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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chinese state media is reporting that flights leaving Wuhan, China will be canceled starting Thursday morning, in response to the virus thought to have originated in that city. The goal is to stop the spread of the bug, a newly discovered coronavirus that has sickened more than 500 people and killed at least 17 in China. Public health officials are calling it the novel coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Tuesday, U.S. authorities announced the first domestic case in Washington state, and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">officials \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are still conducting \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flysfo.com/passengers-arriving-wuhan-china-are-being-screened-novel-coronavirus\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">health screenings\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for passengers flying to the U.S. from Wuhan. The screenings began during the weekend at San Francisco International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport and New York City’s John F. Kennedy\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Wednesday, airport screening began at Chicago’s O’Hare airport and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The illness which triggers coughing, fever, respiratory struggles and pneumonia has spread to regions of China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand and Taiwan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Martin Cetron, director for the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine for the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says entry screening is a good precautionary measure to identify and target sick passengers potentially infected with the new virus. At the same time, he acknowledged that “no system is foolproof.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The World Health Organization, by contrast, recommends against traveler screening. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is generally considered that entry screening offers little benefit, while requiring considerable resources,” WHO officials said in a Jan. 10 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/ith/2020-0901_outbreak_of_Pneumonia_caused_by_a_new_coronavirus_in_C/en/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> .\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Josh Michaud, associate director for Global Health Policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation, compares airport screening to seeking a needle in a haystack. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the goal is to identify new cases of an emerging disease like the novel coronavirus, then airport screenings have been historically poor methods to identify new cases based off of studies,” Michaud said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He points to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294328/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> noting the failure of airport screenings in Canada to detect a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. In 2003 that disease killed 774 people, including 43 Canadians. Both SARS and the new Chinese bug are coronaviruses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michaud also referred to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215720\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> criticizing the effectiveness of using temperature scanners at U.S. airports to detect infectious disease. The study’s authors say thermometers offer passengers emotional reassurance, a signal that government is doing \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">something\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in response to the outbreak, even if they don’t provide medically sound information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detecting a rare disease among thousands or potentially millions of passengers is very difficult, Michaud said. For example, the screening could easily miss infected people without symptoms. He would rather see more resources allocated to places like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/pVg_jRVvtHhp94C6GShRkQ?typeid=158\">Taiwan\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-01-2020-who-statement-on-novel-coronavirus-in-thailand\">Thailand\u003c/a> that are experiencing new cases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Make sure that those systems are functioning well,” Michaud said, “that the providers are well-educated, that they know what to do and how to report those cases.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This view has not dissuaded authorities from checking people where they can. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bei Bei Tong, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a young woman wearing gold spectacles and bright red lipstick,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> arrived recently at SFO from Wuhan.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Like most of the arriving passengers, she’s visiting the Bay Area for the Lunar New Year celebrations that begin this weekend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tong says Chinese health officials checked her temperature before she boarded the plane in Wuhan. When she landed, U.S. health officials checked her temperature again and scanned a health questionnaire that asked if she’d coughed, felt feverish or experienced other signs of illness. If a passenger’s temperature is above 100 F, screeners will pull that person aside for extra tests like a chest x-ray beyond the airport. As of Wednesday evening, public health screeners at SFO had not flagged any passengers for more testing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite multiple screenings before she cleared U.S. Customs, Tong said she’s too excited \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to worry about getting sick. She was on her first trip outside of China, and she believes her home country has its citizens’ best interests in mind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I believe my government,” Tong said. “They do many things to protect ourselves.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chinese state media is reporting that flights leaving Wuhan, China will be canceled starting Thursday morning, in response to the virus thought to have originated in that city. The goal is to stop the spread of the bug, a newly discovered coronavirus that has sickened more than 500 people and killed at least 17 in China. Public health officials are calling it the novel coronavirus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Tuesday, U.S. authorities announced the first domestic case in Washington state, and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">officials \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">are still conducting \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flysfo.com/passengers-arriving-wuhan-china-are-being-screened-novel-coronavirus\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">health screenings\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for passengers flying to the U.S. from Wuhan. The screenings began during the weekend at San Francisco International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport and New York City’s John F. Kennedy\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">On Wednesday, airport screening began at Chicago’s O’Hare airport and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The illness which triggers coughing, fever, respiratory struggles and pneumonia has spread to regions of China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand and Taiwan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Martin Cetron, director for the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine for the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says entry screening is a good precautionary measure to identify and target sick passengers potentially infected with the new virus. At the same time, he acknowledged that “no system is foolproof.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The World Health Organization, by contrast, recommends against traveler screening. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is generally considered that entry screening offers little benefit, while requiring considerable resources,” WHO officials said in a Jan. 10 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/ith/2020-0901_outbreak_of_Pneumonia_caused_by_a_new_coronavirus_in_C/en/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">release\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> .\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Josh Michaud, associate director for Global Health Policy at the Kaiser Family Foundation, compares airport screening to seeking a needle in a haystack. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If the goal is to identify new cases of an emerging disease like the novel coronavirus, then airport screenings have been historically poor methods to identify new cases based off of studies,” Michaud said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He points to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294328/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> noting the failure of airport screenings in Canada to detect a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. In 2003 that disease killed 774 people, including 43 Canadians. Both SARS and the new Chinese bug are coronaviruses.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michaud also referred to a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215720\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> criticizing the effectiveness of using temperature scanners at U.S. airports to detect infectious disease. The study’s authors say thermometers offer passengers emotional reassurance, a signal that government is doing \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">something\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in response to the outbreak, even if they don’t provide medically sound information. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detecting a rare disease among thousands or potentially millions of passengers is very difficult, Michaud said. For example, the screening could easily miss infected people without symptoms. He would rather see more resources allocated to places like \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Bulletin/Detail/pVg_jRVvtHhp94C6GShRkQ?typeid=158\">Taiwan\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/13-01-2020-who-statement-on-novel-coronavirus-in-thailand\">Thailand\u003c/a> that are experiencing new cases. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Make sure that those systems are functioning well,” Michaud said, “that the providers are well-educated, that they know what to do and how to report those cases.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This view has not dissuaded authorities from checking people where they can. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bei Bei Tong, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a young woman wearing gold spectacles and bright red lipstick,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> arrived recently at SFO from Wuhan.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Like most of the arriving passengers, she’s visiting the Bay Area for the Lunar New Year celebrations that begin this weekend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tong says Chinese health officials checked her temperature before she boarded the plane in Wuhan. When she landed, U.S. health officials checked her temperature again and scanned a health questionnaire that asked if she’d coughed, felt feverish or experienced other signs of illness. If a passenger’s temperature is above 100 F, screeners will pull that person aside for extra tests like a chest x-ray beyond the airport. As of Wednesday evening, public health screeners at SFO had not flagged any passengers for more testing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite multiple screenings before she cleared U.S. Customs, Tong said she’s too excited \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to worry about getting sick. She was on her first trip outside of China, and she believes her home country has its citizens’ best interests in mind. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I believe my government,” Tong said. “They do many things to protect ourselves.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Chinese city of Wuhan shut down outbound flights and trains as the world’s most populous country battled the spread of a new virus that has sickened hundreds of people and killed 17, Chinese state media said early Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state-owned People’s Daily newspaper said no one would be allowed to leave the city of several million people. The official Xinhua News Agency said no one would be permitted to leave without a specific reason. Train stations and the airport were to shut down at 10 a.m. Buses, subways, ferries and long-distance shuttle buses would also be temporarily closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the cases are in Wuhan and surrounding Hubei province, but dozens of infections have popped up this week around the country as millions travel for the Lunar New Year holiday, one of the world’s largest annual migrations of people. A handful of infected people who came from Wuhan have also been found overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Geneva, the World Health Organization put off deciding whether to declare the outbreak a global health emergency and asked its expert committee on the issue to continue meeting for a second day Thursday. The organization defines a global emergency as an “extraordinary event” that constitutes a risk to other countries and requires a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of new cases has risen sharply in China, the center of the outbreak. The 17 deaths announced Wednesday night were all in Hubei province, where the outbreak emerged in the provincial capital of Wuhan late last month. Wuhan authorities said the province has confirmed 444 cases, which would bring the national total to more than 500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has already been human-to-human transmission and infection of medical workers,” Li Bin, deputy director of the National Health Commission, said at a news conference Wednesday with health experts. “Evidence has shown that the disease has been transmitted through the respiratory tract and there is the possibility of viral mutation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the U.S. reported its first case of a new and potentially deadly virus circulating in China, saying a Washington state resident who returned last week from the outbreak’s epicenter was hospitalized near Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man, identified only as a Snohomish County resident is in his 30s, was in good condition and wasn’t considered a threat to medical staff or the public, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. health officials stressed that they believe the virus’ overall risk to the American public remained low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the spreading virus, authorities have instituted precautionary\u003ca href=\"https://www.flysfo.com/passengers-arriving-wuhan-china-are-being-screened-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> health screenings\u003c/a> for passengers flying to the U.S. from Wuhan, China, where the outbreak began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The screenings began over the weekend at San Francisco International Airport, as well as at Los Angeles International Airport and New York City’s John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia airports. Checks will expand to Chicago’s O’Hare and Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson airports this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient in Washington state entered the U.S. through a flight originating in Wuhan, before the airport checks began, the CDC said. Of the 1,200 airport screenings that were conducted as of Tuesday morning, no passenger was determined to have the coronavirus, said Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other airports around the world had also stepped up monitoring, checking passengers from China for signs of illness in hopes of containing the virus during the busy Lunar New Year travel season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospitalized U.S. resident had no symptoms when he arrived at the Seattle-Tacoma airport last Wednesday, but he started feeling ill on Thursday and went to a doctor on Sunday with a fever and a cough, officials said. Lab testing on Monday confirmed he had the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gentleman right now is very healthy,” said Dr. Nancy Messonnier of the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital, Providence Regional Medical Center in Everett, said in a statement that it expected the man would be monitored there at least until Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials said they sent a team to Washington to try to track down people who might have come in contact with the man. The hospital also said it was contacting “the small number of staff and patients” who may have been with the man at a clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is originally from central China, lives alone in the U.S. and made the trip solo, officials said. There were relatively few people who came in contact with him since he got back, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, doctors began seeing the new virus in people who got sick after spending time at a food market in Wuhan. More than 275 cases of the newly identified virus have been confirmed in China, most of them in Wuhan, according to the World Health Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials have said it probably spread from animals to people, but this week Chinese officials said they’ve concluded it also can spread from person to person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health authorities this month identified the germ behind the outbreak as a new type of coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, some of which cause the common cold; others found in bats, camels and other animals have evolved into more severe illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, belongs to the coronavirus family, but Chinese state media say the illness in Wuhan is different from coronaviruses that have been identified in the past. Earlier laboratory tests ruled out SARS and MERS — Middle East respiratory syndrome — as well as influenza, bird flu, adenovirus and other common lung-infecting germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new virus so far does not appear to be as deadly as SARS and MERS, but viruses can sometimes mutate to become more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Washington coronavirus researcher David Veesler said the public “should not be panicking right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response has been “very efficient,” Veesler said. “In a couple of weeks, China was able to identify the virus, isolate it, sequence it and share that information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veesler added: “We don’t have enough data to judge how severe the disease is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s Messonnier said health officials expected to see more cases in the U.S. and around the world in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A Washington state man is the first identified case in the U.S. of a newly discovered and deadly virus. All passengers flying to the U.S. from Wuhan, China, the epicenter of an outbreak, are now being routed to 1 of 5 airports for screening, including SFO.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Chinese city of Wuhan shut down outbound flights and trains as the world’s most populous country battled the spread of a new virus that has sickened hundreds of people and killed 17, Chinese state media said early Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state-owned People’s Daily newspaper said no one would be allowed to leave the city of several million people. The official Xinhua News Agency said no one would be permitted to leave without a specific reason. Train stations and the airport were to shut down at 10 a.m. Buses, subways, ferries and long-distance shuttle buses would also be temporarily closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the cases are in Wuhan and surrounding Hubei province, but dozens of infections have popped up this week around the country as millions travel for the Lunar New Year holiday, one of the world’s largest annual migrations of people. A handful of infected people who came from Wuhan have also been found overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Geneva, the World Health Organization put off deciding whether to declare the outbreak a global health emergency and asked its expert committee on the issue to continue meeting for a second day Thursday. The organization defines a global emergency as an “extraordinary event” that constitutes a risk to other countries and requires a coordinated international response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of new cases has risen sharply in China, the center of the outbreak. The 17 deaths announced Wednesday night were all in Hubei province, where the outbreak emerged in the provincial capital of Wuhan late last month. Wuhan authorities said the province has confirmed 444 cases, which would bring the national total to more than 500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There has already been human-to-human transmission and infection of medical workers,” Li Bin, deputy director of the National Health Commission, said at a news conference Wednesday with health experts. “Evidence has shown that the disease has been transmitted through the respiratory tract and there is the possibility of viral mutation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the U.S. reported its first case of a new and potentially deadly virus circulating in China, saying a Washington state resident who returned last week from the outbreak’s epicenter was hospitalized near Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man, identified only as a Snohomish County resident is in his 30s, was in good condition and wasn’t considered a threat to medical staff or the public, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. health officials stressed that they believe the virus’ overall risk to the American public remained low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the spreading virus, authorities have instituted precautionary\u003ca href=\"https://www.flysfo.com/passengers-arriving-wuhan-china-are-being-screened-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> health screenings\u003c/a> for passengers flying to the U.S. from Wuhan, China, where the outbreak began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The screenings began over the weekend at San Francisco International Airport, as well as at Los Angeles International Airport and New York City’s John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia airports. Checks will expand to Chicago’s O’Hare and Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson airports this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient in Washington state entered the U.S. through a flight originating in Wuhan, before the airport checks began, the CDC said. Of the 1,200 airport screenings that were conducted as of Tuesday morning, no passenger was determined to have the coronavirus, said Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other airports around the world had also stepped up monitoring, checking passengers from China for signs of illness in hopes of containing the virus during the busy Lunar New Year travel season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospitalized U.S. resident had no symptoms when he arrived at the Seattle-Tacoma airport last Wednesday, but he started feeling ill on Thursday and went to a doctor on Sunday with a fever and a cough, officials said. Lab testing on Monday confirmed he had the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gentleman right now is very healthy,” said Dr. Nancy Messonnier of the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospital, Providence Regional Medical Center in Everett, said in a statement that it expected the man would be monitored there at least until Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC officials said they sent a team to Washington to try to track down people who might have come in contact with the man. The hospital also said it was contacting “the small number of staff and patients” who may have been with the man at a clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is originally from central China, lives alone in the U.S. and made the trip solo, officials said. There were relatively few people who came in contact with him since he got back, health officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, doctors began seeing the new virus in people who got sick after spending time at a food market in Wuhan. More than 275 cases of the newly identified virus have been confirmed in China, most of them in Wuhan, according to the World Health Organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials have said it probably spread from animals to people, but this week Chinese officials said they’ve concluded it also can spread from person to person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health authorities this month identified the germ behind the outbreak as a new type of coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, some of which cause the common cold; others found in bats, camels and other animals have evolved into more severe illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, belongs to the coronavirus family, but Chinese state media say the illness in Wuhan is different from coronaviruses that have been identified in the past. Earlier laboratory tests ruled out SARS and MERS — Middle East respiratory syndrome — as well as influenza, bird flu, adenovirus and other common lung-infecting germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new virus so far does not appear to be as deadly as SARS and MERS, but viruses can sometimes mutate to become more dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Washington coronavirus researcher David Veesler said the public “should not be panicking right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The response has been “very efficient,” Veesler said. “In a couple of weeks, China was able to identify the virus, isolate it, sequence it and share that information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veesler added: “We don’t have enough data to judge how severe the disease is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fleet Of Cars to Collect Block-by-Block Air Quality Data in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Fleet Of Cars to Collect Block-by-Block Air Quality Data in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A fleet of Toyota Priuses equipped with sensors to detect greenhouse gases, particulate matter and other pollutants is monitoring air quality across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced this month that the hybrids will collect block-by-block data from all nine Bay Area counties, spanning more than 5,000 square miles of public roads. The district will use data collected through this year and early 2021 to create hyper-local air quality maps. Those will be available to the public on the BAAQMD’s website starting later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s fleet of low-emissions cars will measure air quality with a unit of sensors stored in the back. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The air district is partnering with technology company \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> to outfit the mobile fleet with sensors that measure pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and fine particulate matter, all detrimental to human health. Aclima will help analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality district executive officer Jack Broadbent says recent wildfires, climate change and federal rollbacks of emission standards have created a need for more precise local air quality tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need now, more than ever, are facts,” Broadbent said, adding that his agency is going to use “new technologies and approaches to build upon our air quality data to better inform our actions and protect Bay Area residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has 30 stationary air monitoring stations spread across the region. Data from these stations feeds into the continually updating federal \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AirNow map\u003c/a>. But this data doesn’t reflect the differences in air quality across all Bay Area cities or neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote] The Air Quality District’s chief says the data will “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology\u003c/em> in 2017 showed that pollution in West Oakland could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary significantly from block to block\u003c/a>. The researchers mounted air sensors onto Google Street View cars. Air quality maps that use data from consumer air sensors, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, have painted a similar picture in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The air intake valve on one of the Air District’s new pollution monitoring cars. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the BAAQMD won’t post the new data in real time, it will be compiled over months and used to create a public map of air pollution and greenhouse levels on every block in the Bay Area. The map will be similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://insights.aclima.io/west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> created for West Oakland, according to Aclima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new data will help us identify pollution hotspots in order to strengthen and target our actions to reduce emissions … partnering with local governments and communities to protect public health,” said Ranyee Chiang, the BAAQMD’s director of meterology and measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadbent says the project will give policymakers accurate data to “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August the district dispatched the first vehicles to the Richmond-San Pablo area. The fleet has since expanded to San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. The rollout will be completed in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from BAAQMD and Aclima say the Bay Area fleet will eventually number “dozens” of cars that measure air quality 24 hours a day, seven days a week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A fleet of Toyota Priuses equipped with sensors to detect greenhouse gases, particulate matter and other pollutants is monitoring air quality across the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District announced this month that the hybrids will collect block-by-block data from all nine Bay Area counties, spanning more than 5,000 square miles of public roads. The district will use data collected through this year and early 2021 to create hyper-local air quality maps. Those will be available to the public on the BAAQMD’s website starting later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955799\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s fleet of low-emissions cars will measure air quality with a unit of sensors stored in the back. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The air district is partnering with technology company \u003ca href=\"https://aclima.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aclima\u003c/a> to outfit the mobile fleet with sensors that measure pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and fine particulate matter, all detrimental to human health. Aclima will help analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality district executive officer Jack Broadbent says recent wildfires, climate change and federal rollbacks of emission standards have created a need for more precise local air quality tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we need now, more than ever, are facts,” Broadbent said, adding that his agency is going to use “new technologies and approaches to build upon our air quality data to better inform our actions and protect Bay Area residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has 30 stationary air monitoring stations spread across the region. Data from these stations feeds into the continually updating federal \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&cityid=317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AirNow map\u003c/a>. But this data doesn’t reflect the differences in air quality across all Bay Area cities or neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": " The Air Quality District’s chief says the data will “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published in \u003cem>Environmental Science & Technology\u003c/em> in 2017 showed that pollution in West Oakland could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vary significantly from block to block\u003c/a>. The researchers mounted air sensors onto Google Street View cars. Air quality maps that use data from consumer air sensors, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Purple Air\u003c/a>, have painted a similar picture in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1955800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1955800\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/01/Air-Quality-Photo-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The air intake valve on one of the Air District’s new pollution monitoring cars. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the BAAQMD won’t post the new data in real time, it will be compiled over months and used to create a public map of air pollution and greenhouse levels on every block in the Bay Area. The map will be similar to the \u003ca href=\"https://insights.aclima.io/west-oakland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one\u003c/a> created for West Oakland, according to Aclima.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new data will help us identify pollution hotspots in order to strengthen and target our actions to reduce emissions … partnering with local governments and communities to protect public health,” said Ranyee Chiang, the BAAQMD’s director of meterology and measurement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadbent says the project will give policymakers accurate data to “help drive the air quality and climate efforts well into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August the district dispatched the first vehicles to the Richmond-San Pablo area. The fleet has since expanded to San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. The rollout will be completed in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives from BAAQMD and Aclima say the Bay Area fleet will eventually number “dozens” of cars that measure air quality 24 hours a day, seven days a week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"https://elifesciences.org/articles/49555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>eLife\u003c/em> reports the average body temperature of Americans has declined by 1.1 degree Fahrenheit since the Civil War. The authors say the 98.6 degrees standard set in 1851 by a German physician is no longer the average in the United States.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We shouldn’t be stuck on 98.6 as being some magical number that if you’re above it, you’re febrile,” said Dr. Julie Parsonnet, who teaches medicine as well as health research and policy at Stanford. “And if you’re below it, you’re not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hypothesize that better public health and consistent indoor temperatures may be reasons for the steady decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thermometers Aren’t the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time scientists have noted body temperatures are falling. A 2002 \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> review indicated the 98.6 degrees standard was too high. And a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> concluded 97.9 degrees is the current average in Britain. Scientists, however, thought the discrepancy had to do with false readings from the thermometers of the past \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> in other words, that we weren’t really 98.6 in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, after reviewing three additional datasets, the Stanford researchers conclude that over the past 150 years a steady cooling trend in American body temperatures has, indeed, occurred. The researchers analyzed Civil War veterans’ records, 1970s data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and recent medical records from patients who visited Stanford\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> Health Care. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without changing our genetic makeup, we are changing physiologically over time,” Parsonnet said. “We’ve seen that people have grown taller, they’ve grown fatter, and their body temperature is declining … .”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did not offer an updated average for all Americans because body temperatures change throughout our day as well as lifetime. Age and sex influence our internal thermostats; and factors like activity level, food consumption and what time it is affect how hot we run daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Modern Life Influences Evolution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers surmise body temperature might be steadily declining because Americans suffer less inflammation due to improved water quality, sanitation, antibiotics, vaccines and dental hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard of 98.6 was set back in the mid 19th century when people were suffering all of the time from infectious diseases,” said Parsonnet. “It wouldn’t surprise me if their temperature was a little bit higher because they were fighting tuberculosis, malaria and dysentery all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we live and work in more consistent environments than previous generations, she says, our bodies expend less energy. Two hundred years ago, homes did not have central heating and air conditioning, for instance.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not our temperature is dropping is not merely an interesting tidbit. Body temperature affects our basal metabolic rate, which is linked to longevity and body size. A high metabolism can shorten one’s lifespan; a low metabolism can lead to weight gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parsonnet says researchers’ next step is to analyze temperature variability around the globe. For example, conditions in a resource-poor country may preclude a decline because chronic infections are still common. Or, perhaps people who live in harsher climates like the one in the Arctic may run hotter because their bodies must work harder to stay comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thermometers Aren’t the Problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time scientists have noted body temperatures are falling. A 2002 \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> review indicated the 98.6 degrees standard was too high. And a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study\u003c/a> concluded 97.9 degrees is the current average in Britain. Scientists, however, thought the discrepancy had to do with false readings from the thermometers of the past \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> in other words, that we weren’t really 98.6 in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, after reviewing three additional datasets, the Stanford researchers conclude that over the past 150 years a steady cooling trend in American body temperatures has, indeed, occurred. The researchers analyzed Civil War veterans’ records, 1970s data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and recent medical records from patients who visited Stanford\u003cspan class=\"apple-converted-space\"> Health Care. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without changing our genetic makeup, we are changing physiologically over time,” Parsonnet said. “We’ve seen that people have grown taller, they’ve grown fatter, and their body temperature is declining … .”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did not offer an updated average for all Americans because body temperatures change throughout our day as well as lifetime. Age and sex influence our internal thermostats; and factors like activity level, food consumption and what time it is affect how hot we run daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Modern Life Influences Evolution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers surmise body temperature might be steadily declining because Americans suffer less inflammation due to improved water quality, sanitation, antibiotics, vaccines and dental hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The standard of 98.6 was set back in the mid 19th century when people were suffering all of the time from infectious diseases,” said Parsonnet. “It wouldn’t surprise me if their temperature was a little bit higher because they were fighting tuberculosis, malaria and dysentery all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because we live and work in more consistent environments than previous generations, she says, our bodies expend less energy. Two hundred years ago, homes did not have central heating and air conditioning, for instance.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why It Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not our temperature is dropping is not merely an interesting tidbit. Body temperature affects our basal metabolic rate, which is linked to longevity and body size. A high metabolism can shorten one’s lifespan; a low metabolism can lead to weight gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parsonnet says researchers’ next step is to analyze temperature variability around the globe. For example, conditions in a resource-poor country may preclude a decline because chronic infections are still common. Or, perhaps people who live in harsher climates like the one in the Arctic may run hotter because their bodies must work harder to stay comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New California Environmental Laws Now in Effect",
"headTitle": "New California Environmental Laws Now in Effect | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It happens every January…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New year, new laws. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a ban on smoking at state beaches and parks to a requirement that new homes include solar panels, here is some of the California environmental legislation that took effect Jan. 1, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Panels Required on New California Homes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674075032/california-gives-final-ok-to-requiring-solar-panels-on-new-houses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mandate\u003c/a> approved by the California Building Standards Commission in 2018 now requires that new homes built in the state include solar panels. The new standard applies to single- and multifamily residences up to three stories. The law is aimed at helping the state reach its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">goal\u003c/a> of 100 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smoking Ban at State Beaches and Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking and vaping are \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer permitted\u003c/a> at California state beaches or parks. The fine for breaking the new law runs up to $25. Also prohibited in those areas: disposing of used cigarettes or cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No More Exotic Animals at the Circus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the circus in 2020, don’t expect to see juggling monkeys, roaring lions or trained elephants. That’s because \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new law\u003c/a> restricts the exhibition or use of animals in circuses to dogs, cats and domesticated horses. Violations can draw fines of up to $25,000 per day. Rodeos are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Testing in Cosmetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makeup and other cosmetics that were tested on animals can \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer\u003c/a> be sold or manufactured in California. A federal judge has temporarily issued a restraining order blocking enforcement of a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate law\u003c/a> that prohibits the sale of products made from alligator or crocodile skin, pending an April hearing on the state of Louisiana’s request for a preliminary injunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfire Warning Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new law \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">establishes\u003c/a> a wildfire warning center to better predict weather conditions and share information around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Power Shutoffs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are required to\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> draft plans\u003c/a> to lessen the negative effects of pre-emptive power outages aimed at preventing electric equipment from sparking fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">must now include\u003c/a> “cultural competence” into emergency plans. The law is partially a response to elderly and non-English-speaking residents who missed emergency alerts during the state’s recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It happens every January…\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New year, new laws. \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From a ban on smoking at state beaches and parks to a requirement that new homes include solar panels, here is some of the California environmental legislation that took effect Jan. 1, 2020.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Panels Required on New California Homes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674075032/california-gives-final-ok-to-requiring-solar-panels-on-new-houses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mandate\u003c/a> approved by the California Building Standards Commission in 2018 now requires that new homes built in the state include solar panels. The new standard applies to single- and multifamily residences up to three stories. The law is aimed at helping the state reach its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">goal\u003c/a> of 100 percent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/renewable-and-non-renewable-energy-resources-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smoking Ban at State Beaches and Parks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking and vaping are \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer permitted\u003c/a> at California state beaches or parks. The fine for breaking the new law runs up to $25. Also prohibited in those areas: disposing of used cigarettes or cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No More Exotic Animals at the Circus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go to the circus in 2020, don’t expect to see juggling monkeys, roaring lions or trained elephants. That’s because \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a new law\u003c/a> restricts the exhibition or use of animals in circuses to dogs, cats and domesticated horses. Violations can draw fines of up to $25,000 per day. Rodeos are exempt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Animal Testing in Cosmetics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Makeup and other cosmetics that were tested on animals can \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no longer\u003c/a> be sold or manufactured in California. A federal judge has temporarily issued a restraining order blocking enforcement of a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">separate law\u003c/a> that prohibits the sale of products made from alligator or crocodile skin, pending an April hearing on the state of Louisiana’s request for a preliminary injunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfire Warning Center\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new law \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">establishes\u003c/a> a wildfire warning center to better predict weather conditions and share information around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Power Shutoffs \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investor-owned utilities are required to\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> draft plans\u003c/a> to lessen the negative effects of pre-emptive power outages aimed at preventing electric equipment from sparking fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emergency Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counties \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">must now include\u003c/a> “cultural competence” into emergency plans. The law is partially a response to elderly and non-English-speaking residents who missed emergency alerts during the state’s recent wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Most Pharmacies Give Wrong Information When People Ask How to Get Rid of Old Drugs",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2018, UC San Francisco doctors posing as parents of children who were recovering from surgery called pharmacies across California with a few simple questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their kid didn’t use all of the antibiotics from their prescription, how should they dispose of the leftover pills?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium']Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet.[/pullquote]And what about the extra pain meds that are just sitting on the shelf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the nearly 900 pharmacies the doctors called, 47% \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed\u003c/a> to follow federal guidelines in recommending how to dispose of antibiotics and just 19% gave correct instructions for throwing out a frequently prescribed painkiller that can poison children when they accidentally consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/09/09/2014-20926/disposal-of-controlled-substances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allowed\u003c/a> pharmacies to take back old drugs since 2015 and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that they do so, although the agency doesn’t require it. But researchers found that just 10% of the pharmacies offer a program to dispose of old, unused or expired medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that fewer than half of the pharmacies surveyed provided correct disposal information and only one-tenth provided take back programs,” said Hillary Copp, a UCSF urologist and senior author of the study. “Expanding disposal programs to ensure access and patient education are critical steps for improving disposal practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Dispose of Old Medications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet. Opiates are dangerously addictive, and doctors say the best way to ensure people don’t intentionally misuse painkillers is to discard excess prescriptions promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what \u003cem>should \u003c/em>pharmacists be telling consumers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, say FDA guidelines, people should take their extra drugs to designated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-drug-take-back-locations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pharmacies and other “take back” locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in an effort to fight the opioid epidemic, Google launched an \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/430855-google-launches-effort-to-fight-opioid-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to help people find directions to the disposal location closest to them. Users can find these centers with Google Maps by searching phrases similar to “drug drop-off near me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who are unable to take old prescriptions to a drop-off spot, FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidelines\u003c/a> include instructions for disposing of medicine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morphine, opium, codeine, hydrocodone and other opiates can be deadly if consumed in large doses. For this reason, the agency recommends people flush these painkillers down the toilet. The FDA’s site includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-flush-potentially-dangerous-medicine#FlushList\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list\u003c/a> of drugs the agency says should go down the drain if the choice is between that and leaving it on your shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, flushed drugs usually cannot be filtered out at water treatment plants and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787192604/prescription-drugs-found-in-large-concentrations-in-water-near-manufacturing-pla\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can get into\u003c/a> bays and lakes and harm marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly a concern for flushed antibiotics. Rather than putting these drugs down the drain, the FDA recommends people mix them with unappetizing substances like cat litter or spent coffee grounds, seal them in a container and throw them in the garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copp says doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals should also take responsibility for educating consumers about how to dispose of their old meds. “This is going to require many different approaches to reduce the amount of unwanted medication,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF survey was conducted over a two-month period. The findings were \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>And what about the extra pain meds that are just sitting on the shelf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the nearly 900 pharmacies the doctors called, 47% \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">failed\u003c/a> to follow federal guidelines in recommending how to dispose of antibiotics and just 19% gave correct instructions for throwing out a frequently prescribed painkiller that can poison children when they accidentally consume it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Drug Enforcement Agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/09/09/2014-20926/disposal-of-controlled-substances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">allowed\u003c/a> pharmacies to take back old drugs since 2015 and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that they do so, although the agency doesn’t require it. But researchers found that just 10% of the pharmacies offer a program to dispose of old, unused or expired medicines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s surprising that fewer than half of the pharmacies surveyed provided correct disposal information and only one-tenth provided take back programs,” said Hillary Copp, a UCSF urologist and senior author of the study. “Expanding disposal programs to ensure access and patient education are critical steps for improving disposal practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Dispose of Old Medications\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leftover meds pose big health threats, especially for a curious child who sneaks into the medicine cabinet. Opiates are dangerously addictive, and doctors say the best way to ensure people don’t intentionally misuse painkillers is to discard excess prescriptions promptly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what \u003cem>should \u003c/em>pharmacists be telling consumers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, say FDA guidelines, people should take their extra drugs to designated \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-drug-take-back-locations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pharmacies and other “take back” locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, in an effort to fight the opioid epidemic, Google launched an \u003ca href=\"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/430855-google-launches-effort-to-fight-opioid-epidemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">initiative\u003c/a> to help people find directions to the disposal location closest to them. Users can find these centers with Google Maps by searching phrases similar to “drug drop-off near me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who are unable to take old prescriptions to a drop-off spot, FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidelines\u003c/a> include instructions for disposing of medicine at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morphine, opium, codeine, hydrocodone and other opiates can be deadly if consumed in large doses. For this reason, the agency recommends people flush these painkillers down the toilet. The FDA’s site includes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-flush-potentially-dangerous-medicine#FlushList\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">list\u003c/a> of drugs the agency says should go down the drain if the choice is between that and leaving it on your shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, flushed drugs usually cannot be filtered out at water treatment plants and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787192604/prescription-drugs-found-in-large-concentrations-in-water-near-manufacturing-pla\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">can get into\u003c/a> bays and lakes and harm marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is particularly a concern for flushed antibiotics. Rather than putting these drugs down the drain, the FDA recommends people mix them with unappetizing substances like cat litter or spent coffee grounds, seal them in a container and throw them in the garbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copp says doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals should also take responsibility for educating consumers about how to dispose of their old meds. “This is going to require many different approaches to reduce the amount of unwanted medication,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UCSF survey was conducted over a two-month period. The findings were \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2758283/unwanted-medication-disposal-audit-california-pharmacy-advice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published\u003c/a> Monday in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The 2010s saw breakthroughs in medical science and spectacular discoveries in space and physics. For Californians, it was also the decade that climate change arrived in our front yards in the form of serial cataclysmic fire seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the decade, scientists refined the regimen of HIV/AIDS medication, made life-saving advances in the treatment of cancer, and invented an entirely new gene-editing technology, with the hope of one day curing diseases before they begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s New Horizons probe captured the first close-up \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">images\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">of\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-best-close-up-of-plutos-surface\">Pluto\u003c/a>, and the world caught its first \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101870482/first-photos-of-a-black-hole-captured-by-event-horizon-telescope-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">glimpse\u003c/a>, albeit a bit blurry, of a black hole. Our understanding of exoplanets exploded: the Kepler Space Telescope and the TESS satellite found thousands of new planets outside our solar system, and researchers began to comprehend what those worlds might actually look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the decade closes, the KQED Science team has created a sort of mixtape of the major trends, significant moments and noteworthy discoveries, with an eye toward California and the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do you want the good news or the bad news first? Well, let’s get it out of the way …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildfires Create Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952558\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952558 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40592_GettyImages-1178415177-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew of inmate firefighters make their way to firefighting operations to battle the Kincade Fire in Healdsburg, California on October 26, 2019.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The changing climate is leading to longer dry periods in California, which is at least three degrees warmer since the beginning of the industrial era, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, combined with a century of suppressing wildfires and denser populations in areas perilously close to fire-prone wilderness, have created the worst fire seasons on record. Since 2012, four of the five \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5510/top20_acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biggest\u003c/a> California wildfires have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934533/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning;%20https:/www.kqed.org/science/1950703/climate-change-is-driving-californias-wildfires-the-kincade-fire-not-so-much)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">burned\u003c/a> over 1.2 million acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on Oct. 8, 2017, hot, dry winds downed power lines, carrying sparks and flaming embers long distances to ignite multiple fires. The Tubbs Fire and other North Bay blazes scorched large areas of Sonoma and Napa counties, claiming 44 lives and destroying over 8,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following summer, during the Carr Fire, a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fire tornado\u003c/a>” exploded into the outskirts of Redding, devastating everything in its path. The blaze killed eight people and destroyed 1,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the worst was yet to come. In November, the Camp Fire nearly wiped out the town of Paradise and surrounding communities. It was the deadliest wildfire in California history, killing 86 people, destroying almost 14,000 homes, and costing more money than any natural disaster in the world that year. Across wide swaths of the state, smoke from the fire rendered the air unhealthy to breathe, inundating the Bay Area for almost two weeks so that the region registered its worst air quality on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1952579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1952579 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1200x774.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-800x516.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-768x495.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut-1020x658.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/RS40593_GettyImages-1129061413-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of homes destroyed by the Camp Fire on February 11, 2019 in Paradise, California. \u003ccite>(Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As far as global warming goes, the outlook is not good, whether it relates to fires or to other natural disasters. The 2010s included the hottest year (2017) and the hottest month (July 2019) on record, and the 10 years that make up the decade will almost certainly set a new temperature mark as well, according to the U.N., based on millions of global measurements taken over the last 170 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, our series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/livingwithwildfire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Living With Wildfire: California Reimagined\u003c/a> asked some big questions about how the state can, in our warming world, learn to survive more frequent and ferocious conflagrations. Are some fire-prone areas now too dangerous to accommodate new housing? How can towns prepare for mass evacuations? And neighborhoods make themselves fire-resistant? Are Californians willing to suffer the inconvenience and financial cost to protect the state from extreme wildfires? Perhaps, but it will mean big changes in how we think and live. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Californians began to experience climate change in the form of hotter days and more destructive fires, state policies to mitigate global warming began to pay dividends. California’s investor-owned utilities shattered \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewable energy\u003c/a> targets mandated by the state, and California \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/942b5a251fac413a84fc4eb93a67c46c/California-meets-greenhouse-gas-reduction-goal-years-early\">reduced\u003c/a> its overall emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level, two years ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These climate policies, in a state with the world’s fifth largest economy, helped spur a rapid decline in the cost of renewable energy around the U.S. This past decade, the cost of wind energy fell by 57%, utility-scale solar power by 86%, and battery energy storage by 76%. In 2019, for the first time, power generation in the U.S. from renewable energy \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surpassed\u003c/a> power produced from coal. \u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1952593 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/2019Batteries_Cost_CMN-768x564-1-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are big successes, but California has a lot of work to do over the next 10 years if the state is going to meet its 2045 goal of net-zero emissions, also called carbon neutrality. California is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1948712/your-suv-is-really-messing-with-the-states-climate-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">way behind \u003c/a>in meeting this ambitious objective, in part because emissions from the transportation sector are soaring, due to Californians driving more miles in larger, gas-guzzling trucks and of SUVs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is trying to reverse this trend by incentivizing fuel-efficient cars and setting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/zev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">target\u003c/a> of 5 million electric vehicles traversing California roads by 2030. But meeting that goal is going to be tough, with sales of EVs currently standing at only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/sales-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fraction of that total.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, frustrated by the lack of progress in the fight against climate change, young people took to the streets the last couple of years. The Sunrise Movement, Youth vs. Apocalypse and other Bay Area advocacy groups participated in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1947584/live-blog-bay-area-climate-strike\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">global climate strikes \u003c/a>protesting the failure of government, finance, industry and other institutions to address climate change.– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kevin Stark\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Advances\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw major advances in the treatment of HIV and cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 10 years, scientists have perfected antiretroviral drugs, taken daily in a single pill by people who are HIV-positive. These drugs allow HIV patients to live relatively free of sickness, a far cry from the first decade of the epidemic, when the diagnosis was tantamount to a death sentence. No longer highly toxic, antiretrovirals now work so well they can lower a patient’s viral load to undetectable levels, making it untransmittable from one person to another. Another daily pill, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/prep/?utm_source=GoogleAds&utm_medium=CPC&utm_campaign=GoogleAds_UEqualsU_PrEP&gclid=CjwKCAiAluLvBRASEiwAAbX3GcnQ19OOhwWeCw4YFui4HMm-wM45wQzXB0fgh9a1hPAxzgkFYKnxRBoCsswQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PrEP,\u003c/a> can be used as a prophylactic against HIV exposure by people who are still free of the virus. Such major strides in treatment and prevention are why scientists are optimistic HIV will be eradicated altogether within the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some types of cancer, a treatment called immunotherapy drastically improved survival and cure rates. For example, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">stage 4 melanoma \u003c/a>, which doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, used to mean \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444527/advanced-skin-cancer-was-once-a-death-sentence-immunotherapy-is-changing-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">certain death\u003c/a>, with patients surviving less than a year on average. But over the last decade, instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells to stop the disease, new medicines have unleashed the body’s natural defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells go undetected as harmful. New drugs, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/439584/new-gene-therapy-gives-teen-a-second-chance-after-cancer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic engineering\u003c/a> techniques, make them visible and ripe for attack. Think of it like affixing a flag with the message “kill me” on cells that previously operated with impunity. Pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer, among other types, do not currently respond to immunotherapy, but scientists foresee a day when the treatment could be the primary weapon against an array of cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1952602 size-complete_open_graph\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may also be a day when doctors can eliminate genetic diseases altogether. A tool called \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR \u003c/a>acts as a molecular scalpel that can make precise changes to genetic mutations giving rise to disease. Scientists hope to one day cure genetic conditions like blindness or sickle cell anemia before they even start. Though tinkering with our DNA raises all kinds of ethical questions about “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934916/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-create-genetically-modified-babies-using-crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">playing God\u003c/a>.”– \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesleywmcclurg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesley McClurg\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Predictions Fulfilled\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade saw some spectacular discoveries in space and physics, some of which had been predicted for decades. Theoretical foresight frequently falls short or remains unproven, but once in a while, it’s right on the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two discoveries in particular should be remembered as a vindication of the human ability to understand and model the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, two teams at CERN, often referred to as the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, announced they had independently detected the Higgs boson. This is a particle associated with an energy field, called the Higgs field, that was theorized in the 1960s and ’70s as a solution to the question: How does matter obtain mass?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer: Through the action of an elementary particle, such as an electron or a quark, interacting with the Higgs field. The more the particle interacts, the more massive it is. And the boson? That’s the particle that the Higgs field emits. The detection of the Higgs boson proved that the Higgs field is real, and it was the final piece of the puzzle for the Standard Model, a set of equations describing how three of the four fundamental forces work. Now, only gravity remains unexplained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decade also saw the discovery of gravitational waves, predicted by none other than Albert Einstein in 1916. Einstein thought the acceleration of objects with enough mass would create ripples in the fabric of spacetime. And he thought right. About 100 years later, dual detectors that make up the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, registered those ripples in the form of the aftershock created by two black holes colliding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling far above Earth-bound detection instruments like LIGO, spacecraft originating on Earth reached interstellar space for the first time. These are the Voyager probes, each carrying a copy of the \u003ca href=\"https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Golden Record\u003c/a>, which holds images, music and greetings from Earth. — \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/DanielleVenton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Danielle Venton\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A health-surveillance system put in place after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 has been used to pinpoint the cause of the vaping-related lung injuries that have killed 54 Americans and sent more than 2,500 people to the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this system, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that the lung injuries rose sharply in June of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/pdd.html\">Dr. Anne Schuchat\u003c/a>, the CDC’s principal deputy director, says this sharp spike strongly points to a single culprit for most of these cases: vitamin E acetate, an additive found in illicit cannabis-containing vapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t mean that there aren’t other chemicals that can or are causing lung injury,” Schuchat said during a telephone news conference. But backed with additional data about vitamin E acetate found in lung samples from people who were injured after vaping, she attributes the bulk of the outbreak to that additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is still trying to understand the mechanism by which this substance injures lung tissue. It may interfere with a natural fluid in the lung called surfactant, which helps make lung tissue stretchy. Or a byproduct may be a toxic chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency-room doctors in Wisconsin first noticed an outbreak of these lung injuries in June. They alerted state and federal health officials, who quickly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/10/22/772368792/cdc-studying-tissue-to-try-and-track-down-root-cause-of-vaping-related-lung-dama\">started investigating \u003c/a>the extent of the outbreak as they looked for what could be causing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators homed in on vaping products containing marijuana extracts, specifically those that were purchased online or on the street, rather than through dispensaries. Further research focused on vitamin E acetate, which is used in some of these preparations to dilute the much more expensive THC oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was important to understand the timing of the outbreak as part of this investigation. Health officials wanted to know when exactly the problems first cropped up, and whether they had missed many cases before those initial reports. That’s why they turned to the surveillance data, collected from more than 3,200 emergency rooms from most states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found a gradual increase in emergency-room visits among people who vaped or used e-cigarettes, starting in January of 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those visits weren’t limited to lung injury, so there may be other health effects that people were experiencing,” says Kathleen Hartnett, an epidemiologist at the CDC who is first author of a study being published by the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>. People may have also been going to the emergency room because of nicotine poisoning, or intoxication from THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narrowing their search to people under the age of 35, they detected a sharp spike in June of 2019 — the same time that the doctors in Wisconsin reported their first cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of cases climbed from June into September, when they peaked. They have since declined, but the CDC still reports about 100 cases a week, and the death toll continues to tick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surveillance system doesn’t automatically flag health concerns – often scientists dive into the data once their suspicion is raised, as it was in this case. The outbreak only became apparent in the data once researchers defined more closely what they were looking for and focused on one age group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While electronic health data are increasingly powerful, they really can’t yet replace the experience of clinicians like the ones in Wisconsin, who most definitely saved lives when they… reported these first cases,” Hartnett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Food and Drug Administration also announced Friday a crackdown on illicit vaping cartridges. The FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration seized 44 websites advertising the sale of these products, as part of “Operation Vapor Lock,” its response to the lung injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR Science Correspondent Richard Harris at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=CDC+Confirms+A+THC+Contaminant%2C+Vitamin+E+Acetate%2C+The+Culprit+In+Most+Vaping+Deaths&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the dinner table, Madeleine Dean, surrounded by noisy, Irish relatives, used to feel very alone. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Holiday meals had become a really stressful experience and nobody knew that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dean, now a filmmaker, kept her eating disorder a secret for years. From a very young age she struggled with anorexia nervosa. Anticipating holiday meals, she starved herself all morning before the festivities to ensure her overall caloric intake stayed low. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When everyone sat down, she compared her plate with theirs. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Am I eating more than somebody else? Am I eating something that’s unhealthy and somebody else seems to only be eating something healthy? Are they going to judge me for what I’m eating?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instead of savoring mashed potatoes and gravy, she nervously pushed them around her plate. If someone commented, she was quick to respond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say, ‘Oh, I don’t like this food. I’m not interested in having this right now. I’m not that hungry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As soon as she could, she’d excuse herself from the table and escape to her room. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gorge Then Guilt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The holidays also create a lot of angst for Ryan Sheldon. But instead of starving himself, he’d gorge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would use the holidays as an excuse for me to binge and for it to be accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sheldon is a big-and-tall model who’s recovering from a binge eating disorder. For him, the affliction meant consuming huge quantities of food with a giant chaser of guilt. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Family is really, really, really stressful and that would trigger me to binge,” Sheldon says. “It became like this really dark time. I began to dread the holidays.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembers tortured flights from the East Coast home to Los Angeles after celebrating Hanukkah with his relatives; he ruminated over and over on offhand comments from family members about his size or eating habits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t shake the sense of feeling worthless,” Sheldon remembers. “The sense of feeling lonely. The sense of feeling like I don’t deserve anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often the moment the plane touched down he’d start a new fad diet like Jenny Craig, Weight Watchers or SlimFast to shed holiday pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would obsess over the diet,” Sheldon says. “I would get very meticulous. Then it would go one of two ways. I would either go off the diet immediately or I would go severe on the diet. It was sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prepare Beforehand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lauren Muhlheim, a psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in eating disorders, says experiences like Dean’s and Sheldon’s are typical this time of year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people eat, in contexts that they don’t eat … on a daily basis, they face a higher level of difficulty,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Muhlheim advises her clients to prepare before a festive gathering by asking:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How are you going to go through the buffet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are you going to make decisions about what to eat?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is your support person during the meal?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who can help you afterward?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the holidays trigger a relapse, that’s okay, Muhlheim says. \u003c/span>“The goal is to not beat oneself up when there is a lapse but to learn from it and figure out how you can get stronger in your recovery skills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She hopes friends and family can add extra helpings of compassion for anyone with eating disorders during the holidays. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are struggling with an eating disorder and are in need of support, you may call the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/PQvgCW682XujXyxoS6yqXn?domain=nationaleatingdisorders.org\">National Eating Disorders Association Helpline\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"tel:1-800-931-2237\">1-800-931-2237\u003c/a>. For a 24-hour crisis line, text “NEDA” to 741741.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d say, ‘Oh, I don’t like this food. I’m not interested in having this right now. I’m not that hungry.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As soon as she could, she’d excuse herself from the table and escape to her room. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gorge Then Guilt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The holidays also create a lot of angst for Ryan Sheldon. But instead of starving himself, he’d gorge.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would use the holidays as an excuse for me to binge and for it to be accepted,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sheldon is a big-and-tall model who’s recovering from a binge eating disorder. For him, the affliction meant consuming huge quantities of food with a giant chaser of guilt. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Family is really, really, really stressful and that would trigger me to binge,” Sheldon says. “It became like this really dark time. I began to dread the holidays.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembers tortured flights from the East Coast home to Los Angeles after celebrating Hanukkah with his relatives; he ruminated over and over on offhand comments from family members about his size or eating habits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t shake the sense of feeling worthless,” Sheldon remembers. “The sense of feeling lonely. The sense of feeling like I don’t deserve anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often the moment the plane touched down he’d start a new fad diet like Jenny Craig, Weight Watchers or SlimFast to shed holiday pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would obsess over the diet,” Sheldon says. “I would get very meticulous. Then it would go one of two ways. I would either go off the diet immediately or I would go severe on the diet. It was sick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prepare Beforehand\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lauren Muhlheim, a psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in eating disorders, says experiences like Dean’s and Sheldon’s are typical this time of year. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When people eat, in contexts that they don’t eat … on a daily basis, they face a higher level of difficulty,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Muhlheim advises her clients to prepare before a festive gathering by asking:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How are you going to go through the buffet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are you going to make decisions about what to eat?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is your support person during the meal?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who can help you afterward?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If the holidays trigger a relapse, that’s okay, Muhlheim says. \u003c/span>“The goal is to not beat oneself up when there is a lapse but to learn from it and figure out how you can get stronger in your recovery skills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She hopes friends and family can add extra helpings of compassion for anyone with eating disorders during the holidays. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are struggling with an eating disorder and are in need of support, you may call the \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/PQvgCW682XujXyxoS6yqXn?domain=nationaleatingdisorders.org\">National Eating Disorders Association Helpline\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"tel:1-800-931-2237\">1-800-931-2237\u003c/a>. For a 24-hour crisis line, text “NEDA” to 741741.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=67&v=hjIRI4hbkmg&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=16BGKwjP2ms&feature=emb_logo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/hjIRI4hbkmg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>In the InsideClimate News documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey share the stories of people trying to rebuild lives splintered by three weather-related disasters. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Explore the videos and essays here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/Neq_CwpkPvsGmMG7hVOy7A?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">InsideClimate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/pD-rCxklQwf1V61yTviMEq?domain=insideclimatenews.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four months after the Camp Fire incinerated his home and the entire nearby town of Paradise, California, Randy Larsen sat on the steps of his RV and struggled to process what he’d survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">He remembered seeing the smoke and fire in Paradise across the canyon and the traffic streaming down the Skyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I still hadn’t pieced it all together,” he said. “I mean, I think I realized that there was an evacuation from Paradise, but I didn’t assume it was on fire. I assumed it—I don’t know what I assumed that day. The idea that the town had burned up … was nowhere in my imagination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">His inability to comprehend the disaster he’d endured—a wildfire that jumped the length of a football field each second—was echoed by survivors of Hurricane Michael, the first Category 5 storm to hit the Florida Panhandle, and some of the most destructive flooding to inundate the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the year-long documentary project \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a>, InsideClimate News reporter Neela Banerjee and videographer Anna Belle Peevey found shared experiences in the aftermath of extreme weather and climate-related disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">In dozens of interviews, victims and survivors used a \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">common language of loss\u003c/a>, describing their communities in terms normally reserved for war zones. \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds evoked what they’d lost\u003c/a>—exploding propane tanks, beeping smoke detectors in piles of rubble, chainsaws cutting through downed trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often, they drew strength from \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the animals they cared for\u003c/a>. As emergency planners learned in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, some Americans love their animals so much they’re willing to risk their lives for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">A country accustomed to taking in refugees from around the globe now found itself dealing with climate refugees made here in America. The sheer destructive force of \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/wildfire-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfires\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/hurricane-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hurricanes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/floods-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">river flooding\u003c/a> had rattled assumptions about the limits of disaster as climate change has increasingly eroded people’s sense of security across the American landscape, the interviews showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Read the essays on the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/loss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Language of Loss\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/sounds\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sounds that Trigger Trauma\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate/essay/animals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bonds Between People and Animals\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">And there was a relentlessness to calamities: As reporters found victims of Hurricane Michael and the Camp Fire still in the throes of recovery in March, the devastating floods struck Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\">Some survivors acknowledged climate change as a influence in the disasters. Others didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Randy Larsen saw the Camp Fire, which killed 85 people in Butte County, as an obvious consequence of a warming planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I grew up in California,” he said. “We’ve never had wildfires in November. We can fix all the power lines that PG&E was perhaps negligent in dealing with, we can fix all of those things, but we’re still going to have this tinderbox of a forest. Unless we do something about climate change.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/16BGKwjP2ms'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louis Byford, a farmer in Corning, Missouri, whose home fared only slightly better in the flooding than Larsen’s had in the fire, was having none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There’s been changes taking place since God created earth,” he said. “We are simply kidding ourselves if we think we can control anything. It’s just part of God’s creation. The cycle. The come and go, the ebb and flow, whatever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, Byford found himself haunted by the calculus of loss, struggling to rebuild a farmhouse his wife wouldn’t live in anymore. “Where does that leave me?” Byford asked. “I told you I’m a determined man. I’ll give this compassion and patience. I may be a bachelor living here. It’s a burden that I can’t get rid of, every day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists point out that there is broad consensus that global warming will fuel more wildfires, floods and intense hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research shows that climate change has made California hotter and drier and more prone to wildfires. Summertime average temperatures in the state have risen 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 1800s, nearly all of it over the last 50 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The northern Great Plains are expected to see more drought, intense rainfall and flooding as the planet warms. The 12-month period leading up to February 2019 was the fifth-wettest stretch of weather in Nebraska since 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">The oceans are now warmer than they have been in 125,000 years, providing more energy to fuel the destructive power of hurricanes like Michael.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perched on the steps of his RV in Butte Creek Canyon, Larsen sees little reason for optimism over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I wish I could say this is the new normal, but that would be profoundly optimistic if it stayed at being just this bad,” he said. “And I haven’t seen any research that suggests that it’s going to level off. The best research says maybe what? Two degrees (Celsius) increase by the turn of the century? That’s super optimistic. I think these are the good ol’ days, in terms of wildfire in California, and that’s a bit heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003ci>\u003cem>Explore the \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/american-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Climate\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable",
"headTitle": "Some Call Kratom a Miracle Herb. But Its Safety Is Questionable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans know the dangers of drugs like morphine and heroin. But what about a supplement that acts like an opiate which any kid can buy from a vending machine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kratom, an herb that’s legal, abundant and potentially dangerous, is currently the subject of a debate over its risks and benefits. Usually the leaf, which comes from a tropical Southeast Asian tree, can be chewed, brewed or crushed into a bitter green powder. Often sold as pills, capsules or extracts, it acts like a stimulant when someone takes a small amount but has a sedative effect at a higher dosage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have struggled with an opioid addiction swear kratom salvaged their health, livelihoods and relationships. But the federal Drug Enforcement Agency worries the substance carries the risk of physical dependency. The agency threatened to prohibit kratom in 2016, but advocates and lawmakers pushed back, and the ban never occurred. These days, the DEA lists it as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">drug of concern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447015\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2016px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-447015 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2016\" height=\"1512\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Gold Bali is a strain of kratom sold at Bumble Bee Botanicals in San Francisco. (Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Kratom Changed My Life’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Kline, 33, sells kratom for a living. She says her store has given her a new purpose in life, and while she herself doesn’t have an opioid dependency, she credits kratom with turning around her mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from feeling desperate and hopeless to finding an alternative where I had full control over how I felt,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She used to be paralyzed by anxiety and panic attacks. When her insurance carrier threatened to cut her Prozac prescription, she felt desperate. A friend suggested kratom, so she picked some up at a smoke shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her anxiety vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost feels like you’re having just a little glass of wine,” Kline says. “It’s really relaxing. There’s no melting of the walls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new habit cost about $6 a day, but Kline couldn’t always find a quality supply. The Food and Drug Administration has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom#Problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recalled\u003c/a> dozens of salmonella-tainted products sold online or in convenience stores. The agency has also found toxic heavy metals in kratom supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_447014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-447014\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/11/IMG_2656-e1573685977395-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Kline is the owner of Bumble Bee Botanicals, a shop in San Francisco that sells kratom. \u003cem>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Kline started her own chic boutique, Bumble Bee Botanicals, devoted exclusively to kratom products. In a few weeks she’ll open her fifth location in less than two years. The shops offer 15 different kratom strains at outlets in California, Idaho and Nevada. Her clients’ reviews online claim kratom is a miraculous herb that relieves pain, quells anxiety, subdues depression and generally lifts spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Potential Dangers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reviews like that haunt Mateo Martinez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My brother believed the marketing of kratom, that it was a natural herbal supplement that could provide you with the same benefits of an opioid without the risks,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mateo’s younger brother, Marco, struggled with an opioid addiction in high school. \u003c/span>Mateo describes Marco as a charismatic, creative teen, passionate about video games, cartoons and anime. Marco got hooked on painkillers after his dentist pulled his wisdom teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was using them in a way that wasn’t just for treating pain,” Mateo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email receipts show Marco used bitcoin to buy Vicodin and fentanyl on the dark web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually Marco wanted to kick his addiction. Testimonials on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_4YS0PQA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/kratom/comments/9t8yt4/how_kratom_saved_my_life/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reddit\u003c/a> promised that kratom was the way out. Soon Marco was popping capsules multiple times a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his freshman year at UC Davis, the 19-year-old started hyperventilating regularly. The incidents worsened, becoming seizure-like episodes ending in the emergency room. Each hospitalization, the doctors were stumped. No one thought to test for kratom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mateo theorizes that kratom had built up in his brother’s body. Marco died in his UC Davis dorm in February 2018, late on a Sunday night. The toxicology report named kratom as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>I think kratom needs to come with a much more serious caution that it is not harmless,” Mateo said. “I’m very heartbroken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent 18-month period, the federal Centers for Disease Control \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6814a2.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> 90 kratom overdoses, although most involved a combination of substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Slim Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data to support either the benefits or the harms for kratom is really, really poor,” said \u003ca href=\"https://pharmacy.uconn.edu/person/c-michael-white/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">C. Michael White\u003c/a>, head of the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut. “A lot of the information we have comes from single-case reports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White says animal studies suggest kratom could be an effective pain reliever but that the collection of human data has only just begun. He says scientists need to conduct a lot more research before the appropriate level of regulation is clear. White recently\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> argued\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy \u003c/em>that the safest place for kratom is behind pharmacy counters, for adults only, but with no prescription required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">McClain Haddow, spokesperson for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americankratom.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American Kratom Association\u003c/a>, agrees that the product should only be sold to people over the age of 18. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We would like vendors to register their product with the FDA and get a chemical analysis from a certified lab to insure the only ingredient is the naturally occurring alkaloid in the kratom plant,” Haddow said. “Some manufacturers are spiking products with fentanyl, heroin or morphine to give users a high.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Scott Steiger, d\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">eputy medical director of the opiate treatment outpatient program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center\u003c/span>, doesn’t know how to advise patients who want to use kratom .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I tell them I just don’t know enough on the basis of science to tell them whether it’s a great idea or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DEA \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/kratom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">describes\u003c/a> kratom as an addictive substance that causes hallucinations, delusion and confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have seen that people who use kratom end up having a very hard time stopping the use of it,” said Steiger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His patients report withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweats, aches and pains, loose stool, tearing and dysphoria. There is growing concern about kratom’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4275233/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effects on the heart \u003c/a>and liver.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiger emphasizes that doctors have evidence-based treatments like buprenorphine and methadone to help people with an opioid addiction. He doesn’t recommend self-medicating with kratom until more research is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"paragraph-wrapper\",null,\"paragraph\",null]'>“We just don’t know enough about this chemical and the long-term use of it to know whether experimenting would lead to complications,” Steiger said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire",
"headTitle": "Researchers Probe the Toxic Soup From Wildfire | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Matt Rahn was about 200 feet away when flames started climbing up the side of the garage and creeping toward the car inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://news.csusm.edu/csusm-wildland-firefighting-research/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A wildfire researcher\u003c/a> with California State University San Marcos, Rahn was at the edge of \u003ca href=\"https://fire.ca.gov/incidents/2014/7/25/sand-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a fire that would go on to burn 4,240 acres\u003c/a> across California’s Amador and El Dorado counties. He was there to study the smoke rising off blackening shrubs and trees. Watching the garage burn, though, he realized that firefighters fending off flames without any real lung protection were inhaling more than airborne remnants of burnt plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about the average home, all the chemicals and things that are in there, not to mention all the building materials and furniture,” said Rahn, who also is \u003ca href=\"https://temeculaca.gov/904/Council-Member-Matt-Rahn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a member of \u003c/a>Temecula’s city council. “That’s when we started really thinking about what happens. What’s in the smoke when you have all that complicated fuel being combusted at the same time?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was in 2014, when wildfires burned 568 buildings across the state. Fire season is not yet over this year and the toll already is higher: three people dead and 732 buildings burned. And the state is still recovering from back-to-back years of catastrophic fires that killed 137 people and damaged or destroyed nearly 35,000 buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate change primes the West to burn\u003c/a> and more \u003ca href=\"https://www.pnas.org/content/115/13/3314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">people build closer to nature\u003c/a>, the question of what’s in the smoke when fires tear through wilderness and homes alike is still far from being answered. Yet the health of those breathing the smoke — like the firefighters battling the flames — depends on real data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we’re trying to keep California from burning down,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.yourcsd.com/161/Message-from-the-Fire-Chief\">Michael McLaughlin\u003c/a>, chief of the Cosumnes Fire Department and legislative director of the \u003ca href=\"https://calchiefs.org/who-we-are/committees/legislative-committee/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Fire Chiefs Association\u003c/a>. “But how do we put emphasis on those that we’re putting between the fire and the communities we’re trying to save?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On People’s Radar\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a wildfire burns through grasslands, forests, and chaparral, the blaze \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">churns out fine airborne particles\u003c/a> that can irritate the lungs and have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">linked to heart and lung problems\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/wildfire-smoke/wildfire-smoke-guide-revised-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">premature death\u003c/a>. Deadly gases like carbon monoxide and irritating, potentially cancer-causing chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mix into the smoke cloud as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a complex soup with ingredients that can change depending on the fuel and the ferocity of the fire. And as the chemicals stew in the atmosphere, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf13511803/pdf13511803dpi100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">they continue to react\u003c/a> — breaking apart and joining together to create new ingredients to inhale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning buildings and cars typically make up only a small proportion of wildfire smoke, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.firelab.org/profile/urbanski-shawn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shawn Urbanski\u003c/a>, a research physical scientist at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory — but their contributions are starting to capture scientists’ attention. “With these recent fires, it’s really sort of gotten on people’s radar,” Urbanski said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For folks inhaling smoke far from its source, toxic emissions from burning cars and houses are likely to pose less of a health risk as they’re diluted away. “All the way down in the Bay Area, probably the smoke from the Paradise Fire was pretty much just wood smoke,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/john.balmes\">John Balmes\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, wood smoke isn’t benign; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1716846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">researchers\u003c/a> as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/the-smokes-gone-but-hearts-and-lungs-still-may-be-in-danger-months-after-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporters at Reveal\u003c/a> found increases in emergency room visits \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015400/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for heart\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-016-0146-8#Sec4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">breathing problems\u003c/a> after exposure to wildfire smoke. But for people immediately downwind and for the firefighters battling the flames, the metals, carcinogens, and toxic air pollutants rising from burning homes and cars could present an additional hazard. “It definitely is an occupational risk for the firefighters when they’re trying to save buildings, and for community exposures,” Balmes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do know that municipal firefighters battling structure fires in towns and cities can run into heavy metals as well as all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326815/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kinds of cancer-causing chemicals\u003c/a>, like formaldehyde, benzene, and asbestos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also more \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">prone to getting cancer\u003c/a> than the general population, according to a massive study of 30,000 firefighters in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The paper, published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499779/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in the journal \u003cem>Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>,\u003c/em> reported an increase in certain cancers, including of the esophagus, lungs, mouth and throat, large intestine, and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven’t been any similar long-term epidemiology studies of firefighters battling blazes in the wilderness, according to a deep dive into the scientific literature that was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2016_adetona001.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Inhalation Toxicology\u003c/em>\u003c/a> in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shorter-term studies, however, have reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2011.617790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small drops in lung function\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/32/1/129.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increased inflammation\u003c/a> among wildland firefighters exposed to smoke. Kathleen Navarro is a research industrial hygienist at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health who has worked as a wildland firefighter. She estimated in a recent study published in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30981117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>Environmental Research\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that based on their smoke exposures, wildland firefighters may be at greater risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildland firefighters also tend to battle conflagrations without any lung protection beyond a bandana or a mask to filter out airborne particles — even when they’re working where wilderness and homes intersect, a junction known as the wildland urban interface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For structure fires in towns or cities, firefighters typically use a breathing apparatus equipped with a clean air tank that lasts about 20 to 30 minutes, according to Cosumnes Fire Chief McLaughlin. That’s not feasible for wildland firefighters who can end up working long shifts, in treacherous terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why figuring out what’s in the smoke, and what it means for health, is so important, said Jesse Estrada, the department safety officer for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, also known as Cal Fire. “You get exposed to a lot of stuff over the years, and the body takes a beatdown,” he said. “We need to understand what the short term and long term effects are. The only way to know that is to let time pass as they do the research, and truly see what we are facing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Different Landscape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the people driving this research is Aida Rodriguez, a master’s student working with Matt Rahn at CSU San Marcos. The day after the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2019/10/23/kincade-fire/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kincade fire\u003c/a> started in Sonoma County, Rodriguez hopped on a plane with a pink duffle bag full of pre-labeled glass vials, patches made out of the same Nomex material in firefighters’ uniforms, and fabric staplers. Airport security, Rodriguez said, “were concerned about everything in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, under a reddish haze of smoke on the horizon and the faint smell of camp fires in the air, Rodriguez got to work. Balancing the vials and Nomex patches on the front of a fire engine at the base camp in Santa Rosa, she tacked the material to the outside and the inside of the firefighters’ gear. She was done in about 20 minutes. “I was fast and furiously going through it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-four hours later, it was Rahn who was in charge of ripping the patches from the returning firefighters’ uniforms, pushing them into the glass vials, and mailing them to an independent lab in Ohio for testing. His team’s goal is to find out which chemicals settle on the outside of the firefighters’ uniforms while they’re fighting the flames, and which ones soak through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they harmful chemicals? Are they cancer causing?” Rodriguez said. “If that’s something we can answer, then you can develop a decontamination protocol to mitigate the exposure to those chemicals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists across the country are asking these questions. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-03/documents/holderamara_biosketche_aemd.pdf\">Amara Holder\u003c/a>, a scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is working with the U.S. Forest Service to review what we know — and what we don’t — about the air pollution from fires that burn homes and wilderness together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are high for firefighters and other emergency responders, and for the people living close to a conflagration. “You’ve got smoke from a house, or a car, as well as trees,” Holder said. “It’s just a different landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key will be measuring what’s in the smoke, and determining how far these pollutants travel — as some might dissipate before they reach nearby towns, and some might not. Figuring that out could help guide evacuations and determine when and where wildland firefighters need to wear protective equipment. “Then we’ll know what we need to do to protect people,” Holder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navarro, the scientist who has worked as a wildland firefighter, is taking an even closer\u003cem> \u003c/em>look at wildland firefighter health — by studying their bodily fluids. She and a team of researchers at the University of Miami and the University of Arizona are collecting blood and urine samples from firefighters battling fires at the interface between homes and nature. She’s looking for signs of metals, certain flame retardants, and a family of chemicals called \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062114200237\">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/a> that’s known to include carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those environments, firefighters’ chemical exposures become much more complex, according to Navarro’s colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Membership/member-sections/Metro-Chiefs/Urban-Fire-Forum/2019/2019UFFCancerRegistry.ashx?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenneth Fent\u003c/a>. “There are a lot more questions about their health risks even above and beyond other wildland firefighters where it may be more vegetation exposure,” Fent said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fent is helming a voluntary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firefighters/health.html\">National Firefighter Registry\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0328-firefighter-registry.html\">track the long-term health\u003c/a> of any firefighter who signs up. The goal is to understand the long-term cancer risk of firefighters across the field, from those rushing into burning buildings to those fighting to keep a wildfire from engulfing a nearby town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For wildland firefighters in particular, he said, this is the kind of study that’s been missing. And identifying the risks is the first step for trying to prevent them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expensive Consideration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why don’t we know yet what long-term health problems might plague wildland firefighters? One reason is logistics: it’s tough for scientists to tag along with firefighters while they’re working in extreme conditions to save lives and homes. “To do my work, I became a firefighter,” Navarro said. Her training allows her to measure smoke exposures at active wildfires, and gives her insights into what the job as a wildland firefighter actually involves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason is that this research is expensive, according to CSU San Marcos’ Rahn. “The laboratory analysis costs us about $2,000 per firefighter,” he said. “This is an expensive consideration. That’s the hurdle we’re up against.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money — which Rahn said includes a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and another from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfirelocal2881.org/\">Cal Fire Local 2881 union\u003c/a> — is running out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have struggled to find someone willing to pay to investigate the risks to wildland firefighters, he said. “We have to convince these funding agencies, believe it or not, that the work we do here is not just a California issue — this is a national concern,” he said. “It’s a challenge every year to try to receive that funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why two years ago Cal Fire Local 2881 pushed the state of California to fund the research, according to union President Tim Edwards. And \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB774\">a bill by Sen. Connie Leyva\u003c/a>, a Democrat from Chino, would have tapped $5 million from the state’s general fund to pay for wildland firefighting research at California State University campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the bill sailed through the Legislature, former Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it, calling it a “well-intentioned and important proposal” that belonged in the budget, not legislation. Edwards, an engineer with Cal Fire and thyroid cancer survivor, said the veto was disappointing. “Being a state employee, and a state firefighter, I think that hurt me more than anything. It frustrated me more than anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Edwards said the union is working to get the funding included in the state budget. H.D. Palmer, deputy director for external affairs at the California Department of Finance, wouldn’t say whether the union’s latest efforts will work. “I’ll respectfully decline to speculate on what will or will not be included in next year’s budget proposal,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are\u003cem> \u003c/em>strategies to reduce wildland firefighters’ risks by removing them from the smoke when they’re off shift, and giving them a chance to clean up, Cal Fire’s Estrada said. “It doesn’t mean that when they go out in these environments that 100 percent of the time, every firefighter is completely immersed in the smoke for the duration,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, union president Edwards said, “We’re hoping to eventually find a breathing apparatus that will work at the wildland conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate has contracted with a company called TDA Research to \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/931_R-Tech_Wildland-Firefighter-Respiration-Protection-FactSheet_180606-508.pdf\">create a lightweight respirator\u003c/a> that firefighters can use in the wildland for days to weeks. Since many wildland firefighters wear bandanas over their faces, the device is shaped like a scarf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to create something that was similar to what they use,” said Kimberli Jones-Holt, program manager with the DHS Science and Technology Directorate. Jones-Holt is optimistic that wildland firefighters could be using the device by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Rodriguez, the results aren’t back yet from the patches she sent into the smoke in Sonoma. But in the meantime, she has her glass vials and fabric staplers still packed in that pink duffle bag, ready for the next fire, she said: “It’s important for us to realize that fire season is year round. I don’t really have the time to sit and wait.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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