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"content": "\u003cp>People with cancer face many challenges, including the symptoms of the disease, the toxicity of the treatment, financial costs, and social expectations. Here’s a new threat: navigating their care in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/25/cancer-immunotherapy-caution/\" target=\"_blank\">ocean of hype\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Using cancer statistics and FDA approvals, an estimate of the percentage of cancer patients who might benefit from immunotherapy produces a surprising result, given the way the drugs are described.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs are all too often hailed as miracles, breakthroughs, game-changers, or even cures, even when they are no such thing. We recently reported \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">in JAMA Oncology\u003c/a> that these words were used 50 percent of the time to describe drugs not approved by the FDA, and 14 percent of the time to describe drugs that had only worked in mice. The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we do have drugs that work, hype may mislead us about how well they work and how many people they will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/23/cancer-car-t-side-effects/\" target=\"_blank\">immunotherapy\u003c/a>. This new form of cancer therapy, which uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer, has captivated the public imagination, is a topic of the nightly news, and has been featured in at least one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AL_Z/opdivo-longer-life\" target=\"_blank\">Super Bowl ad\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When immunotherapy works, the result is terrific, even life-changing. Today, though, only a tiny minority of patients expected to die from cancer will benefit from immunotherapy. As is often the case, hype sadly exceeds evidence, creating misunderstandings between patients and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although immunotherapies have been used \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Commotion-Blood-Immune-System-Technology/dp/0805037969\" target=\"_blank\">for a hundred years\u003c/a>, such as the deliberate injection of bacteria into the body to stimulate the immune system, 2011 marked the approval of the first immunotherapy for cancer, a so-called checkpoint inhibitor named ipilimumab (Yervoy). This class of drugs unleashes the body’s immune system against cancer, and is the subject of much enthusiasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using U.S. national cancer statistics and FDA approvals, we estimated the percent of cancer patients who might actually benefit from immunotherapy. The result was surprising, given the way these drugs are described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, we first calculated the percent of cancers for which immunotherapy has been approved as of February 2017. From that number we determined that two-thirds (68.8 percent) of Americans predicted to die of cancer will die of one that currently has no FDA-approved immunotherapy options\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> These include prostate cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We next determined the percentage of cancer patients that could expect to see their tumor shrink from immunotherapy. Tumor shrinkage is widely considered to be a prerequisite to benefiting from these drugs. Only 26 percent of patients had this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, we combined those two calculations and asked, of all patients dying of cancer in America this year, how many might benefit from a checkpoint inhibitor drug? We assumed the best-case scenario: that every patient with one of these cancers could afford the drug and get access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The answer was just 8 percent. We also ran the numbers another way by setting a lower bar for success, and credited these drugs for any patient whose cancer did not grow substantially during follow-up. Even with that adjustment, the estimate was less than 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do these results mean? When immunotherapy works, there is no argument — the results are terrific. Patients with otherwise life-threatening cancers live far longer than expected and some may even be cured. But at least today, few patients can expect to be among the lucky ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that these drugs will be approved for more cancers in the years to come, or that they may work better in combination with other drugs or one another. While we hope that comes true, it is not the reality today. And for several common cancers, like colon and breast cancer, we already know that these drugs work poorly — there is a reason why the first approvals were in cancers like melanoma — and we fear the percentage of people benefiting from cancer immunotherapy will not change greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who is to blame for the disconnect between reality and hype? All of us. Doctors, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, reporters, patient advocates — all use \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">sensational language\u003c/a> to describe these drugs. To make matters worse, the United States is one of the only countries to permit direct-to-consumer advertising, resulting in an astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12685026/american-drug-ads-tv\" target=\"_blank\">80 drug ads\u003c/a> airing every hour — some of which \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/opinion/cancer-drug-ads-vs-cancer-drug-reality.html\" target=\"_blank\">are misleading\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe it to people with cancer to do better. Navigating the waters of accurate information and reasonable hope is a big challenge for oncology. Deciding when and how to treat cancer is a sacred journey that patients and their doctors make together. Distorting the effectiveness of treatments in the public eye can tear the very fabric that unites patients and doctors. Misunderstanding ensues. Expectations become disappointments. A good death becomes a bad one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intrusive nature of hype — without context, without nuance, and without limit — can be a huge challenge faced by cancer patients in America. For that reason, it should come as no surprise that many cancer patients have \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2533530\" target=\"_blank\">an inflated understanding\u003c/a> of their prognosis compared to what their doctors understand. Too many patients and their families are inevitably let down when they find themselves among the 90 percent who don’t benefit from immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are not pessimists in our quest to improve survival and quality of life for cancer patients. Instead, we are optimists that we can all do better in communicating the reality of cancer care to patients, to the public, and even to physicians. That way, we may all make more honest choices if and when we must cope with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nathan Gay, MD, is an oncology fellow at Oregon Health and Science University. Vinay Prasad, MD, is assistant professor in the Division of Hematology Oncology at Oregon Health and Science University and the author of “Ending Medical Reversal.” The views expressed in this article are the authors’ personal opinions and do not represent those of OHSU.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/immunotherapy-cancer-breakthrough/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People with cancer face many challenges, including the symptoms of the disease, the toxicity of the treatment, financial costs, and social expectations. Here’s a new threat: navigating their care in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/25/cancer-immunotherapy-caution/\" target=\"_blank\">ocean of hype\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Using cancer statistics and FDA approvals, an estimate of the percentage of cancer patients who might benefit from immunotherapy produces a surprising result, given the way the drugs are described.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs are all too often hailed as miracles, breakthroughs, game-changers, or even cures, even when they are no such thing. We recently reported \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">in JAMA Oncology\u003c/a> that these words were used 50 percent of the time to describe drugs not approved by the FDA, and 14 percent of the time to describe drugs that had only worked in mice. The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we do have drugs that work, hype may mislead us about how well they work and how many people they will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/23/cancer-car-t-side-effects/\" target=\"_blank\">immunotherapy\u003c/a>. This new form of cancer therapy, which uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer, has captivated the public imagination, is a topic of the nightly news, and has been featured in at least one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AL_Z/opdivo-longer-life\" target=\"_blank\">Super Bowl ad\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When immunotherapy works, the result is terrific, even life-changing. Today, though, only a tiny minority of patients expected to die from cancer will benefit from immunotherapy. As is often the case, hype sadly exceeds evidence, creating misunderstandings between patients and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although immunotherapies have been used \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Commotion-Blood-Immune-System-Technology/dp/0805037969\" target=\"_blank\">for a hundred years\u003c/a>, such as the deliberate injection of bacteria into the body to stimulate the immune system, 2011 marked the approval of the first immunotherapy for cancer, a so-called checkpoint inhibitor named ipilimumab (Yervoy). This class of drugs unleashes the body’s immune system against cancer, and is the subject of much enthusiasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using U.S. national cancer statistics and FDA approvals, we estimated the percent of cancer patients who might actually benefit from immunotherapy. The result was surprising, given the way these drugs are described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, we first calculated the percent of cancers for which immunotherapy has been approved as of February 2017. From that number we determined that two-thirds (68.8 percent) of Americans predicted to die of cancer will die of one that currently has no FDA-approved immunotherapy options\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> These include prostate cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We next determined the percentage of cancer patients that could expect to see their tumor shrink from immunotherapy. Tumor shrinkage is widely considered to be a prerequisite to benefiting from these drugs. Only 26 percent of patients had this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, we combined those two calculations and asked, of all patients dying of cancer in America this year, how many might benefit from a checkpoint inhibitor drug? We assumed the best-case scenario: that every patient with one of these cancers could afford the drug and get access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The answer was just 8 percent. We also ran the numbers another way by setting a lower bar for success, and credited these drugs for any patient whose cancer did not grow substantially during follow-up. Even with that adjustment, the estimate was less than 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do these results mean? When immunotherapy works, there is no argument — the results are terrific. Patients with otherwise life-threatening cancers live far longer than expected and some may even be cured. But at least today, few patients can expect to be among the lucky ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that these drugs will be approved for more cancers in the years to come, or that they may work better in combination with other drugs or one another. While we hope that comes true, it is not the reality today. And for several common cancers, like colon and breast cancer, we already know that these drugs work poorly — there is a reason why the first approvals were in cancers like melanoma — and we fear the percentage of people benefiting from cancer immunotherapy will not change greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who is to blame for the disconnect between reality and hype? All of us. Doctors, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, reporters, patient advocates — all use \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">sensational language\u003c/a> to describe these drugs. To make matters worse, the United States is one of the only countries to permit direct-to-consumer advertising, resulting in an astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12685026/american-drug-ads-tv\" target=\"_blank\">80 drug ads\u003c/a> airing every hour — some of which \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/opinion/cancer-drug-ads-vs-cancer-drug-reality.html\" target=\"_blank\">are misleading\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe it to people with cancer to do better. Navigating the waters of accurate information and reasonable hope is a big challenge for oncology. Deciding when and how to treat cancer is a sacred journey that patients and their doctors make together. Distorting the effectiveness of treatments in the public eye can tear the very fabric that unites patients and doctors. Misunderstanding ensues. Expectations become disappointments. A good death becomes a bad one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intrusive nature of hype — without context, without nuance, and without limit — can be a huge challenge faced by cancer patients in America. For that reason, it should come as no surprise that many cancer patients have \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2533530\" target=\"_blank\">an inflated understanding\u003c/a> of their prognosis compared to what their doctors understand. Too many patients and their families are inevitably let down when they find themselves among the 90 percent who don’t benefit from immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are not pessimists in our quest to improve survival and quality of life for cancer patients. Instead, we are optimists that we can all do better in communicating the reality of cancer care to patients, to the public, and even to physicians. That way, we may all make more honest choices if and when we must cope with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nathan Gay, MD, is an oncology fellow at Oregon Health and Science University. Vinay Prasad, MD, is assistant professor in the Division of Hematology Oncology at Oregon Health and Science University and the author of “Ending Medical Reversal.” The views expressed in this article are the authors’ personal opinions and do not represent those of OHSU.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/immunotherapy-cancer-breakthrough/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Trump Administration Proposes Big Cuts In Medical Research",
"title": "Trump Administration Proposes Big Cuts In Medical Research",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Biomedical research and public health are among the big losers in the Trump administration's proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">proposal\u003c/a> promises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A \"major reorganization\" in the National Institutes of Health, which supports most of the nation's research on diseases and treatments. That includes a cut of $5.8 billion, about 20 percent of NIH's $30 billion budget.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Reform\" of funding for the Centers for Disease and Prevention, which works to prevent, monitor and combat disease outbreaks. The budget mentions a $500 million block grant to states.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An additional $500 million for the Department of Health and Human Services to \"expand opioid misuse prevention efforts and to increase access to treatment and recovery services to help Americans who are misusing opioids get the help they need.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Investment in \"mental health activities that are awarded to high-performing entities and focus on high priority areas, such as suicide prevention, serious mental illness, and children's mental health.\" No specifics are provided.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Funding from the National Institutes of Health flows to more than 2,600 institutions around the country and creates more than 313,000 full- and part-time jobs, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750411/\">2016 study\u003c/a>. So it's not obvious how slashing billions from the NIH budget, as the Trump administration proposes, will bring more jobs to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $5.8 billion cut represents a 20 percent reduction in the NIH budget, which is about $30 billion. The federal government hands out most of this funding rather than spending it on its own employees, but the budget proposal is not clear on how much of the spending cuts target grants to university scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal research grant money flows primarily to universities, and they in turn spend billions to buy equipment and services from local companies. Economist Bruce Weinberg and colleagues at Ohio State University \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/41.full\">looked at\u003c/a> what happened to federal research dollars that flowed to nine major Midwestern universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, these nine institutions received about $7 billion for research, more than half of which came from the NIH, the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies. Of that, the universities spent almost $1 billion on goods and services from U.S. vendors and subcontractors, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that, 16 percent went to vendors in the university's home county, over 16 percent was spent elsewhere in the state, and the balance was spread to companies across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers buy chemicals and other ingredients needed for experiments and purchase laboratory equipment. There are entire industries devoted to supporting biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised by how many were small, niche high-technology companies,\" Weinberg and his colleagues wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, science funding is not primarily a jobs or economic stimulus program,\" they added. After all, research is a long-term investment in knowledge and the driving force for economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal doesn't include a specific funding figure for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which had a budget of $7 billion in 2016. But the proposed budget says it \"reforms\" the CDC through a new $500 million block grant that would \"increase state flexibility and focus on the leading public health challenges to each state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No additional details are included, but that could mean diverting those funds from the CDC's core budget to provide block grants to individual states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are encouraged to see that state health agency priorities, such as flexible funding to meet state and territorial public health needs and the public health Emergency Fund, are in the President's Budget,\" said Michael Fraser, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astho.org/\">Association of State and Territorial Health Officials\u003c/a>, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are things we really do want to see,\" Fraser continued. \"However, the fact is that support for those priorities comes at what looks like a very significant cost to existing programs. The proposed reductions to HHS may have serious negative impacts on both federal and state responses to public health needs and that leaves many of us extremely concerned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also calls for the creation of a new \"Federal Emergency Response Fund\" that would be designed to \"rapidly respond to public health outbreaks,\" such as Zika. This is an idea that has been gaining support recently, especially in the wake of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the emergence of Zika as a threat to pregnant women and their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama's emergency funding request to respond to Zika got mired in politics in Congress. The budget doesn't specify how big this new fund would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed budget is silent on the National Science Foundation, which provides about $7 billion a year in grants to researchers in many fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Proposes+Big+Cuts+In+Medical+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Biomedical research and public health are among the big losers in the Trump administration's proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">proposal\u003c/a> promises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A \"major reorganization\" in the National Institutes of Health, which supports most of the nation's research on diseases and treatments. That includes a cut of $5.8 billion, about 20 percent of NIH's $30 billion budget.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Reform\" of funding for the Centers for Disease and Prevention, which works to prevent, monitor and combat disease outbreaks. The budget mentions a $500 million block grant to states.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An additional $500 million for the Department of Health and Human Services to \"expand opioid misuse prevention efforts and to increase access to treatment and recovery services to help Americans who are misusing opioids get the help they need.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Investment in \"mental health activities that are awarded to high-performing entities and focus on high priority areas, such as suicide prevention, serious mental illness, and children's mental health.\" No specifics are provided.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Funding from the National Institutes of Health flows to more than 2,600 institutions around the country and creates more than 313,000 full- and part-time jobs, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750411/\">2016 study\u003c/a>. So it's not obvious how slashing billions from the NIH budget, as the Trump administration proposes, will bring more jobs to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $5.8 billion cut represents a 20 percent reduction in the NIH budget, which is about $30 billion. The federal government hands out most of this funding rather than spending it on its own employees, but the budget proposal is not clear on how much of the spending cuts target grants to university scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal research grant money flows primarily to universities, and they in turn spend billions to buy equipment and services from local companies. Economist Bruce Weinberg and colleagues at Ohio State University \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/41.full\">looked at\u003c/a> what happened to federal research dollars that flowed to nine major Midwestern universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, these nine institutions received about $7 billion for research, more than half of which came from the NIH, the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies. Of that, the universities spent almost $1 billion on goods and services from U.S. vendors and subcontractors, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that, 16 percent went to vendors in the university's home county, over 16 percent was spent elsewhere in the state, and the balance was spread to companies across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers buy chemicals and other ingredients needed for experiments and purchase laboratory equipment. There are entire industries devoted to supporting biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised by how many were small, niche high-technology companies,\" Weinberg and his colleagues wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, science funding is not primarily a jobs or economic stimulus program,\" they added. After all, research is a long-term investment in knowledge and the driving force for economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal doesn't include a specific funding figure for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which had a budget of $7 billion in 2016. But the proposed budget says it \"reforms\" the CDC through a new $500 million block grant that would \"increase state flexibility and focus on the leading public health challenges to each state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No additional details are included, but that could mean diverting those funds from the CDC's core budget to provide block grants to individual states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are encouraged to see that state health agency priorities, such as flexible funding to meet state and territorial public health needs and the public health Emergency Fund, are in the President's Budget,\" said Michael Fraser, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astho.org/\">Association of State and Territorial Health Officials\u003c/a>, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are things we really do want to see,\" Fraser continued. \"However, the fact is that support for those priorities comes at what looks like a very significant cost to existing programs. The proposed reductions to HHS may have serious negative impacts on both federal and state responses to public health needs and that leaves many of us extremely concerned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also calls for the creation of a new \"Federal Emergency Response Fund\" that would be designed to \"rapidly respond to public health outbreaks,\" such as Zika. This is an idea that has been gaining support recently, especially in the wake of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the emergence of Zika as a threat to pregnant women and their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama's emergency funding request to respond to Zika got mired in politics in Congress. The budget doesn't specify how big this new fund would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed budget is silent on the National Science Foundation, which provides about $7 billion a year in grants to researchers in many fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Proposes+Big+Cuts+In+Medical+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Okay, we thought big data folks had really turned it \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_eleven\" target=\"_blank\">up to 11\u003c/a> with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's comprehensive \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/31/find-life-expectancy-map/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Health Map\u003c/a>, which categorizes each and every U.S. death by each and every U.S. county. The map can tell you which areas of the country have the lowest life expectancy (parts of Appalachia and the South don't look good); which suffer the highest rates of binge drinking (Wisconsin, Montana, North Dakota) and suicide (the Kusilvak Census Area in Alaska; South Dakota Native American reservations); and lots of other information that will satisfy even the most voracious consumer of death and morbidity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to urban areas, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may have gone the IHME's tool one better \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>turned it up to 12, if you will \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>with its recently introduced health data map, part of its \u003ca href=\"https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/health-area/500-cities\" target=\"_blank\">500 Cities\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The project identifies, analyzes, and reports on 27 chronic disease measures focusing on conditions, behaviors, and risk factors that have a substantial effect on people’s health,\" according to the CDC, which launched the map in partnership with the CDC Foundation and the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the image to be taken to the map.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/500cities/\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-346557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/cdcmap-1.jpg\" alt=\"cdcmap\" width=\"713\" height=\"507\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"850\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https://nccd.cdc.gov/500_Cities/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DPH_500_Cities.InteractiveMap&islCategories=HLTHOUT&islMeasures=ARTHRITIS&islStates=59\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, there's more\u003cb> \u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span> the map doesn't just drill down to the city level; it homes in on each census tract, which is, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">basically, \u003c/span>your neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We clicked ourselves down to the city level for San Francisco, where KQED is based, then all the way into different patches of blocks, checking out health outcomes like asthma, diabetes and cancer. The prevention data displays rates for dental visits, annual checkups and lack of health insurance, among other measures, and the stats for \"unhealthy behaviors\" include the numbers on smoking, obesity and lack of sleep. (View the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/500cities/measure-definitions.htm\" target=\"_blank\">definitions of each measure here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these are self-reported, we're relieved to find out. (Still, what's next -- unhealthy behaviors broken out by each room in your apartment?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, from as recently as 2014, comes from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (which is collected through telephone surveys, despite its high-tech and ominous-sounding name), U.S. Census Bureau \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/data.html\" target=\"_blank\">population data\u003c/a>, and the bureau's \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/\" target=\"_blank\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind these numbers represent estimates, derived from \"small area estimation techniques.\" These statistical methods use data from big surveys pertaining to larger geographical areas, then apply that data to smaller areas, said James Holt, the CDC's team leader for analytic methods in the Division of Population Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All well and good. But we did notice one thing: The residents in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park do a relatively heavy amount of binge drinking, according to the map. What, do the the squirrels have an alcohol problem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The area that contains Golden Gate Park is census tract 060759803,\" wrote a CDC spokesperson, in response to a question that didn't mention squirrels. \"According to the 2010 US Census, this census tract had a 2010 resident population of 171. We did suppress estimates for census tracts that had fewer than 50 residents, to avoid the issue of interpretation, but Golden Gate Park is in a tract that exceeds that threshold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC anticipates this trove of data will be used by local health officials, to help them \"target health interventions to areas within their cities at highest need,\" Holt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy, data nerds, enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Okay, we thought big data folks had really turned it \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to_eleven\" target=\"_blank\">up to 11\u003c/a> with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's comprehensive \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/31/find-life-expectancy-map/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Health Map\u003c/a>, which categorizes each and every U.S. death by each and every U.S. county. The map can tell you which areas of the country have the lowest life expectancy (parts of Appalachia and the South don't look good); which suffer the highest rates of binge drinking (Wisconsin, Montana, North Dakota) and suicide (the Kusilvak Census Area in Alaska; South Dakota Native American reservations); and lots of other information that will satisfy even the most voracious consumer of death and morbidity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to urban areas, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may have gone the IHME's tool one better \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>turned it up to 12, if you will \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>with its recently introduced health data map, part of its \u003ca href=\"https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/health-area/500-cities\" target=\"_blank\">500 Cities\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The project identifies, analyzes, and reports on 27 chronic disease measures focusing on conditions, behaviors, and risk factors that have a substantial effect on people’s health,\" according to the CDC, which launched the map in partnership with the CDC Foundation and the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the image to be taken to the map.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/500cities/\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-346557\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/cdcmap-1.jpg\" alt=\"cdcmap\" width=\"713\" height=\"507\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"850\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https://nccd.cdc.gov/500_Cities/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DPH_500_Cities.InteractiveMap&islCategories=HLTHOUT&islMeasures=ARTHRITIS&islStates=59\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wait, there's more\u003cb> \u003c/b> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span> the map doesn't just drill down to the city level; it homes in on each census tract, which is, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">basically, \u003c/span>your neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We clicked ourselves down to the city level for San Francisco, where KQED is based, then all the way into different patches of blocks, checking out health outcomes like asthma, diabetes and cancer. The prevention data displays rates for dental visits, annual checkups and lack of health insurance, among other measures, and the stats for \"unhealthy behaviors\" include the numbers on smoking, obesity and lack of sleep. (View the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/500cities/measure-definitions.htm\" target=\"_blank\">definitions of each measure here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these are self-reported, we're relieved to find out. (Still, what's next -- unhealthy behaviors broken out by each room in your apartment?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data, from as recently as 2014, comes from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (which is collected through telephone surveys, despite its high-tech and ominous-sounding name), U.S. Census Bureau \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/data.html\" target=\"_blank\">population data\u003c/a>, and the bureau's \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/\" target=\"_blank\">American Community Survey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind these numbers represent estimates, derived from \"small area estimation techniques.\" These statistical methods use data from big surveys pertaining to larger geographical areas, then apply that data to smaller areas, said James Holt, the CDC's team leader for analytic methods in the Division of Population Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All well and good. But we did notice one thing: The residents in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park do a relatively heavy amount of binge drinking, according to the map. What, do the the squirrels have an alcohol problem?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The area that contains Golden Gate Park is census tract 060759803,\" wrote a CDC spokesperson, in response to a question that didn't mention squirrels. \"According to the 2010 US Census, this census tract had a 2010 resident population of 171. We did suppress estimates for census tracts that had fewer than 50 residents, to avoid the issue of interpretation, but Golden Gate Park is in a tract that exceeds that threshold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC anticipates this trove of data will be used by local health officials, to help them \"target health interventions to areas within their cities at highest need,\" Holt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy, data nerds, enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IykG7_zHXoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Biden spoke at the South by Southwest conference in Austin on Sunday, talking about continuing the work of the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative\" target=\"_blank\">cancer moonshot\u003c/a>\" initiative, first announced by President Obama during the 2016 State of the Union address. At the time, Obama put Biden “in charge of mission control” for a national initiative to cure cancer, which kills \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2016.html\">hundreds of thousands of Americans\u003c/a> each year. Biden's son, former Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, died of brain cancer in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At South by Southwest, Biden gave a wide-ranging and at times emotional presentation, citing treatment advances like immunotherapy and particle beam therapy. He also said that cancer data from the Veterans Administration could be analyzed by Dept. of Energy supercomputers to find \"new patterns\" to help with research, one of the suggestions in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/blue-ribbon-panel\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Moonshot Blue Ribbon Panel Report\u003c/a>, released last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Biden said he had offered to help the Trump administration carry on the mission to end cancer. But he also said he would create the Biden Cancer Initiative, where the primary focus would be on working on community collaboration between scientists, so that research would be widely shared across specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Biden again mentioned working with the new administration. From a \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/12/biden-talks-cancer-sxsw/\" target=\"_blank\">Texas Tribune\u003c/a> report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It is my hope that this new administration, once it gets organized — and I’m not being facetious — will be able to focus on and be as committed and as enthusiastic as we were in the goal of ending cancer as we know it,\" Biden said. \"I will do everything in my power to work with the new administration.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And more from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-joe-biden-cancer-sxsw-trump-2017-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">LA Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden had come to SXSW to recruit talent. Addressing an audience that included techies and innovators, he pointed out how easy websites and apps had made it to buy movie tickets or cash checks at the swipe of a finger on a smartphone, then wondered why cancer patients like his son couldn’t just as easily send test results from one hospital to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of you are developing technologies and innovations for purposes large and small, fun and serious, entertaining and lifesaving, that have nothing to do with cancer — but you could make a gigantic impact,” he said, his voice booming. “We need you to help us reach people who need to change their behavior and avoid cancer. You’re doing it to help them figure out how to buy a product… We need to reach people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/03/12/joe-biden-cancer-sxsw/99095456/\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden said the idea for the White House Moonshot Cancer initiative came as he and Obama headed to the White House Rose Garden in October 2015 to announce that Biden would not be running for president. Asked by Obama if he had any regrets, Biden said he had one: \"I would have loved to be the president who presided over the end of cancer, as we know it.\" Three months later, Obama announced the creation of the initiative in his final State of the Union address -- to the surprise of Biden, he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biden also mentioned during his presentation that Amazon.com had contacted him to offer free cloud computing space for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside>‘It’s the first controlled experiment, to our knowledge, to show that dietary intervention can curb mood disorders.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It may sound like alternative medicine, but researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think that adding certain beneficial bacteria to a person’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/probiotics-depression/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/13/probiotics-depression/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Future of You – tagged “kqedscience”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Cancer Study Recruits Patients at Record Pace. Here's Why",
"title": "Cancer Study Recruits Patients at Record Pace. Here's Why",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Many studies designed to try out new drugs simply languish. They don't attract enough patients, and they aren't completed. That slows medical progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's a story of one study that has bucked that trend — in fact, it is so popular, scientists had to put the brakes on it for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match#1\">NCI-MATCH\u003c/a> trial. It upends the normal way of classifying cancers for treatment: Instead of categorizing malignancies by the organ where they first appear, this method of sorting focuses on particular mutations in the genes of cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Instead of thinking of a breast cancer treatment or a lung cancer treatment or colon, it looks at the different mutations that occur in the tumors,\" explains oncologist Robert Comis, who leads the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCI-MATCH recruits people who have tried and failed the traditional cancer treatments. People like 74-year-old Nancy Nahmias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It all started when I was diagnosed with cancer of the liver,\" Nahmias says. \"I was put on chemo, which I reacted very poorly to.\" In fact, she developed a severe reaction called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html\">sepsis\u003c/a>, which put her in the hospital for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard chemotherapy was out of the question, her doctors told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"8HvFsm2US3VJYjZMBum0MAzyztdlyh8W\"]Nahmias' daughter, a physician, learned about the NCI-MATCH trial and encouraged her mother to give it a try. Scientists screened the genetic pattern of her tumor and found a mutation that might be amenable to a treatment not usually given to patients who have liver cancer. Nahmias signed up about two months ago, at Thomas Jefferson University, one of many sites running the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been recruiting patients at a record pace. In its first three months it enrolled 800 patients, far more than the 150 the researchers expected, Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers had to pause the study briefly, to reconfigure their labs to keep up with the flood of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid clip is no doubt because the study is aimed at patients who are running out of traditional treatment options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's also because the researchers who designed the study stopped to ask what would appeal to potential participants. \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/about/our-team/nancy-roach/\">Nancy Roach\u003c/a>, a longtime patient's advocate who lives in rural Oregon, got involved early on, and helped advise the scientists planning this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Audience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to sound goofy, but my dad was in advertising,\" she tells Shots. \"Remember the scrubbing bubbles — Dow scrubbing bubbles? That was my dad. So I grew up watching commercials and thinking about what consumers wanted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach brought that sensibility to the conferences where the NCI-MATCH trial was being designed. The original plan would have split the study participants who seem to be doing well on the test treatment into two groups. One group would continue the treatment; the other would take a break, called a drug holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach remembers her immediate reaction to that design: \"Taking a patient who's responding to treatment and taking them off treatment? That is not going to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She correctly anticipated how patients like Nancy Nahmias would have reacted, as they deliberated whether to sign up for the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not have liked that,\" Nahmias says. \"If it seems to be working, let's face it, I don't want to do anything to sabotage myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g348/p17520\">Dr. Peter O'Dwyer,\u003c/a> a University of Pennsylvania oncologist who was involved in the study design, readily admits that \"the design had certain attractions, but it clearly had certain flaws.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, incorporating a drug holiday would have helped doctors tell whether a tumor was just growing slowly, or actually responding to treatment, O'Dwyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the researchers could see the point that Nancy Roach and others in the patient advisory group were making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Want Patients in Your study? Listen to Their Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all agreed, and changed the design of the study accordingly,\" O'Dwyer says. That meant the scientists wouldn't be able to distinguish as easily the slow-growing tumors from ones responding to treatment — that insight would have to come from a follow-up study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comis says researchers used to design studies without any patient input, back in the day when patients tended not to question their physicians. But just as patients have gotten more involved in their own care, their advocates have become more involved in the technical discussions of study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That has increasingly become the norm in the development of clinical trials,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and O'Dwyer work together in Philadelphia at a research organization known by its acronym, \u003ca href=\"http://ecog-acrin.org/\">ECOG-ACRIN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, Comis was involved in a landmark study that put cooperation with patients to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, doctors were increasingly encouraging breast cancer patients to undergo very aggressive treatment that involved having a bone-marrow transplant. The treatment, which can have serious side effects, was based on poor evidence, Comis says, so he wanted to run a rigorous trial to see if it really worked for this group of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patients Can Have biases, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We struggled throughout the '90s to put enough patients on clinical trials, which ultimately showed that it didn't work,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and their advocates, as well as doctors, really didn't want to question the prevailing wisdom about bone marrow transplants, he says. \"And I think one of the reasons some of those early trials took so long was that the whole external environment was against participation in these particular trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience validated Comis' view that patient advocates are central to doing good research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Nancy Roach's perspective, it takes a bit of nerve to speak up in a room of doctors and scientists and ask, \"Will the results of this study actually help anybody?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's Roach's responsibility to ask those basic questions. \"I'm not a scientist,\" she says. \"I'm not a clinician. I'm there on behalf of patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own journey started when her mother-in-law developed colorectal cancer. Roach went from being an advocate for one patient to an advocate for many; she co-founded the Colon Cancer Alliance in 1999, advocating for those with cancer and their families. And while she's gratified to see more and more people stepping in to become patient's advocates in research design, she notes that most are white and economically advantaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly,\" she says, \"most of them look like me. And that's a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans are under-represented in clinical trials, she notes. That may be in part because their doctors aren't recommending experimental treatments as often. But it may also be that the clinical trials haven't made a big enough effort to listen to the needs of various communities of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach hopes this will be the next frontier for patient involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advice+From+Patients+On+A+Study%27s+Design+Makes+For+Better+Science+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"title": "Cancer Study Recruits Patients at Record Pace. Here's Why | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many studies designed to try out new drugs simply languish. They don't attract enough patients, and they aren't completed. That slows medical progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's a story of one study that has bucked that trend — in fact, it is so popular, scientists had to put the brakes on it for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match#1\">NCI-MATCH\u003c/a> trial. It upends the normal way of classifying cancers for treatment: Instead of categorizing malignancies by the organ where they first appear, this method of sorting focuses on particular mutations in the genes of cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Instead of thinking of a breast cancer treatment or a lung cancer treatment or colon, it looks at the different mutations that occur in the tumors,\" explains oncologist Robert Comis, who leads the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCI-MATCH recruits people who have tried and failed the traditional cancer treatments. People like 74-year-old Nancy Nahmias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It all started when I was diagnosed with cancer of the liver,\" Nahmias says. \"I was put on chemo, which I reacted very poorly to.\" In fact, she developed a severe reaction called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html\">sepsis\u003c/a>, which put her in the hospital for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard chemotherapy was out of the question, her doctors told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Nahmias' daughter, a physician, learned about the NCI-MATCH trial and encouraged her mother to give it a try. Scientists screened the genetic pattern of her tumor and found a mutation that might be amenable to a treatment not usually given to patients who have liver cancer. Nahmias signed up about two months ago, at Thomas Jefferson University, one of many sites running the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been recruiting patients at a record pace. In its first three months it enrolled 800 patients, far more than the 150 the researchers expected, Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers had to pause the study briefly, to reconfigure their labs to keep up with the flood of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid clip is no doubt because the study is aimed at patients who are running out of traditional treatment options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's also because the researchers who designed the study stopped to ask what would appeal to potential participants. \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/about/our-team/nancy-roach/\">Nancy Roach\u003c/a>, a longtime patient's advocate who lives in rural Oregon, got involved early on, and helped advise the scientists planning this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Audience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to sound goofy, but my dad was in advertising,\" she tells Shots. \"Remember the scrubbing bubbles — Dow scrubbing bubbles? That was my dad. So I grew up watching commercials and thinking about what consumers wanted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach brought that sensibility to the conferences where the NCI-MATCH trial was being designed. The original plan would have split the study participants who seem to be doing well on the test treatment into two groups. One group would continue the treatment; the other would take a break, called a drug holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach remembers her immediate reaction to that design: \"Taking a patient who's responding to treatment and taking them off treatment? That is not going to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She correctly anticipated how patients like Nancy Nahmias would have reacted, as they deliberated whether to sign up for the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not have liked that,\" Nahmias says. \"If it seems to be working, let's face it, I don't want to do anything to sabotage myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g348/p17520\">Dr. Peter O'Dwyer,\u003c/a> a University of Pennsylvania oncologist who was involved in the study design, readily admits that \"the design had certain attractions, but it clearly had certain flaws.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, incorporating a drug holiday would have helped doctors tell whether a tumor was just growing slowly, or actually responding to treatment, O'Dwyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the researchers could see the point that Nancy Roach and others in the patient advisory group were making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Want Patients in Your study? Listen to Their Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all agreed, and changed the design of the study accordingly,\" O'Dwyer says. That meant the scientists wouldn't be able to distinguish as easily the slow-growing tumors from ones responding to treatment — that insight would have to come from a follow-up study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comis says researchers used to design studies without any patient input, back in the day when patients tended not to question their physicians. But just as patients have gotten more involved in their own care, their advocates have become more involved in the technical discussions of study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That has increasingly become the norm in the development of clinical trials,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and O'Dwyer work together in Philadelphia at a research organization known by its acronym, \u003ca href=\"http://ecog-acrin.org/\">ECOG-ACRIN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, Comis was involved in a landmark study that put cooperation with patients to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, doctors were increasingly encouraging breast cancer patients to undergo very aggressive treatment that involved having a bone-marrow transplant. The treatment, which can have serious side effects, was based on poor evidence, Comis says, so he wanted to run a rigorous trial to see if it really worked for this group of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patients Can Have biases, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We struggled throughout the '90s to put enough patients on clinical trials, which ultimately showed that it didn't work,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and their advocates, as well as doctors, really didn't want to question the prevailing wisdom about bone marrow transplants, he says. \"And I think one of the reasons some of those early trials took so long was that the whole external environment was against participation in these particular trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience validated Comis' view that patient advocates are central to doing good research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Nancy Roach's perspective, it takes a bit of nerve to speak up in a room of doctors and scientists and ask, \"Will the results of this study actually help anybody?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's Roach's responsibility to ask those basic questions. \"I'm not a scientist,\" she says. \"I'm not a clinician. I'm there on behalf of patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own journey started when her mother-in-law developed colorectal cancer. Roach went from being an advocate for one patient to an advocate for many; she co-founded the Colon Cancer Alliance in 1999, advocating for those with cancer and their families. And while she's gratified to see more and more people stepping in to become patient's advocates in research design, she notes that most are white and economically advantaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly,\" she says, \"most of them look like me. And that's a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans are under-represented in clinical trials, she notes. That may be in part because their doctors aren't recommending experimental treatments as often. But it may also be that the clinical trials haven't made a big enough effort to listen to the needs of various communities of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach hopes this will be the next frontier for patient involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advice+From+Patients+On+A+Study%27s+Design+Makes+For+Better+Science+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Revokes Lead Bullet Ban, But California's May Hold",
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"content": "\u003cp>In one of his first acts as the nation’s new Interior Secretary, Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/order_no._3346.pdf\">overturned \u003c/a>one of the Obama Administration’s final acts, banning the use of lead bullets for hunting on wildlife refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20170129202757/https://www.fws.gov/policy/do219.html\"> ban on lead ammunition and fishing tackle\u003c/a> was enacted the day before President Obama left office, and applied to federal wildlife refuges and any other lands where the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regulates hunting and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Critters at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was intended to prevent fish, birds and other animals from being poisoned by the lead left behind in carcasses, on the ground or in water. Hunting groups rallied against the ban, calling it an “\u003ca href=\"https://bearingarms.com/ba-staff/2017/01/24/obama-bids-adieu-americas-gun-owners-lead-ammo-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assault\u003c/a> on gun owners’ and sportsmans’ rights.” [contextly_sidebar id=”TwnU81seXkyklL8cyYQ0Sey9iHW2akMV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/322058-interior-secretary-repeals-ban-on-lead-ammunition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covering the story\u003c/a> today, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hill\u003c/a> quoted Zinke as saying the ban was enacted without adequate public input:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“After reviewing the order and the process by which it was promulgated, I have determined that the order is not mandated by any existing statutory or regulatory requirement and was issued without significant communication, consultation or coordination with affected stakeholders,” Zinke wrote in his order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke also signed an order Thursday asking agencies within his purview to find ways to increase access to outdoor recreation on the lands they oversee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite,” he said in a statement. “This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community’s voice is heard.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his confirmation hearing, Zinke made it clear that removing hurdles to hunters and anglers on federal lands would be one of his highest priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Stake\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">a 2013 state ban\u003c/a> on lead ammunition will be affected by Zinke’s order. California’s law phases in rules that, by 2019, will prohibit lead ammunition for hunting all birds and mammals anywhere in the state, including on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the state Department of Fish and Wildlife said today that agency officials feel confident the state rules will not be undone by today’s federal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/03/condors-vs-lead-bullets/\">California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say their recovery has been hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or entrails left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In one of his first acts as the nation’s new Interior Secretary, Ryan Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/order_no._3346.pdf\">overturned \u003c/a>one of the Obama Administration’s final acts, banning the use of lead bullets for hunting on wildlife refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20170129202757/https://www.fws.gov/policy/do219.html\"> ban on lead ammunition and fishing tackle\u003c/a> was enacted the day before President Obama left office, and applied to federal wildlife refuges and any other lands where the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regulates hunting and fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Critters at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was intended to prevent fish, birds and other animals from being poisoned by the lead left behind in carcasses, on the ground or in water. Hunting groups rallied against the ban, calling it an “\u003ca href=\"https://bearingarms.com/ba-staff/2017/01/24/obama-bids-adieu-americas-gun-owners-lead-ammo-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">assault\u003c/a> on gun owners’ and sportsmans’ rights.” \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/322058-interior-secretary-repeals-ban-on-lead-ammunition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covering the story\u003c/a> today, \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hill\u003c/a> quoted Zinke as saying the ban was enacted without adequate public input:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“After reviewing the order and the process by which it was promulgated, I have determined that the order is not mandated by any existing statutory or regulatory requirement and was issued without significant communication, consultation or coordination with affected stakeholders,” Zinke wrote in his order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke also signed an order Thursday asking agencies within his purview to find ways to increase access to outdoor recreation on the lands they oversee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite,” he said in a statement. “This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community’s voice is heard.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his confirmation hearing, Zinke made it clear that removing hurdles to hunters and anglers on federal lands would be one of his highest priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Stake\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear whether \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/11/to-protect-wildlife-california-bans-hunting-with-lead-bullets/\">a 2013 state ban\u003c/a> on lead ammunition will be affected by Zinke’s order. California’s law phases in rules that, by 2019, will prohibit lead ammunition for hunting all birds and mammals anywhere in the state, including on federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for the state Department of Fish and Wildlife said today that agency officials feel confident the state rules will not be undone by today’s federal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law was spearheaded in large part to protect the threatened \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/03/condors-vs-lead-bullets/\">California condor\u003c/a>. Scientists say their recovery has been hampered by lead poisoning, because the scavengers ingest lead bullet fragments in carcasses or entrails left behind by hunters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Broad Institute Wins Decision Over UC Berkeley in CRISPR Patent Battle",
"title": "Broad Institute Wins Decision Over UC Berkeley in CRISPR Patent Battle",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When scientists first read out the human genome 15 years ago, there were high hopes that we'd soon understand how traits like height are inherited. It hasn't been easy. A huge effort to find height-related genes so far only explains a fraction of this trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists say they've made some more headway. And the effort is not just useful for understanding how genes determine height, but how they're involved in driving many other human traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, these problems didn't seem to be so complicated. The 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century monk Gregor Mendel discovered that traits in his garden peas, like smoothness and color, could be passed predictably from one generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/joel-hirschhorn\">Joel Hirschhorn\u003c/a>, a geneticist at Boston Children's Hospital and the Broad Institute, says it became evident that most stories of inheritance were not so simple. Height turns out to be a prime example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People's height didn't behave like Mendel's peas,\" Hirschhorn says. \"It wasn't like they you had two tall people and they'd either have a tall [child] or a short [child]. Often the child was partway between the parents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists explained this 100 years ago, when they realized that height was influenced by many genes, and each makes a small contribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the human genome was sequenced, scientists like Hirschhorn thought they could plumb that data to track all the height genes, and finally understand how height — and in fact most other human traits — are shaped by our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That effort started slowly. But now, Hirschhorn says, \"For height there are about 700 variants known to affect height, each of them usually with a pretty small effect on height, usually like a millimeter or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That massive global effort has involved studying the genes of more than 700,000 volunteer subjects. Even so, the traits they've found only explain about a quarter of the inherited height factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, frustratingly, for most of those variants scientists have no idea what they actually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly the variants crop up in mysterious bits of DNA between genes on our chromosomes. That makes it hard to figure out their roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hirschhorn and his army of colleagues, who \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature21039\">reported\u003c/a> on the effort last week in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, tried a new tack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their study focused only on variants that are directly in the genes themselves. By knowing that the genes do, they can understand better how variants might influence height. For example, one is in a gene that influences hormones that regulate growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variants within genes are uncommon, but some have a remarkably large influence on height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some that, if you carry them, you might actually be an inch taller or an inch shorter, as opposed to just a millimeter difference that we found with the previous variants,\" Hirschhorn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still very far from identifying all the genes involved with stature, but these new findings do help them better understand the natural biochemistry that influences height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far most of our understanding of height has come from scientists who study children who have abnormal growth patterns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/Pages/bio.aspx?nih_id=0010126245\">Constantine Stratakis\u003c/a>, a pediatrician and scientific director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are rare experiments of nature that have told us these genes are involved in the regulation of growth,\" he says. In fact, he discovered one of those rare genes, linked to a trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028#t=article\">gigantism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It leads to babies that double or triple their length in the first year of life,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These natural experiments have been most useful for treating height disorders, but Stratakis hopes that eventually the genome-search methods will provide leads for future treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger lesson here is figuring out how the biology of a complex trait like height really works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rare variants can sometimes make a big difference, \"but most of the time it's all about systems that interact that define how an organism behaves, or grows, or has a disease, develops a trait and so on,\" Stratakis says. \"And although it's humbling to see the complexity, at this point it's not unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn and his colleagues are expanding their already massive study of 700,000 subjects. That approach has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0806284\">drawn skepticism\u003c/a> from some scientists, who think it's a waste of effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Goldstein, a professor of genetics at Columbia University, says an expanded effort could ultimately implicate every gene in existence, and that hardly helps scientists narrow down the biological factors that contribute to height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's likely scientists will never be able to figure out what these hundreds of common variants do to influence height, \u003ca href=\"http://www.igm.columbia.edu/profile/dbgoldstein\">Goldstein \u003c/a>says. Instead, a much better strategy is what Hirschhorn used in this latest study: looking for rare variants that pack a big punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn is undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\"We probably won't get all of the way to explaining 100 percent of the genetic factors, but in some sense that's not really our goal,\" Hirschhorn says. \"Our goal is to use the genetics to do our best at understanding the biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Hirschhorn and his colleagues are not just looking at height; they're digging into traits that make people susceptible to diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Which+Genes+Make+You+Taller%3F+A+Whole+Bunch+Of+Them%2C+It+Turns+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When scientists first read out the human genome 15 years ago, there were high hopes that we'd soon understand how traits like height are inherited. It hasn't been easy. A huge effort to find height-related genes so far only explains a fraction of this trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists say they've made some more headway. And the effort is not just useful for understanding how genes determine height, but how they're involved in driving many other human traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, these problems didn't seem to be so complicated. The 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century monk Gregor Mendel discovered that traits in his garden peas, like smoothness and color, could be passed predictably from one generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/joel-hirschhorn\">Joel Hirschhorn\u003c/a>, a geneticist at Boston Children's Hospital and the Broad Institute, says it became evident that most stories of inheritance were not so simple. Height turns out to be a prime example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People's height didn't behave like Mendel's peas,\" Hirschhorn says. \"It wasn't like they you had two tall people and they'd either have a tall [child] or a short [child]. Often the child was partway between the parents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists explained this 100 years ago, when they realized that height was influenced by many genes, and each makes a small contribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the human genome was sequenced, scientists like Hirschhorn thought they could plumb that data to track all the height genes, and finally understand how height — and in fact most other human traits — are shaped by our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That effort started slowly. But now, Hirschhorn says, \"For height there are about 700 variants known to affect height, each of them usually with a pretty small effect on height, usually like a millimeter or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That massive global effort has involved studying the genes of more than 700,000 volunteer subjects. Even so, the traits they've found only explain about a quarter of the inherited height factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, frustratingly, for most of those variants scientists have no idea what they actually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly the variants crop up in mysterious bits of DNA between genes on our chromosomes. That makes it hard to figure out their roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hirschhorn and his army of colleagues, who \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature21039\">reported\u003c/a> on the effort last week in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, tried a new tack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their study focused only on variants that are directly in the genes themselves. By knowing that the genes do, they can understand better how variants might influence height. For example, one is in a gene that influences hormones that regulate growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variants within genes are uncommon, but some have a remarkably large influence on height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some that, if you carry them, you might actually be an inch taller or an inch shorter, as opposed to just a millimeter difference that we found with the previous variants,\" Hirschhorn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still very far from identifying all the genes involved with stature, but these new findings do help them better understand the natural biochemistry that influences height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far most of our understanding of height has come from scientists who study children who have abnormal growth patterns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/Pages/bio.aspx?nih_id=0010126245\">Constantine Stratakis\u003c/a>, a pediatrician and scientific director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are rare experiments of nature that have told us these genes are involved in the regulation of growth,\" he says. In fact, he discovered one of those rare genes, linked to a trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028#t=article\">gigantism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It leads to babies that double or triple their length in the first year of life,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These natural experiments have been most useful for treating height disorders, but Stratakis hopes that eventually the genome-search methods will provide leads for future treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger lesson here is figuring out how the biology of a complex trait like height really works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rare variants can sometimes make a big difference, \"but most of the time it's all about systems that interact that define how an organism behaves, or grows, or has a disease, develops a trait and so on,\" Stratakis says. \"And although it's humbling to see the complexity, at this point it's not unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn and his colleagues are expanding their already massive study of 700,000 subjects. That approach has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0806284\">drawn skepticism\u003c/a> from some scientists, who think it's a waste of effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Goldstein, a professor of genetics at Columbia University, says an expanded effort could ultimately implicate every gene in existence, and that hardly helps scientists narrow down the biological factors that contribute to height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's likely scientists will never be able to figure out what these hundreds of common variants do to influence height, \u003ca href=\"http://www.igm.columbia.edu/profile/dbgoldstein\">Goldstein \u003c/a>says. Instead, a much better strategy is what Hirschhorn used in this latest study: looking for rare variants that pack a big punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn is undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\"We probably won't get all of the way to explaining 100 percent of the genetic factors, but in some sense that's not really our goal,\" Hirschhorn says. \"Our goal is to use the genetics to do our best at understanding the biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Hirschhorn and his colleagues are not just looking at height; they're digging into traits that make people susceptible to diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Which+Genes+Make+You+Taller%3F+A+Whole+Bunch+Of+Them%2C+It+Turns+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>T\u003c/span>he Iranian scientist was a catch: a prize-winning young pharmacologist with \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Seyed_Soheil_Saeedi_Saravi\">over 40\u003c/a> publications to his name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He is exactly the kind of person we would like to bring to the United States,” said Dr. Thomas Michel, who hired Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi as a postdoctoral fellow in his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/03/Trump_executive_order/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/03/Trump_executive_order/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Trump Executive Order Has Biomed Scientists Worried\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Future of You – tagged “kqedscience”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have created a stable organism containing DNA most likely never seen before on Earth\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intention was to create \"organisms with wholly unnatural attributes and traits not found elsewhere in nature,” as one of the researchers put it. With more advances, these organisms could potentially be used in the creation of medicines and industrial biologicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development is described in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/17/1616443114\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Synthetic DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The building blocks of DNA, and thus of all life on Earth, are represented by a four-letter \"alphabet.\" Each letter represents one of the compounds that form DNA. The letters—A, T, C and G—are used in different combinations to encode the instructions that govern the development and traits of living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We can now get the light of life to stay on. That suggests that all of life's processes can be subject to manipulation.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Just as scrawled graffiti, a Harlequin romance and a Shakespeare play are written using the same alphabet, so too are a virus, a pig and a human being written with the same set of four bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That started to change \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/19/dna-adding-two-letters-to-lifes-alphabet/\" target=\"_blank\">back in 2014\u003c/a>, when a group of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute synthesized two new letters, then managed to coax E.coli bacteria into accepting them\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>While that was a significant achievement, the bacteria was not ideal and suffered from multiple problems including a tendency not to pass the new letters on to the next generation. Since the artificial bases were not stable in the DNA, they were lost over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Beginning for CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_325792\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-325792\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Back to basics for CRISPR/Cas9.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Back to basics for CRISPR/Cas9. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the ways these researchers managed to get the bacteria to hold on to these new letters was by using one of the biggest things to hit biology in the last few years—the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/why-crispr-revolutionary-and-how-it-works\">gene-editing system CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a>. This tool provides a way to precisely change the DNA of a living thing. It has already revolutionized science in the lab and may one day revolutionize human health as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 has a very humble origin—it works as an immune system for bacteria. It essentially looks for a certain set of bases found in an invading virus's DNA and cuts the viral DNA at that spot. This destroys the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In creating their new organism, the researchers have taken CRISPR/Cas9 back to its original use. But instead of cutting the DNA of invading viruses, CRISPR/Cas9 now cuts the bacterial DNA, which kills the bacteria. Sounds self-defeating, except that it only does this if the bacteria has lost its new letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the bacteria that pass on the new letters thrive and continue to divide, while the letter-losing bacteria are wiped out. Now, generation after generation, only bacteria with the new bases are produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this wouldn’t be all that efficient if the majority of bacteria lost the artificial bases and so died--there wouldn't be enough bacteria to do anything with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_325790\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-325790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal.png\" alt=\"Say hello to dNaM, one of DNA's first new letters in 3.5 billion years or so. \" width=\"400\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-160x174.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-240x262.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-375x409.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Say hello to dNaM, one of DNA's first new letters in 3.5 billion years or so. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make it more likely that the bacteria hold onto their new bases, these researchers also chemically modified one of the bases to something the bacteria liked better. Now the bacteria are more likely to keep these bases, but if they do lose them, they are eliminated from the population. Such an elegant solution!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the bacteria has successfully incorporated the new letters, it is not actually using them, because the cellular machinery can’t decipher what the letters mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists hope that won't always be the case. They intend on tweaking the bacteria so they can make sense of the new letters. Then the new organisms could be crafted into something useful. Down the line, researchers could also figure out how to expand the alphabet of more complex organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the bacteria the researchers experimented on isn’t yet ready for primetime, it is very cool in that it probably does things that life on Earth has never done before. Which is still a marvel for all science lovers out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Said one of the scientists, in a statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can now get the light of life to stay on. That suggests that all of life's processes can be subject to manipulation.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That started to change \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/05/19/dna-adding-two-letters-to-lifes-alphabet/\" target=\"_blank\">back in 2014\u003c/a>, when a group of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute synthesized two new letters, then managed to coax E.coli bacteria into accepting them\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>While that was a significant achievement, the bacteria was not ideal and suffered from multiple problems including a tendency not to pass the new letters on to the next generation. Since the artificial bases were not stable in the DNA, they were lost over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Beginning for CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_325792\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-325792\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Back to basics for CRISPR/Cas9.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/CRISPR800a-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Back to basics for CRISPR/Cas9. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the ways these researchers managed to get the bacteria to hold on to these new letters was by using one of the biggest things to hit biology in the last few years—the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/why-crispr-revolutionary-and-how-it-works\">gene-editing system CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a>. This tool provides a way to precisely change the DNA of a living thing. It has already revolutionized science in the lab and may one day revolutionize human health as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 has a very humble origin—it works as an immune system for bacteria. It essentially looks for a certain set of bases found in an invading virus's DNA and cuts the viral DNA at that spot. This destroys the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In creating their new organism, the researchers have taken CRISPR/Cas9 back to its original use. But instead of cutting the DNA of invading viruses, CRISPR/Cas9 now cuts the bacterial DNA, which kills the bacteria. Sounds self-defeating, except that it only does this if the bacteria has lost its new letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the bacteria that pass on the new letters thrive and continue to divide, while the letter-losing bacteria are wiped out. Now, generation after generation, only bacteria with the new bases are produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this wouldn’t be all that efficient if the majority of bacteria lost the artificial bases and so died--there wouldn't be enough bacteria to do anything with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_325790\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-325790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal.png\" alt=\"Say hello to dNaM, one of DNA's first new letters in 3.5 billion years or so. \" width=\"400\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-160x174.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-240x262.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/DNaM-skeletal-375x409.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Say hello to dNaM, one of DNA's first new letters in 3.5 billion years or so. \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To make it more likely that the bacteria hold onto their new bases, these researchers also chemically modified one of the bases to something the bacteria liked better. 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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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