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"disqusTitle": "Why Scientists Are Showing Orson Welles' 'Touch of Evil' to Mice",
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"content": "\u003cp>Letting mice watch Orson Welles movies may help scientists explain human consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Touch of Evil' is good for mouse experiments because 'It’s black and white and it has nice contrasts and it has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8AXd1ayxrg\" target=\"_blank\">long shot\u003c/a> without having many interruptions.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At least that's one premise of the \u003ca href=\"http://observatory.brain-map.org/visualcoding\">Allen Brain Observatory\u003c/a>, which launched Wednesday and lets anyone with an Internet connection study a mouse brain as it responds to visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of it as a telescope, but a telescope that is looking at the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/christof-koch/\">Christof Koch\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, which created the observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that thousands of scientists and would-be scientists will look through that telescope and help solve one of the great mysteries of human consciousness, Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ECrAJlYK7O8qkb37nUFYG7TOx9yKVtJ3\"]\"You look out at the world and there's a picture in your head,\" he says. \"You see faces, you see your wife, you see something on TV.\" But how does the brain create those images from the chaotic stream of visual information it receives? \"That's the mystery,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no easy way to study a person's brain as it makes sense of visual information. So the observatory has been gathering huge amounts of data on mice, which have a visual system that is very similar to the one found in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data come from mice that run on a wheel as still images and movies appear on a screen in front of them. For the mice, it's a lot like watching TV on a treadmill at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these mice have been genetically altered in a way that allows a computer to monitor the activity of about 18,000 neurons as they respond to different images. \"We can look at those neurons and from that decode literally what goes through the mind of the mouse,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956.jpg\" alt=\"A snapshot the mouse visual cortex at the cellular level, captured by two-photon microscopy.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snapshot the mouse visual cortex at the cellular level, captured by two-photon microscopy. \u003ccite>(Allen Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those neurons were pretty active when the mice watched the first few minutes of Orson Welles' film noir classic \u003cem>Touch of Evil\u003c/em>. The film is good for mouse experiments because \"It's black and white and it has nice contrasts and it has a long shot without having many interruptions,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, the camera follows a couple through the streets of a Mexican border town. As a mouse \u003ca href=\"http://observatory.brain-map.org/visualcoding/stimulus/natural_movies\">watches the action\u003c/a>, its brain activity changes in response to the images. For example, brain cells that respond to vertical lines start firing as the couple moves past a building with vertical columns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That response is just one tiny part of the brain system that allows a mouse to create an internal map of its world. Other experiments show which brain cells fire when a mouse recognizes another animal, like a butterfly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making all of this data publicly available, scientists around the world can test their own ideas about the nature of perception and experience and even consciousness, Koch says. \"And we expect like in astronomy or other fields of science that they themselves will uncover things in our data that we never suspected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future versions of the observatory will explore nonvisual areas of the mouse brain, Koch says, including those involved in making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Mouse+Watches+Film+Noir+And+Offers+Clues+To+Human+Consciousness&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers have created a public observatory for studying the visual circuitry in a mouse's brain. Among the attractions: watching 18,000 neurons respond to \u003cem> Touch of Evil\u003c/em>.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Letting mice watch Orson Welles movies may help scientists explain human consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Touch of Evil' is good for mouse experiments because 'It’s black and white and it has nice contrasts and it has a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8AXd1ayxrg\" target=\"_blank\">long shot\u003c/a> without having many interruptions.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At least that's one premise of the \u003ca href=\"http://observatory.brain-map.org/visualcoding\">Allen Brain Observatory\u003c/a>, which launched Wednesday and lets anyone with an Internet connection study a mouse brain as it responds to visual information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Think of it as a telescope, but a telescope that is looking at the brain,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/christof-koch/\">Christof Koch\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, which created the observatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that thousands of scientists and would-be scientists will look through that telescope and help solve one of the great mysteries of human consciousness, Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"You look out at the world and there's a picture in your head,\" he says. \"You see faces, you see your wife, you see something on TV.\" But how does the brain create those images from the chaotic stream of visual information it receives? \"That's the mystery,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no easy way to study a person's brain as it makes sense of visual information. So the observatory has been gathering huge amounts of data on mice, which have a visual system that is very similar to the one found in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data come from mice that run on a wheel as still images and movies appear on a screen in front of them. For the mice, it's a lot like watching TV on a treadmill at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these mice have been genetically altered in a way that allows a computer to monitor the activity of about 18,000 neurons as they respond to different images. \"We can look at those neurons and from that decode literally what goes through the mind of the mouse,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_202946\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-202946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956.jpg\" alt=\"A snapshot the mouse visual cortex at the cellular level, captured by two-photon microscopy.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-50x50.jpg 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/cortical-activity-1_enl-256ba3dd444e045101c9a720bffb9b04d8c9d956-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A snapshot the mouse visual cortex at the cellular level, captured by two-photon microscopy. \u003ccite>(Allen Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those neurons were pretty active when the mice watched the first few minutes of Orson Welles' film noir classic \u003cem>Touch of Evil\u003c/em>. The film is good for mouse experiments because \"It's black and white and it has nice contrasts and it has a long shot without having many interruptions,\" Koch says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, the camera follows a couple through the streets of a Mexican border town. As a mouse \u003ca href=\"http://observatory.brain-map.org/visualcoding/stimulus/natural_movies\">watches the action\u003c/a>, its brain activity changes in response to the images. For example, brain cells that respond to vertical lines start firing as the couple moves past a building with vertical columns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That response is just one tiny part of the brain system that allows a mouse to create an internal map of its world. Other experiments show which brain cells fire when a mouse recognizes another animal, like a butterfly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making all of this data publicly available, scientists around the world can test their own ideas about the nature of perception and experience and even consciousness, Koch says. \"And we expect like in astronomy or other fields of science that they themselves will uncover things in our data that we never suspected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future versions of the observatory will explore nonvisual areas of the mouse brain, Koch says, including those involved in making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Mouse+Watches+Film+Noir+And+Offers+Clues+To+Human+Consciousness&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Some With Autism, a Miracle Treatment That Fades Fast",
"title": "For Some With Autism, a Miracle Treatment That Fades Fast",
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"content": "\u003cp>The story is a familiar one: the saga of a loving parent's quest to save a child. This time it's about the mother of a boy with autism. The mother scours the medical literature in search of any kind of treatment, however far-fetched and experimental. She finds one that seems promising, something involving magnetic fields, and moves mountains to get it for her son as part of a research protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One teen goes from being a boy with no friends to a boy asked to the homecoming dance by four different girls. But the benefits began to fade after just a few months.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, seeing that it helps, she devotes herself to getting more of it. Ultimately the mother starts a foundation to promote research into the new treatment, hoping to prove its value and one day make it part of standard care, not just for her son but for other children with autism, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular version of the story, though, is tinged with irony. The treatment in this case is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml#part_152879\">transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a>, and the mother is a Minneapolis woman named Kim Hollingsworth Taylor. In 2012, Taylor's son, age 14 at the time and on the high-functioning end of the autism spectrum, was part of a trial of TMS that seemed to relieve a few of his autism symptoms for several days, making him able to read social cues more accurately and to complete cognitive tasks in far less time than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleased with the results, Taylor found a way the following year for her son to get more treatments in Boston, twice a week over the course of 10 weeks, even though TMS had not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for autism symptoms (and still has not).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this time, Taylor says, her son's autism symptoms disappeared, and he went from being a boy with no friends to being a boy who was asked to the homecoming dance by four different girls. The change thrilled her so much that she started a small nonprofit to advance research into the use of TMS for autism. Taylor, who has a background as a financial analyst in the medical technology industry, called the foundation \u003ca href=\"https://clearlypresent.org/\">Clearly Present\u003c/a>, the phrase her son used to describe how he felt after treatment. \"It's like there's more of me here now,\" he told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"RlJDDGPFUABA2mxpccf34tsLq1ak6UvR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the benefits began to fade after just a few months. Three years after his last treatment, Taylor's now 18-year-old son is back to where he was before he started on TMS. And he says he doesn't want to try it again if it means again disrupting the family life and moving to Boston with his father for another three-month stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is Taylor, committed to organizing scientific conferences and soliciting research funding through the Clearly Present Foundation, with the personal impetus for her labors having disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like most people I would crawl on broken glass to make things a little better for my kid,\" Taylor said in a recent phone interview. So she finds it \"profoundly sad\" that there's no place closer to home that could offer TMS to her son — and frustrating to be in the midst of a demanding volunteer project that, for now at least, doesn't seem likely to help her own child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/magnetic-promise-can-brain-stimulation-treat-autism-2/\">article on TMS\u003c/a> for Spectrum, a Web magazine about autism science, the writer Lydia Denworth called the story of the Clearly Present Foundation \"a cautionary tale for anyone who reads too much into TMS' benefits.\" Another cautionary tale is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/08/484812170/what-an-hour-of-emotion-makes-visible\">featured\u003c/a> in the latest episode of NPR's podcast and program \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510307/invisibilia\">Invisibilia\u003c/a>, about a middle-aged physician on the autism spectrum who also tried TMS. The treatment, which the woman (also named Kim, but not related to Taylor) underwent twice, enabled her to perceive subtle emotions in others for the first time in her life. Then, after less than an hour, that insight disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did she feel about getting this brief insight into how most people experience feelings? \"It could be that you would get a glimpse of this and you couldn't have it, and it would be completely heartbreaking and you couldn't get over it,\" she told Invisibilia host Alix Spiegel. But after reflection, the physician told Spiegel, her feelings were mixed — depression, yes, but also gratitude that she'd had a chance to gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autism is a developmental disorder that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html\">can be disabling\u003c/a>, and there's no cure. That makes families uniquely vulnerable to the potential of untested treatment. The fear is that TMS could turn out to be the latest in a \u003ca href=\"http://oepf.org/sites/default/files/Desperate%20for%20an%20autism%20cure.pdf\">long string\u003c/a> of untested or off-label treatments for autism, from chelation therapy to hyperbaric oxygen chambers to gluten-free diets, that desperate parents have been spending money on for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of these treatments has proven beneficial in clinical trials, and some have actually caused harm. FDA officials worry that even if a treatment is relatively safe, it could still divert precious resources away from proven treatments, such as behavioral interventions and certain drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies promoting untested approaches face \"possible legal action if they continue to make false or misleading claims about products and therapies claiming to treat or cure autism,\" the FDA wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm394757.htm\">consumer bulletin\u003c/a> in 2014. \"Some of these so-called therapies carry significant health risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's easy to understand the enthusiasm for a treatment like TMS, which is noninvasive, nonpharmacological and already has FDA clearance for one condition — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492646/\">severe depression\u003c/a> that doesn't respond to other treatments. It has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4122183/\">few known side effects\u003c/a>, though it has been shown, in very rare cases, to cause seizures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment involves placing a relatively small and very powerful electromagnet on the scalp, and sending pulses of magnetic waves directly into the brain to activate or deactivate particular neurons. It has been used experimentally in autism, mostly in hopes of developing a better diagnostic tool. But as news percolates of this research application, more and more people want to try it for themselves or their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Research on TMS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for autism, the science of TMS treatment is, according to researcher \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/loberman\">Lindsay Oberman\u003c/a>, \"still in its infancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know it's easy to get overly optimistic given the media coverage and web posts about the remarkable responses some people with autism have reported after participating in a TMS study,\" Oberman, a research psychologist at Brown University and Bradley Hospital in Rhode Island, wrote last March in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.autismspeaks.org/blog/2016/03/25/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-autism-evidence-benefit\">blog post\u003c/a> for the advocacy group Autism Speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those studies have been very few — just \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127165\">13 in the medical literature to date\u003c/a> — and they tend to focus on only a select group of subjects: adults, generally male, who are high-functioning and do not have epilepsy. It's risky, then, to generalize to how TMS would affect women or children with autism, or people with more severe symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I caution against drawing conclusions from the preliminary results of the TMS studies that I and others have conducted,\" wrote Oberman in her blog post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 13 trials of TMS for autism, which involve fewer than 200 people altogether, only one is a double-blind, randomized trial — the type of trial designed to rule out the so-called placebo effect (improvements that occur because subjects expect them to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24280031\">double-blind study\u003c/a>, conducted in Australia on 28 high-functioning adults diagnosed with autism or Asperger's syndrome, the 15 people in the treatment group showed some improvement, compared with the 13 controls, in terms of better social skills and reduced anxiety, both immediately after the treatment and at the one-month follow-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real excitement over TMS for autism, however, does not come from the medical literature. It comes from popular testimonials of people on the autism spectrum who credit TMS for heightening their emotional sensitivity and leading to fewer obsessions, fewer repetitive actions and improved social skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Elder Robison, an author and autism activist, describes his own experience in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/21/475112703/electric-currents-and-an-emotional-awakening-for-one-man-with-autism\">latest book\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Switched On: A Memoir of Brain Change and Emotional Awakening\u003c/em>. The alterations of TMS were life-affirming, he writes, but they were tinged with sadness, too, because his insights into others' emotions showed him how troubled most people's inner lives really are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before the TMS, I had fantasized that the emotional cues I was missing in my autism would bring me closer to people,\" \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/an-experimental-autism-treatment-cost-me-my-marriage/?_r=5\">Robison wrote\u003c/a> earlier this year in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>. \"The reality was very different. The signals I now picked up about what my fellow humans were feeling overwhelmed me. They seemed scared, alarmed, worried and even greedy. The beauty I envisioned was nowhere to be found.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Robison says his heightened emotions have generally persisted in the eight years since his first treatment, even his doctors say his response is unusually robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's easy to see why parents would grab at cures that promise to bring back their sons and daughters, to give their children a voice, stop them from self-harm, or offer them a chance at friendship and independence. But quite apart from the question of whether the traits of autism are symptoms to be treated or differences to be embraced — a debate at the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://stevesilberman.com/book/neurotribes/\">neurodiversity movement\u003c/a> — Oberman says it's too soon to institute TMS as a treatment, especially for children, whose brains are still developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's difficult to predict the long-term consequences for children of routinely disrupting their brain activity. And it's hard to know, for children and adults alike, the details of how best to offer TMS for autism: how often it should be used, for how long a period, in which regions of the brain, and for what purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are still many things that we do not understand about how the developing brain responds to TMS or any form of neural intervention,\" Oberman told me by email this week. \"And if the goal with TMS is to 'rewire' or affect the connectivity of the brain in order to improve symptoms, we first have to understand what degree of connectivity and wiring is healthy at any given age, and what type of stimulation will improve the functioning of these areas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, scientific evidence about the efficacy of TMS in autism is not in yet, and it's accumulating the way most scientific evidence does: with painful slowness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the still-unanswered questions about TMS is how it works and which autistic behaviors it best targets. Put 10 clinicians in a room, Oberman says, and you're likely to get 10 different answers. Her own research interest is in social communication, she says, but other symptoms — poor executive functioning, depression, irritability, poor language skills — are just as likely to be affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've been using TMS for adults with autism who have other co-morbid conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression,\" says Eric Hollander, director of the Autism and OCD Spectrum Program at Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx. \"And we've had good luck in terms of reducing the severity of some compulsive behaviors, as well as anxiety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollander has found TMS useful for relieving such autism symptoms as agitation, self-injury, and behavioral rigidity. But he says many questions about TMS for autism are still unanswered, including which brain regions to target, the optimal frequency and duration of treatment, and the best schedule for booster therapy for long-term maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to all these questions about \u003cem>how\u003c/em> TMS should be used, scientists don't really know much about who the best candidates for TMS are. Is it best aimed at those on the high-functioning end of the spectrum? Only for adults? Only for those without epilepsy or other co-existing problems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what are the ethical implications of recommending TMS for a use not approved by the FDA? Even though it is legal (doctors can prescribe any FDA-approved drug or device for any purpose, not only the purpose for which it was originally approved), that does not make it the right thing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to answer these questions is through a multicenter therapeutic trial of TMS for autism, something that Taylor and the Clearly Present Foundation have been trying to help organize. But clinical trials are expensive and would require a major grant, which members of the coalition of researchers Taylor has assembled, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.1567/abstract\">TMS Therapy for Autism Consensus Group\u003c/a>, have spent the past two years trying to obtain. They're talking now about first coordinating a number of pilot studies at individual institutions, on the way to gearing up to a large-scale, multicenter clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already a few studies of TMS and autism underway: One in Canada is looking for improvement in executive function in 50 adolescents and young adults; another in France is looking for changes in social cognition in 60 adults; and one in Israel (the one most relevant to children) is looking for changes in social interaction in 20 children and adolescents who have autism or an intellectual disability or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Oberman says the only safe way to receive TMS for autism, for adults and children alike, is by being part of a research trial — which means going to \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=autism+tms&Search=Search\">clinicaltrials.gov\u003c/a> to volunteer to be a study subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not recommend receiving TMS 'treatments' from a clinician outside of a research study,\" she says, \"as there is no standard protocol, nor strong evidence that any given protocol is likely to lead to long-term improvements in symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Anyone who tells you otherwise is simply misleading you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science writer \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.robinhenig.com/\">Robin Marantz Henig\u003c/a> \u003cem>is a contributing writer for \u003c/em>The New York Times Magazine\u003cem> and the author of nine books.\u003c/em> \u003cem>She also serves on the board of advisers for\u003c/em> \u003cem>Spectrum magazine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hope+Still+Races+Ahead+Of+Evidence+In+Magnet+Treatment+For+Autism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The story is a familiar one: the saga of a loving parent's quest to save a child. This time it's about the mother of a boy with autism. The mother scours the medical literature in search of any kind of treatment, however far-fetched and experimental. She finds one that seems promising, something involving magnetic fields, and moves mountains to get it for her son as part of a research protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">One teen goes from being a boy with no friends to a boy asked to the homecoming dance by four different girls. But the benefits began to fade after just a few months.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then, seeing that it helps, she devotes herself to getting more of it. Ultimately the mother starts a foundation to promote research into the new treatment, hoping to prove its value and one day make it part of standard care, not just for her son but for other children with autism, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular version of the story, though, is tinged with irony. The treatment in this case is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml#part_152879\">transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a>, and the mother is a Minneapolis woman named Kim Hollingsworth Taylor. In 2012, Taylor's son, age 14 at the time and on the high-functioning end of the autism spectrum, was part of a trial of TMS that seemed to relieve a few of his autism symptoms for several days, making him able to read social cues more accurately and to complete cognitive tasks in far less time than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pleased with the results, Taylor found a way the following year for her son to get more treatments in Boston, twice a week over the course of 10 weeks, even though TMS had not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for autism symptoms (and still has not).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this time, Taylor says, her son's autism symptoms disappeared, and he went from being a boy with no friends to being a boy who was asked to the homecoming dance by four different girls. The change thrilled her so much that she started a small nonprofit to advance research into the use of TMS for autism. Taylor, who has a background as a financial analyst in the medical technology industry, called the foundation \u003ca href=\"https://clearlypresent.org/\">Clearly Present\u003c/a>, the phrase her son used to describe how he felt after treatment. \"It's like there's more of me here now,\" he told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the benefits began to fade after just a few months. Three years after his last treatment, Taylor's now 18-year-old son is back to where he was before he started on TMS. And he says he doesn't want to try it again if it means again disrupting the family life and moving to Boston with his father for another three-month stretch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here is Taylor, committed to organizing scientific conferences and soliciting research funding through the Clearly Present Foundation, with the personal impetus for her labors having disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like most people I would crawl on broken glass to make things a little better for my kid,\" Taylor said in a recent phone interview. So she finds it \"profoundly sad\" that there's no place closer to home that could offer TMS to her son — and frustrating to be in the midst of a demanding volunteer project that, for now at least, doesn't seem likely to help her own child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/magnetic-promise-can-brain-stimulation-treat-autism-2/\">article on TMS\u003c/a> for Spectrum, a Web magazine about autism science, the writer Lydia Denworth called the story of the Clearly Present Foundation \"a cautionary tale for anyone who reads too much into TMS' benefits.\" Another cautionary tale is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/08/484812170/what-an-hour-of-emotion-makes-visible\">featured\u003c/a> in the latest episode of NPR's podcast and program \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510307/invisibilia\">Invisibilia\u003c/a>, about a middle-aged physician on the autism spectrum who also tried TMS. The treatment, which the woman (also named Kim, but not related to Taylor) underwent twice, enabled her to perceive subtle emotions in others for the first time in her life. Then, after less than an hour, that insight disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did she feel about getting this brief insight into how most people experience feelings? \"It could be that you would get a glimpse of this and you couldn't have it, and it would be completely heartbreaking and you couldn't get over it,\" she told Invisibilia host Alix Spiegel. But after reflection, the physician told Spiegel, her feelings were mixed — depression, yes, but also gratitude that she'd had a chance to gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autism is a developmental disorder that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html\">can be disabling\u003c/a>, and there's no cure. That makes families uniquely vulnerable to the potential of untested treatment. The fear is that TMS could turn out to be the latest in a \u003ca href=\"http://oepf.org/sites/default/files/Desperate%20for%20an%20autism%20cure.pdf\">long string\u003c/a> of untested or off-label treatments for autism, from chelation therapy to hyperbaric oxygen chambers to gluten-free diets, that desperate parents have been spending money on for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of these treatments has proven beneficial in clinical trials, and some have actually caused harm. FDA officials worry that even if a treatment is relatively safe, it could still divert precious resources away from proven treatments, such as behavioral interventions and certain drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies promoting untested approaches face \"possible legal action if they continue to make false or misleading claims about products and therapies claiming to treat or cure autism,\" the FDA wrote in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm394757.htm\">consumer bulletin\u003c/a> in 2014. \"Some of these so-called therapies carry significant health risks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's easy to understand the enthusiasm for a treatment like TMS, which is noninvasive, nonpharmacological and already has FDA clearance for one condition — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492646/\">severe depression\u003c/a> that doesn't respond to other treatments. It has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4122183/\">few known side effects\u003c/a>, though it has been shown, in very rare cases, to cause seizures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment involves placing a relatively small and very powerful electromagnet on the scalp, and sending pulses of magnetic waves directly into the brain to activate or deactivate particular neurons. It has been used experimentally in autism, mostly in hopes of developing a better diagnostic tool. But as news percolates of this research application, more and more people want to try it for themselves or their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Research on TMS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for autism, the science of TMS treatment is, according to researcher \u003ca href=\"https://vivo.brown.edu/display/loberman\">Lindsay Oberman\u003c/a>, \"still in its infancy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know it's easy to get overly optimistic given the media coverage and web posts about the remarkable responses some people with autism have reported after participating in a TMS study,\" Oberman, a research psychologist at Brown University and Bradley Hospital in Rhode Island, wrote last March in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.autismspeaks.org/blog/2016/03/25/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-autism-evidence-benefit\">blog post\u003c/a> for the advocacy group Autism Speaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those studies have been very few — just \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127165\">13 in the medical literature to date\u003c/a> — and they tend to focus on only a select group of subjects: adults, generally male, who are high-functioning and do not have epilepsy. It's risky, then, to generalize to how TMS would affect women or children with autism, or people with more severe symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I caution against drawing conclusions from the preliminary results of the TMS studies that I and others have conducted,\" wrote Oberman in her blog post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 13 trials of TMS for autism, which involve fewer than 200 people altogether, only one is a double-blind, randomized trial — the type of trial designed to rule out the so-called placebo effect (improvements that occur because subjects expect them to).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24280031\">double-blind study\u003c/a>, conducted in Australia on 28 high-functioning adults diagnosed with autism or Asperger's syndrome, the 15 people in the treatment group showed some improvement, compared with the 13 controls, in terms of better social skills and reduced anxiety, both immediately after the treatment and at the one-month follow-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real excitement over TMS for autism, however, does not come from the medical literature. It comes from popular testimonials of people on the autism spectrum who credit TMS for heightening their emotional sensitivity and leading to fewer obsessions, fewer repetitive actions and improved social skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Elder Robison, an author and autism activist, describes his own experience in his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/21/475112703/electric-currents-and-an-emotional-awakening-for-one-man-with-autism\">latest book\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Switched On: A Memoir of Brain Change and Emotional Awakening\u003c/em>. The alterations of TMS were life-affirming, he writes, but they were tinged with sadness, too, because his insights into others' emotions showed him how troubled most people's inner lives really are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Before the TMS, I had fantasized that the emotional cues I was missing in my autism would bring me closer to people,\" \u003ca href=\"http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/an-experimental-autism-treatment-cost-me-my-marriage/?_r=5\">Robison wrote\u003c/a> earlier this year in \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>. \"The reality was very different. The signals I now picked up about what my fellow humans were feeling overwhelmed me. They seemed scared, alarmed, worried and even greedy. The beauty I envisioned was nowhere to be found.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Robison says his heightened emotions have generally persisted in the eight years since his first treatment, even his doctors say his response is unusually robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's easy to see why parents would grab at cures that promise to bring back their sons and daughters, to give their children a voice, stop them from self-harm, or offer them a chance at friendship and independence. But quite apart from the question of whether the traits of autism are symptoms to be treated or differences to be embraced — a debate at the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://stevesilberman.com/book/neurotribes/\">neurodiversity movement\u003c/a> — Oberman says it's too soon to institute TMS as a treatment, especially for children, whose brains are still developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's difficult to predict the long-term consequences for children of routinely disrupting their brain activity. And it's hard to know, for children and adults alike, the details of how best to offer TMS for autism: how often it should be used, for how long a period, in which regions of the brain, and for what purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are still many things that we do not understand about how the developing brain responds to TMS or any form of neural intervention,\" Oberman told me by email this week. \"And if the goal with TMS is to 'rewire' or affect the connectivity of the brain in order to improve symptoms, we first have to understand what degree of connectivity and wiring is healthy at any given age, and what type of stimulation will improve the functioning of these areas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, scientific evidence about the efficacy of TMS in autism is not in yet, and it's accumulating the way most scientific evidence does: with painful slowness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the still-unanswered questions about TMS is how it works and which autistic behaviors it best targets. Put 10 clinicians in a room, Oberman says, and you're likely to get 10 different answers. Her own research interest is in social communication, she says, but other symptoms — poor executive functioning, depression, irritability, poor language skills — are just as likely to be affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've been using TMS for adults with autism who have other co-morbid conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression,\" says Eric Hollander, director of the Autism and OCD Spectrum Program at Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx. \"And we've had good luck in terms of reducing the severity of some compulsive behaviors, as well as anxiety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hollander has found TMS useful for relieving such autism symptoms as agitation, self-injury, and behavioral rigidity. But he says many questions about TMS for autism are still unanswered, including which brain regions to target, the optimal frequency and duration of treatment, and the best schedule for booster therapy for long-term maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to all these questions about \u003cem>how\u003c/em> TMS should be used, scientists don't really know much about who the best candidates for TMS are. Is it best aimed at those on the high-functioning end of the spectrum? Only for adults? Only for those without epilepsy or other co-existing problems?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what are the ethical implications of recommending TMS for a use not approved by the FDA? Even though it is legal (doctors can prescribe any FDA-approved drug or device for any purpose, not only the purpose for which it was originally approved), that does not make it the right thing to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to answer these questions is through a multicenter therapeutic trial of TMS for autism, something that Taylor and the Clearly Present Foundation have been trying to help organize. But clinical trials are expensive and would require a major grant, which members of the coalition of researchers Taylor has assembled, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.1567/abstract\">TMS Therapy for Autism Consensus Group\u003c/a>, have spent the past two years trying to obtain. They're talking now about first coordinating a number of pilot studies at individual institutions, on the way to gearing up to a large-scale, multicenter clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already a few studies of TMS and autism underway: One in Canada is looking for improvement in executive function in 50 adolescents and young adults; another in France is looking for changes in social cognition in 60 adults; and one in Israel (the one most relevant to children) is looking for changes in social interaction in 20 children and adolescents who have autism or an intellectual disability or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Oberman says the only safe way to receive TMS for autism, for adults and children alike, is by being part of a research trial — which means going to \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=autism+tms&Search=Search\">clinicaltrials.gov\u003c/a> to volunteer to be a study subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not recommend receiving TMS 'treatments' from a clinician outside of a research study,\" she says, \"as there is no standard protocol, nor strong evidence that any given protocol is likely to lead to long-term improvements in symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Anyone who tells you otherwise is simply misleading you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science writer \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.robinhenig.com/\">Robin Marantz Henig\u003c/a> \u003cem>is a contributing writer for \u003c/em>The New York Times Magazine\u003cem> and the author of nine books.\u003c/em> \u003cem>She also serves on the board of advisers for\u003c/em> \u003cem>Spectrum magazine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hope+Still+Races+Ahead+Of+Evidence+In+Magnet+Treatment+For+Autism&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: Opiate Addiction More Likely After Certain Surgeries",
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"content": "\u003cp>The chance that you’ll get hooked on painkillers after surgery is low — only about five in a thousand people do, according to a new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2532789\">study\u003c/a>. But researchers found that the type of surgery can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surgeries that were at high risk were knee replacements, breast surgeries, hip replacements and open gallbladder surgeries.” says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/eric-sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Eric Sun\u003c/a>, anesthesiologist and lead author on the study, published Monday in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. He says these procedures, which can involve particularly painful post-operative recovery, were about twice as likely to lead to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also noted that males, the elderly and people taking Valium or antidepressants before surgery were also more likely to progress to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defining ‘Chronic Use’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reviewed nearly 642,000 health insurance claims filed between 2001 and 2013 for 11 common types of surgery. The authors tracked whether procedures led to chronic opioid use, defined as 10 or more prescriptions or receiving more than a 120-day supply of an opioid like fentanyl or oxycodone in the first year after a surgical procedure, excluding the first three months after surgery.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in previous studies, Stanford researchers examined patients who did not have an opioid prescription for at least one year prior to surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Treatments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sun says patients shouldn’t be deterred from having surgery because they fear an addiction to fentanyl or oxycodone. But he does recommend surgeons consider alternative options like Tylenol, Advil or regional anesthesia like nerve blocks. There are also psychological approaches to relieve pain and calm the nervous system, like \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Understanding_COPD/hic_Pulmonary_Rehabilitation_Is_it_for_You/hic_Diaphragmatic_Breathing\">diaphragmatic breathing\u003c/a> or meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that by optimizing patients’ psychology — and giving them skills to calm their own nervous system,” notes study co-author and pain psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/beth-darnall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Darnell\u003c/a> “they will have less pain after surgery, need fewer opioids and recover quicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opioids on the Rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day 78 Americans die from an opioid overdose, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> Since the late 1990’s the number of deaths from prescription opioids like oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone has quadrupled. In 2014 more people died from drug overdoses than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The chance that you’ll get hooked on painkillers after surgery is low — only about five in a thousand people do, according to a new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2532789\">study\u003c/a>. But researchers found that the type of surgery can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The surgeries that were at high risk were knee replacements, breast surgeries, hip replacements and open gallbladder surgeries.” says \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/eric-sun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Eric Sun\u003c/a>, anesthesiologist and lead author on the study, published Monday in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. He says these procedures, which can involve particularly painful post-operative recovery, were about twice as likely to lead to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also noted that males, the elderly and people taking Valium or antidepressants before surgery were also more likely to progress to chronic opioid use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Defining ‘Chronic Use’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reviewed nearly 642,000 health insurance claims filed between 2001 and 2013 for 11 common types of surgery. The authors tracked whether procedures led to chronic opioid use, defined as 10 or more prescriptions or receiving more than a 120-day supply of an opioid like fentanyl or oxycodone in the first year after a surgical procedure, excluding the first three months after surgery.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in previous studies, Stanford researchers examined patients who did not have an opioid prescription for at least one year prior to surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternative Treatments\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sun says patients shouldn’t be deterred from having surgery because they fear an addiction to fentanyl or oxycodone. But he does recommend surgeons consider alternative options like Tylenol, Advil or regional anesthesia like nerve blocks. There are also psychological approaches to relieve pain and calm the nervous system, like \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Understanding_COPD/hic_Pulmonary_Rehabilitation_Is_it_for_You/hic_Diaphragmatic_Breathing\">diaphragmatic breathing\u003c/a> or meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that by optimizing patients’ psychology — and giving them skills to calm their own nervous system,” notes study co-author and pain psychologist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/beth-darnall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Beth Darnell\u003c/a> “they will have less pain after surgery, need fewer opioids and recover quicker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opioids on the Rise\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day 78 Americans die from an opioid overdose, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/a> Since the late 1990’s the number of deaths from prescription opioids like oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone has quadrupled. In 2014 more people died from drug overdoses than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Do Alternative Treatments for Autism Work?",
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"content": "\u003cp>A huge majority of parents who have a child with autism have tried some sort of unorthodox treatment to alleviate core symptoms and improve skills like communication or social behavior. A 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26366192\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found 88 percent of parents (1,084 respondents) had tried some form of complementary or alternative medicine for their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatments range from special diets and supplements — two of the most frequently tried interventions — to music or animal therapy. But parents have little guidance from medical science, because the evidence for alternatives is thin, if it exists at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, there is some evidence suggesting children may benefit from simple treatments like vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, says UCSF psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/robert.hendren\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Hendren\u003c/a>, who specializes in autism. Hendren's studies of small patient populations have found these supplements produced some positive results in improving social behavior and reducing hyperactivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"datawrapper-chart-WAKDD\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WAKDD/3/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"680\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not quite like they’re cured, that they no longer have any evidence of ever having had autism,\" says Dr. Hendren. \"But certainly people do a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autism can lead to chronic issues like intestinal inflammation and anxiety. Hendren says supplements can improve a child's overall health. When the immune system is stronger, a child has more resources to handle stress; this, in turn, may reduce tantrums or self-injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternatives Don't Work for Everyone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t have to look far to find a family who had experimented with alternative therapies. In fact, a colleague of mine at KQED has a 15-year-old son with autism, named Leo Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Leo was diagnosed as a toddler, his mother, Shannon Des Roches Rosa, was heartbroken, but after reading fervently about the disorder she learned a cure might be possible through a nontraditional approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I would caution people about saying, 'Well, if a little bit is good, then why don't you take a walloping dose and maybe that would be better.' '\u003ccite>Dr. Robert Hendren, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Shannon saw a doctor who specializes in integrative medicine, and says he told her that treating Leo’s disorder was a matter of boosting his immune system and cleansing his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor tested his blood, allergies, urine, hair and saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tests came back and said that he was allergic to everything,\" Shannon exclaims, \"from, like, chocolate to milk to dairy to asparagus — all these really weird things!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yeast overgrowth was also identified. So the doctor prescribed numerous supplements and restricted sugar, dairy, gluten and soy in Leo's diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon created a color-coded Excel chart to keep track of the pills, shots and creams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the doctor added \u003ca href=\"http://cornerstoneintegrativecare.com/bioset/bioset-and-autism/\" target=\"_blank\">Bioset\u003c/a> to the mix — a combination of acupressure, plus muscle testing for the immune system. In muscle testing, practitioners often ask patients to extend their arm and resist downward pressure. The practitioner uses the level of resistance to check energy blockages, test the function of organs or uncover nutritional deficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon was not convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s like laying hands on you,\" says Shannon. \"What rational person could ever think that could be useful? It’s like getting your aura read.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-199268 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Rosa uses an electronic talker to help him communicate that he wants a snack to his mom, Shannon De Roche Rosa. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Rosa uses and electronic talker to communicate that he wants a snack to his mom, Shannon Des Roches Rosa. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shannon says she wasn't seeing any improvement in Leo's condition, but the doctor told her not to worry because the treatments were preparation for the final step, chelation, a detox therapy intended to remove heavy metals from the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Rosas were skeptical about the idea, after digging around on the internet and learning about potential dangers from the process. So they decided to draw the line on alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does Research Say?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration now \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm229313.htm\" target=\"_blank\">warns\u003c/a> that chelation products sold over the counter can lead to serious mineral deficiencies by stripping the body of crucial elements, which can \"cause serious harm, including dehydration, kidney failure, and death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for dietary changes and nutritional supplements, it's difficult to study them. Trials are often too short to track dietary changes adequately; blind studies are often challenging to conduct; and the research doesn’t offer the reward of a patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Hendren has led a handful of studies on popular options, including methyl B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, all of which he may prescribe based on slightly positive data and witnessing patient improvement in his practice. He's also reviewed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aurt/2012/870391/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> on more than 90 alternative therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I would caution people about saying, 'Well, if a little bit is good, then why don't you take a walloping dose and maybe that would be better,'\" Dr. Hendren says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's continuing to look at alternative treatments, including three current studies on pancreatic digestive enzymes; vasopressin (a neurohormone similar to oxytocin); and sulforaphane (concentrated broccoli extract).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supplement with the most \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-011-1418-3\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> to support its use is the natural hormone melatonin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with autism often struggle with insomnia and melatonin helps patients sleep better, which seems to improve their social interactions, says Dr. Hendren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their eyes seemed clearer, their face or interactions seemed brighter,\" he says. \"They looked at me or at others as though they were just fully realizing that those people were there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Dietary Changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular things parents try is eliminating gluten or casein from their child's diet. Gluten is found in wheat, barley and rye; casein is in dairy products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Hendren says he doesn’t generally suggest special diets because there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a clear benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would try and encourage people to stay within the range of things that have been studied and are within the range of things that are known and effective,\" says Hendren.\u003cb> \u003ci>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If parents are interested in going gluten or dairy free, he suggests they work with a nutrition expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-199270 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144.jpg\" alt=\"Leo and Shannon Rosa riding BART together. \" width=\"735\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144.jpg 735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo and Shannon Rosa riding Muni together in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Susan Etlinger/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Restricting Leo Rosa's diet was a costly experiment that turned into a nightmare, says his mother, Shannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He still ate, but he wasn’t happy about it,\" she says. \"He was such a little sad, hollowed-eyed Oliver Twist-looking dude at this time. It was so sad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon Des Roches Rosa is no longer experimenting with Leo’s diet. In fact, she says she'd like to go back to the moment Leo was diagnosed and give herself advice.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your son is a great kid,\" she says. \"He’s going to be okay. Don't think about trying to turn him into someone he isn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon says the \u003cem>real\u003c/em> miracle cure is acceptance and love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This post has been updated to reflect that autism is a disorder, not a disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A huge majority of parents who have a child with autism have tried some sort of unorthodox treatment to alleviate core symptoms and improve skills like communication or social behavior. A 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26366192\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> found 88 percent of parents (1,084 respondents) had tried some form of complementary or alternative medicine for their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatments range from special diets and supplements — two of the most frequently tried interventions — to music or animal therapy. But parents have little guidance from medical science, because the evidence for alternatives is thin, if it exists at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, there is some evidence suggesting children may benefit from simple treatments like vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, says UCSF psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/robert.hendren\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Hendren\u003c/a>, who specializes in autism. Hendren's studies of small patient populations have found these supplements produced some positive results in improving social behavior and reducing hyperactivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe id=\"datawrapper-chart-WAKDD\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WAKDD/3/\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" oallowfullscreen=\"oallowfullscreen\" msallowfullscreen=\"msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"680\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not quite like they’re cured, that they no longer have any evidence of ever having had autism,\" says Dr. Hendren. \"But certainly people do a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autism can lead to chronic issues like intestinal inflammation and anxiety. Hendren says supplements can improve a child's overall health. When the immune system is stronger, a child has more resources to handle stress; this, in turn, may reduce tantrums or self-injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alternatives Don't Work for Everyone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn’t have to look far to find a family who had experimented with alternative therapies. In fact, a colleague of mine at KQED has a 15-year-old son with autism, named Leo Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Leo was diagnosed as a toddler, his mother, Shannon Des Roches Rosa, was heartbroken, but after reading fervently about the disorder she learned a cure might be possible through a nontraditional approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I would caution people about saying, 'Well, if a little bit is good, then why don't you take a walloping dose and maybe that would be better.' '\u003ccite>Dr. Robert Hendren, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Shannon saw a doctor who specializes in integrative medicine, and says he told her that treating Leo’s disorder was a matter of boosting his immune system and cleansing his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctor tested his blood, allergies, urine, hair and saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tests came back and said that he was allergic to everything,\" Shannon exclaims, \"from, like, chocolate to milk to dairy to asparagus — all these really weird things!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A yeast overgrowth was also identified. So the doctor prescribed numerous supplements and restricted sugar, dairy, gluten and soy in Leo's diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon created a color-coded Excel chart to keep track of the pills, shots and creams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the doctor added \u003ca href=\"http://cornerstoneintegrativecare.com/bioset/bioset-and-autism/\" target=\"_blank\">Bioset\u003c/a> to the mix — a combination of acupressure, plus muscle testing for the immune system. In muscle testing, practitioners often ask patients to extend their arm and resist downward pressure. The practitioner uses the level of resistance to check energy blockages, test the function of organs or uncover nutritional deficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon was not convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s like laying hands on you,\" says Shannon. \"What rational person could ever think that could be useful? It’s like getting your aura read.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-199268 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Rosa uses an electronic talker to help him communicate that he wants a snack to his mom, Shannon De Roche Rosa. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/IMG_0532-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Rosa uses and electronic talker to communicate that he wants a snack to his mom, Shannon Des Roches Rosa. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shannon says she wasn't seeing any improvement in Leo's condition, but the doctor told her not to worry because the treatments were preparation for the final step, chelation, a detox therapy intended to remove heavy metals from the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Rosas were skeptical about the idea, after digging around on the internet and learning about potential dangers from the process. So they decided to draw the line on alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does Research Say?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration now \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm229313.htm\" target=\"_blank\">warns\u003c/a> that chelation products sold over the counter can lead to serious mineral deficiencies by stripping the body of crucial elements, which can \"cause serious harm, including dehydration, kidney failure, and death.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for dietary changes and nutritional supplements, it's difficult to study them. Trials are often too short to track dietary changes adequately; blind studies are often challenging to conduct; and the research doesn’t offer the reward of a patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Hendren has led a handful of studies on popular options, including methyl B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin D, all of which he may prescribe based on slightly positive data and witnessing patient improvement in his practice. He's also reviewed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aurt/2012/870391/\" target=\"_blank\">science\u003c/a> on more than 90 alternative therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I would caution people about saying, 'Well, if a little bit is good, then why don't you take a walloping dose and maybe that would be better,'\" Dr. Hendren says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's continuing to look at alternative treatments, including three current studies on pancreatic digestive enzymes; vasopressin (a neurohormone similar to oxytocin); and sulforaphane (concentrated broccoli extract).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supplement with the most \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803-011-1418-3\" target=\"_blank\">evidence\u003c/a> to support its use is the natural hormone melatonin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with autism often struggle with insomnia and melatonin helps patients sleep better, which seems to improve their social interactions, says Dr. Hendren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their eyes seemed clearer, their face or interactions seemed brighter,\" he says. \"They looked at me or at others as though they were just fully realizing that those people were there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About Dietary Changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular things parents try is eliminating gluten or casein from their child's diet. Gluten is found in wheat, barley and rye; casein is in dairy products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Hendren says he doesn’t generally suggest special diets because there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a clear benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would try and encourage people to stay within the range of things that have been studied and are within the range of things that are known and effective,\" says Hendren.\u003cb> \u003ci>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/i>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If parents are interested in going gluten or dairy free, he suggests they work with a nutrition expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-199270 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144.jpg\" alt=\"Leo and Shannon Rosa riding BART together. \" width=\"735\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144.jpg 735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/Leo-and-Shannon-e1467927955144-400x313.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo and Shannon Rosa riding Muni together in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Susan Etlinger/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Restricting Leo Rosa's diet was a costly experiment that turned into a nightmare, says his mother, Shannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He still ate, but he wasn’t happy about it,\" she says. \"He was such a little sad, hollowed-eyed Oliver Twist-looking dude at this time. It was so sad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon Des Roches Rosa is no longer experimenting with Leo’s diet. In fact, she says she'd like to go back to the moment Leo was diagnosed and give herself advice.\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your son is a great kid,\" she says. \"He’s going to be okay. Don't think about trying to turn him into someone he isn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shannon says the \u003cem>real\u003c/em> miracle cure is acceptance and love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: This post has been updated to reflect that autism is a disorder, not a disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A person infected with Zika has died in Utah, and while the exact cause is unclear, authorities said Friday it marks the first death related to the virus in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unidentified Salt Lake County resident contracted the virus while traveling abroad to an area with a Zika outbreak, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who died in late June was elderly and also suffered from another health condition, according to the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The person had Zika symptoms — including rash, fever and conjunctivitis — but it's unclear if or how the virus contributed to the death, said Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spokesman Benjamin Haynes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"i3nT6MUWwBQllVWjA4SkbgGUQV8ucFvg\"]Officials discovered the case while reviewing death certificates, and lab tests confirmed their suspicions, said Gary Edwards, executive director of the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah authorities refused to release additional information about the patient or where he or she traveled, citing health privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's spread mainly through the bite of a tropical mosquito, the Aedes aegpyti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of locally transmitted mosquito-borne Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 70-year-old man from the San Juan metro area in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/u-s-records-first-zika-virus-death-puerto-rico-n564886\" target=\"_blank\">died in late February\u003c/a>. Officials said he recovered from initial Zika symptoms, but then developed a condition in which antibodies that formed in reaction to the Zika infection started attacking blood platelet cells. He died after suffering internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Friday, the California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported 77 people\u003c/a> with Zika statewide, including 18 pregnant women. All cases except one were acquired through travel to a Zika-affected area. There is one case of confirmed infection through sexual transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito is present in only a fraction of California's 58 counties. You can check \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">this map\u003c/a> to see if your county has had an infestation of the mosquito recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide,\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\"> more than 1,100 Zika illnesses \u003c/a>have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including six in Salt Lake County, according to health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika outbreak countries and caught the virus there. But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many people\u003c/a> who are infected with Zika will show no symptoms or mild symptoms, according to the CDC, and usually do not need to be hospitalized. Many people may not even realize they are infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main risk is to pregnant women. Zika infection can cause a serious birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a> and other severe fetal brain defects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A person infected with Zika has died in Utah, and while the exact cause is unclear, authorities said Friday it marks the first death related to the virus in the continental U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unidentified Salt Lake County resident contracted the virus while traveling abroad to an area with a Zika outbreak, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who died in late June was elderly and also suffered from another health condition, according to the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The person had Zika symptoms — including rash, fever and conjunctivitis — but it's unclear if or how the virus contributed to the death, said Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spokesman Benjamin Haynes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Officials discovered the case while reviewing death certificates, and lab tests confirmed their suspicions, said Gary Edwards, executive director of the Salt Lake County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah authorities refused to release additional information about the patient or where he or she traveled, citing health privacy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus causes only a mild illness in most people. But during recent outbreaks in Latin America, scientists discovered that infection during pregnancy has led to severe brain-related birth defects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's spread mainly through the bite of a tropical mosquito, the Aedes aegpyti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No cases of locally transmitted mosquito-borne Zika have been reported in the continental United States, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a 70-year-old man from the San Juan metro area in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/zika-virus-outbreak/u-s-records-first-zika-virus-death-puerto-rico-n564886\" target=\"_blank\">died in late February\u003c/a>. Officials said he recovered from initial Zika symptoms, but then developed a condition in which antibodies that formed in reaction to the Zika infection started attacking blood platelet cells. He died after suffering internal bleeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Friday, the California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/TravelAssociatedCasesofZikaVirusinCA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported 77 people\u003c/a> with Zika statewide, including 18 pregnant women. All cases except one were acquired through travel to a Zika-affected area. There is one case of confirmed infection through sexual transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito is present in only a fraction of California's 58 counties. You can check \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2016/06/30/map-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-found-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">this map\u003c/a> to see if your county has had an infestation of the mosquito recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide,\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\"> more than 1,100 Zika illnesses \u003c/a>have been reported in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including six in Salt Lake County, according to health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all were people who had traveled to Zika outbreak countries and caught the virus there. But 14 were people who had not traveled to Zika zones but had sex with someone who had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC has also been tracking pregnant women infected with Zika, and says they have five reports of pregnancy losses because of miscarriage, stillbirth or abortion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many people\u003c/a> who are infected with Zika will show no symptoms or mild symptoms, according to the CDC, and usually do not need to be hospitalized. Many people may not even realize they are infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main risk is to pregnant women. Zika infection can cause a serious birth defect called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a> and other severe fetal brain defects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Theranos Lab License Yanked, Elizabeth Holmes Suspended",
"title": "Theranos Lab License Yanked, Elizabeth Holmes Suspended",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The feds finally lowered the boom on Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/317817195/CMS-Notification-of-Imposition-of-Sanctions-for-Theranos\" target=\"_blank\">has revoked\u003c/a> the blood-testing company's license to operate its Newark, California lab and barred founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes from owning, operating or directing a lab for at least two years. CMS also cancelled the Newark lab's approval to receive payments from Medicare and Medicaid. (The news first broke when Theranos released a statement last night \u003ca href=\"https://www.theranos.com/news/posts/theranos-receives-notice-of-sanctions-from-the-centers-for-medicare-medicaid-services\" target=\"_blank\">announcing\u003c/a> the sanctions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harsh, even crippling federal sanctions resulted from an inspection of the lab last November. That inspection found numerous deficiencies in the lab's operations, including problems with a blood-clotting test that were potentially life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMS had threatened the penalties in April but gave Theranos a chance to respond. In the interim, Theranos voided or corrected \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/19/theranos-corrects-tens-of-thousands-of-blood-tests/\" target=\"_blank\">tens of thousands of blood tests\u003c/a>, sending notices to doctors and patients in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We accept full responsibility for the issues at our laboratory in Newark, California, and have already worked to undertake comprehensive remedial actions,\" said Holmes in a statement. \"Those actions include shutting down and subsequently rebuilding the Newark lab from the ground up, rebuilding quality systems, adding highly experienced leadership, personnel and experts, and implementing enhanced quality and training procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we are disappointed by CMS’ decision, we take these matters very seriously and are committed to fully resolving all outstanding issues with CMS and to demonstrating our dedication to the highest standards of quality and compliance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tone of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/317817195/CMS-Notification-of-Imposition-of-Sanctions-for-Theranos\">CMS' 33-page missive\u003c/a> detailing Theranos' failure to mitigate the inadequacies of its lab reads like a school administrator's report to the parents of a kid about to get kicked out of school. Despite five separate submissions containing what Theranos said were proof of corrections, CMS asserted that response was \"not credible.\" Among the problems CMS found with Theranos' filings was a lack of proof of the company's claims that patients were unaffected by tests not meeting quality control standards. CMS also dinged the firm for not finding the cause of quality control failures and for making \"contradictory statements in the submissions (that) call into question the reliability of the information contained in the submission.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMS spokesman Aaron Albright said in an email that Theranos could \"begin negotiations\" with the agency. Any agreement would be based on the ability of Theranos to \"remove immediate jeopardy,\" he said, as well as other factors like the severity of the stipulated deficiencies and \"the overall compliance history of the laboratory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That does not sound particularly hopeful for Theranos, but it does have two rounds of administrative appeals available to it, which could delay some of the penalties, including the revocation of the Newark lab's license. The company has 60 days before the revocation takes effect, to decide whether to appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos has ceased operations at the problematic Newark lab but still operates a testing facility in Arizona. However, that may also be in jeopardy, according to the Journal, which reported Theranos could potentially be barred from operating \u003cem>any\u003c/em> labs. If and when sanctions are imposed, the Journal said, \"Holmes could no longer own shares of any private company operating laboratories. ... . If she remains with the company, Theranos could be forced to shut down the Arizona lab, lawyers say. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to the paper, Geoffrey Baird, associate professor in the University of Washington's department of laboratory medicine, said CMS' action is especially harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't think of anything this severe ever happening to a clinical laboratory of this size and scale,\" Baird said. \"I think the company will have to show [Holmes] the door somehow, which might not be possible under the current governance. This is so rare, and essentially unprecedented in a company of this size, that it is hard to know exactly how they will proceed. Personally, I believe she is obligated to step down immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Norman Paradis, a professor of medicine at Dartmouth, who has consulted for both diagnostic startups and biomed investors, agreed that the magnitude of the penalty could be one-of-a-kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've never heard of a penalty this severe,\" he said in an email. \"I'm surprised that they could not have avoided this in light of the new involvement of experienced people and renowned attorneys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Theranos hired a number of experts for its medical advisory board. High-powered lawyer David Boies represents the company and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/dealbook/david-boiess-dual-roles-at-theranos-set-up-conflict.html\" target=\"_blank\">also serves\u003c/a> on its board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Fall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to believe that, at this time last year, Theranos was riding high, having \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/10/28/theranos-is-seeking-to-raise-200-million-in-new-funding/\">raised as much as $750 million\u003c/a>, with its latest round of funding valuing the company at around $9 billion. Holmes herself was estimated to be worth $4.5 billion, putting her at the very top of Forbes' \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/self-made-women/#3ad19b014177\">list\u003c/a> of \"richest self-made women.\" (Besting even Oprah.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes and the company she founded in 2003 had risen to prominence on its claim of having devised groundbreaking technology that required only a finger-prick's worth of blood to test for an array of diseases and conditions, all at an extremely low cost. Holmes frequently used the language of patient self-empowerment to portray her company as a disruptor of the highly profitable diagnostic-testing industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in late October, The Wall Street Journal published a pair of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\">investigative articles\u003c/a> citing anonymous former employees who claimed Theranos' technology, which the company dubbed \"Edison,\" did not work as advertised, and that Theranos may have cheated on required proficiency testing. That was followed in January by the partial release of the CMS report, which stated the situation at the Newark lab could cause \"serious injury or harm, or death, to individuals served by the laboratory or to the health and safety of the general public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That assessment seemed to buttress the opinion of some scientists who had complained about Theranos' failure to publish evidence that its technology actually worked, which is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/02/theranos-debacle-shows-differences-between-silicon-valley-and-biomed/\" target=\"_blank\">usual route\u003c/a> to acceptance by the scientific community. And the bad news just kept coming:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Negative reaction caused Hillary Clinton to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/16/elizabeth-holmes-fundraiser-for-hillary-clinton-at-theranos-raises-eyebrows/\" target=\"_blank\">move a scheduled fundraiser\u003c/a> hosted by Holmes at Theranos headquarters.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A published \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/03/28/theranos-tests-have-flaws-but-may-be-fixable-independent-researchers-say/#4a83e2a9560b\" target=\"_blank\">study said\u003c/a> some of Theranos' test results were significantly off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Federal prosecutors and the SEC launched \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/18/elizabeth-holmes-says-theranos-will-absolutely-survive-video/\" target=\"_blank\">investigations\u003c/a> into the company.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A flurry of consumer \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/walgreens-failed-to-vet-theranos-tests-that-patients-are-now-suing-over/\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuits\u003c/a> were filed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Spokeswoman Brooke Buchanan, who had helmed press relations for John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/24/report-theranos-spokesperson-brooke-buchanan-leaving-company/\" target=\"_blank\">left the firm\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Walgreens \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/12/walgreens-shutting-down-theranos-centers-immediately-as-it-ends-partnership/\" target=\"_blank\">shut down\u003c/a> all Theranos centers within its stores.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forbes said Holmes' net worth had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/01/theranos-from-all-angles/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped to zero\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Coming up next: a scheduled appearance by Holmes at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry's annual meeting, Aug. 1 in Philadelphia. There, Holmes is slated to present \"Reproducibility and correlation data for various tests comparing Theranos’ capillary collection and storage device with traditional venipuncture methods.\" In attendance will be hundreds of laboratory medicine experts and academics, well-qualified to endorse or debunk whatever Holmes presents. From Kimberly Weiseul of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inc.com/kimberly-weisul/theranos-promises-to-share-research-in-august.html\" target=\"_blank\">Inc.\u003c/a> last month:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[Holmes] may actually face a somewhat sympathetic audience, says Dr. Patricia Jones, the president of the AACC and the clinical director of chemistry for the Children's Medical Center in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've talked to all sorts of members of our organization since we announced that she's speaking,\" says Jones. \"There's some real excitement that we're going to get to see what she's doing, and there are some who say it's all smoke and mirrors, and she's not going to show us anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \"everyone is concerned,\" Jones also says, \"I think for the most part people are willing to give her the benefit of the doubt, even at this point.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Well that was last month's \"this point.\" Next month's \"this point\" may be a whole other story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[scribd id=317817195 key=key-189WxKQFu0HGaDjm0Ze2 mode=scroll]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services follows through on the sanctions it threatened in April.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The feds finally lowered the boom on Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/317817195/CMS-Notification-of-Imposition-of-Sanctions-for-Theranos\" target=\"_blank\">has revoked\u003c/a> the blood-testing company's license to operate its Newark, California lab and barred founder and CEO Elizabeth Holmes from owning, operating or directing a lab for at least two years. CMS also cancelled the Newark lab's approval to receive payments from Medicare and Medicaid. (The news first broke when Theranos released a statement last night \u003ca href=\"https://www.theranos.com/news/posts/theranos-receives-notice-of-sanctions-from-the-centers-for-medicare-medicaid-services\" target=\"_blank\">announcing\u003c/a> the sanctions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harsh, even crippling federal sanctions resulted from an inspection of the lab last November. That inspection found numerous deficiencies in the lab's operations, including problems with a blood-clotting test that were potentially life-threatening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMS had threatened the penalties in April but gave Theranos a chance to respond. In the interim, Theranos voided or corrected \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/19/theranos-corrects-tens-of-thousands-of-blood-tests/\" target=\"_blank\">tens of thousands of blood tests\u003c/a>, sending notices to doctors and patients in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We accept full responsibility for the issues at our laboratory in Newark, California, and have already worked to undertake comprehensive remedial actions,\" said Holmes in a statement. \"Those actions include shutting down and subsequently rebuilding the Newark lab from the ground up, rebuilding quality systems, adding highly experienced leadership, personnel and experts, and implementing enhanced quality and training procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we are disappointed by CMS’ decision, we take these matters very seriously and are committed to fully resolving all outstanding issues with CMS and to demonstrating our dedication to the highest standards of quality and compliance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tone of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/317817195/CMS-Notification-of-Imposition-of-Sanctions-for-Theranos\">CMS' 33-page missive\u003c/a> detailing Theranos' failure to mitigate the inadequacies of its lab reads like a school administrator's report to the parents of a kid about to get kicked out of school. Despite five separate submissions containing what Theranos said were proof of corrections, CMS asserted that response was \"not credible.\" Among the problems CMS found with Theranos' filings was a lack of proof of the company's claims that patients were unaffected by tests not meeting quality control standards. CMS also dinged the firm for not finding the cause of quality control failures and for making \"contradictory statements in the submissions (that) call into question the reliability of the information contained in the submission.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CMS spokesman Aaron Albright said in an email that Theranos could \"begin negotiations\" with the agency. Any agreement would be based on the ability of Theranos to \"remove immediate jeopardy,\" he said, as well as other factors like the severity of the stipulated deficiencies and \"the overall compliance history of the laboratory.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That does not sound particularly hopeful for Theranos, but it does have two rounds of administrative appeals available to it, which could delay some of the penalties, including the revocation of the Newark lab's license. The company has 60 days before the revocation takes effect, to decide whether to appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos has ceased operations at the problematic Newark lab but still operates a testing facility in Arizona. However, that may also be in jeopardy, according to the Journal, which reported Theranos could potentially be barred from operating \u003cem>any\u003c/em> labs. If and when sanctions are imposed, the Journal said, \"Holmes could no longer own shares of any private company operating laboratories. ... . If she remains with the company, Theranos could be forced to shut down the Arizona lab, lawyers say. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to the paper, Geoffrey Baird, associate professor in the University of Washington's department of laboratory medicine, said CMS' action is especially harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't think of anything this severe ever happening to a clinical laboratory of this size and scale,\" Baird said. \"I think the company will have to show [Holmes] the door somehow, which might not be possible under the current governance. This is so rare, and essentially unprecedented in a company of this size, that it is hard to know exactly how they will proceed. Personally, I believe she is obligated to step down immediately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Norman Paradis, a professor of medicine at Dartmouth, who has consulted for both diagnostic startups and biomed investors, agreed that the magnitude of the penalty could be one-of-a-kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've never heard of a penalty this severe,\" he said in an email. \"I'm surprised that they could not have avoided this in light of the new involvement of experienced people and renowned attorneys.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Theranos hired a number of experts for its medical advisory board. High-powered lawyer David Boies represents the company and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/dealbook/david-boiess-dual-roles-at-theranos-set-up-conflict.html\" target=\"_blank\">also serves\u003c/a> on its board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Fall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to believe that, at this time last year, Theranos was riding high, having \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/10/28/theranos-is-seeking-to-raise-200-million-in-new-funding/\">raised as much as $750 million\u003c/a>, with its latest round of funding valuing the company at around $9 billion. Holmes herself was estimated to be worth $4.5 billion, putting her at the very top of Forbes' \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/self-made-women/#3ad19b014177\">list\u003c/a> of \"richest self-made women.\" (Besting even Oprah.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes and the company she founded in 2003 had risen to prominence on its claim of having devised groundbreaking technology that required only a finger-prick's worth of blood to test for an array of diseases and conditions, all at an extremely low cost. Holmes frequently used the language of patient self-empowerment to portray her company as a disruptor of the highly profitable diagnostic-testing industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in late October, The Wall Street Journal published a pair of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\">investigative articles\u003c/a> citing anonymous former employees who claimed Theranos' technology, which the company dubbed \"Edison,\" did not work as advertised, and that Theranos may have cheated on required proficiency testing. That was followed in January by the partial release of the CMS report, which stated the situation at the Newark lab could cause \"serious injury or harm, or death, to individuals served by the laboratory or to the health and safety of the general public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That assessment seemed to buttress the opinion of some scientists who had complained about Theranos' failure to publish evidence that its technology actually worked, which is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/02/theranos-debacle-shows-differences-between-silicon-valley-and-biomed/\" target=\"_blank\">usual route\u003c/a> to acceptance by the scientific community. And the bad news just kept coming:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Negative reaction caused Hillary Clinton to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/16/elizabeth-holmes-fundraiser-for-hillary-clinton-at-theranos-raises-eyebrows/\" target=\"_blank\">move a scheduled fundraiser\u003c/a> hosted by Holmes at Theranos headquarters.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A published \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2016/03/28/theranos-tests-have-flaws-but-may-be-fixable-independent-researchers-say/#4a83e2a9560b\" target=\"_blank\">study said\u003c/a> some of Theranos' test results were significantly off.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Federal prosecutors and the SEC launched \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/18/elizabeth-holmes-says-theranos-will-absolutely-survive-video/\" target=\"_blank\">investigations\u003c/a> into the company.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A flurry of consumer \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/walgreens-failed-to-vet-theranos-tests-that-patients-are-now-suing-over/\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuits\u003c/a> were filed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Spokeswoman Brooke Buchanan, who had helmed press relations for John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/24/report-theranos-spokesperson-brooke-buchanan-leaving-company/\" target=\"_blank\">left the firm\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Walgreens \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/12/walgreens-shutting-down-theranos-centers-immediately-as-it-ends-partnership/\" target=\"_blank\">shut down\u003c/a> all Theranos centers within its stores.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forbes said Holmes' net worth had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/01/theranos-from-all-angles/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped to zero\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Coming up next: a scheduled appearance by Holmes at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry's annual meeting, Aug. 1 in Philadelphia. There, Holmes is slated to present \"Reproducibility and correlation data for various tests comparing Theranos’ capillary collection and storage device with traditional venipuncture methods.\" In attendance will be hundreds of laboratory medicine experts and academics, well-qualified to endorse or debunk whatever Holmes presents. From Kimberly Weiseul of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inc.com/kimberly-weisul/theranos-promises-to-share-research-in-august.html\" target=\"_blank\">Inc.\u003c/a> last month:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[Holmes] may actually face a somewhat sympathetic audience, says Dr. Patricia Jones, the president of the AACC and the clinical director of chemistry for the Children's Medical Center in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've talked to all sorts of members of our organization since we announced that she's speaking,\" says Jones. \"There's some real excitement that we're going to get to see what she's doing, and there are some who say it's all smoke and mirrors, and she's not going to show us anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While \"everyone is concerned,\" Jones also says, \"I think for the most part people are willing to give her the benefit of the doubt, even at this point.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Well that was last month's \"this point.\" Next month's \"this point\" may be a whole other story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Video: Scientists Create Artificial Stingray From Rat Cells",
"title": "Video: Scientists Create Artificial Stingray From Rat Cells",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe1JFTIgHJ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have created a synthetic stingray that's propelled by living muscle cells and controlled by light, a team \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaf4292\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it should be possible to build an artificial heart using some of the same techniques, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I said, 'we're going to take a rat apart; we're going to rebuild it as a stingray; and then we're going to use a light to guide it.' And the look on his face was both sorrow and horror.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I want to build an artificial heart, but you're not going to go from zero to a whole heart overnight,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpage/126/kevin-kit-parker\">Kit Parker\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and physicist at Harvard University's Wyss Institute. \"This is a training exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous artificial hearts have been versions of mechanical pumps. An artificial heart made from living muscle cells would behave more like a natural heart, Parker says, and would be able to grow and change over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart's built the way it is for a reason,\" he says. \"And we're trying to replicate as much of that function as we possibly can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A heart and a stingray may seem pretty different. But both need to overcome problems that involve fluid and motion, Parker explains. A stingray has to propel itself through the water. A heart has to propel blood through the circulatory system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that was on Parker's mind a couple of years ago when he visited an aquarium with his daughter. At an exhibit where visitors can touch rays as they swim by, his daughter put her hand in the water. \"The stingray was coming at it,\" he says, \"and with a quick flick of its pectoral fin it just smoothly evaded her hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker realized that this sort of split-second adjustment is something the heart does all the time as it senses changes in blood flow or pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-199237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg\" alt=\"The coin-sized synthetic stingray (left) next to a skate that nature made, Luecoraja erinacea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coin-sized synthetic stingray (left) next to a skate that nature made, Luecoraja erinacea. \u003ccite>(Karaghen Hudson/Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The idea just hit me like a thunderbolt,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building an artificial stingray, Parker figured, he could learn how to replicate the animal's ability to respond instantly to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a strategy and presented it to \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7FGiT2YAAAAJ&hl=en\">Sung-Jin Park\u003c/a>, a researcher in his lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I sat down with him,\" Parker says, \"and I said, 'Sung-Jin, we're going to take a rat apart; we're going to rebuild it as a stingray; and then we're going to use a light to guide it.' And the look on his face was both sorrow and horror.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker's lab had previously built an \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/90/artificial-jellyfish-swims-in-a-heartbeat;jsessionid=A13395C9FAD6F89185308246648E07B2.wyss2\">artificial jellyfish\u003c/a>. But a ray was much more complicated. And the team was facing tough questions like, how do you to take cells from a rat and make them swim like a fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park and the rest of the team started working, though. And, eventually, they succeeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their synthetic ray, which is about the size of a nickel, has a transparent body made of silicone and a rudimentary skeleton made of gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ray is propelled by 200,000 heart muscle cells taken from a rat. The cells have been genetically altered to allow the hybrid creature to follow a pair of blue lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can guide this thing around,\" Parker says. \"It swims through obstacle courses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the creature displays the rhythmic, undulating motion of a real stingray. Replicating that motion is one of the project's key accomplishments, says \u003ca href=\"http://dabirilab.com/people/\">John Dabiri\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering at Stanford who worked with Parker on the artificial jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the ray's tail to undulate, the team had to come up with a way to trigger muscle cells in sequence. The effect is similar to when the crowd at a ballgame does \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0K2dvB-7WY\">the wave\u003c/a>, Dabiri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have one group standing up and then the next and then the next. Well, in the case of the muscle here, they're doing the same thing,\" he says. \"They're able to get a certain section of muscle to contract and then the next and then the next.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coordinated movement is necessary for many biological functions, like swallowing. It's also the way the heart beats, with areas contracting in a precise sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advance is the ability to activate muscle cells with light rather than electricity, Dabiri says. That allows scientists to control precisely which part of a muscle contracts. So light could act as a sort of pacemaker in an artificial heart that's made this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artificial stingray is likely to make some people uncomfortable, Dabiri says, because it raises questions about when a machine becomes a living organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the artificial ray pretty clearly isn't an organism, he says. It can't grow, adapt, or reproduce. But scientists should be considering the possibilities as they pursue other projects like this, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make sure we think about the ethical issues hand in hand with just asking what we can do,\" Dabiri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Synthetic+Stingray+May+Lead+To+A+Better+Artificial+Heart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xe1JFTIgHJ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xe1JFTIgHJ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have created a synthetic stingray that's propelled by living muscle cells and controlled by light, a team \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaf4292\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it should be possible to build an artificial heart using some of the same techniques, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"I said, 'we're going to take a rat apart; we're going to rebuild it as a stingray; and then we're going to use a light to guide it.' And the look on his face was both sorrow and horror.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"I want to build an artificial heart, but you're not going to go from zero to a whole heart overnight,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpage/126/kevin-kit-parker\">Kit Parker\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and physicist at Harvard University's Wyss Institute. \"This is a training exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous artificial hearts have been versions of mechanical pumps. An artificial heart made from living muscle cells would behave more like a natural heart, Parker says, and would be able to grow and change over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The heart's built the way it is for a reason,\" he says. \"And we're trying to replicate as much of that function as we possibly can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A heart and a stingray may seem pretty different. But both need to overcome problems that involve fluid and motion, Parker explains. A stingray has to propel itself through the water. A heart has to propel blood through the circulatory system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that was on Parker's mind a couple of years ago when he visited an aquarium with his daughter. At an exhibit where visitors can touch rays as they swim by, his daughter put her hand in the water. \"The stingray was coming at it,\" he says, \"and with a quick flick of its pectoral fin it just smoothly evaded her hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker realized that this sort of split-second adjustment is something the heart does all the time as it senses changes in blood flow or pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_199237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-199237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg\" alt=\"The coin-sized synthetic stingray (left) next to a skate that nature made, Luecoraja erinacea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/stingray-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coin-sized synthetic stingray (left) next to a skate that nature made, Luecoraja erinacea. \u003ccite>(Karaghen Hudson/Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The idea just hit me like a thunderbolt,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building an artificial stingray, Parker figured, he could learn how to replicate the animal's ability to respond instantly to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he came up with a strategy and presented it to \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7FGiT2YAAAAJ&hl=en\">Sung-Jin Park\u003c/a>, a researcher in his lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I sat down with him,\" Parker says, \"and I said, 'Sung-Jin, we're going to take a rat apart; we're going to rebuild it as a stingray; and then we're going to use a light to guide it.' And the look on his face was both sorrow and horror.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker's lab had previously built an \u003ca href=\"http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/90/artificial-jellyfish-swims-in-a-heartbeat;jsessionid=A13395C9FAD6F89185308246648E07B2.wyss2\">artificial jellyfish\u003c/a>. But a ray was much more complicated. And the team was facing tough questions like, how do you to take cells from a rat and make them swim like a fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park and the rest of the team started working, though. And, eventually, they succeeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their synthetic ray, which is about the size of a nickel, has a transparent body made of silicone and a rudimentary skeleton made of gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ray is propelled by 200,000 heart muscle cells taken from a rat. The cells have been genetically altered to allow the hybrid creature to follow a pair of blue lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can guide this thing around,\" Parker says. \"It swims through obstacle courses.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the creature displays the rhythmic, undulating motion of a real stingray. Replicating that motion is one of the project's key accomplishments, says \u003ca href=\"http://dabirilab.com/people/\">John Dabiri\u003c/a>, a professor of engineering at Stanford who worked with Parker on the artificial jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the ray's tail to undulate, the team had to come up with a way to trigger muscle cells in sequence. The effect is similar to when the crowd at a ballgame does \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0K2dvB-7WY\">the wave\u003c/a>, Dabiri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have one group standing up and then the next and then the next. Well, in the case of the muscle here, they're doing the same thing,\" he says. \"They're able to get a certain section of muscle to contract and then the next and then the next.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coordinated movement is necessary for many biological functions, like swallowing. It's also the way the heart beats, with areas contracting in a precise sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another advance is the ability to activate muscle cells with light rather than electricity, Dabiri says. That allows scientists to control precisely which part of a muscle contracts. So light could act as a sort of pacemaker in an artificial heart that's made this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artificial stingray is likely to make some people uncomfortable, Dabiri says, because it raises questions about when a machine becomes a living organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the artificial ray pretty clearly isn't an organism, he says. It can't grow, adapt, or reproduce. 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"disqusTitle": "Hundreds of U.S. Stem Cell Clinics Offering Questionable Treatment",
"title": "Hundreds of U.S. Stem Cell Clinics Offering Questionable Treatment",
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"content": "\u003cp>The phenomenon of stem cell tourism has been associated with travel to exotic locations such as China, Argentina or Mexico, where commercial clinics offer high hopes, expectations and — sometimes — the idea of miracle treatments for diseases ranging from muscular dystrophy to spinal cord injury, with little accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'People should try to educate themselves and not be preyed upon.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, research out June 30 suggests the destinations for such “stem cell tourism” might be changing, as clinics are becoming more common in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)30157-6\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Cell Stem Cell concluded that Americans don’t have to go abroad to get these treatments. The researchers found at least 351 businesses operating 570 such clinics domestically, and many offer services that claim to treat a wide range of illnesses with a lack of scientific evidence or oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve been following this for a while … to find 351 distinct businesses, that is an awful lot of businesses making marketing claims about stem cell interventions,” said Leigh Turner, coauthor of the study and a bioethicist at University of Minnesota. “There are businesses operating in the United States that are making marketing claims that are just as problematic as businesses in other countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cells, also known as master cells, are specialized cells in the human body that can multiply and evolve with remarkable potential for healing. For example, blood stem cells have been used for decades with the Food and Drug Administration’s approval to treat leukemia and several blood disorders. More recently, some high-profile experimental therapies have been credited with healing well-known sports figures such as Peyton Manning and Bartolo Colon. But much of this science and understanding is still taking shape, with stem cells sometimes proving difficult to control, and in some instances causing tumors and other adverse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0bnKDX77mmMAqj7DW0FBMnppwy2jHSWT\"]For example, the New England Journal of Medicine and The New York Times chronicled the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/health/a-cautionary-tale-of-stem-cell-tourism.html\">story\u003c/a> of a 66-year-old man who sought stem cell treatments abroad for the effects of a stroke. But instead of a reversal of his symptoms, he started losing his ability to walk and had to seek for medical help. The doctors were startled to find a bloody mass of tissue growing in his spinal cord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner’s coauthor, Paul Knoepfler, a professor at UC Davis School of Medicine, started this investigation when he noted an uptick in the frequency of people inquiring online about these clinics in the U.S. rather than abroad. The researchers collected information by searching the internet for keywords such as “stem cell treatment” and analyzing the companies’ websites. The search covers the time frame between Sept. 1, 2015 and Feb. 29, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They make strong marketing claims offering stem cell treatments for things like ALS, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s … that’s where there are pretty profound questions on whether they are compliant with the FDA regulations,” Turner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their searches, Turner and Knoepfler found great variation in these clinics. The treatments they offered ranged from anti-aging and other cosmetic applications to therapies for diabetes, cardiac and ophthalmological diseases as well as Parkinson’s and other degenerative conditions. Most clinics advertised stem cell treatments for orthopedic uses, followed by pain relief and sports injuries. Thirty-three clinics made marketing claims regarding muscular dystrophy and nine clinics each promoted stem cell treatments for autism and cerebral palsy, targeting parents and family members of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prevalence of these advertisements raise ethical issues because most of these claims lack peer-reviewed scientific evidence that it is safe or even effective, noted the authors. The FDA has issued a warning about some of the claims. Meanwhile, the International Society for Stem Cell Research released guidelines last month that warned the majority of treatments these clinics offer are unproven, with “adverse events” frequently reported after these procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re seeing a company that is making claims that it is offering stem cell treatments for 30 or 40 disorders, there are good reasons to think that that is not compliant,” Turner said. “It’s kind of mystifying why the FDA hasn’t taken a closer look at these businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is, in fact, cracking down on stem cell clinics, with multiple warning letters given and draft and final guidelines issued. But Turner is concerned that, without strong and consistent regulation and enforcement, more of these businesses will crop up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, stem cells are being explored as treatment options for ailments ranging from stroke and heart diseases to bone fractures and many others, but the vast majority of these treatments are still in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are very few stem cell therapies that are ready for clinical application,” said Timothy Caulfield, research director of the Health Law Institute at the University of Alberta in Canada and member of the stem cell society’s guideline task force. “It is often portrayed [by clinics] as if there are some kind of regulatory hurdles keeping these treatments from getting to [them]. That is not the case. The case is that the science for most cases is not there yet.” Caulfield was not affiliated with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there has been considerable news coverage regarding stem cell treatments gone bad, there have also been documented successes. And Turner is worried that likely negative results from unregulated stem cell clinics might undermine the credible, peer-reviewed research that is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of businesses are making claims with no substantial evidence behind it,” he said. “People should try to educate themselves and not be preyed upon.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The phenomenon of stem cell tourism has been associated with travel to exotic locations such as China, Argentina or Mexico, where commercial clinics offer high hopes, expectations and — sometimes — the idea of miracle treatments for diseases ranging from muscular dystrophy to spinal cord injury, with little accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'People should try to educate themselves and not be preyed upon.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, research out June 30 suggests the destinations for such “stem cell tourism” might be changing, as clinics are becoming more common in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(16)30157-6\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal Cell Stem Cell concluded that Americans don’t have to go abroad to get these treatments. The researchers found at least 351 businesses operating 570 such clinics domestically, and many offer services that claim to treat a wide range of illnesses with a lack of scientific evidence or oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve been following this for a while … to find 351 distinct businesses, that is an awful lot of businesses making marketing claims about stem cell interventions,” said Leigh Turner, coauthor of the study and a bioethicist at University of Minnesota. “There are businesses operating in the United States that are making marketing claims that are just as problematic as businesses in other countries.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cells, also known as master cells, are specialized cells in the human body that can multiply and evolve with remarkable potential for healing. For example, blood stem cells have been used for decades with the Food and Drug Administration’s approval to treat leukemia and several blood disorders. More recently, some high-profile experimental therapies have been credited with healing well-known sports figures such as Peyton Manning and Bartolo Colon. But much of this science and understanding is still taking shape, with stem cells sometimes proving difficult to control, and in some instances causing tumors and other adverse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>For example, the New England Journal of Medicine and The New York Times chronicled the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/health/a-cautionary-tale-of-stem-cell-tourism.html\">story\u003c/a> of a 66-year-old man who sought stem cell treatments abroad for the effects of a stroke. But instead of a reversal of his symptoms, he started losing his ability to walk and had to seek for medical help. The doctors were startled to find a bloody mass of tissue growing in his spinal cord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner’s coauthor, Paul Knoepfler, a professor at UC Davis School of Medicine, started this investigation when he noted an uptick in the frequency of people inquiring online about these clinics in the U.S. rather than abroad. The researchers collected information by searching the internet for keywords such as “stem cell treatment” and analyzing the companies’ websites. The search covers the time frame between Sept. 1, 2015 and Feb. 29, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They make strong marketing claims offering stem cell treatments for things like ALS, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s … that’s where there are pretty profound questions on whether they are compliant with the FDA regulations,” Turner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through their searches, Turner and Knoepfler found great variation in these clinics. The treatments they offered ranged from anti-aging and other cosmetic applications to therapies for diabetes, cardiac and ophthalmological diseases as well as Parkinson’s and other degenerative conditions. Most clinics advertised stem cell treatments for orthopedic uses, followed by pain relief and sports injuries. Thirty-three clinics made marketing claims regarding muscular dystrophy and nine clinics each promoted stem cell treatments for autism and cerebral palsy, targeting parents and family members of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prevalence of these advertisements raise ethical issues because most of these claims lack peer-reviewed scientific evidence that it is safe or even effective, noted the authors. The FDA has issued a warning about some of the claims. Meanwhile, the International Society for Stem Cell Research released guidelines last month that warned the majority of treatments these clinics offer are unproven, with “adverse events” frequently reported after these procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re seeing a company that is making claims that it is offering stem cell treatments for 30 or 40 disorders, there are good reasons to think that that is not compliant,” Turner said. “It’s kind of mystifying why the FDA hasn’t taken a closer look at these businesses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is, in fact, cracking down on stem cell clinics, with multiple warning letters given and draft and final guidelines issued. But Turner is concerned that, without strong and consistent regulation and enforcement, more of these businesses will crop up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, stem cells are being explored as treatment options for ailments ranging from stroke and heart diseases to bone fractures and many others, but the vast majority of these treatments are still in clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are very few stem cell therapies that are ready for clinical application,” said Timothy Caulfield, research director of the Health Law Institute at the University of Alberta in Canada and member of the stem cell society’s guideline task force. “It is often portrayed [by clinics] as if there are some kind of regulatory hurdles keeping these treatments from getting to [them]. That is not the case. The case is that the science for most cases is not there yet.” Caulfield was not affiliated with the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there has been considerable news coverage regarding stem cell treatments gone bad, there have also been documented successes. And Turner is worried that likely negative results from unregulated stem cell clinics might undermine the credible, peer-reviewed research that is underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of businesses are making claims with no substantial evidence behind it,” he said. “People should try to educate themselves and not be preyed upon.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: Here's Where Zika Mosquitoes Are Likely Found in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about the mosquito that can carry Zika is that it is not widespread in California. Most of California’s 58 counties do not have — and have never had — any infestation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the most worrisome carrier when it comes to Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/07/jme.tjw072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crunched data \u003c/a>from across the country and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/13/481606093/heres-really-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created a national map \u003c/a>showing where the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been found any time over the past two decades. We asked CDC for the county-specific data in California. Click on the map above to see how your county fares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your county has a faint neutral color, then Aedes aegypti has not been found there since 1995. Counties colored red mean the Aedes aegypti has been found in three or more years since 1995, orange means two years and yellow means one. Hover your mouse over the county and see all the years the mosquito has been found. In some cases, the mosquito has not been found there for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the mosquito is present in your county, that doesn’t mean it’s widespread in your county. For example, the mosquito has been found in Alameda County — but only in the city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Thomas Scott, a UC Davis entomologist, says that distribution of the mosquito “tends to be patchy.” Even in places where it’s very common, like Thailand, he said, “distribution will fluctuate, even through the course of a season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito was introduced to the Americas from Africa, likely on slave ships, perhaps as early as the 16th century, Georgetown historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/15/health/mosquitoes-that-changed-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. John McNeill told CNN\u003c/a>. Along with it came yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and now Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the spread of the virus has been very rapid across much of South and Central America, Scott says it is less likely to spread as swiftly in the U.S. primarily because “our lifestyle is different than places where [many] people are infected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. window screens or air conditioning are common, so mosquitoes are less likely to be in people’s homes. In Central and South America, people’s homes are more open, the “mosquitoes move frequently [in homes] and bite frequently,” Scott noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been present across southern Arizona “for a long time,” Scott says, but the risk of dengue fever in Arizona is low. Meanwhile, just across the border in Mexico, the risk of dengue to people is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika spreads when a mosquito bites a person who is infected. Then the mosquito becomes infected itself. But Scott says it cannot spread Zika to another person right away. The virus must replicate within the mosquito first. Then the virus must travel to the insect’s salivary glands and replicate there. Only then has the mosquito moved from being infected to being infective, Scott said, and that takes awhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That period of time is about the average life span of the mosquito, 10-14 days, for them to become infective,” Scott says. In other words, it’s possible the mosquito could die before it’s able to infect another person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can also be sexually transmitted and a pregnant women can transmit the virus to her fetus during pregnancy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists the cities\u003c/a> where Aedes aegypti has been found. It did not get back to us by deadline to tell us when the mosquito was found in these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda: \u003c/strong>Hayward\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fresno: \u003c/strong>Clovis, Fowler, Fresno, Kerman, Mendota, Sanger\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imperial:\u003c/strong> Andrade, Brawley, Calexico, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Seeley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kern\u003c/strong> Arvin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Los Angeles: \u003c/strong>Commerce, East Los Angeles, Florence, La Mirada,Los Angeles, Maywood, Montebello, Pico Rivera, South Gate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Madera: \u003c/strong>Madera, Madera Ranchos, Parkwood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Orange\u003c/strong> Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Orange, Santa Ana\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riverside\u003c/strong> Coachella, Riverside, San Jacinto\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Bernardino: \u003c/strong>Colton, Montclair\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Diego:\u003c/strong> Bonita, Chula Vista, El Cajon, Escondido, Imperial Beach, Oceanside, San Diego, Spring Valley, Tecate, Vista\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo:\u003c/strong> Atherton, Menlo Park\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tulare:\u003c/strong> Exeter\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.cartodb.com/viz/a482a6ba-39a1-11e6-8dd6-0e674067d321/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing to know about the mosquito that can carry Zika is that it is not widespread in California. Most of California’s 58 counties do not have — and have never had — any infestation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the most worrisome carrier when it comes to Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has \u003ca href=\"http://jme.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/07/jme.tjw072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crunched data \u003c/a>from across the country and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/13/481606093/heres-really-where-zika-mosquitoes-are-likely-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">created a national map \u003c/a>showing where the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been found any time over the past two decades. We asked CDC for the county-specific data in California. Click on the map above to see how your county fares.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your county has a faint neutral color, then Aedes aegypti has not been found there since 1995. Counties colored red mean the Aedes aegypti has been found in three or more years since 1995, orange means two years and yellow means one. Hover your mouse over the county and see all the years the mosquito has been found. In some cases, the mosquito has not been found there for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the mosquito is present in your county, that doesn’t mean it’s widespread in your county. For example, the mosquito has been found in Alameda County — but only in the city of Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prof. Thomas Scott, a UC Davis entomologist, says that distribution of the mosquito “tends to be patchy.” Even in places where it’s very common, like Thailand, he said, “distribution will fluctuate, even through the course of a season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aedes aegypti mosquito was introduced to the Americas from Africa, likely on slave ships, perhaps as early as the 16th century, Georgetown historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/15/health/mosquitoes-that-changed-history/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. John McNeill told CNN\u003c/a>. Along with it came yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and now Zika virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the spread of the virus has been very rapid across much of South and Central America, Scott says it is less likely to spread as swiftly in the U.S. primarily because “our lifestyle is different than places where [many] people are infected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S. window screens or air conditioning are common, so mosquitoes are less likely to be in people’s homes. In Central and South America, people’s homes are more open, the “mosquitoes move frequently [in homes] and bite frequently,” Scott noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case in point: the Aedes aegypti mosquito has been present across southern Arizona “for a long time,” Scott says, but the risk of dengue fever in Arizona is low. Meanwhile, just across the border in Mexico, the risk of dengue to people is much higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika spreads when a mosquito bites a person who is infected. Then the mosquito becomes infected itself. But Scott says it cannot spread Zika to another person right away. The virus must replicate within the mosquito first. Then the virus must travel to the insect’s salivary glands and replicate there. Only then has the mosquito moved from being infected to being infective, Scott said, and that takes awhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That period of time is about the average life span of the mosquito, 10-14 days, for them to become infective,” Scott says. In other words, it’s possible the mosquito could die before it’s able to infect another person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika can also be sexually transmitted and a pregnant women can transmit the virus to her fetus during pregnancy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/HealthInfo/discond/Documents/AedesDistributionMap.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lists the cities\u003c/a> where Aedes aegypti has been found. It did not get back to us by deadline to tell us when the mosquito was found in these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alameda: \u003c/strong>Hayward\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fresno: \u003c/strong>Clovis, Fowler, Fresno, Kerman, Mendota, Sanger\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imperial:\u003c/strong> Andrade, Brawley, Calexico, El Centro, Heber, Holtville, Imperial, Seeley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kern\u003c/strong> Arvin\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Los Angeles: \u003c/strong>Commerce, East Los Angeles, Florence, La Mirada,Los Angeles, Maywood, Montebello, Pico Rivera, South Gate\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Madera: \u003c/strong>Madera, Madera Ranchos, Parkwood\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Orange\u003c/strong> Anaheim, Costa Mesa, Garden Grove, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Orange, Santa Ana\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Riverside\u003c/strong> Coachella, Riverside, San Jacinto\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Bernardino: \u003c/strong>Colton, Montclair\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Diego:\u003c/strong> Bonita, Chula Vista, El Cajon, Escondido, Imperial Beach, Oceanside, San Diego, Spring Valley, Tecate, Vista\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Mateo:\u003c/strong> Atherton, Menlo Park\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tulare:\u003c/strong> Exeter\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Canned Food Increases Exposure to Toxic Chemical BPA, Study Finds",
"headTitle": "Canned Food Increases Exposure to Toxic Chemical BPA, Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you’re already agonizing over your grocery shopping list, this study might not help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116302407\">New research\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhu.edu/\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> suggests a direct link between eating canned foods and levels of the chemical BPA found in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ujv2GLH2jNgj4YtbDnKm1MbQbqX7geb9″]BPA or Bisphenol A is an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics and resins, like the lining that prevents bacteria from entering through dented cans. Small amounts of BPA in food packaging can transfer to food and drinks, which has raised concerns among \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/bpa/faq-20058331\">health\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/bpa-canned-food\">environmental\u003c/a> groups since the chemical is a known hormone disruptor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm\">banned BPA\u003c/a> from baby bottles and children’s drinking cups. The following year, it banned BPA from infant formula packaging, though the administration’s current position is that BPA is “\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm\">safe\u003c/a>” for the “for the currently approved uses in food containers and packaging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since diet is the main source of BPA, Stanford medical research fellow \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/jennifer-hartle\">Jennifer Hartle\u003c/a> wanted to see just how much BPA in food packaging could end up in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study she led included more than 6,000 children and adults. The individuals are part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/\">ongoing health survey\u003c/a>, which is intended to be representative of the entire U.S. population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that subjects who ate canned food within the past 24 hours had higher levels of urinary BPA than those who did not. And the more canned food people ate, the more BPA showed up in their urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who ate the most canned food (two or more items per day) had up to 54 percent more BPA in their urine than those who ate less or no canned food at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also found that not all foods are created equal. Eating canned soup led to higher BPA levels than eating fruits, possibly because cans for fruit have the lowest BPA concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the different kinds of BPA exposure that people can have, I didn’t know that I’d find the clear relationship between canned food and urinary BPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rene Vinas, a toxicologist with the Grocery Manufacturers Association, a food industry trade group, says eliminating BPA from all packaging will time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of work being done for BPA in metal cans,” says Vinas. “There are some alternatives which our members are using, like acrylic, but the transition away from BPA isn’t complete. It requires numerous levels of testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies including Amy’s Kitchen, Muir Glen and Eden Organic use BPA-free linings, but the alternatives are not necessarily healthier. Substitutes include acrylic, polyester and polyvinyl chloride which is \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/vinylchl.html\">a known carcinogen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartle’s study didn’t examine whether the amount of BPA consumed exceeded the FDA’s daily recommended dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she pointed out that, “even very low doses can have a health effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://biology.missouri.edu/people/?person=97#section-2\">In animals tests\u003c/a>, the chemical has affected fetal development and led to an increased risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans have some levels of BPA, from their diets and the environment, though they may not know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2199288/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study\u003c/a> found 92 percent of Americans contain traces of BPA in their urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartle concedes that counseling consumers to avoid canned food all together could be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people live on canned food because it is very affordable and it is non-perishable so it’s a bigger picture problem than to just tell people not to eat canned food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said more research needs to be conducted on the long-term effects of BPA, which are not yet fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re already agonizing over your grocery shopping list, this study might not help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116302407\">New research\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jhu.edu/\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> suggests a direct link between eating canned foods and levels of the chemical BPA found in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>BPA or Bisphenol A is an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics and resins, like the lining that prevents bacteria from entering through dented cans. Small amounts of BPA in food packaging can transfer to food and drinks, which has raised concerns among \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/bpa/faq-20058331\">health\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/bpa-canned-food\">environmental\u003c/a> groups since the chemical is a known hormone disruptor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm\">banned BPA\u003c/a> from baby bottles and children’s drinking cups. The following year, it banned BPA from infant formula packaging, though the administration’s current position is that BPA is “\u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm\">safe\u003c/a>” for the “for the currently approved uses in food containers and packaging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since diet is the main source of BPA, Stanford medical research fellow \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/jennifer-hartle\">Jennifer Hartle\u003c/a> wanted to see just how much BPA in food packaging could end up in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study she led included more than 6,000 children and adults. The individuals are part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/\">ongoing health survey\u003c/a>, which is intended to be representative of the entire U.S. population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that subjects who ate canned food within the past 24 hours had higher levels of urinary BPA than those who did not. And the more canned food people ate, the more BPA showed up in their urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who ate the most canned food (two or more items per day) had up to 54 percent more BPA in their urine than those who ate less or no canned food at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also found that not all foods are created equal. Eating canned soup led to higher BPA levels than eating fruits, possibly because cans for fruit have the lowest BPA concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the different kinds of BPA exposure that people can have, I didn’t know that I’d find the clear relationship between canned food and urinary BPA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rene Vinas, a toxicologist with the Grocery Manufacturers Association, a food industry trade group, says eliminating BPA from all packaging will time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of work being done for BPA in metal cans,” says Vinas. “There are some alternatives which our members are using, like acrylic, but the transition away from BPA isn’t complete. It requires numerous levels of testing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies including Amy’s Kitchen, Muir Glen and Eden Organic use BPA-free linings, but the alternatives are not necessarily healthier. Substitutes include acrylic, polyester and polyvinyl chloride which is \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/vinylchl.html\">a known carcinogen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartle’s study didn’t examine whether the amount of BPA consumed exceeded the FDA’s daily recommended dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she pointed out that, “even very low doses can have a health effect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://biology.missouri.edu/people/?person=97#section-2\">In animals tests\u003c/a>, the chemical has affected fetal development and led to an increased risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans have some levels of BPA, from their diets and the environment, though they may not know it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2199288/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study\u003c/a> found 92 percent of Americans contain traces of BPA in their urine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartle concedes that counseling consumers to avoid canned food all together could be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people live on canned food because it is very affordable and it is non-perishable so it’s a bigger picture problem than to just tell people not to eat canned food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said more research needs to be conducted on the long-term effects of BPA, which are not yet fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Your Pipes Made Of Lead? Here's A Quick Way To Find Out",
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"content": "\u003cp>Until the 1970s, lead was a common additive in gasoline and household paints. But now, scientists agree that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1601013\" target=\"_blank\">no amount\u003c/a> of lead in a child's blood is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6104a1.htm?s_cid=su6104a1_w\" target=\"_blank\">considered safe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In kids, even low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=10\">lead exposure\u003c/a> can cause behavior and learning problems. In adults, it's associated with high blood pressure and kidney problems. And there's evidence it can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf\">affect\u003c/a> a developing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What are your pipes made of? \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to find out\u003c/a>. All you need is a key and a magnet\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Corrosive water running through lead pipes in Flint, Mich., led to a public health crisis — signaled in part by \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003\" target=\"_blank\">a rise\u003c/a> in the amount of lead in children's blood. Conditions in Flint were particularly disastrous, but lead pipes continue to bring water to homes in much of the country. And wherever lead plumbing is in place, there is a risk that small amounts of the metal could leach into drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main source of lead in domestic drinking water is the service line. It's like a straw that carries water to the house from the main, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm\" target=\"_blank\">can be\u003c/a> pure lead. (If it isn't made of lead, it might be soldered together with lead or connected to brass fixtures containing lead.) And in many cities, most of the service line is considered private property – the homeowner's responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-corrosive chemicals can reduce the amount of lead leaching into the water, but they can't stop it entirely. Lead can still flake off from pipes or soldering in tiny pieces and end up in drinking water, especially when it sits in pipes for more than a few hours. Other things can shake lead free, like construction or heavy trucks driving down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll help you find out if your drinking water is at risk. And if you do find lead, we'll show you what you can do. Check \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">our app\u003c/a> for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Are+Your+Pipes+Made+Of+Lead%3F+Here%27s+A+Quick+Way+To+Find+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Until the 1970s, lead was a common additive in gasoline and household paints. But now, scientists agree that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1601013\" target=\"_blank\">no amount\u003c/a> of lead in a child's blood is \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6104a1.htm?s_cid=su6104a1_w\" target=\"_blank\">considered safe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In kids, even low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=10\">lead exposure\u003c/a> can cause behavior and learning problems. In adults, it's associated with high blood pressure and kidney problems. And there's evidence it can \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf\">affect\u003c/a> a developing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What are your pipes made of? \u003ca href=\"http://apps.npr.org/find-lead-pipes-in-your-home/#intro\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to find out\u003c/a>. All you need is a key and a magnet\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Corrosive water running through lead pipes in Flint, Mich., led to a public health crisis — signaled in part by \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003\" target=\"_blank\">a rise\u003c/a> in the amount of lead in children's blood. Conditions in Flint were particularly disastrous, but lead pipes continue to bring water to homes in much of the country. And wherever lead plumbing is in place, there is a risk that small amounts of the metal could leach into drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main source of lead in domestic drinking water is the service line. It's like a straw that carries water to the house from the main, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm\" target=\"_blank\">can be\u003c/a> pure lead. (If it isn't made of lead, it might be soldered together with lead or connected to brass fixtures containing lead.) And in many cities, most of the service line is considered private property – the homeowner's responsibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-corrosive chemicals can reduce the amount of lead leaching into the water, but they can't stop it entirely. Lead can still flake off from pipes or soldering in tiny pieces and end up in drinking water, especially when it sits in pipes for more than a few hours. Other things can shake lead free, like construction or heavy trucks driving down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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