c/a>, has received $1.3 million from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\">Arnold Foundation\u003c/a> to repeat selected experiments from a number of high-profile cancer biology papers. The project will publish comprehensive details of how scientists attempted to reproduce each study, reporting whether they confirm, contradict or change the findings of the study being repeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Science Exchange, the open-access journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">P\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">LoS\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> the data management site \u003ca href=\"https://figshare.com/\">figshare\u003c/a> and the reference management site \u003ca href=\"https://www.mendeley.com/\">Mendeley\u003c/a> joined forces in 2012 to identify and document high-quality reproducible research. This effort, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.scienceexchange.com/applications/reproducibility\">Reproducibility Initiative\u003c/a>, allows scientists to apply to have key parts of their projects repeated in independent expert labs identified by Science Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the repeat tests can be published in the special PLoS \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/browse/reproducibility\">reproducibility collection\u003c/a>. The data are made openly available through figshare, and the impact the work has on future studies and publications can be tracked in the Mendeley reproducibility \u003ca href=\"https://www.mendeley.com/groups/2473351/reproducibility-initiative/\">collection\u003c/a>. Many journals have agreed to add an \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2012/08/reproducing_scientific_studies_a_good_housekeeping_seal_of_approval_.html\">“Independently Validated” badge\u003c/a> to original articles that are successfully repeated, indicating their high quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Doing It Right Again and Again\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To prevent problems in the repetition of the experiments, the Reproducibility Initiative spends months reviewing the details of an experiment with the original author to ensure the project is repeated accurately. Once reviewed, Science Exchange splits the project into types of experiments and outsources each type to a lab with that expertise. By dividing and outsourcing the project, the testing labs do not know the original paper, results, or authors, eliminating chances for bias in testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing labs like mine create a detailed report of the experiments to be done. Every step, every reagent down to the catalog number and company is carefully documented and published in an \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114614\">independent report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>PLoS One\u003c/em>. That way, whether the result of the repetition is positive or negative, the full details of the experiment are available for review. Upon completion of the repeat testing, the results are published in \u003cem>PLoS One\u003c/em>, whether they validate or contradict the original findings. The results of the first full replication of a study are expected to be published later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists, we are working to dispel concerns about scientific research like those raised by my Facebook friend. With improved reporting and tools for future research, the science community can counter and reduce existing problems of reproducibility, which will help us build a strong and valid foundation for future scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/55369/count.gif\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/profiles/deborah-berry-231763\">Deborah Berry\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor and Co-Director of the Histopathology and Tissue Shared Resource, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/georgetown-university\">Georgetown University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/it-bears-repeating-how-scientists-are-addressing-the-reproducibility-problem-55369\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Recently a friend of mine on Facebook posted a link whose headline quoted a scientist saying, “Most cancer research is largely a fraud.” The quote is both out of context and many decades old. But its appearance still makes a strong point: the general public has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/01/30/even-in-2015-the-public-doesnt-trust-scientists/\">growing distrust\u003c/a> of science and research.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Many scientific findings can't be replicated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Recent reports in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/08/27/trouble-in-science-massive-effort-to-reproduce-100-experimental-results-succeeds-only-36-times/\">Washington Post\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific-research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong\">Economist,\u003c/a> among others, raise the concern that \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/we-found-only-one-third-of-published-psychology-research-is-reliable-now-what-46596\">relatively few\u003c/a> scientists' experimental findings \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/real-crisis-in-psychology-isnt-that-studies-dont-replicate-but-that-we-usually-dont-even-try-47249\">can be replicated\u003c/a>. This is worrying: replicating an experiment is a main foundation of the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists, we build on knowledge gained and published by others. We develop new experiments and questions based on the knowledge we gain from those published reports. If those papers are valid, our work is supported and knowledge advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, if published research is not actually valid, if it can’t be replicated, it delivers only an incidental finding, not scientific knowledge. Any subsequent questions will either be wrong or flawed in important ways. Identifying which reports are invalid is critical to prevent wasting money and time pursuing an incorrect idea based on bad data. How can we know which findings to trust?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Would a Repeat Fail?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Repeating a result is not always a simple task. Say you flip a coin three times and get heads each time. You may conclude that coins always land on heads. As an independent test, your friend flips a coin five more times and gets four tails and one heads. The friend concludes your results were incorrect, not reproducible and that coins usually land on tails. Repeating the research can both correct inaccuracies and deepen our understanding of the real truth: the coin lands on heads and tails equally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-152331\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/The-Conversation-1-400x32.png\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"400\" height=\"32\">This is much harder in studies that are more complex than coin-flipping. In a recent \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7243\">commentary\u003c/a> in Science, lead author and Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert notes that the 2015 study that reported low reproducibility of psychology research \u003ca href=\"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/03/study-that-undercut-psych-research-got-it-wrong/\">did not correctly replicate\u003c/a> the methods or approaches of the original studies. For example, a study of race and affirmative action performed at Stanford University was “replicated” at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands -- a different country with different racial diversity. When the study was later repeated at Stanford, the original published results were indeed replicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Publishing data that contradicts a fellow researcher’s results risks alienating peers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Gilbert’s analysis suggests that the reproducibility “problem” may be more complex. Perhaps some studies cannot be repeated due to problems with the initial study, while others aren’t replicable because the follow-up research did not follow the methods or use the same tools as the original study. Likely both contribute to the reproducibility problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focusing on the Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The scientific community is addressing this challenge in several ways. For example, scholarly journals are requiring much more detailed explanations of how we did our experiments. More detail allows scholars to better evaluate and understand what parts of the experiment could \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/journals-unite-for-reproducibility-1.16259\">influence the result\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when reviewing requests for government research grant money, the National Institutes of Health now \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/repetitive-flaws-1.19192\">requires\u003c/a> scientists to detail both the tools they will use and the tests they used to confirm the tools are exactly what they should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way scientists can get results that can’t be reproduced is if one or more of the tools used doesn’t work as the researchers assume or intend. Researchers have \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/announcement-time-to-tackle-cells-mistaken-identity-1.17316\">found\u003c/a> that tools such as cell lines can become contaminated, mislabeled or mixed up. Antibodies used to identify one protein may actually identify the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/reproducibility-crisis-blame-it-on-the-antibodies-1.17586\">wrong protein\u003c/a> or more than one protein. Even variations in the type of food given to lab mice have shown to significantly \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/chow-down-1.19378\">change experiment results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To combat this type of problem, researchers have begun sequencing DNA to ensure they are working with the cell lines they intend. Some lab supply companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v527/n7579/full/527545a.html\">testing their antibodies in-house\u003c/a> to confirm they work as expected. Other companies are using the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/the-sharing-economy-comes-to-scientific-research-55368\">online lab-services marketplace\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceexchange.com\">Science Exchange\u003c/a> to find expert labs like mine to independently test their antibodies. (I am on Science Exchange’s Lab Advisory Board, but have no financial interest in the company.) The results of those tests can “validate” an antibody as good or bad for a particular experiment, letting future scientists know which antibodies are the best tools for their research.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Time to Reproduce Important Studies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Those steps address future and ongoing research. But how do we know which already published experiments are reproducible and which are not? Most journals focus on publishing new and groundbreaking findings, rather than publishing a replication of a previous study. Further, research that finds a study’s results can’t be replicated – getting what are called “negative results” – can also be difficult for scientists and journals to publish. Collaboration and support from colleagues are key to academic success; publishing data that contradicts a fellow researcher’s results risks alienating peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the biopharmaceutical company Amgen \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/biotech-giant-publishes-failures-to-confirm-high-profile-science-1.19269\">reported\u003c/a> that it had been unable to reproduce 47 of 53 “landmark” cancer papers. For confidentiality reasons, however, the company did not release which papers it could not replicate and thus did not provide details about how it repeated the experiments. As with the psychology studies, this leaves the possibility that Amgen got different results because the experiments were not performed the same way as the original study. It opens the door to doubt about which result – the first or the repeat test – was correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://validation.scienceexchange.com/\">Several initiatives\u003c/a> are addressing this problem in multiple disciplines. Science Exchange; the \u003ca href=\"https://cos.io/\">Center for Open Science\u003c/a>, dedicated to “openness, integrity and reproducibility of scientific research\"; and \u003ca href=\"http://f1000research.com/\">F1000Research\u003c/a>, a team focused on \u003ca href=\"http://f1000research.com/channels/PRR\">immediate and transparent publishing\u003c/a> have all introduced initiatives along this line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Exchange and the Center for Open Science have launched a specific effort in this direction regarding cancer research. Their effort, the \u003ca href=\"https://osf.io/e81xl/\">Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology\u003c/a>, has received $1.3 million from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\">Arnold Foundation\u003c/a> to repeat selected experiments from a number of high-profile cancer biology papers. The project will publish comprehensive details of how scientists attempted to reproduce each study, reporting whether they confirm, contradict or change the findings of the study being repeated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Science Exchange, the open-access journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">P\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.plos.org/\">LoS\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> the data management site \u003ca href=\"https://figshare.com/\">figshare\u003c/a> and the reference management site \u003ca href=\"https://www.mendeley.com/\">Mendeley\u003c/a> joined forces in 2012 to identify and document high-quality reproducible research. This effort, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.scienceexchange.com/applications/reproducibility\">Reproducibility Initiative\u003c/a>, allows scientists to apply to have key parts of their projects repeated in independent expert labs identified by Science Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of the repeat tests can be published in the special PLoS \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/browse/reproducibility\">reproducibility collection\u003c/a>. The data are made openly available through figshare, and the impact the work has on future studies and publications can be tracked in the Mendeley reproducibility \u003ca href=\"https://www.mendeley.com/groups/2473351/reproducibility-initiative/\">collection\u003c/a>. Many journals have agreed to add an \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2012/08/reproducing_scientific_studies_a_good_housekeeping_seal_of_approval_.html\">“Independently Validated” badge\u003c/a> to original articles that are successfully repeated, indicating their high quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Doing It Right Again and Again\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To prevent problems in the repetition of the experiments, the Reproducibility Initiative spends months reviewing the details of an experiment with the original author to ensure the project is repeated accurately. Once reviewed, Science Exchange splits the project into types of experiments and outsources each type to a lab with that expertise. By dividing and outsourcing the project, the testing labs do not know the original paper, results, or authors, eliminating chances for bias in testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing labs like mine create a detailed report of the experiments to be done. Every step, every reagent down to the catalog number and company is carefully documented and published in an \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114614\">independent report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>PLoS One\u003c/em>. That way, whether the result of the repetition is positive or negative, the full details of the experiment are available for review. Upon completion of the repeat testing, the results are published in \u003cem>PLoS One\u003c/em>, whether they validate or contradict the original findings. The results of the first full replication of a study are expected to be published later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists, we are working to dispel concerns about scientific research like those raised by my Facebook friend. With improved reporting and tools for future research, the science community can counter and reduce existing problems of reproducibility, which will help us build a strong and valid foundation for future scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/55369/count.gif\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/profiles/deborah-berry-231763\">Deborah Berry\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor and Co-Director of the Histopathology and Tissue Shared Resource, \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/georgetown-university\">Georgetown University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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