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"content": "\u003cp>Bay Area residents have become used to the ritual of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930023/map-heres-your-daily-air-quality-report-for-the-bay-area\">checking online maps for local air quality\u003c/a> amid burning forests and chaparral near and far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2018 Camp Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">AirNow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, an air quality website maintained by a partnership of states, the federal government, Canada and Mexico, crashed because it could not handle so many people flocking online to put numbers to what their noses were telling them: The air seemed really bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">The failure sent web users \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1950648/californians-turn-to-low-cost-sensors-for-highly-local-air-quality-info\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">rushing\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to alternative, unofficial websites like the interactive, crowdsourced map maintained by \u003ca href=\"https://www.purpleair.com/map?mylocation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">PurpleAir\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a manufacturer of low-cost air monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But users have noticed a discrepancy between what official sites are reporting and the readings displayed on PurpleAir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So, what’s the deal?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Broadly put, PurpleAir provides more localized, more current and less accurate readings than AirNow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA and the U.S. Forest Service have a \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.768719999999995&lng=-122.4454258&zoom=12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project\u003c/a> of what some may consider to be the Holy Grail of air quality maps: combined readings taken from PurpleAir’s low-cost sensors and those from official government monitoring devices, all in a single map. Click \u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> or on the image below to access the map; the circles represent official government monitors, the squares indicate PurpleAir sensors, and the triangles show temporary monitors set up by government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://fire.airnow.gov/?lat=37.7576497&lng=-122.4353884&zoom=10\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969281 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1020x544.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-800x427.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-160x85.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-768x410.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1536x819.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-2048x1092.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/09/Air-quality-map-purple-air-airnow-1920x1024.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot from AirNow Fire and Smoke map, a pilot project, on Sept. 4, 2020.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">“While these [unofficial] sensors don’t meet the rigorous standards required for regulatory monitors, they can help you get a picture of air quality nearest you, especially when wildfire smoke is in your area,” the website states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PurpleAir readings and those from government sensors like the ones maintained by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District differ in several key ways: speed, accuracy and placement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">Users of PurpleAir can toggle between real-time data and readings averaged over the last 10 or 30 minutes. The data comes from the commercial sensors the company sells, which members of the public install on porches, yards and other neighborhood sites. The readings can be helpful for people deciding whether to go for a walk or engage in other outdoor activity. (Remember to deselect “indoor sensors” to see outdoors-only readings.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The AirNow site displays hourly, not real-time, readings. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">The government sensors that send data to AirNow are very expensive, state-regulated and regularly calibrated by scientists to accurately measure the density of wildfire ash and other particles in the air. But they are more sparsely located than PurpleAir’s network of hundreds of monitors in the region. In contrast, PurpleAir’s devices rely on a laser to count the particles in the air, and use an average density to determine air quality at the monitor’s location. The calculation is an estimate, however, especially during fire season, as woodsmoke particles have a different density from gravel dust or other pollutants.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To try to remedy the situation, we’ve had a whole bunch of different groups, different scientists, different universities, different agencies look at the data and convert it into a calibrated reading that more accurately compares to the EPA’s data,” PurpleAir founder Adrian Dybwad said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">PurpleAir users can now toggle among several conversions — one listed as “US EPA” developed by the U.S. government; “LRAPA,” developed by the Lane Regional Air Pollution Agency in Oregon; “AQandU,” developed by the University of Utah; and another labeled “WOODSMOKE,” developed by researchers in Australia. These readings will align more closely with those from official sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p6\">\u003cem>An earlier version of this story was published on Sept. 4, 2020. Jon Brooks contributed.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday authorized the administration of an additional dose of one of the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines for people who have certain immunocompromising conditions amid growing evidence that they do not get adequate protection from the normal two-dose regimen of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision was formally an amendment to the emergency authorization under which the mRNA vaccines are already being used. It does not apply to the one-dose Johnson and Johnson vaccine, which has been used far less in this country than the mRNA products. It is unclear how many immunocompromised Americans would have received the J&J vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s action allows doctors to boost immunity in certain immunocompromised individuals who need extra protection from COVID-19,” Acting FDA Commissioner Janet Woodcock said in a statement released shortly before midnight. “As we’ve previously stated, other individuals who are fully vaccinated are adequately protected and do not need an additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient groups and the physicians who treat them have been advocating for \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/14/uncertain-protection-from-covid-vaccines-leaves-cancer-patients-in-limbo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immunocompromised people\u003c/a> — for instance, solid organ \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779852\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transplant recipients\u003c/a> who take immunosuppressant drugs — to be given an additional dose, especially in the face of the spread of the more transmissible Delta variant. Several countries — France, Germany, Britain, and Israel among them — are or will soon be giving third doses to immunocompromised people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amended emergency use authorizations say the third doses of vaccine should be given at least 28 days after the second shot in the series. The Pfizer vaccine, which can be given to people 12 years of age and older, is administered in two doses, 21 days apart. The Moderna vaccine, which can be given to people 18 and older, is given in two doses 28 days apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents do not enumerate in detail who is eligible for an additional vaccine dose. They say people who have had a solid organ transplant or who have been diagnosed with conditions that are “considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise” can get a third dose of vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine advisory panel that makes recommendations to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on use of vaccines indicated late last month that it was amenable to recommending a different dosing schedule for immunocompromised patients, but could not do so while the emergency use authorizations under which the vaccines are deployed stipulate only a two-dose or one-dose regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hands are really tied with the current regulatory situation,” Camille Kotton, director of the transplant and immunocompromised host infectious diseases clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital, said during the July 22 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is scheduled to meet on Friday to recommend the changes the FDA’s revision allows. It is expected that CDC Director Rochelle Walensky will sign off on the recommendation later on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the COVID-19 vaccines were fully licensed, doctors could decide on their own to give an additional dose to some of their patients. So-called off-label use is common medical practice. But the unusual status of these vaccines — they are the first ever to be deployed under emergency use authorizations — precludes that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion about how to proceed has created a bit of a free-for-all, with some immunocompromised people — and some regular people worried by the Delta variant — crossing state lines and using subterfuge to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/03/people-chasing-covid-19-vaccine-boosters-create-headaches-for-the-health-care-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtain an additional dose of vaccine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/mississippi-offer-covid-vaccine-booster-doses-immunocompromised-people-n1276076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mississippi\u003c/a>, decided not to wait for federal action, telling vaccine providers and physicians to assess whether their immunocompromised patients should be given an additional vaccine dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a presentation during ACIP’s meeting in July, CDC staff said that immunocompromised people make up about 2.7% of the American population. They include people with cancer who are undergoing some forms of therapy, people with advanced or untreated HIV infection, people born with severe immunodeficiencies, and organ or stem cell transplant patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-07/07-COVID-Oliver-508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are immunocompromised\u003c/a> are more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19 and are more likely to have breakthrough infections, the CDC experts said. They are also more likely to have prolonged infections, creating the possibility that they will give rise to troublesome mutations of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/04/who-calls-for-a-temporary-moratorium-on-administering-booster-shots-of-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called for a moratorium\u003c/a> on giving additional doses of vaccine to people who are fully vaccinated in a bid to speed vaccination in lower-income countries where few doses have yet been available. But agency officials made clear they make an exception for immunocompromised people. “There is increasing evidence that there are some populations … who don’t respond to the vaccine as well as the general population does,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/09/who-expert-rush-covid-19-booster-shots-premature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kate O’Brien\u003c/a>, WHO’s director of immunizations, vaccines, and biologics. “We don’t want that to be confused with the policy … of whether booster doses should be given.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/12/fda-authorizes-additional-dose-of-covid-19-vaccine-for-the-immunocompromised/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday authorized the administration of an additional dose of one of the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines for people who have certain immunocompromising conditions amid growing evidence that they do not get adequate protection from the normal two-dose regimen of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision was formally an amendment to the emergency authorization under which the mRNA vaccines are already being used. It does not apply to the one-dose Johnson and Johnson vaccine, which has been used far less in this country than the mRNA products. It is unclear how many immunocompromised Americans would have received the J&J vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s action allows doctors to boost immunity in certain immunocompromised individuals who need extra protection from COVID-19,” Acting FDA Commissioner Janet Woodcock said in a statement released shortly before midnight. “As we’ve previously stated, other individuals who are fully vaccinated are adequately protected and do not need an additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient groups and the physicians who treat them have been advocating for \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/14/uncertain-protection-from-covid-vaccines-leaves-cancer-patients-in-limbo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immunocompromised people\u003c/a> — for instance, solid organ \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779852\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transplant recipients\u003c/a> who take immunosuppressant drugs — to be given an additional dose, especially in the face of the spread of the more transmissible Delta variant. Several countries — France, Germany, Britain, and Israel among them — are or will soon be giving third doses to immunocompromised people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amended emergency use authorizations say the third doses of vaccine should be given at least 28 days after the second shot in the series. The Pfizer vaccine, which can be given to people 12 years of age and older, is administered in two doses, 21 days apart. The Moderna vaccine, which can be given to people 18 and older, is given in two doses 28 days apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents do not enumerate in detail who is eligible for an additional vaccine dose. They say people who have had a solid organ transplant or who have been diagnosed with conditions that are “considered to have an equivalent level of immunocompromise” can get a third dose of vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine advisory panel that makes recommendations to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on use of vaccines indicated late last month that it was amenable to recommending a different dosing schedule for immunocompromised patients, but could not do so while the emergency use authorizations under which the vaccines are deployed stipulate only a two-dose or one-dose regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hands are really tied with the current regulatory situation,” Camille Kotton, director of the transplant and immunocompromised host infectious diseases clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital, said during the July 22 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is scheduled to meet on Friday to recommend the changes the FDA’s revision allows. It is expected that CDC Director Rochelle Walensky will sign off on the recommendation later on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the COVID-19 vaccines were fully licensed, doctors could decide on their own to give an additional dose to some of their patients. So-called off-label use is common medical practice. But the unusual status of these vaccines — they are the first ever to be deployed under emergency use authorizations — precludes that possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusion about how to proceed has created a bit of a free-for-all, with some immunocompromised people — and some regular people worried by the Delta variant — crossing state lines and using subterfuge to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/03/people-chasing-covid-19-vaccine-boosters-create-headaches-for-the-health-care-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">obtain an additional dose of vaccine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one state, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/mississippi-offer-covid-vaccine-booster-doses-immunocompromised-people-n1276076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mississippi\u003c/a>, decided not to wait for federal action, telling vaccine providers and physicians to assess whether their immunocompromised patients should be given an additional vaccine dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a presentation during ACIP’s meeting in July, CDC staff said that immunocompromised people make up about 2.7% of the American population. They include people with cancer who are undergoing some forms of therapy, people with advanced or untreated HIV infection, people born with severe immunodeficiencies, and organ or stem cell transplant patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-07/07-COVID-Oliver-508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are immunocompromised\u003c/a> are more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19 and are more likely to have breakthrough infections, the CDC experts said. They are also more likely to have prolonged infections, creating the possibility that they will give rise to troublesome mutations of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the World Health Organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/04/who-calls-for-a-temporary-moratorium-on-administering-booster-shots-of-covid-19-vaccines/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">called for a moratorium\u003c/a> on giving additional doses of vaccine to people who are fully vaccinated in a bid to speed vaccination in lower-income countries where few doses have yet been available. But agency officials made clear they make an exception for immunocompromised people. “There is increasing evidence that there are some populations … who don’t respond to the vaccine as well as the general population does,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/09/who-expert-rush-covid-19-booster-shots-premature/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kate O’Brien\u003c/a>, WHO’s director of immunizations, vaccines, and biologics. “We don’t want that to be confused with the policy … of whether booster doses should be given.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/12/fda-authorizes-additional-dose-of-covid-19-vaccine-for-the-immunocompromised/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"http://www.statnews.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "CDC Again Recommends Indoor Masking, Even for Some Vaccinated People",
"headTitle": "CDC Again Recommends Indoor Masking, Even for Some Vaccinated People | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Federal health officials advised Tuesday that even people who’ve had their COVID-19 shots wear masks in public indoor settings in areas with widespread transmission of the coronavirus, a major setback in the progress in the U.S. epidemic that reflects a surging variant and the country’s ongoing struggles to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reversal to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s earlier guidance comes as the Delta variant — the most transmissible version of the pathogen yet, by far — is igniting outbreaks and driving hospitalizations up in states with low vaccination rates, like Missouri, Arkansas, and Florida. The variant is responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/23/burning-questions-delta-next-phase-covid-19-pandemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seemingly increasing numbers of breakthrough infections.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommended that schools reopen in the fall with universal indoor masking for all students, teachers, and staff, even among people who are vaccinated — a policy decision that will ultimately be left up to state and local officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Children should return to full-time, in-person learning in the fall with proper prevention strategies in place,” CDC Director Rochelle Walensky said during a press briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, President Biden reiterated Walensky’s call that precautions would enable safer resumption of in-person schooling. “Masking students is inconvenient, I know, but will allow them to learn and be with their classmates with the best available protection,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two months ago, the CDC said that fully vaccinated people no longer needed to wear masks indoors, citing evidence that the immunizations prevented many cases entirely and left those who still got infected “less likely to … transmit [the virus] to others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in addition to spreading more efficiently, Delta seems to have at least some ability to evade the immune response people generate after being vaccinated. Multiple studies have indicated that immunized people are still broadly protected against severe COVID-19 and death, but there is emerging evidence that Delta can cause breakthrough cases at higher rates than other virus versions — and that in some of those infections, people are still harboring large amounts of virus that could be passed to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky said that new research indicates that vaccinated people are only contributing a small amount to overall transmission, the vast majority of which is occurring among people who haven’t received immunizations. But the data “unfortunately warrants” the updated recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In those cases, those rare cases that we have breakthrough infections, we felt it important for people to understand that they have the potential to transmit virus to others,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky called masks “a temporary measure” and urged people to get vaccinated, framing the shots as the tools that can suppress transmission rates in lasting ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to work to get these areas in the country that have substantial and high amount of transmission right now down to lower amounts of transmission,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The masking recommendations for vaccinated people applies to communities with “substantial” or “high” transmission rates, which together the CDC defines as 50 cases or more per 100,000 people over the past seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transmission rates in nearly two-thirds of U.S. counties are in those categories, with wide swaths of Nevada, Utah, and many southern states experiencing those levels of spread, \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC data show\u003c/a>. Some communities are reporting several hundred new cases per 100,000 people in the past week — what Walensky called “really an extraordinary amount of viral transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta’s general transmissibility stems at least in part from changes in its genome that allow it to build up much higher levels of virus in the upper airway, leading to people emitting more virus for longer periods of time, meaning they are more likely to infect others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An administration official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, told STAT that health experts do not have studies proving that fully vaccinated people are transmitting the virus. Rather, the official said, the updated guidance is based on studies showing that vaccinated people who contract the Delta variant have similarly high levels of virus in their airways, which suggested that they may be infectious to others. With other variants, vaccinated people had substantially lower levels of virus in their noses and throats compared to unvaccinated people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new masking guidelines provide an unwelcome turn in the pandemic. As vaccines started rolling out, it was clear they weren’t just protecting people from getting so sick they needed hospital care or they would die, but that they were also drastically cutting transmission. Experts say vaccines are still limiting transmission even with Delta, but not to the same level as before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s taken some time for scientists to tease apart all that Delta can do in vaccinated people. Most concerningly, it has been ripping through unvaccinated populations, leading to another surge in hospitalizations in some states that are almost entirely among people who haven’t been immunized. Experts are still trying to determine if Delta causes more severe disease on average than other variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent infection clusters that included vaccinated people — and that broadly caused mild and asymptomatic cases — raised worries that Delta was potentially spreading among vaccinated people to an extent. Walensky said the CDC was conducting outbreak investigations of the clusters to determine whether and to what extent vaccinated people were passing the virus on to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If vaccinated people are transmitting the virus, masks could help in cases when people are asymptomatic or in the period when they are infectious but haven’t yet developed symptoms. Under existing CDC guidelines, vaccinated people who were showing symptoms were still urged to isolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinated people passing the virus to other vaccinated people isn’t ideal, but given how protective the shots are against the worst outcomes, the bigger concern right now is that vaccinated people could be contributing to the spread of the virus to unvaccinated people. Vaccinated people could also be transmitting the virus to individuals who didn’t mount robust responses to the shots because their immune systems are suppressed, including some with cancer or who have received organ transplants. Children under 12 are also not yet eligible for COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the new CDC guidelines will land with an American public that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/22/public-health-officials-have-tools-to-beat-back-covid-again-does-anyone-want-to-use-them/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seems eager to move on from the pandemic\u003c/a>, even if the pandemic is not done with them. Many people who are vaccinated feel like they’ve done their part and might be unwilling to take a step back. And while health officials hope they can persuade some of the remaining unimmunized people to roll up their sleeves by improving access or addressing concerns, some portion of people have cemented their resistance to the shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the previous guidelines, unvaccinated people were still supposed to wear masks in public indoor settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says breakthrough cases still appear to be rare given how many people have been vaccinated, and the vast majority of infections are asymptomatic or mild. It’s also thought that because so many of those cases are so tame, many go undetected. However, many experts argue that breakthrough infections that cause no symptoms shouldn’t really be considered as cases. Mild or asymptomatic breakthrough infections are signs that the vaccines — whose top aim is to stave off death and severe illness — are doing their job, experts stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/27/cdc-recommend-masks-indoors-even-for-those-vaccinated-against-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal health officials advised Tuesday that even people who’ve had their COVID-19 shots wear masks in public indoor settings in areas with widespread transmission of the coronavirus, a major setback in the progress in the U.S. epidemic that reflects a surging variant and the country’s ongoing struggles to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reversal to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s earlier guidance comes as the Delta variant — the most transmissible version of the pathogen yet, by far — is igniting outbreaks and driving hospitalizations up in states with low vaccination rates, like Missouri, Arkansas, and Florida. The variant is responsible for \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/23/burning-questions-delta-next-phase-covid-19-pandemic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seemingly increasing numbers of breakthrough infections.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also recommended that schools reopen in the fall with universal indoor masking for all students, teachers, and staff, even among people who are vaccinated — a policy decision that will ultimately be left up to state and local officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Children should return to full-time, in-person learning in the fall with proper prevention strategies in place,” CDC Director Rochelle Walensky said during a press briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, President Biden reiterated Walensky’s call that precautions would enable safer resumption of in-person schooling. “Masking students is inconvenient, I know, but will allow them to learn and be with their classmates with the best available protection,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two months ago, the CDC said that fully vaccinated people no longer needed to wear masks indoors, citing evidence that the immunizations prevented many cases entirely and left those who still got infected “less likely to … transmit [the virus] to others.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in addition to spreading more efficiently, Delta seems to have at least some ability to evade the immune response people generate after being vaccinated. Multiple studies have indicated that immunized people are still broadly protected against severe COVID-19 and death, but there is emerging evidence that Delta can cause breakthrough cases at higher rates than other virus versions — and that in some of those infections, people are still harboring large amounts of virus that could be passed to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky said that new research indicates that vaccinated people are only contributing a small amount to overall transmission, the vast majority of which is occurring among people who haven’t received immunizations. But the data “unfortunately warrants” the updated recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In those cases, those rare cases that we have breakthrough infections, we felt it important for people to understand that they have the potential to transmit virus to others,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walensky called masks “a temporary measure” and urged people to get vaccinated, framing the shots as the tools that can suppress transmission rates in lasting ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really need to work to get these areas in the country that have substantial and high amount of transmission right now down to lower amounts of transmission,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The masking recommendations for vaccinated people applies to communities with “substantial” or “high” transmission rates, which together the CDC defines as 50 cases or more per 100,000 people over the past seven days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transmission rates in nearly two-thirds of U.S. counties are in those categories, with wide swaths of Nevada, Utah, and many southern states experiencing those levels of spread, \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDC data show\u003c/a>. Some communities are reporting several hundred new cases per 100,000 people in the past week — what Walensky called “really an extraordinary amount of viral transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta’s general transmissibility stems at least in part from changes in its genome that allow it to build up much higher levels of virus in the upper airway, leading to people emitting more virus for longer periods of time, meaning they are more likely to infect others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An administration official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, told STAT that health experts do not have studies proving that fully vaccinated people are transmitting the virus. Rather, the official said, the updated guidance is based on studies showing that vaccinated people who contract the Delta variant have similarly high levels of virus in their airways, which suggested that they may be infectious to others. With other variants, vaccinated people had substantially lower levels of virus in their noses and throats compared to unvaccinated people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new masking guidelines provide an unwelcome turn in the pandemic. As vaccines started rolling out, it was clear they weren’t just protecting people from getting so sick they needed hospital care or they would die, but that they were also drastically cutting transmission. Experts say vaccines are still limiting transmission even with Delta, but not to the same level as before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s taken some time for scientists to tease apart all that Delta can do in vaccinated people. Most concerningly, it has been ripping through unvaccinated populations, leading to another surge in hospitalizations in some states that are almost entirely among people who haven’t been immunized. Experts are still trying to determine if Delta causes more severe disease on average than other variants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent infection clusters that included vaccinated people — and that broadly caused mild and asymptomatic cases — raised worries that Delta was potentially spreading among vaccinated people to an extent. Walensky said the CDC was conducting outbreak investigations of the clusters to determine whether and to what extent vaccinated people were passing the virus on to others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If vaccinated people are transmitting the virus, masks could help in cases when people are asymptomatic or in the period when they are infectious but haven’t yet developed symptoms. Under existing CDC guidelines, vaccinated people who were showing symptoms were still urged to isolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccinated people passing the virus to other vaccinated people isn’t ideal, but given how protective the shots are against the worst outcomes, the bigger concern right now is that vaccinated people could be contributing to the spread of the virus to unvaccinated people. Vaccinated people could also be transmitting the virus to individuals who didn’t mount robust responses to the shots because their immune systems are suppressed, including some with cancer or who have received organ transplants. Children under 12 are also not yet eligible for COVID-19 vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear how the new CDC guidelines will land with an American public that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/22/public-health-officials-have-tools-to-beat-back-covid-again-does-anyone-want-to-use-them/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">seems eager to move on from the pandemic\u003c/a>, even if the pandemic is not done with them. Many people who are vaccinated feel like they’ve done their part and might be unwilling to take a step back. And while health officials hope they can persuade some of the remaining unimmunized people to roll up their sleeves by improving access or addressing concerns, some portion of people have cemented their resistance to the shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the previous guidelines, unvaccinated people were still supposed to wear masks in public indoor settings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says breakthrough cases still appear to be rare given how many people have been vaccinated, and the vast majority of infections are asymptomatic or mild. It’s also thought that because so many of those cases are so tame, many go undetected. However, many experts argue that breakthrough infections that cause no symptoms shouldn’t really be considered as cases. Mild or asymptomatic breakthrough infections are signs that the vaccines — whose top aim is to stave off death and severe illness — are doing their job, experts stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/27/cdc-recommend-masks-indoors-even-for-those-vaccinated-against-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Last Year Saw the Biggest Drop in U.S. Life Expectancy Since WWII",
"headTitle": "Last Year Saw the Biggest Drop in U.S. Life Expectancy Since WWII | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Life expectancy in the United States declined by a year and a half in 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which says the coronavirus is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 contributed to 74% of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr015-508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> decline in life expectancy from 78.8 years in 2019 to 77.3 years in 2020\u003c/a>, according to the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the largest one-year decline since World War II, when life expectancy dropped by 2.9 years between 1942 and 1943. Hispanic and Black communities saw the biggest declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For African Americans, life expectancy dropped by 2.9 years from 74.7 years in 2019 to 71.8 in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Hispanics — who have a longer life expectancy than non-Hispanic Blacks or whites saw the largest decline in life expectancy during the pandemic, dropping three years from 81.8 years in 2019 to 78.8 years in 2020. Hispanic males saw the biggest decline, with a drop of 3.7 years. COVID-19 was responsible for 90% of the decline among Hispanics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in drug overdose deaths was also a factor in declining life expectancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/14/1016029270/drug-overdoses-killed-a-record-number-of-americans-in-2020-jumping-by-nearly-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More than 93,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2020\u003c/a>. That’s the highest number reported in a single year. Other causes of death contributing to the decline were increases in homicide and deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month a study published in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>British Medical Journal\u003c/em>\u003c/a> looked at life expectancy data for the U.S. and compared it with life expectancy data from 16 other high-income countries. The study found the U.S. decrease in life expectancy from 2018 to 2020 was 8.5 times greater than the average decrease in peer countries. And the U.S. declines were most pronounced among minority groups, specifically Black and Hispanic people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study author \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vcu.edu/expertise/detail.html?ID=831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steven Woolf of the Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/a> School of Medicine, told NPR’s Allison Aubrey, “We have not seen a decrease like this since World War II. It’s a horrific decrease in life expectancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impossible to look at these findings and not see a reflection of the systemic racism in the U.S.,”\u003ca href=\"https://populationhealth.duke.edu/people/lesley-curtis-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Lesley Curtis, chair of the Department of Population Health Sciences\u003c/a> at Duke University School of Medicine, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The range of factors that play into this include income inequality, the social safety net, as well as racial inequality and access to health care,” Curtis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Life+Expectancy+Fell+By+1.5+Years+In+2020%2C+The+Biggest+Drop+Since+WWII+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Life expectancy in the United States declined by a year and a half in 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which says the coronavirus is largely to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>COVID-19 contributed to 74% of the\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr015-508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> decline in life expectancy from 78.8 years in 2019 to 77.3 years in 2020\u003c/a>, according to the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the largest one-year decline since World War II, when life expectancy dropped by 2.9 years between 1942 and 1943. Hispanic and Black communities saw the biggest declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For African Americans, life expectancy dropped by 2.9 years from 74.7 years in 2019 to 71.8 in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Hispanics — who have a longer life expectancy than non-Hispanic Blacks or whites saw the largest decline in life expectancy during the pandemic, dropping three years from 81.8 years in 2019 to 78.8 years in 2020. Hispanic males saw the biggest decline, with a drop of 3.7 years. COVID-19 was responsible for 90% of the decline among Hispanics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase in drug overdose deaths was also a factor in declining life expectancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/07/14/1016029270/drug-overdoses-killed-a-record-number-of-americans-in-2020-jumping-by-nearly-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More than 93,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2020\u003c/a>. That’s the highest number reported in a single year. Other causes of death contributing to the decline were increases in homicide and deaths from diabetes and chronic liver disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last month a study published in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n1343\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cem>British Medical Journal\u003c/em>\u003c/a> looked at life expectancy data for the U.S. and compared it with life expectancy data from 16 other high-income countries. The study found the U.S. decrease in life expectancy from 2018 to 2020 was 8.5 times greater than the average decrease in peer countries. And the U.S. declines were most pronounced among minority groups, specifically Black and Hispanic people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study author \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vcu.edu/expertise/detail.html?ID=831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Steven Woolf of the Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/a> School of Medicine, told NPR’s Allison Aubrey, “We have not seen a decrease like this since World War II. It’s a horrific decrease in life expectancy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is impossible to look at these findings and not see a reflection of the systemic racism in the U.S.,”\u003ca href=\"https://populationhealth.duke.edu/people/lesley-curtis-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Lesley Curtis, chair of the Department of Population Health Sciences\u003c/a> at Duke University School of Medicine, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The range of factors that play into this include income inequality, the social safety net, as well as racial inequality and access to health care,” Curtis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Life+Expectancy+Fell+By+1.5+Years+In+2020%2C+The+Biggest+Drop+Since+WWII+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "More Heat Waves Coming, Scientists Say. But The Health Impacts Are Largely Preventable",
"headTitle": "More Heat Waves Coming, Scientists Say. But The Health Impacts Are Largely Preventable | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The heat goes on, the heat goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has baked under blistering heat this summer, as temperatures in Death Valley climbed to 130 degrees earlier this month, one of the hottest recorded temperatures on Earth. And there’s still more summer to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s July heat wave followed one in the Pacific Northwest that was so hot it buckled streets and melted power cables around Portland, Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/PDXStreetcar/status/1409287314870837253?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1409287314870837253%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2F1011269025%2Fphotos-the-pacific-northwest-heatwave-is-melting-power-cables-and-buckling-roads\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long warned that severe heat waves will be one result of humans belching tons of planet warming gases into the atmosphere. And they say the heat is here to stay, and with time, these events will only increase due to a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the extreme weather events that are tied to climate change, heat waves are the ones that are most telling,” says Sean Sublette, meteorologist at the science and news organization Climate Central. “That’s the kind of event that ties most directly to a warming climate. Just statistically, if the overall temperature of the planet is going up, you’re going to have hotter spells than you had in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does Science Tell Us About the Long-term Trends for Heat Waves? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll increase: in how hot they get, in how long they last, and in how frequently they happen. We do have some control here, however. One way is through mitigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mitigation is actually reducing how much greenhouse gases we are putting out into the atmosphere,” says Jane Baldwin, assistant professor of Earth Systems Science at the UC Irvine. “And hopefully at some point reducing the actual levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which would reduce global warming and in turn curtail these trends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s Sublette says society would need to make rapid and dramatic changes to perhaps experience a leveling off of warming before the century’s end. “Look, there’s room for some optimism,” he says. “We’ve made big changes in society before. So this can be done. We just have to decide that it’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, we have control over how we adapt to heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news here is that there is a fair amount of evidence that heat wave related health impacts, at least, are largely preventable,” Baldwin adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11878134/bay-area-heat-wave-how-to-stay-safe-during-dangerously-hot-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here are some tips\u003c/a> on how to protect yourself during a heatwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are Heat Waves Dangerous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans can acclimatize to very hot temperatures — if they are well adjusted, generally healthy and hydrated, then their bodies can manage heat up to a point. It takes about two weeks to acclimatize to new climates or sudden temperature changes. For people with certain pre-existing conditions, or those in more vulnerable groups, dealing with heat can be harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s happening inside a person’s body when confronting high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When their blood warms, the brain signals the body to shift blood flow, moving heat away from vital organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs, to the surface of the body. This triggers sweating, and resulting evaporation, the final step of moving heat from the body into the outside environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We run into problems when these physiological systems fail. Certain groups of people are more vulnerable to heat than others, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Older adults. We become less able to adjust to heat the more we age. Older adults are also at risk due to social isolation, therefore it is essential that family, neighbors, and friends check on elderly people who live alone during a heat wave, making sure they can access a cooling center if needed.“Even if you don’t know them well, try to make that connection, even if it’s just getting a phone number ahead of time and then just calling and checking,” says Helene Margolis, associate adjunct professor of medicine at UC Davis School of Medicine.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children. Check in on what your kid’s schools or extracurricular groups are doing to make sure they’re safe from heat. Children don’t perceive thirst as well as adults, so remind them to drink water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Teenage and young adult athletes. This group has higher instances of death from heat illnesses due to exertion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>People with some pre-existing conditions. These include heart disease, high blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, obesity and diabetes. Taking certain\u003ca href=\"https://mha.ohio.gov/Portals/0/assets/ResearchersAndMedia/News%20and%20Events/NewsNowBlog/2020%20heat-related%20illness%20brochure.pdf?ver=2020-07-15-141754-190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> common medications\u003c/a> also puts some people at greater risk for heat illness.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Beyond these categories, environmental factors also increase someone’s risk for heat illness, such as living in what are known in the public health world as “heat islands.” These neighborhoods typically have lots of heat-trapping asphalt and concrete, fewer trees and green spaces, and can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/learn-about-heat-islands#:~:text=A%20review%20of%20research%20studies,2%E2%80%935%C2%B0F%20higher.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">five or more degrees hotter than surrounding areas\u003c/a>. Heat islands are often in urban centers, but can be outside of them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without a major heat spike, people living in these areas can suffer due to persistent heat, especially if buildings don’t cool down well at night, giving their bodies time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are getting sick from the heat. It’s causing them to go to emergency rooms,” says Jen Brady, senior data analyst at Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our body temperature reaches 103-104 degrees Fahrenheit, we are at risk of heat illness and heat stroke, which can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms of heat stroke, call 911 immediately. Symptoms are: a temperature over 103 degrees; red, hot, dry or damp skin; fast pulse; nausea; headache; dizziness; confusion; or passing out. While waiting for help, move the person to a cooler area and help them reduce their temperature with a shower or wet towels. Do not give them anything to drink as they could pass out, and the liquid could obstruct their airway. More symptoms of other kinds of heat-related illnesses, and what to do if you see them, are listed on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">website\u003c/a> of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat fatalities are underreported, say meteorologist Sublette, because they are not as visually gripping as tornadoes or hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Sublette says, “When we look at the multi-year average, heat kills more than any other extreme weather event.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Heat waves are getting hotter, lasting longer, and happening more frequently. But mitigation and adaptation can help, especially for those most vulnerable. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The heat goes on, the heat goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has baked under blistering heat this summer, as temperatures in Death Valley climbed to 130 degrees earlier this month, one of the hottest recorded temperatures on Earth. And there’s still more summer to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s July heat wave followed one in the Pacific Northwest that was so hot it buckled streets and melted power cables around Portland, Oregon.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists have long warned that severe heat waves will be one result of humans belching tons of planet warming gases into the atmosphere. And they say the heat is here to stay, and with time, these events will only increase due to a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the extreme weather events that are tied to climate change, heat waves are the ones that are most telling,” says Sean Sublette, meteorologist at the science and news organization Climate Central. “That’s the kind of event that ties most directly to a warming climate. Just statistically, if the overall temperature of the planet is going up, you’re going to have hotter spells than you had in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does Science Tell Us About the Long-term Trends for Heat Waves? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ll increase: in how hot they get, in how long they last, and in how frequently they happen. We do have some control here, however. One way is through mitigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mitigation is actually reducing how much greenhouse gases we are putting out into the atmosphere,” says Jane Baldwin, assistant professor of Earth Systems Science at the UC Irvine. “And hopefully at some point reducing the actual levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which would reduce global warming and in turn curtail these trends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central’s Sublette says society would need to make rapid and dramatic changes to perhaps experience a leveling off of warming before the century’s end. “Look, there’s room for some optimism,” he says. “We’ve made big changes in society before. So this can be done. We just have to decide that it’s important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secondly, we have control over how we adapt to heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The good news here is that there is a fair amount of evidence that heat wave related health impacts, at least, are largely preventable,” Baldwin adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11878134/bay-area-heat-wave-how-to-stay-safe-during-dangerously-hot-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Here are some tips\u003c/a> on how to protect yourself during a heatwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are Heat Waves Dangerous?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans can acclimatize to very hot temperatures — if they are well adjusted, generally healthy and hydrated, then their bodies can manage heat up to a point. It takes about two weeks to acclimatize to new climates or sudden temperature changes. For people with certain pre-existing conditions, or those in more vulnerable groups, dealing with heat can be harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s happening inside a person’s body when confronting high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When their blood warms, the brain signals the body to shift blood flow, moving heat away from vital organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs, to the surface of the body. This triggers sweating, and resulting evaporation, the final step of moving heat from the body into the outside environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We run into problems when these physiological systems fail. Certain groups of people are more vulnerable to heat than others, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Older adults. We become less able to adjust to heat the more we age. Older adults are also at risk due to social isolation, therefore it is essential that family, neighbors, and friends check on elderly people who live alone during a heat wave, making sure they can access a cooling center if needed.“Even if you don’t know them well, try to make that connection, even if it’s just getting a phone number ahead of time and then just calling and checking,” says Helene Margolis, associate adjunct professor of medicine at UC Davis School of Medicine.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children. Check in on what your kid’s schools or extracurricular groups are doing to make sure they’re safe from heat. Children don’t perceive thirst as well as adults, so remind them to drink water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Teenage and young adult athletes. This group has higher instances of death from heat illnesses due to exertion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>People with some pre-existing conditions. These include heart disease, high blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, obesity and diabetes. Taking certain\u003ca href=\"https://mha.ohio.gov/Portals/0/assets/ResearchersAndMedia/News%20and%20Events/NewsNowBlog/2020%20heat-related%20illness%20brochure.pdf?ver=2020-07-15-141754-190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> common medications\u003c/a> also puts some people at greater risk for heat illness.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Beyond these categories, environmental factors also increase someone’s risk for heat illness, such as living in what are known in the public health world as “heat islands.” These neighborhoods typically have lots of heat-trapping asphalt and concrete, fewer trees and green spaces, and can be \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/learn-about-heat-islands#:~:text=A%20review%20of%20research%20studies,2%E2%80%935%C2%B0F%20higher.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">five or more degrees hotter than surrounding areas\u003c/a>. Heat islands are often in urban centers, but can be outside of them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without a major heat spike, people living in these areas can suffer due to persistent heat, especially if buildings don’t cool down well at night, giving their bodies time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are getting sick from the heat. It’s causing them to go to emergency rooms,” says Jen Brady, senior data analyst at Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our body temperature reaches 103-104 degrees Fahrenheit, we are at risk of heat illness and heat stroke, which can be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms of heat stroke, call 911 immediately. Symptoms are: a temperature over 103 degrees; red, hot, dry or damp skin; fast pulse; nausea; headache; dizziness; confusion; or passing out. While waiting for help, move the person to a cooler area and help them reduce their temperature with a shower or wet towels. Do not give them anything to drink as they could pass out, and the liquid could obstruct their airway. More symptoms of other kinds of heat-related illnesses, and what to do if you see them, are listed on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">website\u003c/a> of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat fatalities are underreported, say meteorologist Sublette, because they are not as visually gripping as tornadoes or hurricanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Sublette says, “When we look at the multi-year average, heat kills more than any other extreme weather event.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A man who is unable to move or speak can now generate words and sentences on a computer using only his thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability comes from an experimental implanted device that decodes signals in the man’s brain that once controlled his vocal tract, as researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2027540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is currently limited to a vocabulary of just 50 words and communicates at a rate of about 15 words per minute, which is much slower than natural speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tells us that it’s possible,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/edward.chang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Edward Chang\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon at the University of California, San Francisco. “I think there’s a huge runway to make this better over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device that allowed people who can’t speak to communicate using brain circuits previously used for speech would be “more natural, and hopefully effortless compared to current assistive devices,” says \u003ca href=\"https://bme.gatech.edu/bme/faculty/Chethan-Pandarinath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chethan Pandarinath\u003c/a>, an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people with paralysis who have lost the ability to speak usually rely on devices that use eye or head movements to spell out words one letter at a time. Some use a device that allows them to control a computer cursor with thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang’s team wanted to find a better solution for the man, identified only as BRAVO1 to protect his privacy. The name refers to his status as the first patient in a study called BRAVO, or Brain-Computer Interface Restoration of Arm and Voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BRAVO1, who is in his late 30s, has been paralyzed and unable to speak since he had a stroke 15 years ago, Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stroke left him nearly completely paralyzed in his arms and legs but also in the muscles of his vocal tract,” Chang says. But the areas of the brain that once issued speech commands are intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dormant Brain Signals Tapped for Communication\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, Chang’s team had developed a system designed to recognize the brain signals associated with the intention to speak specific words. Tests showed that the system worked in people who were still able to move and speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But success was far from certain in someone such as BRAVO1, Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t know if the speech commands in the brain would still work after 15 years,” he says. “And even if we could revive those dormant brain signals for speech, could we actually translate those into full words?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team implanted sensors on the surface of the man’s brain. Then it had a computer study the patterns of electrical activity produced when he attempted to speak 50 different words. The process took months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once BRAVO1 could reliably generate words on a computer screen, the team began having him form sentences. To help improve accuracy, the team added a program that analyzed the context of each word as it was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is a bit like the texting software on most smartphones. “So, for example, if one word is just not decoded correctly, this autocorrect function can correct it,” Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of adjustments to the system, the man was able to generate a word reliably every four seconds, or roughly 15 words per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normal speech is on the order of 120, 150 words per minute, so there’s a lot of room to improve,” Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device able to decode words in the brain could eventually help thousands of people who’ve had a stroke or a traumatic brain injury, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/krishna-shenoy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Krishna Shenoy\u003c/a>, a professor in the School of Engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a device might also help people with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u003c/a>, or ALS, a paralyzing disease that eventually makes it impossible to speak, Shenoy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to recognize even 50 words in the brain is a huge achievement, Shenoy says. “But I think that’s just the tip of the iceberg. I think that could easily become 500 or 5,000 words.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until that happens though, devices that recognize entire words will be limited to basic communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Some Thoughts Private and Others Public\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, brain implants that allow people to spell out words keep getting better, Shenoy says. Earlier this year, he and a team published results of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/12/996141182/paralyzed-man-communicates-by-imagining-handwriting\">study\u003c/a> showing that people could spell quickly and accurately using a device that decoded the brain signals usually used for handwriting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know far more now than 10 years ago or 20 years about how to eavesdrop on those conversations in the brain,” Shenoy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sort of eavesdropping could compromise a person’s privacy though, Pandarinath says. That’s because devices wired directly to the brain could make it hard for people to separate private thoughts from those they choose to make public, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure the devices we create allow that separation, allow people to be able to think their private thoughts without anything just being broadcast to the world,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be easier with devices that rely on brain signals that control muscles, he says. That’s because these signals generally aren’t sent unless a person makes a conscious attempt at movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Experimental+Brain+Implant+Lets+Man+With+Paralysis+Turn+His+Thoughts+Into+Words&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A man who is unable to move or speak can now generate words and sentences on a computer using only his thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability comes from an experimental implanted device that decodes signals in the man’s brain that once controlled his vocal tract, as researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2027540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> Wednesday in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is currently limited to a vocabulary of just 50 words and communicates at a rate of about 15 words per minute, which is much slower than natural speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tells us that it’s possible,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/edward.chang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Edward Chang\u003c/a>, a neurosurgeon at the University of California, San Francisco. “I think there’s a huge runway to make this better over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device that allowed people who can’t speak to communicate using brain circuits previously used for speech would be “more natural, and hopefully effortless compared to current assistive devices,” says \u003ca href=\"https://bme.gatech.edu/bme/faculty/Chethan-Pandarinath\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chethan Pandarinath\u003c/a>, an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, people with paralysis who have lost the ability to speak usually rely on devices that use eye or head movements to spell out words one letter at a time. Some use a device that allows them to control a computer cursor with thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang’s team wanted to find a better solution for the man, identified only as BRAVO1 to protect his privacy. The name refers to his status as the first patient in a study called BRAVO, or Brain-Computer Interface Restoration of Arm and Voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BRAVO1, who is in his late 30s, has been paralyzed and unable to speak since he had a stroke 15 years ago, Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stroke left him nearly completely paralyzed in his arms and legs but also in the muscles of his vocal tract,” Chang says. But the areas of the brain that once issued speech commands are intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dormant Brain Signals Tapped for Communication\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, Chang’s team had developed a system designed to recognize the brain signals associated with the intention to speak specific words. Tests showed that the system worked in people who were still able to move and speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But success was far from certain in someone such as BRAVO1, Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t know if the speech commands in the brain would still work after 15 years,” he says. “And even if we could revive those dormant brain signals for speech, could we actually translate those into full words?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the team implanted sensors on the surface of the man’s brain. Then it had a computer study the patterns of electrical activity produced when he attempted to speak 50 different words. The process took months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once BRAVO1 could reliably generate words on a computer screen, the team began having him form sentences. To help improve accuracy, the team added a program that analyzed the context of each word as it was added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system is a bit like the texting software on most smartphones. “So, for example, if one word is just not decoded correctly, this autocorrect function can correct it,” Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of adjustments to the system, the man was able to generate a word reliably every four seconds, or roughly 15 words per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normal speech is on the order of 120, 150 words per minute, so there’s a lot of room to improve,” Chang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A device able to decode words in the brain could eventually help thousands of people who’ve had a stroke or a traumatic brain injury, says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/krishna-shenoy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Krishna Shenoy\u003c/a>, a professor in the School of Engineering at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a device might also help people with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u003c/a>, or ALS, a paralyzing disease that eventually makes it impossible to speak, Shenoy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to recognize even 50 words in the brain is a huge achievement, Shenoy says. “But I think that’s just the tip of the iceberg. I think that could easily become 500 or 5,000 words.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until that happens though, devices that recognize entire words will be limited to basic communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping Some Thoughts Private and Others Public\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, brain implants that allow people to spell out words keep getting better, Shenoy says. Earlier this year, he and a team published results of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/12/996141182/paralyzed-man-communicates-by-imagining-handwriting\">study\u003c/a> showing that people could spell quickly and accurately using a device that decoded the brain signals usually used for handwriting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know far more now than 10 years ago or 20 years about how to eavesdrop on those conversations in the brain,” Shenoy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sort of eavesdropping could compromise a person’s privacy though, Pandarinath says. That’s because devices wired directly to the brain could make it hard for people to separate private thoughts from those they choose to make public, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to make sure the devices we create allow that separation, allow people to be able to think their private thoughts without anything just being broadcast to the world,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be easier with devices that rely on brain signals that control muscles, he says. That’s because these signals generally aren’t sent unless a person makes a conscious attempt at movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Experimental+Brain+Implant+Lets+Man+With+Paralysis+Turn+His+Thoughts+Into+Words&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How to Keep Indoor Air Clean During a Wildfire",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildfire smoke is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/air/wildfire-smoke/default.htm#:~:text=Wildfire%20smoke%20can%20make%20anyone,Trouble%20breathing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incredibly unhealthy\u003c/a> for all people, and especially for those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease. Children, pregnant women and firefighters are also extremely vulnerable to the negative health impacts of wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s best to stay indoors on days when smoke outside reaches unhealthy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California and the Bay Area brace for what could be another severe fire season, KQED spoke with scientists and engineers about how to keep indoor air clean — both at home and in shared spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clean Air at Home\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Keep windows and doors closed and focus on cleaning the air inside your home. You can do that with an air purifier that uses a high-efficiency particulate air filter, or HEPA filter. These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/lists/get-better-indoor-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">portable air purifiers\u003c/a> force air through a filter, which catches harmful particles like those from smoke, dust or mold. HEPA filters are particularly good at cleaning the air in smaller spaces or individual rooms. While these purifiers won’t remove all hazardous particles from the air, studies have shown that they are \u003ca href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170005166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effective at reducing them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portable HEPA air purifiers can be purchased online and in stores. They range in cost, but you \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-purifier/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">don’t have to spring for top price\u003c/a> to get top quality. Alternatively, some people are building \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968863/helping-kids-protect-themselves-from-dirty-air-one-diy-filter-at-a-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">their own air purifiers\u003c/a> out of a box fan, a minimum efficiency reporting value — or MERV filter — and heavy-duty tape, for a price of roughly $50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cires.colorado.edu/council-fellows/jose-luis-jimenez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jose-Luis Jimenez\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, says the do-it-yourself purifiers work. But it’s important not to leave them unattended, as it could be a fire hazard if the fan gets too hot, Jimenez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those running air conditioning units, check that they are not bringing in outside air. If outside air is coming in, make sure it passes through a MERV filter, preferably MERV 14, 15 or 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it’s important to reduce the amount of indoor air pollution we create, says \u003ca href=\"https://wcec.ucdavis.edu/about/directory/theresa-pistochini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theresa Pistochini\u003c/a>, an engineering manager at the UC Davis Energy and Efficiency Institute and Western Cooling Efficiency Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Avoid generating other pollutants indoors: temporarily avoid cooking on a gas stove, candles, incense, etc.,” she said. “Shut off kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans to reduce air exchange with [the] outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clean Air in Shared Spaces\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Smoke particles range in size — from large to ultra fine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pdx.edu/engineering/dean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Richard Corsi\u003c/a>, dean of engineering and computer science at Portland State University, says using strong MERV filters in building HVAC systems is the most effective in catching very small particles. The air filters used in HVAC systems have ratings. If your HVAC system can accommodate it, a MERV 14, 15, 16 or a HEPA filter is ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If buildings can’t accommodate stronger filters, Corsi advises not using the building for the time being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn about the capacity of filters used in HVAC systems, it may be best to ask the facilities department, a building manager or human resources. Portable HEPA air filters can further clean the indoor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is adapted from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969474/the-air-qualitys-terrible-out-there-so-how-can-you-keep-it-clean-indoors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an earlier KQED story.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire smoke is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/air/wildfire-smoke/default.htm#:~:text=Wildfire%20smoke%20can%20make%20anyone,Trouble%20breathing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">incredibly unhealthy\u003c/a> for all people, and especially for those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease. Children, pregnant women and firefighters are also extremely vulnerable to the negative health impacts of wildfire smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s best to stay indoors on days when smoke outside reaches unhealthy levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California and the Bay Area brace for what could be another severe fire season, KQED spoke with scientists and engineers about how to keep indoor air clean — both at home and in shared spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clean Air at Home\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Keep windows and doors closed and focus on cleaning the air inside your home. You can do that with an air purifier that uses a high-efficiency particulate air filter, or HEPA filter. These \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/lists/get-better-indoor-air-quality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">portable air purifiers\u003c/a> force air through a filter, which catches harmful particles like those from smoke, dust or mold. HEPA filters are particularly good at cleaning the air in smaller spaces or individual rooms. While these purifiers won’t remove all hazardous particles from the air, studies have shown that they are \u003ca href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170005166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">effective at reducing them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portable HEPA air purifiers can be purchased online and in stores. They range in cost, but you \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-air-purifier/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">don’t have to spring for top price\u003c/a> to get top quality. Alternatively, some people are building \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1968863/helping-kids-protect-themselves-from-dirty-air-one-diy-filter-at-a-time\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">their own air purifiers\u003c/a> out of a box fan, a minimum efficiency reporting value — or MERV filter — and heavy-duty tape, for a price of roughly $50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cires.colorado.edu/council-fellows/jose-luis-jimenez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jose-Luis Jimenez\u003c/a>, a chemistry professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, says the do-it-yourself purifiers work. But it’s important not to leave them unattended, as it could be a fire hazard if the fan gets too hot, Jimenez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those running air conditioning units, check that they are not bringing in outside air. If outside air is coming in, make sure it passes through a MERV filter, preferably MERV 14, 15 or 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it’s important to reduce the amount of indoor air pollution we create, says \u003ca href=\"https://wcec.ucdavis.edu/about/directory/theresa-pistochini/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Theresa Pistochini\u003c/a>, an engineering manager at the UC Davis Energy and Efficiency Institute and Western Cooling Efficiency Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Avoid generating other pollutants indoors: temporarily avoid cooking on a gas stove, candles, incense, etc.,” she said. “Shut off kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans to reduce air exchange with [the] outdoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Clean Air in Shared Spaces\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Smoke particles range in size — from large to ultra fine. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pdx.edu/engineering/dean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Richard Corsi\u003c/a>, dean of engineering and computer science at Portland State University, says using strong MERV filters in building HVAC systems is the most effective in catching very small particles. The air filters used in HVAC systems have ratings. If your HVAC system can accommodate it, a MERV 14, 15, 16 or a HEPA filter is ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If buildings can’t accommodate stronger filters, Corsi advises not using the building for the time being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn about the capacity of filters used in HVAC systems, it may be best to ask the facilities department, a building manager or human resources. Portable HEPA air filters can further clean the indoor air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post is adapted from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1969474/the-air-qualitys-terrible-out-there-so-how-can-you-keep-it-clean-indoors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an earlier KQED story.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "another-california-heat-wave-will-bake-forests-already-primed-to-burn",
"title": "Another California Heat Wave Will Bake Forests Already Primed to Burn",
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"content": "\u003cp>May Gray, June Gloom, No-Sky July … whatever you call it, the marine layer and California’s coastal summer weather patterns are insulating the Bay Area from yet another punishing summer heat wave descending on the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While inland areas will broil this weekend, the forecast for cities around the bay is warm, but not uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists are still sizing up the projections, and say the heat \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/1412437780353847297\">isn’t likely to break all-time records\u003c/a> like the heatwave that cooked the Pacific Northwest last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pollution is trapping heat and warming the planet, causing more frequent and severe heat waves, even as companies and governments continue to emit planet warming gases with little abatement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pre-print study released Wednesday by an international group of climate researchers found that the Pacific Northwest heat wave would’ve been “virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/\">World Weather Attribution\u003c/a> group produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/western-north-american-extreme-heat-virtually-impossible-without-human-caused-climate-change/\">rapid-turnaround modeling\u003c/a> of the extreme weather event. The researchers predict similar heat waves will be increasingly common in a warming world, although the conclusions have not yet been scrutinized through a peer review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in coastal fog, residents of the inner Bay Area could almost forget that June saw \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rgrahamwx/status/1411512917380435974?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily temperature records\u003c/a> crushed all across the state. For the Sierra and other interior regions of California, it was the hottest June in more than a century of record keeping, according to \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/9899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baking continues. The National Weather Service issued a heat warning for the Bay Area region which lasts until Sunday, July 11. Residents of the far eastern parts of the region — Antioch, Brentwood, Napa and Livermore — face triple-digit temperatures, hotter nights and homes that likely won’t cool off in the evening, all of which compound to create \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1413098019562479616\">health dangers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1412857360977068036\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news for the Bay Area is that the marine layer will function as natural air conditioning for the coast, as it usually does this time of year. The bad news is that statewide, forests are extremely dry and vulnerable to wildfire. Scorching temps will likely only create more heightened risk of a big fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Heat Could Bring a ‘Significant Health Risk’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The incoming weather event — a couple days of heat brought on by a high pressure system moving in from the southeast — is fairly normal, said Jan Null, meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, but cautioned that high temperatures can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing temperatures in the upper 90s and past 100, there is a significant health risk in people overexerting themselves, especially when they’re not acclimated to it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live west of the East Bay Hills, or wear shorts when it’s 60 degrees out, that’s you, likely to be poorly acclimated to heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heatwave won’t extend to the coast “because there just isn’t enough offshore flow to overcome the strong marine influence this time of year and to fully suppress the marine layer,” wrote Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, on his blog, \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/9899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WeatherWest\u003c/a>. Most of the state’s population lives in places where cool ocean air provides some relief from summer heat, like the Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego metro regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a pattern we’ve seen occur somewhat frequently in recent years, with searing heat inland yet quite mild conditions where the marine influence hangs on, and which also makes for a rather strange reality,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the season, when high pressure and hot air push toward the coast, effectively turning off the coast’s natural AC, the extreme temperatures will likely push out to the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hot Temperatures Intensify Already Bone Dry Conditions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This particular heat wave will bake an abnormally dry landscape, priming it further to burn. Much of the Bay Area is in an exceptional drought, the highest category on the \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Stephens, a forestry professor at UC Berkeley is seeing evidence of that first hand in the Plumas County town of Quincy, where he’s teaching a summer field course for undergraduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said after several weeks of temperatures above 90 degrees, plants there are “already showing signs that look like August: leaves starting to shrivel, shutting shut down because moisture is being depleted by the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot temperatures plus the combination of two years of below average precipitation this year is really worrisome because that lower moisture is going to make fire behavior more extreme, spread rates more extreme,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typical for plants and trees to dry out in the summer in California’s Mediterranean climate, but not typically this fast, Stephens said. During the state’s last major drought, which lasted from 2012 to 2016, more than 120 million trees in the Sierra Nevada succumbed to bark beetles infestation and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those stands of dead trees and dry timber fueled blazes like the Creek Fire, which ignited near Shaver Lake last September and burned for nearly four months, consuming an area larger than the city of Los Angeles, almost 600 square miles of forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens notes that the northern tier of the Sierra has not yet experienced a similar tree die off during this drought, although he’s seeing an increase in bark beetle activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we put two more years of drought and warm conditions on this part of California, I’m afraid we might see the same kind of disaster,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens blames decades of fire suppression and poor forest management for the larger fires in recent years, making parched land more vulnerable to extreme fire behavior. These policy failures are compounded by rising average summer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You put climate change on top of [years of fire suppression] and it makes it worse,” he said. “We’ve got warmer periods, lower fuel moistures, snow melting earlier. All of this is contributing to what fire is doing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>May Gray, June Gloom, No-Sky July … whatever you call it, the marine layer and California’s coastal summer weather patterns are insulating the Bay Area from yet another punishing summer heat wave descending on the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While inland areas will broil this weekend, the forecast for cities around the bay is warm, but not uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists are still sizing up the projections, and say the heat \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West/status/1412437780353847297\">isn’t likely to break all-time records\u003c/a> like the heatwave that cooked the Pacific Northwest last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon pollution is trapping heat and warming the planet, causing more frequent and severe heat waves, even as companies and governments continue to emit planet warming gases with little abatement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pre-print study released Wednesday by an international group of climate researchers found that the Pacific Northwest heat wave would’ve been “virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/\">World Weather Attribution\u003c/a> group produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/western-north-american-extreme-heat-virtually-impossible-without-human-caused-climate-change/\">rapid-turnaround modeling\u003c/a> of the extreme weather event. The researchers predict similar heat waves will be increasingly common in a warming world, although the conclusions have not yet been scrutinized through a peer review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hidden away in coastal fog, residents of the inner Bay Area could almost forget that June saw \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rgrahamwx/status/1411512917380435974?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily temperature records\u003c/a> crushed all across the state. For the Sierra and other interior regions of California, it was the hottest June in more than a century of record keeping, according to \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/9899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">climate scientists\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baking continues. The National Weather Service issued a heat warning for the Bay Area region which lasts until Sunday, July 11. Residents of the far eastern parts of the region — Antioch, Brentwood, Napa and Livermore — face triple-digit temperatures, hotter nights and homes that likely won’t cool off in the evening, all of which compound to create \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1413098019562479616\">health dangers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The good news for the Bay Area is that the marine layer will function as natural air conditioning for the coast, as it usually does this time of year. The bad news is that statewide, forests are extremely dry and vulnerable to wildfire. Scorching temps will likely only create more heightened risk of a big fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Heat Could Bring a ‘Significant Health Risk’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The incoming weather event — a couple days of heat brought on by a high pressure system moving in from the southeast — is fairly normal, said Jan Null, meteorologist with Golden Gate Weather Services, but cautioned that high temperatures can be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing temperatures in the upper 90s and past 100, there is a significant health risk in people overexerting themselves, especially when they’re not acclimated to it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you live west of the East Bay Hills, or wear shorts when it’s 60 degrees out, that’s you, likely to be poorly acclimated to heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heatwave won’t extend to the coast “because there just isn’t enough offshore flow to overcome the strong marine influence this time of year and to fully suppress the marine layer,” wrote Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, on his blog, \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/archives/9899\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WeatherWest\u003c/a>. Most of the state’s population lives in places where cool ocean air provides some relief from summer heat, like the Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego metro regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a pattern we’ve seen occur somewhat frequently in recent years, with searing heat inland yet quite mild conditions where the marine influence hangs on, and which also makes for a rather strange reality,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the season, when high pressure and hot air push toward the coast, effectively turning off the coast’s natural AC, the extreme temperatures will likely push out to the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Hot Temperatures Intensify Already Bone Dry Conditions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>This particular heat wave will bake an abnormally dry landscape, priming it further to burn. Much of the Bay Area is in an exceptional drought, the highest category on the \u003ca href=\"https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Drought Monitor\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Stephens, a forestry professor at UC Berkeley is seeing evidence of that first hand in the Plumas County town of Quincy, where he’s teaching a summer field course for undergraduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said after several weeks of temperatures above 90 degrees, plants there are “already showing signs that look like August: leaves starting to shrivel, shutting shut down because moisture is being depleted by the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hot temperatures plus the combination of two years of below average precipitation this year is really worrisome because that lower moisture is going to make fire behavior more extreme, spread rates more extreme,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s typical for plants and trees to dry out in the summer in California’s Mediterranean climate, but not typically this fast, Stephens said. During the state’s last major drought, which lasted from 2012 to 2016, more than 120 million trees in the Sierra Nevada succumbed to bark beetles infestation and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those stands of dead trees and dry timber fueled blazes like the Creek Fire, which ignited near Shaver Lake last September and burned for nearly four months, consuming an area larger than the city of Los Angeles, almost 600 square miles of forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens notes that the northern tier of the Sierra has not yet experienced a similar tree die off during this drought, although he’s seeing an increase in bark beetle activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we put two more years of drought and warm conditions on this part of California, I’m afraid we might see the same kind of disaster,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephens blames decades of fire suppression and poor forest management for the larger fires in recent years, making parched land more vulnerable to extreme fire behavior. These policy failures are compounded by rising average summer temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You put climate change on top of [years of fire suppression] and it makes it worse,” he said. “We’ve got warmer periods, lower fuel moistures, snow melting earlier. All of this is contributing to what fire is doing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "High Bay Area Vaccination Rates Likely to Tamp Down Future COVID-19 Outbreaks",
"headTitle": "High Bay Area Vaccination Rates Likely to Tamp Down Future COVID-19 Outbreaks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Bay Area continues to outpace most of the country in terms of vaccination rates. Other key contenders include the state of Vermont and the city of Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marin County is leading the nine Bay Area counties with \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/vaccine/data\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">78%\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of all residents at least partially vaccinated. San Francisco is next in line with \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/COVID-19-Vaccinations-Progress/7mye-zncy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">72%\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Vaccine rates in the other local counties hover in the high 60s. Solano County is at the back of the pack with \u003ca href=\"https://doitgis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=055f81e9fe154da5860257e3f2489d67\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">64%\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of eligible residents vaccinated, which is on par with Los Angeles County’s vaccine \u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/coronavirus/vaccine/vaccine-dashboard.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When a majority of people are immune to COVID-19, either through a vaccine or because they have caught the bug, the virus can no longer spread because it runs out of vulnerable people to infect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists predict these conditions for COVID-19 will occur when 75% to 85% of a population is protected.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We are closing in on herd immunity,” said \u003cspan class=\"s2\">UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherfor\u003c/span>d. “It is very exciting. Very gratifying. It’s a miracle of modern molecular biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">However, herd immunity is not a finish line because it’s impermanent. There are many factors at play. The virus can still mutate and kids under 12 have not received their shots yet. Plus scientists are just guessing at this point because they do not know what level of vaccination will actually keep the virus at bay.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But Rutherford says he is not worried about potential outbreaks following the state’s reopening on \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/safer-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">June 15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Small clusters of illness may arise but, he says, they are not likely to ignite substantial transmission. The virus can no longer spread rapidly within the community because a majority of the population is protected. The surges the Bay Area experienced when restrictions were lifted in the past are highly unlikely this time around.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Officials at the San Francisco Department of Public Health are encouraged by local numbers, but also stress the delicacy of the situation. “There are some populations that continue to be susceptible to the virus, including communities that have lower vaccination rates as well as those people who are ineligible for vaccines, such as children below 12 years of age,” a spokesperson wrote in an email. “New variants are emerging, and the pace of vaccinations varies across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Although current \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html?s_cid=10493:covid%20vaccine:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY21\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is encouraging, scientists do not know if a vaccinated person can transmit the virus, and doctors do not know how long immunity to the virus lasts. Plus, we live in a highly global society connected by roads, trains and international airports.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Herd immunity is really a term that’s designed for closed populations,” said Stanford epidemiologist Julie Parsonnet. “We are not a closed population by any stretch of the imagination. Until the world has immunity, then no one really has an immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Parsonnet worries that focusing on the idea of herd immunity could send the wrong message to the public — especially when some people are still hesitant about getting a shot. They may interpret high vaccination rates as a sign that getting vaccinated is no longer necessary.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“And that’s not really the truth,” she said. “I think there are a lot of things that can still go wrong. We can’t predict the future and we need to prepare for it by using the tools that we have as aggressively as we can.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In other words, high vaccination rates alone are not a panacea to stamp out the pandemic. Contact tracing and testing will still be required to quell small outbreaks going forward.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Parsonnet underlines that it took about 40-years to reach herd immunity for measles and doctors only had to vaccinate children to stop that virus. Every time someone is vaccinated it prevents further cases and potentially saves lives. The only way to truly stop COVID-19 is one shot at a time.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">The Bay Area continues to outpace most of the country in terms of vaccination rates. Other key contenders include the state of Vermont and the city of Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Marin County is leading the nine Bay Area counties with \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/vaccine/data\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">78%\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of all residents at least partially vaccinated. San Francisco is next in line with \u003ca href=\"https://data.sfgov.org/stories/s/COVID-19-Vaccinations-Progress/7mye-zncy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">72%\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Vaccine rates in the other local counties hover in the high 60s. Solano County is at the back of the pack with \u003ca href=\"https://doitgis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=055f81e9fe154da5860257e3f2489d67\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">64%\u003c/span>\u003c/a> of eligible residents vaccinated, which is on par with Los Angeles County’s vaccine \u003ca href=\"http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/coronavirus/vaccine/vaccine-dashboard.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">rate\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">When a majority of people are immune to COVID-19, either through a vaccine or because they have caught the bug, the virus can no longer spread because it runs out of vulnerable people to infect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists predict these conditions for COVID-19 will occur when 75% to 85% of a population is protected.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“We are closing in on herd immunity,” said \u003cspan class=\"s2\">UCSF epidemiologist Dr. George Rutherfor\u003c/span>d. “It is very exciting. Very gratifying. It’s a miracle of modern molecular biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">However, herd immunity is not a finish line because it’s impermanent. There are many factors at play. The virus can still mutate and kids under 12 have not received their shots yet. Plus scientists are just guessing at this point because they do not know what level of vaccination will actually keep the virus at bay.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But Rutherford says he is not worried about potential outbreaks following the state’s reopening on \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/safer-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">June 15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. Small clusters of illness may arise but, he says, they are not likely to ignite substantial transmission. The virus can no longer spread rapidly within the community because a majority of the population is protected. The surges the Bay Area experienced when restrictions were lifted in the past are highly unlikely this time around.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Officials at the San Francisco Department of Public Health are encouraged by local numbers, but also stress the delicacy of the situation. “There are some populations that continue to be susceptible to the virus, including communities that have lower vaccination rates as well as those people who are ineligible for vaccines, such as children below 12 years of age,” a spokesperson wrote in an email. “New variants are emerging, and the pace of vaccinations varies across the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Although current \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html?s_cid=10493:covid%20vaccine:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY21\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">data\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is encouraging, scientists do not know if a vaccinated person can transmit the virus, and doctors do not know how long immunity to the virus lasts. Plus, we live in a highly global society connected by roads, trains and international airports.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Herd immunity is really a term that’s designed for closed populations,” said Stanford epidemiologist Julie Parsonnet. “We are not a closed population by any stretch of the imagination. Until the world has immunity, then no one really has an immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Parsonnet worries that focusing on the idea of herd immunity could send the wrong message to the public — especially when some people are still hesitant about getting a shot. They may interpret high vaccination rates as a sign that getting vaccinated is no longer necessary.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“And that’s not really the truth,” she said. “I think there are a lot of things that can still go wrong. We can’t predict the future and we need to prepare for it by using the tools that we have as aggressively as we can.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In other words, high vaccination rates alone are not a panacea to stamp out the pandemic. Contact tracing and testing will still be required to quell small outbreaks going forward.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Parsonnet underlines that it took about 40-years to reach herd immunity for measles and doctors only had to vaccinate children to stop that virus. Every time someone is vaccinated it prevents further cases and potentially saves lives. The only way to truly stop COVID-19 is one shot at a time.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The FDA's Controversial Approval of a New Alzheimer's Drug Explained",
"headTitle": "The FDA’s Controversial Approval of a New Alzheimer’s Drug Explained | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fdas-decision-approve-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease\">approved\u003c/a> the drug \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/aducanumab-marketed-aduhelm-information\">aducanumab\u003c/a> to treat patients with Alzheimer’s disease on Monday. It is the first new drug approved by the agency for Alzheimer’s disease since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is the first to show significant progress against the sticky brain plaques that are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug has proved highly effective at reducing the plaques, called beta-amyloid, that build up in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does the drug actually slow the progression of the disease when it reduces the plaques? It’s not yet clear. Two large studies offered conflicting evidence about whether the treatment slows declines in memory and thinking. A panel of expert advisers to the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932215023/fda-advisory-panel-rejects-controversial-alzheimers-drug\">recommended in November\u003c/a> that the agency not approve the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a condition of approval, the FDA is requiring Biogen, the drug’s maker, to conduct another clinical study to confirm that the reduction of amyloid plaques results in clinical improvement for patients. If the subsequent study doesn’t show a clinical improvement, the agency could move to withdraw the approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also concerns that the FDA’s approval will make it difficult for Biogen and Eisai, the companies marketing the drug, to find enough patients to participate in its next clinical trials as patients might not want to risk getting the placebo and can get the drug without being in a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine will be marketed under the trade name Aduhelm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA acknowledged the controversy and attention the drug’s approval has garnered from the Alzheimer’s patient community, elected officials and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency opted to put Aduhelm on the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway, which is meant to speed access to potentially valuable therapies for patients with serious diseases to serve an unmet need, and where a clinical benefit is expected — even if there is still some uncertainty about that benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[T]he Agency concluded that the benefits of Aduhelm for patients with Alzheimer’s disease outweighed the risks of the therapy,” Patrizia Cavazzoni, director of the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take several years to conclude the clinical trials the FDA is requiring. But in the meantime, Aduhelm will be available to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients will receive the drug in monthly infusions. They will also need regular brain scans to detect a rare side effect: bleeding or swelling in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biogen and Eisai said Monday that the annual wholesale cost for those taking maintenance doses \u003ca href=\"https://investors.biogen.com/news-releases/news-release-details/biogen-and-eisai-launch-multiple-initiatives-help-patients\">would be $56,000\u003c/a> a year for a patient of average U.S. weight with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. The net price could change based on discounts and rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trading in Biogen shares was halted due to the announcement. After trading resumed midafternoon, shares were up more than $110, or 39%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alzheimer’s Association, which has been pushing for approval, applauded the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first drug that slows Alzheimer’s disease. And, this is the beginning of a completely new future for Alzheimer’s treatments,” the group said in a statement. “This is a new type of Alzheimer’s treatment; it addresses the disease in a way that has never been done before, compared to currently approved drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the drugmakers have not yet proved that aducanumab’s benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, an FDA advisory committee of medical experts voted that the evidence did not show the drug to be effective at slowing Alzheimer’s. One major study found that aducanumab slowed down the progress of Alzheimer’s, while the other showed it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, you need two big studies finding the same thing to approve a drug,” NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932215023/fda-advisory-panel-rejects-controversial-alzheimers-drug\">reported\u003c/a> after the vote last year. But at that meeting, “the FDA asked its experts to focus only on the positive study, and it also presented analysis of the data that was really very favorable to the drug. All of that did not go over well with these advisers. Some of them seemed to feel like they were being railroaded by the FDA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent think tank also assessed the two phase 3 clinical trials of aducanumab and \u003ca href=\"https://icer.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ICER_ALZ_Draft_Evidence_Report_050521.pdf\">found\u003c/a> the evidence “insufficient to conclude that the clinical benefits of aducanumab outweigh its harms or, indeed, that it reduces progression” of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p7909\">Jason Karlawish\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and medical ethics and an Alzheimer’s expert at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/30/if-the-fda-approves-biogens-alzheimers-treatment-i-wont-prescribe-it/\">wrote last week\u003c/a> that he would not prescribe aducanumab to his patients even with FDA approval, due to risks of small bleeds in the brain, financial cost and unclear benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[T]he data to make this case are murky and, even if they were clear, the drug’s benefits are ambiguous at best and not worth this cost. Putting it on the market will stress Medicare’s resources,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+FDA+Has+Approved+A+New+Alzheimer%27s+Drug+%E2%80%94+Here%27s+Why+That%27s+Controversial&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fdas-decision-approve-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease\">approved\u003c/a> the drug \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/aducanumab-marketed-aduhelm-information\">aducanumab\u003c/a> to treat patients with Alzheimer’s disease on Monday. It is the first new drug approved by the agency for Alzheimer’s disease since 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is the first to show significant progress against the sticky brain plaques that are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug has proved highly effective at reducing the plaques, called beta-amyloid, that build up in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But does the drug actually slow the progression of the disease when it reduces the plaques? It’s not yet clear. Two large studies offered conflicting evidence about whether the treatment slows declines in memory and thinking. A panel of expert advisers to the FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932215023/fda-advisory-panel-rejects-controversial-alzheimers-drug\">recommended in November\u003c/a> that the agency not approve the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a condition of approval, the FDA is requiring Biogen, the drug’s maker, to conduct another clinical study to confirm that the reduction of amyloid plaques results in clinical improvement for patients. If the subsequent study doesn’t show a clinical improvement, the agency could move to withdraw the approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also concerns that the FDA’s approval will make it difficult for Biogen and Eisai, the companies marketing the drug, to find enough patients to participate in its next clinical trials as patients might not want to risk getting the placebo and can get the drug without being in a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicine will be marketed under the trade name Aduhelm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA acknowledged the controversy and attention the drug’s approval has garnered from the Alzheimer’s patient community, elected officials and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency opted to put Aduhelm on the FDA’s accelerated approval pathway, which is meant to speed access to potentially valuable therapies for patients with serious diseases to serve an unmet need, and where a clinical benefit is expected — even if there is still some uncertainty about that benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[T]he Agency concluded that the benefits of Aduhelm for patients with Alzheimer’s disease outweighed the risks of the therapy,” Patrizia Cavazzoni, director of the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could take several years to conclude the clinical trials the FDA is requiring. But in the meantime, Aduhelm will be available to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients will receive the drug in monthly infusions. They will also need regular brain scans to detect a rare side effect: bleeding or swelling in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biogen and Eisai said Monday that the annual wholesale cost for those taking maintenance doses \u003ca href=\"https://investors.biogen.com/news-releases/news-release-details/biogen-and-eisai-launch-multiple-initiatives-help-patients\">would be $56,000\u003c/a> a year for a patient of average U.S. weight with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. The net price could change based on discounts and rebates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trading in Biogen shares was halted due to the announcement. After trading resumed midafternoon, shares were up more than $110, or 39%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alzheimer’s Association, which has been pushing for approval, applauded the news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first drug that slows Alzheimer’s disease. And, this is the beginning of a completely new future for Alzheimer’s treatments,” the group said in a statement. “This is a new type of Alzheimer’s treatment; it addresses the disease in a way that has never been done before, compared to currently approved drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others say the drugmakers have not yet proved that aducanumab’s benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, an FDA advisory committee of medical experts voted that the evidence did not show the drug to be effective at slowing Alzheimer’s. One major study found that aducanumab slowed down the progress of Alzheimer’s, while the other showed it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually, you need two big studies finding the same thing to approve a drug,” NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/11/06/932215023/fda-advisory-panel-rejects-controversial-alzheimers-drug\">reported\u003c/a> after the vote last year. But at that meeting, “the FDA asked its experts to focus only on the positive study, and it also presented analysis of the data that was really very favorable to the drug. All of that did not go over well with these advisers. Some of them seemed to feel like they were being railroaded by the FDA.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An independent think tank also assessed the two phase 3 clinical trials of aducanumab and \u003ca href=\"https://icer.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ICER_ALZ_Draft_Evidence_Report_050521.pdf\">found\u003c/a> the evidence “insufficient to conclude that the clinical benefits of aducanumab outweigh its harms or, indeed, that it reduces progression” of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p7909\">Jason Karlawish\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and medical ethics and an Alzheimer’s expert at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/30/if-the-fda-approves-biogens-alzheimers-treatment-i-wont-prescribe-it/\">wrote last week\u003c/a> that he would not prescribe aducanumab to his patients even with FDA approval, due to risks of small bleeds in the brain, financial cost and unclear benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[T]he data to make this case are murky and, even if they were clear, the drug’s benefits are ambiguous at best and not worth this cost. Putting it on the market will stress Medicare’s resources,” he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+FDA+Has+Approved+A+New+Alzheimer%27s+Drug+%E2%80%94+Here%27s+Why+That%27s+Controversial&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "FDA OKs Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine For Ages 12-15",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration says children 12 to 15 years old are now eligible to receive a key COVID-19 vaccine, as the agency on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-emergency-use\">expanded its emergency use authorization\u003c/a> for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Janet Woodcock, the acting FDA commissioner, said the expansion “brings us closer to returning to a sense of normalcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents and guardians can rest assured that the agency undertook a rigorous and thorough review of all available data, as we have with all of our COVID-19 vaccine emergency use authorizations,” Woodcock said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the Pfizer vaccine had been authorized only for people age 16 and older. Pfizer asked the FDA to broaden its emergency use authorization for the vaccine after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/03/31/982983455/pfizer-says-covid-19-vaccine-shows-100-efficacy-in-adolescents\">announcing in late March\u003c/a> that clinical trials found “100% efficacy and robust antibody responses” in study participants who were 12 to 15 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA first granted Pfizer’s request for an emergency use authorization, or EUA, for its COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">in December\u003c/a>. It got federal approval to include children as young as 12 years old in its vaccine trial \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/13/923248377/will-kids-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-to-expand-trial-to-ages-12-and-up\">last October\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three makers of U.S.-authorized vaccines — Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson — are studying the safety and effectiveness of their vaccines in children, including as young as 6 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson said last week that its vaccine “will initially be tested in a small number of adolescents, which will be expanded to a larger group in a step-wise approach, if initial data shows an acceptable safety profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those expanded trials started last month, when J&J vaccine shots were given to teens from 16 to 17 years old. If all goes well, the trial will include kids as young as 12, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-expands-phase-2a-clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-to-include-adolescents\">the company says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-provides-clinical-and-supply-updates-covid-19-vaccine\">said in mid-April\u003c/a> that its vaccine study in adolescents is now fully enrolled, with around 3,000 people age 12 to 17 slated to receive doses. A second phase of the study will follow, including children who are from 6 months to 11 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer says it won’t be ready to ask the FDA for new emergency use authorization expansions for kids younger than 12 until September. One such request would cover children from 2 to 5 years old; a second would apply to ages 5 to 11. A third request, aimed at protecting infants and toddlers, isn’t expected until the fourth quarter of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and BioNTech say they have the capacity to manufacture up to 2.5 billion vaccine doses in 2021, and to produce at least 3 billion doses in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another move that could boost COVID-19 vaccine availability, Pfizer recently asked the FDA to approve a change that would allow its vaccine to be stored at common refrigerator temperatures of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (roughly 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit) for up to four weeks. The company says it submitted data about the vaccine’s stability at those temperatures on April 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, Pfizer’s vaccine must be stored at ultra-cold temperatures of around -70 degrees Celsius (-94 degrees Fahrenheit). The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/02/24/965835993/what-is-a-cold-chain-and-why-do-so-many-vaccines-need-it\">loosened that requirement\u003c/a> a bit in February, however, saying the shots, which use messenger RNA, could safely be kept at typical home freezer temperatures, -25 to -15 degrees Celsius (-13 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit), for up to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The COVID-19 vaccine’s success has brought billions of dollars to Pfizer. In the first quarter of 2021 alone, the vaccine added $3.5 billion in global revenue, Pfizer chairman and CEO Albert Bourla \u003ca href=\"https://s21.q4cdn.com/317678438/files/doc_financials/2021/q1/Q1-2021-Earnings-Conference-Call-Prepared-Remarks-FINAL.pdf\">told investors\u003c/a> in a conference call last Tuesday. Over the entire year, Pfizer could bring in around $26 billion based on the vaccine, Bourla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company and BioNTech, its development and revenue-sharing partner, have shipped some 430 million doses to 91 countries and territories, Bourla said last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+OKs+Pfizer+COVID-19+Vaccine+For+12-15+Age+Group&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration says children 12 to 15 years old are now eligible to receive a key COVID-19 vaccine, as the agency on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-emergency-use\">expanded its emergency use authorization\u003c/a> for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Janet Woodcock, the acting FDA commissioner, said the expansion “brings us closer to returning to a sense of normalcy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents and guardians can rest assured that the agency undertook a rigorous and thorough review of all available data, as we have with all of our COVID-19 vaccine emergency use authorizations,” Woodcock said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the Pfizer vaccine had been authorized only for people age 16 and older. Pfizer asked the FDA to broaden its emergency use authorization for the vaccine after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/03/31/982983455/pfizer-says-covid-19-vaccine-shows-100-efficacy-in-adolescents\">announcing in late March\u003c/a> that clinical trials found “100% efficacy and robust antibody responses” in study participants who were 12 to 15 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA first granted Pfizer’s request for an emergency use authorization, or EUA, for its COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">in December\u003c/a>. It got federal approval to include children as young as 12 years old in its vaccine trial \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/10/13/923248377/will-kids-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-to-expand-trial-to-ages-12-and-up\">last October\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three makers of U.S.-authorized vaccines — Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson — are studying the safety and effectiveness of their vaccines in children, including as young as 6 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson said last week that its vaccine “will initially be tested in a small number of adolescents, which will be expanded to a larger group in a step-wise approach, if initial data shows an acceptable safety profile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those expanded trials started last month, when J&J vaccine shots were given to teens from 16 to 17 years old. If all goes well, the trial will include kids as young as 12, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-expands-phase-2a-clinical-trial-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-to-include-adolescents\">the company says\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-provides-clinical-and-supply-updates-covid-19-vaccine\">said in mid-April\u003c/a> that its vaccine study in adolescents is now fully enrolled, with around 3,000 people age 12 to 17 slated to receive doses. A second phase of the study will follow, including children who are from 6 months to 11 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer says it won’t be ready to ask the FDA for new emergency use authorization expansions for kids younger than 12 until September. One such request would cover children from 2 to 5 years old; a second would apply to ages 5 to 11. A third request, aimed at protecting infants and toddlers, isn’t expected until the fourth quarter of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and BioNTech say they have the capacity to manufacture up to 2.5 billion vaccine doses in 2021, and to produce at least 3 billion doses in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another move that could boost COVID-19 vaccine availability, Pfizer recently asked the FDA to approve a change that would allow its vaccine to be stored at common refrigerator temperatures of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (roughly 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit) for up to four weeks. The company says it submitted data about the vaccine’s stability at those temperatures on April 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, Pfizer’s vaccine must be stored at ultra-cold temperatures of around -70 degrees Celsius (-94 degrees Fahrenheit). The company \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/02/24/965835993/what-is-a-cold-chain-and-why-do-so-many-vaccines-need-it\">loosened that requirement\u003c/a> a bit in February, however, saying the shots, which use messenger RNA, could safely be kept at typical home freezer temperatures, -25 to -15 degrees Celsius (-13 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit), for up to two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The COVID-19 vaccine’s success has brought billions of dollars to Pfizer. In the first quarter of 2021 alone, the vaccine added $3.5 billion in global revenue, Pfizer chairman and CEO Albert Bourla \u003ca href=\"https://s21.q4cdn.com/317678438/files/doc_financials/2021/q1/Q1-2021-Earnings-Conference-Call-Prepared-Remarks-FINAL.pdf\">told investors\u003c/a> in a conference call last Tuesday. Over the entire year, Pfizer could bring in around $26 billion based on the vaccine, Bourla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company and BioNTech, its development and revenue-sharing partner, have shipped some 430 million doses to 91 countries and territories, Bourla said last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+OKs+Pfizer+COVID-19+Vaccine+For+12-15+Age+Group&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise LaCour clutches her dolly as a nurse takes her blood pressure, then swabs the 3-year-old’s delicate arm with alcohol.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Tickle Tickle,” says Eloise’s mom Angelica LaCour. She’s trying to get a smile. “Mommy’s going to hug you, OK?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The nurse, carefully, gives Eloise her shot. Here at a Stanford University medical facility, she is one of 144 children in the country who are part of a phase one clinical trial to test Pfizer-BioNTech COVID vaccines in the most adorable of study cohorts — those 5 and under.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“That’s it!” exclaims nurse manager Richard Brotherton, pulling the needle out of Eloise’s arm.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Eloise barely flinches. In fact, under her mask it looks like she’s smiling.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at you brave kid,” beams her mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The next day, Eloise has yet to complain of any side effects — not even an ouch in her arm where the needle went in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While an unfortunate number of people are still hesitating about the remarkably effective vaccines, let alone enrolling their kids in clinical trials, Angelica LaCour speaks of the importance of getting children inoculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s just really important to highlight that we’re not going to get to herd immunity as a country if children are not vaccinated,” she said. “We don’t know the long-term impacts of the virus. And we know that this is a well-tolerated vaccine that’s saving people’s lives. And it’s important that our children get that as well. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the family was initially nervous about enrolling their only daughter in the early trial. But they’ weren’t sure they’d be any less so in six months, a year, or whenever the official rollout of vaccines for the youngest Americans takes place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Eloise is healthy, “We know that there’s a lot of other families with kids with vulnerabilities where COVID is potentially life-threatening,” LaCour said. “And so being part of making this a reality for those families is something that is really meaningful to us.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Second Dose\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">After three weeks it’s time for Eloise’s second poke. She has decided to dress up as her favorite character from the Pixar movie “Brave.” This time, she squirms a little more but still doesn’t cry.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">That night she complains her head hurts a little and that her arm is sore. Nothing that can’t be solved with a low dose of Tylenol, says her mom. Otherwise she’s running around\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Lots of energy,” LaCour says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Now, a couple of days before her father has gotten his second shot, Eloise is one of a small number of children in the country to be fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Soon the family will start planning a summer vacation.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Stanford scientists will track Eloise for the next two years to make sure all goes well. The next phases will involve enrolling many more children, eventually thousands, to study accurate dosage, vaccine safety, immune response and efficacy.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Kids Rollout Could Begin Next Fall\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pfizer\u003c/span> is planning to apply to the Food and Drug Administration in September for emergency authorization of the vaccine for children age 2 to 11. Meanwhile, the company is expected to receive permission any day now to vaccinate 12- to 15-year-olds. \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-first-participants-dosed-phase-23-study-0\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Moderna\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is also conducting clinical trials in kids for its vaccine.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">This science would not be possible without children and parents who are willing to go first, which is why Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, a pediatric infectious disease expert at Stanford Medicine who is leading the trial, lauds the family’s courage.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If we didn’t have clinical trials, we’d have zero vaccines for children,” she said. “And we save 3 million lives a year from death due to vaccine-preventable diseases as well.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Last week the Kaiser Family Foundation released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing fewer than a third of parents reporting plans to get their kids COVID shots as soon as it’s possible. \u003cspan class=\"s3\">Another 32% said they would “wait and see.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Health officials hope the hesitation eases over time, as it did for adult vaccines. \u003c/span>The current survey percentages are similar to what U.S. adults expressed in a KFF September \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-the-undefeated-survey-on-race-and-health-main-findings/#COVID-19Vaccine\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, in which 34% of adults said they would get a vaccine “right away,” with 29% in the wait-and-see camp.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Getting parents on board is critical to stamping out the virus and reaching herd immunity, that by now almost mythical juncture\u003cspan class=\"s5\"> when the vast majority of a population will be protected from COVID-19.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“We need to make sure that we can limit transmission,” said Maldonado. “And if we can reach children, that really gets to a fairly large segment of the U.S. population.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at you brave kid,” beams her mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">The next day, Eloise has yet to complain of any side effects — not even an ouch in her arm where the needle went in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">While an unfortunate number of people are still hesitating about the remarkably effective vaccines, let alone enrolling their kids in clinical trials, Angelica LaCour speaks of the importance of getting children inoculated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s just really important to highlight that we’re not going to get to herd immunity as a country if children are not vaccinated,” she said. “We don’t know the long-term impacts of the virus. And we know that this is a well-tolerated vaccine that’s saving people’s lives. And it’s important that our children get that as well. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the family was initially nervous about enrolling their only daughter in the early trial. But they’ weren’t sure they’d be any less so in six months, a year, or whenever the official rollout of vaccines for the youngest Americans takes place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Eloise is healthy, “We know that there’s a lot of other families with kids with vulnerabilities where COVID is potentially life-threatening,” LaCour said. “And so being part of making this a reality for those families is something that is really meaningful to us.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Second Dose\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">After three weeks it’s time for Eloise’s second poke. She has decided to dress up as her favorite character from the Pixar movie “Brave.” This time, she squirms a little more but still doesn’t cry.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">That night she complains her head hurts a little and that her arm is sore. Nothing that can’t be solved with a low dose of Tylenol, says her mom. Otherwise she’s running around\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“Lots of energy,” LaCour says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Now, a couple of days before her father has gotten his second shot, Eloise is one of a small number of children in the country to be fully vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Soon the family will start planning a summer vacation.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Stanford scientists will track Eloise for the next two years to make sure all goes well. The next phases will involve enrolling many more children, eventually thousands, to study accurate dosage, vaccine safety, immune response and efficacy.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Kids Rollout Could Begin Next Fall\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Pfizer\u003c/span> is planning to apply to the Food and Drug Administration in September for emergency authorization of the vaccine for children age 2 to 11. Meanwhile, the company is expected to receive permission any day now to vaccinate 12- to 15-year-olds. \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-first-participants-dosed-phase-23-study-0\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Moderna\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is also conducting clinical trials in kids for its vaccine.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">This science would not be possible without children and parents who are willing to go first, which is why Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, a pediatric infectious disease expert at Stanford Medicine who is leading the trial, lauds the family’s courage.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If we didn’t have clinical trials, we’d have zero vaccines for children,” she said. “And we save 3 million lives a year from death due to vaccine-preventable diseases as well.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Last week the Kaiser Family Foundation released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-april-2021/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a> showing fewer than a third of parents reporting plans to get their kids COVID shots as soon as it’s possible. \u003cspan class=\"s3\">Another 32% said they would “wait and see.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Health officials hope the hesitation eases over time, as it did for adult vaccines. \u003c/span>The current survey percentages are similar to what U.S. adults expressed in a KFF September \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-the-undefeated-survey-on-race-and-health-main-findings/#COVID-19Vaccine\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">survey\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, in which 34% of adults said they would get a vaccine “right away,” with 29% in the wait-and-see camp.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p4\">Getting parents on board is critical to stamping out the virus and reaching herd immunity, that by now almost mythical juncture\u003cspan class=\"s5\"> when the vast majority of a population will be protected from COVID-19.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p5\">“We need to make sure that we can limit transmission,” said Maldonado. “And if we can reach children, that really gets to a fairly large segment of the U.S. population.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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