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"content": "\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It",
"headTitle": "Groundwater Beneath Your Feet Is Rising With the Sea. It Could Bring Long-Buried Toxic Contamination With It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Rising seas can evoke images of waves crashing into beachfront property or a torrent of water rolling through downtown streets. But there’s a lesser-known hazard of climate change for those who live along shorelines the world over: freshwater in the ground beneath them creeping slowly upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For many Bay Area residents who live near the water’s edge,\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> little-publicized research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> indicates the problem could start to manifest in 10-15 years, particularly in low-lying communities like those in Oakland, Alameda and Marin City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater rise can cause a host of infrastructure issues like crumbling roads, sewage backups and extended earthquake liquefaction zones. But water that moves silently higher can also have negative impacts on human and ecological health, by resurfacing toxic substances that have lingered for years underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything human beings use, they spill,” said Kristina Hill, an associate professor at UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design, who researches adapting urban areas and shoreline communities to climate change. The overflow includes “everything we’ve used in the last hundred and fifty years,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the “everything” she mentions is a lot. The Bay Area is \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rife with industrial sites\u003c/span>, \u003c/a>new and old. In East Oakland, industry boomed in the early 1900s, as lumber yards, canneries, rail depots and foundries sprung up. It was a long time before governments enacted any environmental regulations to speak of, starting in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through the entire postwar and World War II-era, stuff got dumped informally,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent contaminants lie buried as well — chemicals like benzene and toluene, leaked from underground storage tanks. Many toxic sites now considered to be contained could pose a threat as the water ascends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legacy contamination in the soil will be remobilized when the water table comes up and intersects with these areas of contaminated soil,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contaminated groundwater could seep into a basement or crawlspace beneath a home, or sneak in through a broken sewage line. Some of these chemicals vaporize, so that humans could breathe them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vulnerable groundwater, which lies beneath the surface in a layer of freshwater sitting atop water from the ocean, could affect communities within a mile of the coast, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedaca.gov/files/assets/public/alameda-pio/slr2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">recent report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Silvestrum Climate Associates, detailing the problem in the Bay Area island city of Alameda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relevant thing for the problem is how close [the groundwater] is to the surface,” said Hill. She and her colleagues have analyzed and \u003ca href=\"https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.6078/D1W01Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">published data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> estimating the depth of groundwater in Bay Area coastal communities. They found the water below someone’s backyard is “typically within 6 feet of the surface when you’re within a mile of the bay edge, and so often within 2 feet or 1 foot of the surface,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groundwater flows into contaminants no longer monitored because they are considered contained, those toxic substances may start to move, unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1971660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/KQEDSCIENCE_GRNDWTR.gif\" alt=\"Groundwater Rise\" width=\"400\" height=\"720\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now it’s possible that you have contamination in that water and you might not see it or smell it. You might not know,” said Alec Naugle, who heads the toxics cleanup division for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. The agency regulates the mitigation of contaminated sites in a large area stretching over the nine Bay Area counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re exposed to these chemicals over a lifetime, they can increase your risk of cancer,” Naugle said. “Some of those chemicals also have short-term risks at much higher concentrations that we don’t typically see in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Hill and her colleagues have found many locations across the Bay Area at risk. For example, Marin City, she says, has topography like a bowl, and as sea levels rise, it “will fill up with water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these neighborhoods have large Black and Latino populations who already deal with unequal environmental health burdens due to living near major freeways and, in Oakland, the port. Residents of East and West Oakland have \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">high rates of asthma\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and children in East Oakland are more than \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">twice as likely\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to suffer from the condition than their peers across Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘How Is That Going to Affect My Family?’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marquita Price has always called \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/map/Deep_East#zoom=13&lat=37.73602&lon=-122.16018&layers=BTT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep East Oakland\u003c/a>, a section of city \u003c/span>blocks laid out between two interstates, home. When she was a kid, her extended family spent a lot of time at her grandmother’s lavender house in the Havenscourt neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the kids, including myself, would con our parents to be able to all stay and just spend the night with our grandparents, and just sing and dance all night,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971583\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971583 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg\" alt=\"Marquita Price outside her grandmother's house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to family health, and their assets like this home.\" width=\"800\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-1020x840.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-160x132.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-768x632.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marquita Price outside her grandmother’s house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to the health of her family and their assets. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Price is an urban planner for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The East Oakland Collective\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to racial and economic equality in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, while participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">design challenge\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for ways the Bay Area could prepare for climate change, Price learned about groundwater rise, and the slow-motion havoc it could wreak on her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought immediately of the people and places she loved, such as her grandmother’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is that going to affect my family?” Price said, “And my community and the assets that we worked so hard to hold?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price then met Hill, the UC Berkeley professor, who has been raising the alarm about the threat of rising groundwater for years. Hill’s work has informed her activism on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that people haven’t really thought of as an impact of sea level rise,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says it’s no coincidence that large numbers of people of color live in low-lying areas that will likely face the threat of rising groundwater first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was either redlining or restrictive homeowner covenants that prevented people of color from moving to neighborhoods on higher ground,” she said. “So effectively, white people … left them to live near the industrial areas and on low ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Regulators Assess Next Moves\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle, from the Water Quality Control Board, says contaminated sites are at risk of flooding all along California shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally hundreds, perhaps thousands of these cases in our region alone, not to mention statewide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team now face the daunting task of assessing which sites are of most concern and what to do about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually plan to use a report being written by Silvestrum Climate Associates, the private environmental consulting firm that led the Alameda groundwater study. Over the next few years, Silvestrum staff will map groundwater depths and test for contamination in four Bay Area counties: San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin and Alameda. Naugle and his water board colleagues intend to use the report in identifying the most at-risk locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Toxic Substances Control also regulates contaminated sites. Grant Cope, the deputy director for site mitigation and restoration, said the organization plans to tackle the problem as well. He would like to work with the U.S. Geological Survey to overlay maps that show groundwater rise onto maps of contaminated sites, to use as “an early-warning system” for site managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Community Members Can Do\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle says if communities are concerned about the management of a site prone to groundwater contamination, they should contact the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would take a look at that and figure out if that is something that does need a response,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Hill agrees. “Call the regional water board and ask for staff to come to a community meeting,” or call the California Environmental Protection Agency, she said. Community members should ask for updates on the status of cleanup projects in their neighborhoods and whether groundwater is being monitored at its maximum, not average, level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, she said, “Ask for a monitoring well or two to be installed to track maximum groundwater levels nearby,” especially if people live downhill from former industrial sites like dry cleaners, gas stations or factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can review sites known to contain contaminants through \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">GeoTracker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an online database where various regulators track cleanup efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside homes, Hill said, check seals on plumbing fixtures, like the one on the floor around the toilet, and ask a plumber to check for air leaks that would come from a sewage pipe into your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kris May of Silvestrum Climate Associates lives in a low-lying area in the city of Alameda. She installed a pump in her basement to remove water that collects there, and plans to take a sample to test for specific contaminants. She’s been talking to Alameda city leadership about assembling a network of volunteers to test samples. May also covered her pump with a milk crate, to make sure no humans or pets come in contact with potentially contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May cautioned against buying an indoor air monitor to measure toxic contamination that vaporizes from groundwater, called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. She said they won’t work well for substances like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Cope of the state’s toxic substances control department, said, “One of the most important things that people can do is to require local governments to pass enforceable standards that apply to groundwater rise due to sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These should include local requirements for new buildings and cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Include the Community\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Price looked onto a recreation field outside an East Oakland affordable housing development called Coliseum Gardens. The development sits on the location of a former recycling center, ringed by old industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land is low-lying, and the groundwater is close to the surface. Price said people in this area do see some flooding. But awareness was low of “exactly what it is and how contaminated it is and how damaging it really could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people learn more about the issue and lobby for solutions, Price said, she wants her community to have a role in addressing the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want just some outside consultants and companies to come in and carry out the plan,” she said. “Our unemployment is crazy out here. So this could definitely be a low-entry job that can provide to the community and also bring awareness [to the issue] at the same time. We can’t prevent natural disasters or any kind of disasters or problems from happening,” Price said. “It’s just about how we plan for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Rising sea levels are pushing up groundwater beneath coastal communities, and one consequence is the potential for contaminants once thought contained to resurface.",
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"description": "Rising sea levels are pushing up groundwater beneath coastal communities, and one consequence is the potential for contaminants once thought contained to resurface.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rising seas can evoke images of waves crashing into beachfront property or a torrent of water rolling through downtown streets. But there’s a lesser-known hazard of climate change for those who live along shorelines the world over: freshwater in the ground beneath them creeping slowly upward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For many Bay Area residents who live near the water’s edge,\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/4261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> little-publicized research\u003c/a>\u003c/span> indicates the problem could start to manifest in 10-15 years, particularly in low-lying communities like those in Oakland, Alameda and Marin City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater rise can cause a host of infrastructure issues like crumbling roads, sewage backups and extended earthquake liquefaction zones. But water that moves silently higher can also have negative impacts on human and ecological health, by resurfacing toxic substances that have lingered for years underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything human beings use, they spill,” said Kristina Hill, an associate professor at UC Berkeley’s College of Environmental Design, who researches adapting urban areas and shoreline communities to climate change. The overflow includes “everything we’ve used in the last hundred and fifty years,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the “everything” she mentions is a lot. The Bay Area is \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rife with industrial sites\u003c/span>, \u003c/a>new and old. In East Oakland, industry boomed in the early 1900s, as lumber yards, canneries, rail depots and foundries sprung up. It was a long time before governments enacted any environmental regulations to speak of, starting in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Through the entire postwar and World War II-era, stuff got dumped informally,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recent contaminants lie buried as well — chemicals like benzene and toluene, leaked from underground storage tanks. Many toxic sites now considered to be contained could pose a threat as the water ascends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Legacy contamination in the soil will be remobilized when the water table comes up and intersects with these areas of contaminated soil,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contaminated groundwater could seep into a basement or crawlspace beneath a home, or sneak in through a broken sewage line. Some of these chemicals vaporize, so that humans could breathe them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vulnerable groundwater, which lies beneath the surface in a layer of freshwater sitting atop water from the ocean, could affect communities within a mile of the coast, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.alamedaca.gov/files/assets/public/alameda-pio/slr2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">recent report\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Silvestrum Climate Associates, detailing the problem in the Bay Area island city of Alameda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The relevant thing for the problem is how close [the groundwater] is to the surface,” said Hill. She and her colleagues have analyzed and \u003ca href=\"https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.6078/D1W01Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">published data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> estimating the depth of groundwater in Bay Area coastal communities. They found the water below someone’s backyard is “typically within 6 feet of the surface when you’re within a mile of the bay edge, and so often within 2 feet or 1 foot of the surface,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the groundwater flows into contaminants no longer monitored because they are considered contained, those toxic substances may start to move, unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1971660\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/KQEDSCIENCE_GRNDWTR.gif\" alt=\"Groundwater Rise\" width=\"400\" height=\"720\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now it’s possible that you have contamination in that water and you might not see it or smell it. You might not know,” said Alec Naugle, who heads the toxics cleanup division for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. The agency regulates the mitigation of contaminated sites in a large area stretching over the nine Bay Area counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re exposed to these chemicals over a lifetime, they can increase your risk of cancer,” Naugle said. “Some of those chemicals also have short-term risks at much higher concentrations that we don’t typically see in the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Hill and her colleagues have found many locations across the Bay Area at risk. For example, Marin City, she says, has topography like a bowl, and as sea levels rise, it “will fill up with water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these neighborhoods have large Black and Latino populations who already deal with unequal environmental health burdens due to living near major freeways and, in Oakland, the port. Residents of East and West Oakland have \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">high rates of asthma\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and children in East Oakland are more than \u003ca href=\"https://calepa.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2018/03/OAKEJ_initiative_FINALweb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">twice as likely\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to suffer from the condition than their peers across Alameda County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>‘How Is That Going to Affect My Family?’\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marquita Price has always called \u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003ca href=\"https://localwiki.org/oakland/map/Deep_East#zoom=13&lat=37.73602&lon=-122.16018&layers=BTT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deep East Oakland\u003c/a>, a section of city \u003c/span>blocks laid out between two interstates, home. When she was a kid, her extended family spent a lot of time at her grandmother’s lavender house in the Havenscourt neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the kids, including myself, would con our parents to be able to all stay and just spend the night with our grandparents, and just sing and dance all night,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971583\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1971583 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg\" alt=\"Marquita Price outside her grandmother's house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to family health, and their assets like this home.\" width=\"800\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-800x659.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-1020x840.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-160x132.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537-768x632.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/12/RS46321_IMG_3757-qut-e1607574163537.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marquita Price outside her grandmother’s house in East Oakland. When she learned about the threat of rising groundwater, her thoughts turned to the health of her family and their assets. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, Price is an urban planner for \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The East Oakland Collective\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a nonprofit dedicated to racial and economic equality in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years back, while participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">design challenge\u003c/span>\u003c/a> calling for ways the Bay Area could prepare for climate change, Price learned about groundwater rise, and the slow-motion havoc it could wreak on her neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought immediately of the people and places she loved, such as her grandmother’s home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How is that going to affect my family?” Price said, “And my community and the assets that we worked so hard to hold?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Price then met Hill, the UC Berkeley professor, who has been raising the alarm about the threat of rising groundwater for years. Hill’s work has informed her activism on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s something that people haven’t really thought of as an impact of sea level rise,” Hill said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says it’s no coincidence that large numbers of people of color live in low-lying areas that will likely face the threat of rising groundwater first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was either redlining or restrictive homeowner covenants that prevented people of color from moving to neighborhoods on higher ground,” she said. “So effectively, white people … left them to live near the industrial areas and on low ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cb>Regulators Assess Next Moves\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle, from the Water Quality Control Board, says contaminated sites are at risk of flooding all along California shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are literally hundreds, perhaps thousands of these cases in our region alone, not to mention statewide,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his team now face the daunting task of assessing which sites are of most concern and what to do about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eventually plan to use a report being written by Silvestrum Climate Associates, the private environmental consulting firm that led the Alameda groundwater study. Over the next few years, Silvestrum staff will map groundwater depths and test for contamination in four Bay Area counties: San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin and Alameda. Naugle and his water board colleagues intend to use the report in identifying the most at-risk locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s Department of Toxic Substances Control also regulates contaminated sites. Grant Cope, the deputy director for site mitigation and restoration, said the organization plans to tackle the problem as well. He would like to work with the U.S. Geological Survey to overlay maps that show groundwater rise onto maps of contaminated sites, to use as “an early-warning system” for site managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Community Members Can Do\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naugle says if communities are concerned about the management of a site prone to groundwater contamination, they should contact the water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would take a look at that and figure out if that is something that does need a response,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristina Hill agrees. “Call the regional water board and ask for staff to come to a community meeting,” or call the California Environmental Protection Agency, she said. Community members should ask for updates on the status of cleanup projects in their neighborhoods and whether groundwater is being monitored at its maximum, not average, level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If not, she said, “Ask for a monitoring well or two to be installed to track maximum groundwater levels nearby,” especially if people live downhill from former industrial sites like dry cleaners, gas stations or factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians can review sites known to contain contaminants through \u003ca href=\"https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">GeoTracker\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an online database where various regulators track cleanup efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside homes, Hill said, check seals on plumbing fixtures, like the one on the floor around the toilet, and ask a plumber to check for air leaks that would come from a sewage pipe into your home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kris May of Silvestrum Climate Associates lives in a low-lying area in the city of Alameda. She installed a pump in her basement to remove water that collects there, and plans to take a sample to test for specific contaminants. She’s been talking to Alameda city leadership about assembling a network of volunteers to test samples. May also covered her pump with a milk crate, to make sure no humans or pets come in contact with potentially contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May cautioned against buying an indoor air monitor to measure toxic contamination that vaporizes from groundwater, called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. She said they won’t work well for substances like benzene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Cope of the state’s toxic substances control department, said, “One of the most important things that people can do is to require local governments to pass enforceable standards that apply to groundwater rise due to sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These should include local requirements for new buildings and cleanups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Include the Community\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Price looked onto a recreation field outside an East Oakland affordable housing development called Coliseum Gardens. The development sits on the location of a former recycling center, ringed by old industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land is low-lying, and the groundwater is close to the surface. Price said people in this area do see some flooding. But awareness was low of “exactly what it is and how contaminated it is and how damaging it really could be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people learn more about the issue and lobby for solutions, Price said, she wants her community to have a role in addressing the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want just some outside consultants and companies to come in and carry out the plan,” she said. “Our unemployment is crazy out here. So this could definitely be a low-entry job that can provide to the community and also bring awareness [to the issue] at the same time. We can’t prevent natural disasters or any kind of disasters or problems from happening,” Price said. “It’s just about how we plan for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use",
"headTitle": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hospitals Race to Prepare for the High-Stakes COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout",
"headTitle": "Hospitals Race to Prepare for the High-Stakes COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Lately, Jon Horton has been dreaming about freezers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was opening the freezer and I was taking something out of the freezer and putting it in something else,” Horton said. “And it was just like — whew!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not just an ordinary freezer. Horton is pharmacy operations director at Sentara — a health care network based in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentara officials are working out every detail of the logistics involved in rolling out the coronavirus vaccine from Pfizer, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">has to be kept\u003c/a> at nearly minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit or risk losing effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a certain point, you’re just trying to figure out what needs to be done next,” Horton said during an interview with NPR at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. “So you’re focusing on this process, and as you open up that door, you learn a little more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lately, Jon Horton has been dreaming about freezers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was opening the freezer and I was taking something out of the freezer and putting it in something else,” Horton said. “And it was just like — whew!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not just an ordinary freezer. Horton is pharmacy operations director at Sentara — a health care network based in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentara officials are working out every detail of the logistics involved in rolling out the coronavirus vaccine from Pfizer, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">has to be kept\u003c/a> at nearly minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit or risk losing effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a certain point, you’re just trying to figure out what needs to be done next,” Horton said during an interview with NPR at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. “So you’re focusing on this process, and as you open up that door, you learn a little more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health workers are wrapping up testing at four temporary sites in San Francisco neighborhoods hard hit by COVID-19, and preliminary results in at least one location show a marked increase in test positivity rates during the coronavirus surge in the city, state, and nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors, nurses and volunteers fanned out to test sites in the Mission, Bayview, Tenderloin and Excelsior neighborhoods for a handful of days before and after Thanksgiving, testing more than 6,800 people. The testing is part of a health initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://unitedinhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unidos en Salud\u003c/a>, a partnership between UCSF, the community organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.ltfrespuestalatina.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latino Task Force\u003c/a>, the City and County of San Francisco, and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has offered pop-up testing every few months since the start of the pandemic, running a weekly test site in the Mission on Thursdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unidos en Salud co-founder and UCSF infectious disease expert Dr. Diane Havlir says she was already worried about the high positivity rates when she saw them go even higher after Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the Mission test site, post-Thanksgiving test positivity seems to be in the 9-10% range,” Havlir wrote in an email. “The increase from 6% before the holiday likely reflects the serious and rapidly increasing trajectory in the city overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers represent those who voluntarily took tests and are not representative of the Mission or the city as a whole, Havlir said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the numbers are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(P)reliminary data suggest that the Latinx community, low-income individuals and front-line workers living in crowded households continue to be disproportionately affected,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Test Used for Quicker Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this recent round of testing, each resident was given both a rapid and standard PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results from the rapid test, Abbott’s BinaxNOW, are available in 15 minutes. The test detects high levels of the virus, an indication that someone is particularly infectious. People who show up positive on the rapid test may spread the virus more easily and should isolate as soon as possible. The rapid tests sometimes produce false negatives in those with a smaller viral load, so the PCR test is also given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who test positive, a “community wellness team member” from Unidos en Salud works to connect them with free food and cleaning supplies, as well as a hotel room where they can quarantine. The case worker may also refer them to San Francisco’s\u003ca href=\"https://oewd.org/employees-impacted-covid-19#Paid%20Sick%20Leave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Right to Recover\u003c/a> program, which provides cash assistance for people without access to paid sick leave, unemployment benefits or other public benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health workers are wrapping up testing at four temporary sites in San Francisco neighborhoods hard hit by COVID-19, and preliminary results in at least one location show a marked increase in test positivity rates during the coronavirus surge in the city, state, and nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors, nurses and volunteers fanned out to test sites in the Mission, Bayview, Tenderloin and Excelsior neighborhoods for a handful of days before and after Thanksgiving, testing more than 6,800 people. The testing is part of a health initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://unitedinhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unidos en Salud\u003c/a>, a partnership between UCSF, the community organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.ltfrespuestalatina.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latino Task Force\u003c/a>, the City and County of San Francisco, and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has offered pop-up testing every few months since the start of the pandemic, running a weekly test site in the Mission on Thursdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unidos en Salud co-founder and UCSF infectious disease expert Dr. Diane Havlir says she was already worried about the high positivity rates when she saw them go even higher after Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the Mission test site, post-Thanksgiving test positivity seems to be in the 9-10% range,” Havlir wrote in an email. “The increase from 6% before the holiday likely reflects the serious and rapidly increasing trajectory in the city overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers represent those who voluntarily took tests and are not representative of the Mission or the city as a whole, Havlir said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the numbers are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(P)reliminary data suggest that the Latinx community, low-income individuals and front-line workers living in crowded households continue to be disproportionately affected,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Now that the autumn rains have begun, the devastating 2020 wildfire season is winding down. This year, smoke from the fires resulted in a record number of days in which the Bay Area experienced poor to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968573/unhealthy-air-expected-to-continue-as-wildfires-winds-persist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awful\u003c/a> air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the weather turning colder, more people will stay inside, and while we’re used to thinking about the air quality outdoors, polluted indoor air can also have negative health impacts. So, for some \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969474/the-air-qualitys-terrible-out-there-so-how-can-you-keep-it-clean-indoors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tips\u003c/a> on how to keep your air clean during a smoke emergency or just in general, watch the video below …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK18jPVrD8c&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now that the autumn rains have begun, the devastating 2020 wildfire season is winding down. This year, smoke from the fires resulted in a record number of days in which the Bay Area experienced poor to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968573/unhealthy-air-expected-to-continue-as-wildfires-winds-persist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">awful\u003c/a> air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the weather turning colder, more people will stay inside, and while we’re used to thinking about the air quality outdoors, polluted indoor air can also have negative health impacts. So, for some \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969474/the-air-qualitys-terrible-out-there-so-how-can-you-keep-it-clean-indoors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tips\u003c/a> on how to keep your air clean during a smoke emergency or just in general, watch the video below …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/jK18jPVrD8c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/jK18jPVrD8c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]If an outdoors, socially-distanced gathering is part of your Thanksgiving plans, beware of uninvited guests. I don’t mean friendly neighbors who might invite themselves to a piece of pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blowfly feeds on an apple with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’m talking about flies. Buzzing around curiously, they’ll help themselves to whatever food you leave unattended. As they walk all around they could spread hundreds of types of bacteria they carry on their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you try sneaking up on one and it skedaddles. Why, oh why, is it so hard to swat a fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Now you see me, now you don’t. A blowfly escapes a swatter in the nick of time. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flies are formidable opponents, with an arsenal of tools they carry all over their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, their hair and antennae help a fly sense us as we walk up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have sensory hairs all over their body that help them detect air currents,” said entomologist Jessica Fox, who studies flies’ shenanigans at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can see you coming from nearly every angle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only can they feel us, they can see us too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very small blind spot in the back of their head,” Fox said, “but a lot of flies can see almost 360 degrees around their heads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a fly’s eyes and tiny brain process information 10 times faster than human eyes and brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to flies, humans are slow and sluggish creatures,” said Sanjay Sane, who researches flies at the National Centre for Biological Sciences at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quick, sharp turns help a fly dodge your swatter. These aerobatics are possible thanks to a pair of tiny club-shaped limbs called halteres, nestled below the fly’s two wings. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the fly escapes your swatter and is in the air, it’s in its element and your job is even tougher. Seen up close and slowed down, a fly’s aerobatics are impressive: It makes razor-sharp turns with ease and at great speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this possible is a pair of modified wings called halteres, a Greek word for dumbbell, which describes their shape. All of the 200,000 species of flies that scientists have described have a pair of halteres and a pair of wings. (That includes mosquitoes, which, wouldn’t you know it, are flies too.) Most other insects — bees, butterflies, dragonflies — have four wings and no halteres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relatively large halteres of a crane fly are easier to spot than most. The halteres are the small, club-shaped parts beating below the fly’s wings. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a fly turns, its halteres sense the rotation. In a split second, neurons at the base of the halteres send information to the fly’s muscles to steer its wings and keep its head steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Houseflies flap their wings about 200 times per second, which means they really only have five milliseconds to figure out what the next wingbeat is going to be like. And if you’re using vision that takes too long to do,” Fox said. “They really need a mechanical receptor in order to be able to sense their body rotations and correct them on the timescale that they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though flies are a pesky pest and we are constantly in their pursuit, they likely evolved halteres to escape other animals besides us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies hang out on the backs of cows,” said Sane. “The tail of a cow trying to flick insects off, it’s likely to kill the fly if it doesn’t fly off fast.” Lizard tongues are also quick-moving threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s flies themselves. In lightning-fast chases, males compete for the ability to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These chases are among the most aerobatic chases that I’ve ever seen; there’s nothing that comes even close,” said Sane. “And if flies did not turn very fast they’ll get caught and slammed to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers remove a fly’s halteres, it can no longer control its flight. It loses all sense of where its body is in space. In slowed-down videos, flies without halteres give the impression of being drunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly whose halteres have been removed by researchers can’t control its flight and falls down. \u003ccite>(Katie Jordan, Alex Yarger and Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t seem to know; they just keep flapping,” said Fox. “They just keep pitching and rolling and eventually they fall. We’ve got a lot of great videos of these flies comedically falling out of the sky.” \u003cem>(You can see more examples in the Deep Look video embedded in this story.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fly gets inside your house, its halteres will help it do a fly’s signature move: the ceiling landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can stay out of reach by hanging upside down on the ceiling. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hangs there with tiny hooks and sticky pads on its feet. The pads, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface under pressure, sort of like suction. Hooks on the fly’s feet also help it stay put, by attaching to microscopic imperfections on the surface of the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pads on a fly’s feet, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface. The photo on the right shows an extreme close-up of the hairs. \u003ccite>(Stanislav Gorb/University of Kiel, Germany)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the fly’s slick tools, Sane recommends one trick next time you try to nab one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies process information about moving objects but they cannot process static objects,” he explained. “Thus, the best way to approach a fly is in small, quasi-static steps such that they do not see you as a moving object.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go very slowly, and then pounce, you might stand a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good luck, though,” he said, “because flies are spectacularly fast.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If an outdoors, socially-distanced gathering is part of your Thanksgiving plans, beware of uninvited guests. I don’t mean friendly neighbors who might invite themselves to a piece of pie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971201\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971201\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_eats_apple.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blowfly feeds on an apple with its straw-like proboscis. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I’m talking about flies. Buzzing around curiously, they’ll help themselves to whatever food you leave unattended. As they walk all around they could spread hundreds of types of bacteria they carry on their legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you try sneaking up on one and it skedaddles. Why, oh why, is it so hard to swat a fly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_escapes_swatter.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Now you see me, now you don’t. A blowfly escapes a swatter in the nick of time. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Flies are formidable opponents, with an arsenal of tools they carry all over their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, their hair and antennae help a fly sense us as we walk up to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have sensory hairs all over their body that help them detect air currents,” said entomologist Jessica Fox, who studies flies’ shenanigans at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971203\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_cleans_eyes.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can see you coming from nearly every angle. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only can they feel us, they can see us too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have a very small blind spot in the back of their head,” Fox said, “but a lot of flies can see almost 360 degrees around their heads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a fly’s eyes and tiny brain process information 10 times faster than human eyes and brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to flies, humans are slow and sluggish creatures,” said Sanjay Sane, who researches flies at the National Centre for Biological Sciences at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971204\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971204\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_makes_sharp_turns.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quick, sharp turns help a fly dodge your swatter. These aerobatics are possible thanks to a pair of tiny club-shaped limbs called halteres, nestled below the fly’s two wings. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the fly escapes your swatter and is in the air, it’s in its element and your job is even tougher. Seen up close and slowed down, a fly’s aerobatics are impressive: It makes razor-sharp turns with ease and at great speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this possible is a pair of modified wings called halteres, a Greek word for dumbbell, which describes their shape. All of the 200,000 species of flies that scientists have described have a pair of halteres and a pair of wings. (That includes mosquitoes, which, wouldn’t you know it, are flies too.) Most other insects — bees, butterflies, dragonflies — have four wings and no halteres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Halteres_of_crane_fly_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relatively large halteres of a crane fly are easier to spot than most. The halteres are the small, club-shaped parts beating below the fly’s wings. \u003ccite>(Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a fly turns, its halteres sense the rotation. In a split second, neurons at the base of the halteres send information to the fly’s muscles to steer its wings and keep its head steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Houseflies flap their wings about 200 times per second, which means they really only have five milliseconds to figure out what the next wingbeat is going to be like. And if you’re using vision that takes too long to do,” Fox said. “They really need a mechanical receptor in order to be able to sense their body rotations and correct them on the timescale that they need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though flies are a pesky pest and we are constantly in their pursuit, they likely evolved halteres to escape other animals besides us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies hang out on the backs of cows,” said Sane. “The tail of a cow trying to flick insects off, it’s likely to kill the fly if it doesn’t fly off fast.” Lizard tongues are also quick-moving threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s flies themselves. In lightning-fast chases, males compete for the ability to mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These chases are among the most aerobatic chases that I’ve ever seen; there’s nothing that comes even close,” said Sane. “And if flies did not turn very fast they’ll get caught and slammed to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers remove a fly’s halteres, it can no longer control its flight. It loses all sense of where its body is in space. In slowed-down videos, flies without halteres give the impression of being drunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971206\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971206\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_without_halteres_falls_Fox.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly whose halteres have been removed by researchers can’t control its flight and falls down. \u003ccite>(Katie Jordan, Alex Yarger and Jessica Fox/Case Western Reserve University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t seem to know; they just keep flapping,” said Fox. “They just keep pitching and rolling and eventually they fall. We’ve got a lot of great videos of these flies comedically falling out of the sky.” \u003cem>(You can see more examples in the Deep Look video embedded in this story.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a fly gets inside your house, its halteres will help it do a fly’s signature move: the ceiling landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_Fly_walks_on_ceiling.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fly can stay out of reach by hanging upside down on the ceiling. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hangs there with tiny hooks and sticky pads on its feet. The pads, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface under pressure, sort of like suction. Hooks on the fly’s feet also help it stay put, by attaching to microscopic imperfections on the surface of the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1971208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/DL720_pulvilli_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pads on a fly’s feet, called pulvilli, have microscopic hairs that excrete a liquid that sticks to the surface. The photo on the right shows an extreme close-up of the hairs. \u003ccite>(Stanislav Gorb/University of Kiel, Germany)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the fly’s slick tools, Sane recommends one trick next time you try to nab one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flies process information about moving objects but they cannot process static objects,” he explained. “Thus, the best way to approach a fly is in small, quasi-static steps such that they do not see you as a moving object.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go very slowly, and then pounce, you might stand a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Good luck, though,” he said, “because flies are spectacularly fast.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Most Coronavirus Transmission Happens at Indoor Restaurants, Cafes, Gyms: Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZG85TN1nhE&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People",
"headTitle": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wearing a mask protects the wearer, and not just other people, from the coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasized in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html\">updated scientific brief\u003c/a> issued Tuesday. And the protective benefits of masks are stronger the more people wear masks consistently and correctly, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CDC first recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings back in April, it cited evidence that the coronavirus could be transmitted by asymptomatic people who might not be aware of their infectiousness — a group estimated to account for more than 50% of transmissions. The agency said masks were intended to block virus-laden particles that might be emitted by an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report updated Tuesday, the CDC says that is still the primary intention of wearing masks. But it also cites growing evidence that even cloth masks can also reduce the amount of infectious droplets inhaled by the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This messaging is key to increase adherence and interest in mask wearing. I am thrilled!” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/providers/dr-monica-gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease physician with UC San Francisco, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MonicaGandhi9/status/1326291896788951040\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghandi argued in a \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8\">recently published paper \u003c/a>that wearing masks can reduce the severity of illness with COVID-19, even if the wearer does become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wearing a mask protects the wearer, and not just other people, from the coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasized in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html\">updated scientific brief\u003c/a> issued Tuesday. And the protective benefits of masks are stronger the more people wear masks consistently and correctly, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CDC first recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings back in April, it cited evidence that the coronavirus could be transmitted by asymptomatic people who might not be aware of their infectiousness — a group estimated to account for more than 50% of transmissions. The agency said masks were intended to block virus-laden particles that might be emitted by an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report updated Tuesday, the CDC says that is still the primary intention of wearing masks. But it also cites growing evidence that even cloth masks can also reduce the amount of infectious droplets inhaled by the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This messaging is key to increase adherence and interest in mask wearing. I am thrilled!” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/providers/dr-monica-gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease physician with UC San Francisco, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MonicaGandhi9/status/1326291896788951040\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghandi argued in a \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8\">recently published paper \u003c/a>that wearing masks can reduce the severity of illness with COVID-19, even if the wearer does become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s been months of quarantine and the urge to see friends and family is real, especially as the holidays approach. But as people are considering traveling to spend Christmas or Hanukkah with loved ones, COVID-19 cases are again surging across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors say there’s no way to completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading the novel coronavirus when venturing out, there are things you can do to reduce the risk, and all nine Bay Area counties plus the city of Berkeley released \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/press-releases/2020/1109-ABAHO-Holiday-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommendations\u003c/a> Monday for doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, Stanford School of Medicine']‘What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits.’ [/pullquote]Along with these recommendations, we consulted public health experts and guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for ways to minimize your travel risk. Think of it as a checklist to help you track your household’s distancing habits and test for leaks in your stay-at-home bubble. You’ll also want to consider the health of the people you’re visiting, how you’ll travel, and getting tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s been a challenge to follow health recommendations, you’ll want to consider postponing that big trip until you’re more confident you’ve minimized the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Age and Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Age is a major risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC guidance\u003c/a> says 8 out of 10 coronavirus deaths have occurred in people age 65 or older, and the greatest risk for serious illness is among those who are at least 85.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of any age with serious medical conditions, including cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease, are also at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> for severe cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Dr. R. Sean Morrison, Mount Sinai Health System']‘We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children. We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.’[/pullquote]If you or the people you plan to visit are elderly or have underlying health problems, consider eating Thanksgiving turkey together on Zoom instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have You Been Wearing Your Mask?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC now says\u003c/a> the coronavirus can be transmitted by large respiratory droplets at short distances and sometimes by smaller “aerosolized” particles over longer distances. This makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11810490/masks-to-wear-or-not-to-wear-that-is-the-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wearing a face covering\u003c/a> over your mouth and nose whenever you’re out in public a key component of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protecting yourself and others\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at the Stanford School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, even if you’re scrupulously wearing a mask, if the people you are in close contact with aren’t, your coronavirus risk goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the 6-Foot Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say social distancing is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970286/from-condoms-to-coronavirus-masks-harm-reduction-has-worked-to-protect-public-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here to stay\u003c/a>, and it’s one of the best ways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965321/so-whats-going-to-happen-to-bay-area-case-counts-now-medical-experts-weigh-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combat the coronavirus\u003c/a>. In addition to wearing your mask, you should keep 6 feet or more from others when at the store, park or other public spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow the same rule when meeting a friend for a socially distanced picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wash Hands Often\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11846759,science_1960866,science_1967231,science_1962884\" target=_blank]Scientists say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960866/why-washing-your-hands-works-so-well-and-how-to-d%20o-it-right\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">washing your hands\u003c/a> for at least 20 seconds is another important way to protect against infection, because soap and water can destroy the virus. If you can’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wash your hands\u003c/a> when you’re outdoors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">use a sanitizer\u003c/a> with at least 60% alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limit Your Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 is thought to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spread\u003c/a> mainly through close contact between people. That’s why health experts say to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/deciding-to-go-out.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit\u003c/a> how much exposure you have to people outside of your household.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, gatherings with people from more than three households are prohibited. State guidance is to limit these events to no more than two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health officials say if you want to socialize, keep your group to a \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/fnl_social-bubble-flyers_6-18-20-v2-accessible-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">social bubble\u003c/a> of 12 or fewer people, including household members, with everyone agreeing to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are other ways to limit your potential for exposure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If possible, \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31200-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work from home\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid mass gatherings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limit the number of outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visitors\u003c/a> into your home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/shopping-food-during-covid-19-pandemic-information-consumers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shopping for groceries\u003c/a>, make a list to reduce time spent inside and buy extra to limit trips. Or consider a delivery service like Instacart or Good Eggs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the Risk Is Lower, Children Can Spread the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early research suggests kids are at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966149/weighing-the-risks-of-sending-kids-to-camp-or-day-care-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lower risk\u003c/a> for getting sick and spreading COVID-19 — but this doesn’t mean they are immune. In some cases, children can transmit the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children,” said Dr. R. Sean Morrison, a geriatrician with Mount Sinai Health System. “We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kids are going in person to school, day care or other group activities, make sure your care provider is taking precautions and following state and local guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Outdoor Visits Over Indoor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says indoor spaces are more risky than outdoor ones for spreading the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an outdoor meetup is impossible due to weather or other factors and you decide to meet indoors, the CDC recommends you “avoid crowded, poorly ventilated, and fully enclosed indoor spaces. Increase ventilation by opening windows and doors to the extent that is safe and feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Choose a Car Ride Over a Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health experts say driving is safer than flying, where you’ll be in tight quarters with strangers for hours. But long car trips may require stopping for gas or food, so you’ll still want to take precautions. The recommendations are that you don’t share vehicles with people you don’t live with and that everyone where a mask. You should also open windows to increase air circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before flying, doctors say it’s a good idea to check the airline’s coronavirus policies. Most require passengers to wear a mask, and some limit the number of passengers aboard a flight or block out middle seats. Remember that it’s likely you will be sitting within 6 feet of other people for hours on end, depending on where you’re traveling, plus time in airline terminals that may be more crowded over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Tested or Plan to Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966181/should-you-get-tested-for-the-coronavirus-what-do-the-results-mean-our-testing-faq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting tested\u003c/a>, while not a fail-safe, can give you a measure of confidence. Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, says receiving a negative test result before your trip significantly reduces, though doesn’t eliminate, the chance you’ll transmit the coronavirus when traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I was on the fence about visiting and I had a negative test in the last couple of days, it might get me to leave the fence and go,” Wachter said. “But it would not lead me to give them a hug and a kiss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second test four to five days after your journey can help rule out infection during a flight or road trip. Getting a test immediately upon arrival, Wachter says, will likely be too soon for you to test positive. While you wait for the results, doctors recommend keeping your distance from others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If testing isn’t an option and you have the luxury of time, experts say quarantining for 14 days before and after your travel is prudent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitor Spikes in Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonessential travel to or from a place with a high positivity rate is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11829403/summer-travel-during-covid-19-in-california-can-i-do-it-safely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not advised\u003c/a>, and many states and counties have their own rules in place — so you’ll want to check local guidelines before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start the Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking basic precautions can go a long way, but there will still be some risk of coronavirus spread when exposing yourself to more people and different environments. Before you travel, take stock of your own habits and have a conversation with your loved ones about the potential risks of getting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can think of transmission risk with a simple phrase: time, space, people, place,” explains Dr. William Miller, an epidemiologist at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s his rule of thumb: The more time you spend and the closer in space you are to any infected people, the higher your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with more people raises your risk, and indoor places are riskier than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re confident in your family’s stay-at-home vigilance over the course of 14 days, experts say, it becomes less risky to visit loved ones. You’ll want to be extra cautious during a surge and if your family members are elderly or have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "By now, you're probably familiar with how to lower the risk of transmitting the coronavirus. But a family visit can take some planning. Here's your guide from public health experts and the CDC.",
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"description": "By now, you're probably familiar with how to lower the risk of transmitting the coronavirus. But a family visit can take some planning. Here's your guide from public health experts and the CDC.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been months of quarantine and the urge to see friends and family is real, especially as the holidays approach. But as people are considering traveling to spend Christmas or Hanukkah with loved ones, COVID-19 cases are again surging across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While doctors say there’s no way to completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading the novel coronavirus when venturing out, there are things you can do to reduce the risk, and all nine Bay Area counties plus the city of Berkeley released \u003ca href=\"https://cchealth.org/press-releases/2020/1109-ABAHO-Holiday-Recommendations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recommendations\u003c/a> Monday for doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits.’ ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Along with these recommendations, we consulted public health experts and guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for ways to minimize your travel risk. Think of it as a checklist to help you track your household’s distancing habits and test for leaks in your stay-at-home bubble. You’ll also want to consider the health of the people you’re visiting, how you’ll travel, and getting tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s been a challenge to follow health recommendations, you’ll want to consider postponing that big trip until you’re more confident you’ve minimized the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Age and Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Age is a major risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC guidance\u003c/a> says 8 out of 10 coronavirus deaths have occurred in people age 65 or older, and the greatest risk for serious illness is among those who are at least 85.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People of any age with serious medical conditions, including cancer, diabetes and respiratory disease, are also at \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">higher risk\u003c/a> for severe cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you or the people you plan to visit are elderly or have underlying health problems, consider eating Thanksgiving turkey together on Zoom instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have You Been Wearing Your Mask?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC now says\u003c/a> the coronavirus can be transmitted by large respiratory droplets at short distances and sometimes by smaller “aerosolized” particles over longer distances. This makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11810490/masks-to-wear-or-not-to-wear-that-is-the-question\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wearing a face covering\u003c/a> over your mouth and nose whenever you’re out in public a key component of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protecting yourself and others\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at the Stanford School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, even if you’re scrupulously wearing a mask, if the people you are in close contact with aren’t, your coronavirus risk goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Remember the 6-Foot Rule\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say social distancing is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1970286/from-condoms-to-coronavirus-masks-harm-reduction-has-worked-to-protect-public-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here to stay\u003c/a>, and it’s one of the best ways to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965321/so-whats-going-to-happen-to-bay-area-case-counts-now-medical-experts-weigh-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">combat the coronavirus\u003c/a>. In addition to wearing your mask, you should keep 6 feet or more from others when at the store, park or other public spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow the same rule when meeting a friend for a socially distanced picnic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wash Hands Often\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Scientists say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1960866/why-washing-your-hands-works-so-well-and-how-to-d%20o-it-right\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">washing your hands\u003c/a> for at least 20 seconds is another important way to protect against infection, because soap and water can destroy the virus. If you can’t \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wash your hands\u003c/a> when you’re outdoors, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">use a sanitizer\u003c/a> with at least 60% alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limit Your Exposure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 is thought to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">spread\u003c/a> mainly through close contact between people. That’s why health experts say to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/deciding-to-go-out.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit\u003c/a> how much exposure you have to people outside of your household.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, gatherings with people from more than three households are prohibited. State guidance is to limit these events to no more than two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health officials say if you want to socialize, keep your group to a \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/fnl_social-bubble-flyers_6-18-20-v2-accessible-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">social bubble\u003c/a> of 12 or fewer people, including household members, with everyone agreeing to the same rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are other ways to limit your potential for exposure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If possible, \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31200-9/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">work from home\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Avoid mass gatherings\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limit the number of outside \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visitors\u003c/a> into your home\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/shopping-food-during-covid-19-pandemic-information-consumers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">shopping for groceries\u003c/a>, make a list to reduce time spent inside and buy extra to limit trips. Or consider a delivery service like Instacart or Good Eggs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>While the Risk Is Lower, Children Can Spread the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early research suggests kids are at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966149/weighing-the-risks-of-sending-kids-to-camp-or-day-care-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lower risk\u003c/a> for getting sick and spreading COVID-19 — but this doesn’t mean they are immune. In some cases, children can transmit the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re recommending that older adults avoid contact with children,” said Dr. R. Sean Morrison, a geriatrician with Mount Sinai Health System. “We want to minimize the risk of that child passing on disease to their grandparents, who are at increased risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your kids are going in person to school, day care or other group activities, make sure your care provider is taking precautions and following state and local guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider Outdoor Visits Over Indoor\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says indoor spaces are more risky than outdoor ones for spreading the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an outdoor meetup is impossible due to weather or other factors and you decide to meet indoors, the CDC recommends you “avoid crowded, poorly ventilated, and fully enclosed indoor spaces. Increase ventilation by opening windows and doors to the extent that is safe and feasible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Choose a Car Ride Over a Flight\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some health experts say driving is safer than flying, where you’ll be in tight quarters with strangers for hours. But long car trips may require stopping for gas or food, so you’ll still want to take precautions. The recommendations are that you don’t share vehicles with people you don’t live with and that everyone where a mask. You should also open windows to increase air circulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before flying, doctors say it’s a good idea to check the airline’s coronavirus policies. Most require passengers to wear a mask, and some limit the number of passengers aboard a flight or block out middle seats. Remember that it’s likely you will be sitting within 6 feet of other people for hours on end, depending on where you’re traveling, plus time in airline terminals that may be more crowded over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Tested or Plan to Quarantine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1966181/should-you-get-tested-for-the-coronavirus-what-do-the-results-mean-our-testing-faq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">getting tested\u003c/a>, while not a fail-safe, can give you a measure of confidence. Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF, says receiving a negative test result before your trip significantly reduces, though doesn’t eliminate, the chance you’ll transmit the coronavirus when traveling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I was on the fence about visiting and I had a negative test in the last couple of days, it might get me to leave the fence and go,” Wachter said. “But it would not lead me to give them a hug and a kiss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second test four to five days after your journey can help rule out infection during a flight or road trip. Getting a test immediately upon arrival, Wachter says, will likely be too soon for you to test positive. While you wait for the results, doctors recommend keeping your distance from others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If testing isn’t an option and you have the luxury of time, experts say quarantining for 14 days before and after your travel is prudent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitor Spikes in Cases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonessential travel to or from a place with a high positivity rate is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11829403/summer-travel-during-covid-19-in-california-can-i-do-it-safely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not advised\u003c/a>, and many states and counties have their own rules in place — so you’ll want to check local guidelines before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Start the Conversation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking basic precautions can go a long way, but there will still be some risk of coronavirus spread when exposing yourself to more people and different environments. Before you travel, take stock of your own habits and have a conversation with your loved ones about the potential risks of getting together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can think of transmission risk with a simple phrase: time, space, people, place,” explains Dr. William Miller, an epidemiologist at Ohio State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s his rule of thumb: The more time you spend and the closer in space you are to any infected people, the higher your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interacting with more people raises your risk, and indoor places are riskier than outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re confident in your family’s stay-at-home vigilance over the course of 14 days, experts say, it becomes less risky to visit loved ones. You’ll want to be extra cautious during a surge and if your family members are elderly or have health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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