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"content": "\u003cp>With the number of endangered orcas that frequent the inland waters of Washington state at a 30-year low, Gov. Jay Inslee on Wednesday directed state agencies to take immediate and longer-term steps to protect the struggling killer whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish-eating mammals that spend time in Puget Sound have struggled for years with a lack of food, pollution, noise and disturbances from boat traffic. There are now just 76 of the orcas, down from 98 in 1995.[contextly_sidebar id=”QMOG190mPySdez4gJTT2cj3Uha5dISZ0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee said the orcas are in trouble and called on everyone in the state to do their part. His executive order aims to make more salmon available to the whales, give them more space and quieter waters, ensure they have clean water to swim in and protect them from potential oil spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The destiny of salmon and orca and we humans are intertwined,” the governor said at a news conference at the Daybreak Star Cultural Center in Seattle. “As the orca go, so go we.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An orca task force forming now will meet for the first time next month and will come up with final recommendations by November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a wake-up call,” Suquamish Tribal Chairman Leonard Forsman said, adding, “It’s going to take some pain. We’re going to have to make some sacrifices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many have been sounding the alarm for years about the plight of the closely tracked population of southern resident killer whales. The federal government listed the orcas as endangered in 2005, and more recently identified them as among the most at risk of extinction in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A baby orca has not been born in the past few years. Half of the calves born during a celebrated baby boom several years ago have died. Female orcas also are having pregnancy problems linked to nutritional stress brought on by a low supply of chinook salmon, the whales’ preferred food, a recent study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not too late,” said Barry Thom, West Coast regional administrator for NOAA Fisheries. “From a biology perspective, there are still enough breeding animals, but we need to act soon.”[contextly_sidebar id=”F5Yqk7wUscpxvLQ6sFaB3ehgVWMgFxBn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whale advocates welcomed the statewide initiative, saying it creates urgency and calls attention to the issue. But some also said it was long overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that everybody would have loved to have seen this five years ago,” said Joe Gaydos, science director for the SeaDoc Society. “It is a crisis. The fact that we’re responding is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the order, state agencies will find ways to quiet state ferries around the whales, train more commercial whale-watching boats to help respond to oil spills and adjust fishing regulations to protect key areas and fish runs for orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whales use clicks, calls and other sounds to navigate, communicate and forage mainly for salmon, and noise from vessels can interfere.[contextly_sidebar id=”qVVUJ53fu9ETl7hm4Uj5kQWTEh2Ah5N5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also passed a supplemental budget last week that includes $1.5 million for efforts such as a boost in marine patrols to ensure that boats keep their distance from orcas and an increase in hatchery production of salmon by an additional 5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the endangered orcas spent the fewest number of days in the central Salish Sea that spans Washington and Canada in four decades, mostly because there wasn’t enough salmon to eat, according to the Center for Whale Research, which keeps the whale census for the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I applaud anything that helps (the orcas) through the short term, but the long term is what we really have to look at — and that’s the restoration of wild salmon stocks throughout Washington state,” Ken Balcomb, senior scientist with the center, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balcomb and others say aggressive measures are needed and they have called for the removal of four dams on the Lower Snake River to restore salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.T. Austin, the governor’s senior policy adviser on natural resources issues, said Inslee so far does not support removing those dams.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the number of endangered orcas that frequent the inland waters of Washington state at a 30-year low, Gov. Jay Inslee on Wednesday directed state agencies to take immediate and longer-term steps to protect the struggling killer whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish-eating mammals that spend time in Puget Sound have struggled for years with a lack of food, pollution, noise and disturbances from boat traffic. There are now just 76 of the orcas, down from 98 in 1995.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inslee said the orcas are in trouble and called on everyone in the state to do their part. His executive order aims to make more salmon available to the whales, give them more space and quieter waters, ensure they have clean water to swim in and protect them from potential oil spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The destiny of salmon and orca and we humans are intertwined,” the governor said at a news conference at the Daybreak Star Cultural Center in Seattle. “As the orca go, so go we.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An orca task force forming now will meet for the first time next month and will come up with final recommendations by November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a wake-up call,” Suquamish Tribal Chairman Leonard Forsman said, adding, “It’s going to take some pain. We’re going to have to make some sacrifices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many have been sounding the alarm for years about the plight of the closely tracked population of southern resident killer whales. The federal government listed the orcas as endangered in 2005, and more recently identified them as among the most at risk of extinction in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A baby orca has not been born in the past few years. Half of the calves born during a celebrated baby boom several years ago have died. Female orcas also are having pregnancy problems linked to nutritional stress brought on by a low supply of chinook salmon, the whales’ preferred food, a recent study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not too late,” said Barry Thom, West Coast regional administrator for NOAA Fisheries. “From a biology perspective, there are still enough breeding animals, but we need to act soon.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whale advocates welcomed the statewide initiative, saying it creates urgency and calls attention to the issue. But some also said it was long overdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that everybody would have loved to have seen this five years ago,” said Joe Gaydos, science director for the SeaDoc Society. “It is a crisis. The fact that we’re responding is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the order, state agencies will find ways to quiet state ferries around the whales, train more commercial whale-watching boats to help respond to oil spills and adjust fishing regulations to protect key areas and fish runs for orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whales use clicks, calls and other sounds to navigate, communicate and forage mainly for salmon, and noise from vessels can interfere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also passed a supplemental budget last week that includes $1.5 million for efforts such as a boost in marine patrols to ensure that boats keep their distance from orcas and an increase in hatchery production of salmon by an additional 5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the endangered orcas spent the fewest number of days in the central Salish Sea that spans Washington and Canada in four decades, mostly because there wasn’t enough salmon to eat, according to the Center for Whale Research, which keeps the whale census for the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I applaud anything that helps (the orcas) through the short term, but the long term is what we really have to look at — and that’s the restoration of wild salmon stocks throughout Washington state,” Ken Balcomb, senior scientist with the center, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balcomb and others say aggressive measures are needed and they have called for the removal of four dams on the Lower Snake River to restore salmon runs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.T. Austin, the governor’s senior policy adviser on natural resources issues, said Inslee so far does not support removing those dams.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Coming Soon to A Planet Near You: Live High Definition Video From Mars",
"headTitle": "Coming Soon to A Planet Near You: Live High Definition Video From Mars | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Nothing conveys the excitement of space exploration like pictures from another planet. Now NASA is planning to go one better than pictures. The space agency is aiming to launch a probe carrying a communication system that will let future missions to Mars transmit live, high definition video to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the first person walks on Mars, the live video should be far better than what the world saw when Neil Armstrong \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stepped onto\u003c/a> the moon.[contextly_sidebar id=”D2rTkMI6kqRyw2z1YmwhSnLNdynahV9X”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has already demonstrated it can now send high definition video from the moon. In 2013, NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/09/06/219560326/communications-gear-hit-ride-with-lunar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/llcdfactsheet.final_.web_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the name suggests, the system used laser light to transmit \u003ca href=\"https://sgss.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php/media/7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> from the moon to Earth in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using light to transmit information at high speeds is nothing new. You might have fiber optic cables carrying the Internet to your house. But in space, light doesn’t travel by cable. A laser is used to send the light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending a signal from the moon is one thing. Sending one from Mars is much harder.[contextly_sidebar id=”WWOyqrBVSSpGe3p4wdTAaEf16M9VnpIU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenges, by far, have to do with distance,” says Kevin Kelly, CEO of LGS Innovations in Herndon, Va., just outside Washington, D.C. The moon is only about 240,000 miles from Earth. Mars is on average 140 million miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s company is building a part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/dsoc/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Space Optical Communications\u003c/a> package NASA is planning to put on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/psyche/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Psyche\u003c/a> mission that will travel out past Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mars, Earth appears as a small dot. “Keeping [a laser] pointed in the right direction and receiving a strong signal is going to be a physics challenge for sure,” Kelly says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Laser Hiccup\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere’s one curious problem when pointing a laser from such a great distance. Even travelling at the speed of light, a laser beam can take as long as 20 minutes to go from the Earth to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You may receive the signal from the Earth, but you can just point back in the direction that you got the signal from,” says David Israel, principal investigator on NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because by the time your transmission gets to where the Earth is, the Earth has moved out of the beam. You have to point it to where the Earth is going to be when the light signal arrives. This “point ahead” system is like throwing a pass to a receiver in football. If the receiver is running down the field, the quarterback has to throw it to where the receiver is going to be when the ball gets there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 563px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919375\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1.jpg\" alt=\"The first color image from the surface of Mars, July 21st, 1976.\" width=\"563\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1.jpg 563w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-160x146.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-240x218.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-375x341.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-520x473.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 563px) 100vw, 563px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first color image from the surface of Mars, July 21st, 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges of deep space laser communications is capturing all the light that’s sent. To do that, NASA will be using the historic 200-inch Hale telescope on Mt. Palomar in California. The captured light will go into a detector that’s being built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detectors can measure a single photon of light. “With these detectors we can detect these very faint signals that are going to coming back from this laser transmitter,” says JPL physicist Matt Shaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s not just interested in using laser communication from deep space. Laser systems can transmit much more data than a radio signal, so they could replace traditional radios on spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Space Communication\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAt MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory, engineers are building a miniature system they’re planning to send into low Earth orbit space next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data rates that we’re aiming for this demonstration are 200 gigabits per second, 200 billion bits per second,” says Brian Robinson, associate group leader of the optical communications technology group at the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a laser in low Earth orbit, you don’t need a big telescope to capture the photons. “Between 4 to 8 inches,” he says, “maybe as large as a foot. In other words, about the size of a hobbyist’s telescope.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SWYTOm2eLVbfs5f1wY7m6XehYoyJ6bGM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using light to transmit data and video may be the future of space communications, but it’s actually quite an old idea. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor who brought us the telephone, built something called the \u003ca href=\"http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=235496&idkey=NONE&homeurl=http%3A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fpatimg.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photophone\u003c/a> in the 1880s that transmitted sound using light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bell demonstrated it right here in Washington, D.C., between a laboratory that was on the roof of a school just near the White House over to his laboratory that was just a few blocks away,” says LGS Innovations’ Kelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk about an inventor ahead of his time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA plans to launch its new deep space laser communication system in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Live+High+Definition+Video+From+Mars%3F+NASA+Is+Getting+Ready&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nothing conveys the excitement of space exploration like pictures from another planet. Now NASA is planning to go one better than pictures. The space agency is aiming to launch a probe carrying a communication system that will let future missions to Mars transmit live, high definition video to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the first person walks on Mars, the live video should be far better than what the world saw when Neil Armstrong \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stepped onto\u003c/a> the moon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA has already demonstrated it can now send high definition video from the moon. In 2013, NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2013/09/06/219560326/communications-gear-hit-ride-with-lunar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/llcdfactsheet.final_.web_.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration\u003c/a> project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the name suggests, the system used laser light to transmit \u003ca href=\"https://sgss.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php/media/7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a video\u003c/a> from the moon to Earth in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using light to transmit information at high speeds is nothing new. You might have fiber optic cables carrying the Internet to your house. But in space, light doesn’t travel by cable. A laser is used to send the light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sending a signal from the moon is one thing. Sending one from Mars is much harder.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenges, by far, have to do with distance,” says Kevin Kelly, CEO of LGS Innovations in Herndon, Va., just outside Washington, D.C. The moon is only about 240,000 miles from Earth. Mars is on average 140 million miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelly’s company is building a part of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/dsoc/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Space Optical Communications\u003c/a> package NASA is planning to put on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/psyche/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Psyche\u003c/a> mission that will travel out past Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mars, Earth appears as a small dot. “Keeping [a laser] pointed in the right direction and receiving a strong signal is going to be a physics challenge for sure,” Kelly says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Laser Hiccup\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere’s one curious problem when pointing a laser from such a great distance. Even travelling at the speed of light, a laser beam can take as long as 20 minutes to go from the Earth to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You may receive the signal from the Earth, but you can just point back in the direction that you got the signal from,” says David Israel, principal investigator on NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because by the time your transmission gets to where the Earth is, the Earth has moved out of the beam. You have to point it to where the Earth is going to be when the light signal arrives. This “point ahead” system is like throwing a pass to a receiver in football. If the receiver is running down the field, the quarterback has to throw it to where the receiver is going to be when the ball gets there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 563px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1919375\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1.jpg\" alt=\"The first color image from the surface of Mars, July 21st, 1976.\" width=\"563\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1.jpg 563w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-160x146.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-240x218.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-375x341.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/01/firstcolorimageviking1-520x473.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 563px) 100vw, 563px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first color image from the surface of Mars, July 21st, 1976. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges of deep space laser communications is capturing all the light that’s sent. To do that, NASA will be using the historic 200-inch Hale telescope on Mt. Palomar in California. The captured light will go into a detector that’s being built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detectors can measure a single photon of light. “With these detectors we can detect these very faint signals that are going to coming back from this laser transmitter,” says JPL physicist Matt Shaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s not just interested in using laser communication from deep space. Laser systems can transmit much more data than a radio signal, so they could replace traditional radios on spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Space Communication\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAt MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory, engineers are building a miniature system they’re planning to send into low Earth orbit space next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data rates that we’re aiming for this demonstration are 200 gigabits per second, 200 billion bits per second,” says Brian Robinson, associate group leader of the optical communications technology group at the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a laser in low Earth orbit, you don’t need a big telescope to capture the photons. “Between 4 to 8 inches,” he says, “maybe as large as a foot. In other words, about the size of a hobbyist’s telescope.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using light to transmit data and video may be the future of space communications, but it’s actually quite an old idea. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor who brought us the telephone, built something called the \u003ca href=\"http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=235496&idkey=NONE&homeurl=http%3A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fpatimg.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photophone\u003c/a> in the 1880s that transmitted sound using light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bell demonstrated it right here in Washington, D.C., between a laboratory that was on the roof of a school just near the White House over to his laboratory that was just a few blocks away,” says LGS Innovations’ Kelly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk about an inventor ahead of his time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA plans to launch its new deep space laser communication system in 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Live+High+Definition+Video+From+Mars%3F+NASA+Is+Getting+Ready&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein",
"headTitle": "The Universe According To Albert Einstein | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Albert Einstein \u003ca href=\"http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol1-doc/69\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would have been 139 years old Wednesday\u003c/a>. Happy Birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein’s science, and general views on humanity, have profoundly changed the way we see ourselves and the world we live in. He was not faultless, as no human is. He was an absent father and unfaithful husband. He lived in very different times, and — right or wrong from our current standards — we must analyze facts within their cultural context. Einstein epitomizes the intellectual freedom and courageous creativity that, combined with an unbeatable work ethic, defines true genius.[contextly_sidebar id=”vN9YATQGU7BoSj3Jy3gO1Jf0zTYeouMY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To shake the foundations of knowledge one needs at least two things: to believe deeply in his ideas and to have the courage to go against the established order. In the sciences, to be successful in shaking the foundations of knowledge so as to promote change, one also needs to be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trailblazer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen Einstein came into the science scene at the turn of the 20th century, physics was in crisis. The physics developed from Galileo up to 1899 had three pillars: mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics, the study of heat. And the three pillars were on shaky ground, as physicists couldn’t use them to explain a series of phenomena that had been recently discovered in the lab and in the skies. New ideas were badly needed, but not much was coming forth. It was the perfect moment for a trailblazer.[contextly_sidebar id=”qqjKekIIshGd4WKBMzxIowvPsormcqKm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there was trouble with light and its propagation. After a debate that lasted for centuries, people were convinced that light was a wave. (The other option, defended by Issac Newton, was that light was made of little bulletlike particles.) That being the case, and as with any other wave, light had to propagate in a material medium. Water waves, for example, travel in water; sound waves in air. Light? Well, for us to see light from distant stars, the medium had to be transparent. It also had to be very light so as not to slow down the orbits of planets. Finally, it had to be very rigid, so as to allow for the propagation of very fast waves: It was well-known by then that light traveled at about 186,000 miles per second in empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kind of medium could this be? Stumped, the greatest physicists of the 19th century came up with a wild idea: Imagine that all of space is filled with an imponderable medium called the ether. What it was, no one knew. Its sole purpose was to allow light to propagate. With hindsight, we could call it magical stuff. Even as attempts to find it failed, physicists would not let go. The alternative, having light propagating in empty space, sounded even crazier.[contextly_sidebar id=”HXTnz2DVxc4UotpOF75lD1Q0EGQNgWjq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Einstein. In 1905, he proposes his special theory of relativity, whereby he singlehandedly destroyed the notions of absolute space and time, and the need for an ether. According to the theory, now one of the greatest success stories in the history of thought, the notions of space as a rigid stage at which things just happen and of time as a steadily flowing river, are just an illusion caused by our myopic view of reality. And it’s all light’s fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space would only be a rigid stage and time would only be a steady river if light could travel from Point A to Point B instantaneously. (That is if light traveled with an infinite speed.) But it doesn’t. Our illusion is corrected once we incorporate the fact that light has a finite speed of propagation, even if it’s so ridiculously high. (In fact, it is its enormous value that makes our illusions so persistent and convincing.) Once the correction is factored into our studies of motion, everything changes. An observer at rest that measures the length of a moving bus will obtain a different result from the passengers in the bus. To her, the moving bus will be shorter. If she also saw a clock attached to the bus, she would notice that the seconds pass slower for it than for the watch on her wrist. Amazed, she would conclude that moving objects shorten in the direction of their motion and that moving clocks tick slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15531 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/15530-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"415\">The effects, called length contraction and time dilation, become more pronounced as the speed of the moving object approaches the speed of light. Remarkably, Einstein also showed, in a second paper he wrote that same year, that no object with mass could ever reach the speed of light. Mass itself grows with speed and becomes infinitely large at the speed of light. Only light itself, or another entity with no mass, could travel at light speed. And by the way, all this is perfectly consistent with light traveling in empty space. No ether. Light is like nothing else in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Einstein expanded his theory to include motions with variable speeds (i.e., with acceleration). His theory of general relativity, arguably one of the towering achievements of the human intellect, imprinted the plasticity of space and time into the fabric of the universe itself. Now, the presence of any material object (or merely energy) could bend space and alter the flow of time. Space and time became literally pliable. For example, a light ray from a distant star would be deviated from a straight line as it passed by the sun. (It does as it passes by you, too, but the bending is so small as to be literally immeasurable.) In 1919, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein’s prediction of this phenomenon. Their data, despite bad weather and measurement issues, were conclusive: Einstein was right.[contextly_sidebar id=”kgXU8Ok5VQvxvsAezFDVnCbOYz2zhstN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later on, Einstein’s prediction for the flow of time was also confirmed: Time slows down in strong gravity. A clock on the top of the Empire State Building ticks faster than one on the ground. But the effect is tiny: If you were to spend your lifetime on top of the Empire State Building \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8020988/Einsteins-theory-of-relativity-works-on-a-human-scale-the-higher-you-are-the-faster-you-age.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you would lose 104 millionths of a second\u003c/a>. Even more fun: In a 79-year lifetime, the cells in your brain age faster than those in your feet by about 45 billionths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein was the first to apply his ideas of space and time plasticity to the universe as a whole. In 1919, he devised a model for the entire universe: a static, spherical, perfectly symmetric cosmos, with matter homogeneously distributed everywhere, reflecting a mix of Platonic perfection and of Ockham’s Razor. That first model, even if wrong, became the inspiration for all the work on modern cosmology that followed it, including the now widely-accepted \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/big-bang-model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Bang\u003c/a> model, whereby the universe emerged from an event 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">Black holes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a>, all of this follows from Einstein’s general theory. Oh yes, and so does the accuracy of your GPS, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs elements from both the special and the general theories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, all this relativity stuff was only one of Einstein’s playgrounds. The other, his muse and demon, was quantum theory. Next week, I’ll take it up from here, and explain why Einstein got his Nobel prize for his ideas on the nature of light (being both a wave and a particle) and not for relativity. And why he was haunted by the quantum ghost to the end of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> As this article was being edited, we learned of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/221053162/stephen-hawking-who-awed-both-scientists-and-the-public-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Stephen Hawking’s passing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. An uncanny coincidence, he was fond of telling that he was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo’s death; and now, he passes away on the 139th anniversary of Einstein’s birth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Stephen Hawking was one of those rare life heroes who shone above all of us as a beacon. Not just as a brilliant physicist whose contributions to our understanding of the universe and of black holes will remain forever in the annals of science, but also as a life-loving, amazingly resilient person. He had the generosity of heart to share his knowledge and inspire millions of readers around the globe. His love for life must be celebrated and remembered by all of us, scientists or not.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Universe+According+To+Albert+Einstein%3A+Relativity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Albert Einstein \u003ca href=\"http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol1-doc/69\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">would have been 139 years old Wednesday\u003c/a>. Happy Birthday!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein’s science, and general views on humanity, have profoundly changed the way we see ourselves and the world we live in. He was not faultless, as no human is. He was an absent father and unfaithful husband. He lived in very different times, and — right or wrong from our current standards — we must analyze facts within their cultural context. Einstein epitomizes the intellectual freedom and courageous creativity that, combined with an unbeatable work ethic, defines true genius.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To shake the foundations of knowledge one needs at least two things: to believe deeply in his ideas and to have the courage to go against the established order. In the sciences, to be successful in shaking the foundations of knowledge so as to promote change, one also needs to be right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trailblazer\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen Einstein came into the science scene at the turn of the 20th century, physics was in crisis. The physics developed from Galileo up to 1899 had three pillars: mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics, the study of heat. And the three pillars were on shaky ground, as physicists couldn’t use them to explain a series of phenomena that had been recently discovered in the lab and in the skies. New ideas were badly needed, but not much was coming forth. It was the perfect moment for a trailblazer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, there was trouble with light and its propagation. After a debate that lasted for centuries, people were convinced that light was a wave. (The other option, defended by Issac Newton, was that light was made of little bulletlike particles.) That being the case, and as with any other wave, light had to propagate in a material medium. Water waves, for example, travel in water; sound waves in air. Light? Well, for us to see light from distant stars, the medium had to be transparent. It also had to be very light so as not to slow down the orbits of planets. Finally, it had to be very rigid, so as to allow for the propagation of very fast waves: It was well-known by then that light traveled at about 186,000 miles per second in empty space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What kind of medium could this be? Stumped, the greatest physicists of the 19th century came up with a wild idea: Imagine that all of space is filled with an imponderable medium called the ether. What it was, no one knew. Its sole purpose was to allow light to propagate. With hindsight, we could call it magical stuff. Even as attempts to find it failed, physicists would not let go. The alternative, having light propagating in empty space, sounded even crazier.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Einstein. In 1905, he proposes his special theory of relativity, whereby he singlehandedly destroyed the notions of absolute space and time, and the need for an ether. According to the theory, now one of the greatest success stories in the history of thought, the notions of space as a rigid stage at which things just happen and of time as a steadily flowing river, are just an illusion caused by our myopic view of reality. And it’s all light’s fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space would only be a rigid stage and time would only be a steady river if light could travel from Point A to Point B instantaneously. (That is if light traveled with an infinite speed.) But it doesn’t. Our illusion is corrected once we incorporate the fact that light has a finite speed of propagation, even if it’s so ridiculously high. (In fact, it is its enormous value that makes our illusions so persistent and convincing.) Once the correction is factored into our studies of motion, everything changes. An observer at rest that measures the length of a moving bus will obtain a different result from the passengers in the bus. To her, the moving bus will be shorter. If she also saw a clock attached to the bus, she would notice that the seconds pass slower for it than for the watch on her wrist. Amazed, she would conclude that moving objects shorten in the direction of their motion and that moving clocks tick slower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15531 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/15530-thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"415\">The effects, called length contraction and time dilation, become more pronounced as the speed of the moving object approaches the speed of light. Remarkably, Einstein also showed, in a second paper he wrote that same year, that no object with mass could ever reach the speed of light. Mass itself grows with speed and becomes infinitely large at the speed of light. Only light itself, or another entity with no mass, could travel at light speed. And by the way, all this is perfectly consistent with light traveling in empty space. No ether. Light is like nothing else in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1915, Einstein expanded his theory to include motions with variable speeds (i.e., with acceleration). His theory of general relativity, arguably one of the towering achievements of the human intellect, imprinted the plasticity of space and time into the fabric of the universe itself. Now, the presence of any material object (or merely energy) could bend space and alter the flow of time. Space and time became literally pliable. For example, a light ray from a distant star would be deviated from a straight line as it passed by the sun. (It does as it passes by you, too, but the bending is so small as to be literally immeasurable.) In 1919, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein’s prediction of this phenomenon. Their data, despite bad weather and measurement issues, were conclusive: Einstein was right.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later on, Einstein’s prediction for the flow of time was also confirmed: Time slows down in strong gravity. A clock on the top of the Empire State Building ticks faster than one on the ground. But the effect is tiny: If you were to spend your lifetime on top of the Empire State Building \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/8020988/Einsteins-theory-of-relativity-works-on-a-human-scale-the-higher-you-are-the-faster-you-age.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you would lose 104 millionths of a second\u003c/a>. Even more fun: In a 79-year lifetime, the cells in your brain age faster than those in your feet by about 45 billionths of a second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein was the first to apply his ideas of space and time plasticity to the universe as a whole. In 1919, he devised a model for the entire universe: a static, spherical, perfectly symmetric cosmos, with matter homogeneously distributed everywhere, reflecting a mix of Platonic perfection and of Ockham’s Razor. That first model, even if wrong, became the inspiration for all the work on modern cosmology that followed it, including the now widely-accepted \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/science/big-bang-model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Bang\u003c/a> model, whereby the universe emerged from an event 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since. \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes\">Black holes\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gravitational waves\u003c/a>, all of this follows from Einstein’s general theory. Oh yes, and so does the accuracy of your GPS, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast162/Unit5/gps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">needs elements from both the special and the general theories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remarkably, all this relativity stuff was only one of Einstein’s playgrounds. The other, his muse and demon, was quantum theory. Next week, I’ll take it up from here, and explain why Einstein got his Nobel prize for his ideas on the nature of light (being both a wave and a particle) and not for relativity. And why he was haunted by the quantum ghost to the end of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Note:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003cem> As this article was being edited, we learned of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/221053162/stephen-hawking-who-awed-both-scientists-and-the-public-dies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Stephen Hawking’s passing\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. An uncanny coincidence, he was fond of telling that he was born on the 300th anniversary of Galileo’s death; and now, he passes away on the 139th anniversary of Einstein’s birth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Stephen Hawking was one of those rare life heroes who shone above all of us as a beacon. Not just as a brilliant physicist whose contributions to our understanding of the universe and of black holes will remain forever in the annals of science, but also as a life-loving, amazingly resilient person. He had the generosity of heart to share his knowledge and inspire millions of readers around the globe. His love for life must be celebrated and remembered by all of us, scientists or not.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Marcelo Gleiser is a theoretical physicist and writer — and a professor of natural philosophy, physics and astronomy at Dartmouth College. He is the director of the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ice.dartmouth.edu\">Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Engagement\u003c/a>\u003cem> at Dartmouth, co-founder of 13.7 and an active promoter of science to the general public. His latest book is \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://marcelogleiser.com/books/the-simple-beauty-of-the-unexpected-a-natural-philosophers-quest-for-trout-and-the-meaning-of-everything\">The Simple Beauty of the Unexpected: A Natural Philosopher’s Quest for Trout and the Meaning of Everything\u003c/a>\u003cem>. You can keep up with Marcelo on \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/93dHI\">Facebook\u003c/a>\u003cem> and Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/mgleiser\">@mgleiser\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Universe+According+To+Albert+Einstein%3A+Relativity&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lessons In How To Manage California's Groundwater",
"headTitle": "Lessons In How To Manage California’s Groundwater | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is well behind the curve on groundwater regulation. With a few exceptions, groundwater extraction has never been regulated in the state or even monitored with any precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 2014 law, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (SGMA), at last will require groundwater basins in the state to reverse longstanding overdraft problems. This will mean metering individual groundwater wells for the first time, as well as collecting fees from groundwater users to fund management efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most western states started down this path decades ago. So to help inform the nascent effort in California, Environmental Defense Fund and the Daugherty Water for Food Global Initiative examined groundwater management programs in six states. Their \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/groundwater-case-study.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">new report\u003c/a> illuminates lessons from Arizona, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Nebraska and a few pioneering groundwater managers within California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Christina Babbitt, a coauthor of the report and senior manager of the Environmental Defense Fund’s California groundwater program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why did you do this study?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christina Babbitt: We really did the report to better understand some of the challenges that water managers are facing across the West, and the tools and strategies they’re using to address these challenges. We think that by better understanding what others are doing across the West, we can leverage those lessons learned to inform water management under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at some of these innovative approaches, we can give water managers hope in California that they can meet these difficult challenges that lie ahead of us. The weather this winter is yet another reminder of why California needs a safe and resilient water system. And groundwater plays a really important role in that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What were your main findings?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: The most effective groundwater programs had five key elements: trust and community involvement, accurate data, a portfolio of approaches, performance metrics and access to adequate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building trust is key. It emerged as something that is needed, but is something that is often overlooked when developing successful groundwater management programs. And trust really began by having broad community involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How should groundwater agencies go about building trust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: That is something we can’t stress enough in SGMA implementation. One way is to use data to build trust. So for example, in the Kings Basin in California they’ve been using these data-driven groundwater models to convey what is happening with groundwater so people can start to buy into what is happening within the basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also you can build trust by including stakeholders in the planning process from the very beginning, so they know how management is evolving and what information goes into making decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska they’ve done a lot of outreach and engagement and they are in charge of more than groundwater – for example, soil management and land conservation. It allows them to communicate and interact with the community in ways that are not always regulatory, which I think is a great way to build trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What do you mean by ‘broad community involvement,’ and why is that important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I think this broad community involvement needs to be from a diversity of voices, so it’s not just one sector making all of the decisions. All the interested stakeholders need to feel they have a voice at the table. And it’s not only a voice. They need to feel their voice is being considered by decision-makers. If that’s not done at these early stages of development, it’s going to come back and be detrimental.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s a huge educational component that goes along with it. There are a lot of people who depend on the well they might have outside their house. They need to understand why they should be interested in participating. That’s a responsibility of the folks who are making the decision to really reach out and be inclusive in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The report also mentions the importance of patience. But it’s not one of your five key elements.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: Successful groundwater management is not something that happens overnight. It takes all of these five elements and it also takes a huge learning curve. It’s a process of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s interesting. I think when SGMA was first passed, a lot of the deadlines for achieving sustainability seemed really far off. But if you’re in a high-priority basin, you have to develop a sustainability plan by 2020. And that’s right around the corner. That’s not going to be easy with the challenges many of these areas are facing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You examined policies in six states, all of them in the West except for Nebraska. Why Nebraska?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: I’m a bit biased because I did go to school at the University of Nebraska. But Nebraska is a state that’s dominated by irrigated agriculture. And I think 91 percent of the state’s total land area is dedicated to agricultural production. So they have a lot at stake when it comes to groundwater, and we can learn a lot from the things they’ve done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska has implemented a portfolio of approaches to manage their groundwater, including regulations, incentives and outreach programs. Some highlights from what they are doing really well are emphasizing public education and outreach to make sure water users and community members are informed. They have established a really interesting system for capping the number of irrigated acres that can be allowed, and a way to allocate water among individual users. It provides much-needed certainty to growers, but also allows itself to adapt to changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of data is needed, and how is it used?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Babbitt: People are going to need to show why and how they are making decisions. And I think data is a key piece of the puzzle when it comes to building some of these incentive-based programs. For example, if you want to look at the Edwards aquifer [in Texas], they have implemented a system that allows them to trade pumping permits. It’s essentially a trading market, and you need a certain amount of data to be able to implement that program or to incentivize some of these mitigation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It really must be a portfolio of approaches. You can’t just have regulation. You can’t just have education and outreach. It really is many things that have to come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/13/to-manage-groundwater-california-could-learn-from-its-neighbors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Skulls Show Women Moved Across Medieval Europe, Not Just Men",
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"content": "\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.[contextly_sidebar id=”pYT2UC3yizTWZTbVAhbQsLs7wMAIg0iD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.[contextly_sidebar id=”yRbjvplWb5QobaxW1Mu8CTsT9nbEUHYN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The newcomers who arrived in the little farming villages of medieval Germany would have stood out: They had dark hair and tawny skin, spoke a different language and had remarkably tall heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists who investigated the unusually shaped skulls say they provide evidence that women also migrated long distances across medieval Europe, not just men. A genetic analysis showed the women traveled from what is now Romania, Bulgaria and northern Greece at a time when the continent was being reshaped by the collapse of the Roman Empire.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Monday by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers say the women’s elongated heads — a result of binding done after birth — suggest they might have been high-class individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These women looked extremely different to the local women, very exotic if you will,” said one of the researchers, Joachim Burger, a population geneticist at the University of Mainz, Germany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With colleagues from Europe and the United States, Burger compared the genetic profile of almost 40 human remains unearthed from 5th and 6th century burial sites in Bavaria, along the Isar and Danube rivers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected to find the telltale signs of centuries of Roman presence in the area — soldiers from the Mediterranean leaving their genetic mark on the location population. Instead, it looked “very central or northern European — blond and fair-skinned, like modern-day Scandinavians,” Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Head Binding\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe exception was a group with deformed skulls. Known from various cultures across the world, artificially elongated skulls may have been considered a form of beauty or denoted high status because of the time and effort required to bandage a child’s head, said Burger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the practice is often associated with the Huns who swept into Europe from the East during the 5th century, the genetic makeup of the women found in Bavaria showed little Asian ancestry, suggesting that either head binding had been adopted by people living in southeastern Europe or emerged there independently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a sound study with quite interesting results,” said Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. He had no role in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Usually large-distance movements involve more males — explorers, soldiers, political elite, etc. — and short range movements are more common for females (spouses moving to their husband’s family),” Hublin said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s unclear why the women — apparently without men — traveled such a long distance, the study’s authors speculate that they may have represented strategic alliances between distant populations across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They must have come on purpose,” said Burger. “It’s not a single case, there are quite a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their foreign origins, the women integrated into Bavarian society, according to the researchers. They wore the same clothes as the locals and were buried with the same artifacts. Burger said further research is needed to see whether the women intermarried with the local population.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species",
"headTitle": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZNa7EivuxUmiiCSjqiv7hAV37IKMFxQ1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SESip0mwjDHlPmRknDzv4AAzFIQl6cdh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”dt6ORmIOjyltDK7Qr6OpJRRt9s0xR4LW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.[contextly_sidebar id=”A29mpotHTm0AeeMiKPynWklPIMruGxvh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.[contextly_sidebar id=”M2fw5fqr5nNNhXxF2LG5VxbSX2nFr8tU”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.[contextly_sidebar id=”GHmUsyZfpUCh2MDK2hYC4Ak75px9dYJy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.[contextly_sidebar id=”El9wuMXx11S8FZbK9cd9EQMlzP7Gvncv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some fish experts say that the controversial Delta tunnels would benefit ailing fish species like salmon.",
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"description": "Some fish experts say that the controversial Delta tunnels would benefit ailing fish species like salmon.",
"title": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species | KQED",
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"headline": "New Report Sparks Debate: Delta Tunnels Could Help Save Fish Species",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of California’s foremost experts on freshwater fish believes there may be hope for restoring native salmon to abundance – but there’s a catch: California must build the controversial Delta tunnels, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expected costs are tremendous and there is a lot of concern over that, but our paper is about what’s good for fish,” said \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/pbmoyle\">Peter Moyle\u003c/a>, a professor of fisheries with the University of California, Davis \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a>. “Will the Delta tunnels be good for fish or not? I think they will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle co-authored a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Delta-White-Paper_completed-3.6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">63-page report\u003c/a> with colleagues John Durand and Carson Jeffres that was released on Tuesday. It proposes a comprehensive game plan for restoring the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and saving native fish from extinction. Achieving this goal, according to the report, will require restoring a great deal of riverside habitat in the northern and western Delta. Saving the native fish, the report says, will also probably require building the Delta tunnels, or something resembling them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tunnels, known officially as California \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WaterFix\u003c/a>, would create a new conveyance system under the delta at an estimated cost of $17 billion. Such an alternative water diversion system, the authors explain in their paper, could help alleviate strains on the Delta currently caused by powerful water pumps at the south edge of the estuary, as long it is coupled with large-scale habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper was commissioned by \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.coastkeeper.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orange County Coastkeeper\u003c/a>, which received guidance and direction in the effort by the Municipal Water District of Orange County, according to meeting reports from \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.mwdoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/111616BOD_FINAL.pdf\">late 2016\u003c/a> and early 2017. Garry Brown, the executive director of Orange County Coastkeeper, said his organization funded the paper and that no funding came from water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conflict Of Interest?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, executive director of the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a>, which opposes the tunnel project, believes the paper’s findings were influenced by the MWD. The district receives water from the Delta via the State Water Project and potentially has much to gain from the tunnels, which its supporters say will improve the consistency and reliability of deliveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe Dr. Moyle delivered a theory based on the opinions of the people who funded his work,” Barrigan-Parrilla said. “It’s really heartbreaking. [Peter Moyle] is going to wind up on the wrong side of history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle said that for him, “What matters is being on the right side of protecting native fishes. Critics need to come up with a comprehensive, realistic plan for fish conservation that takes into account major changes to the delta that are likely to happen in the not-too-distant future.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new report comes at a time when the Delta smelt is nearer to extinction than it has ever been and when Chinook salmon numbers have plunged following years of drought-related stress. In fact, Moyle co-authored a report just 10 months ago predicting that most of California’s native salmon and trout would vanish over the next few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We predicted they’d go extinct if present trends continue,” he said. “The new report is a plan to make present trends \u003cem>not\u003c/em> continue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper – entitled “Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Fishes” – aims to provide lawmakers and policy directors with a framework to reverse the trends that have made the Delta such a hostile place for native fish that evolved to thrive in an estuary environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Broken Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAfter decades of aggressive water diversions, much of the Delta now functions ecologically more like a Mississippi basin swamp than like an estuary. One key feature of an estuary is that freshwater flows relatively consistently through the system, toward the sea. That flow pattern has been disrupted in much of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Moyle explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an ecosystem in most of the central and south Delta that just isn’t suitable for most of the native fishes we want to have around,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, two large pumping stations at the south edge of the Delta draw water into a pair of canals taking the water south and west. The pumps, run by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the California Department of Water Resources, are so powerful that they actually reverse the flow of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at times, confusing migrating fish and drawing them toward remote backwaters and the pumps themselves. This phenomenon has killed many millions of salmon, smelt and other native species over several decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14545\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-14545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/DSC01081.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds up a tagged Chinook salmon for a photograph before it’s released into the San Joaquin River. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new report outlines a state-mandated project called EcoRestore, initially introduced several years ago as a mitigation to the Delta tunnels project. EcoRestore would protect or revive about 30,000 acres in the Delta region – mainly floodplain and inter-tidal habitat. The report’s authors suggest expanding this project while focusing restoration efforts on a region of the estuary sometimes called the “North Delta Habitat Arc.” This area begins in the Yolo Bypass floodplain region southwest of Sacramento and extends south and west along the course of the Sacramento River. It has been spared some of the most drastic impacts and landscape alterations seen in the south Delta and to biologists is a key area of focus for habitat restoration projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the best opportunities are for habitat restoration, and the best place to spend money for restoration,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sparking Debate\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe paper doesn’t exactly introduce any new concepts in Delta restoration. What it does do, Moyle said, is present the needs of the Delta in one cohesive document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People know what the fish need,” he said. “It’s more a matter of connecting all the dots to make a coherent restoration program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the report is likely to fire up debate and criticism is its discussion of the hotly contested Delta tunnels. The project’s detractors have long warned the tunnels could easily lead to increased volumes of water being removed from the Delta – which they say could push salmon and other species over the brink.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they build it, salmon will do worse than they are now, and we’ll lose Delta smelt,” Barrigan-Parrilla said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle acknowledged there are risks associated with building and operating the tunnels, but it’s still a project he stands behind. Moyle said he feels the objections to WaterFix are misguided – at least as far as rebuilding salmon runs is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The status quo is not sustainable; it will result in the likely collapse of many remaining stocks of desirable fishes even with large investment in restoration projects,” the new report warns, referring to the existing water diversion system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing Risks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Moyle and his co-authors make the case that a pair of tunnels could alleviate the reverse-flow problem by diverting water from the north end of the estuary. This water would be moved underground and would connect to the existing conveyance system. The south Delta pumps would be throttled back, or even shut down for much of the year, and the end effect would be an uninterrupted seaward flow of water – exactly what could restore the Delta to health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But there are a lot of ifs, buts and ands here,” Moyle said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, huge fish screens must be installed in front of the tunnel intakes to prevent increased mortality of salmon – barriers that the report cautions might not be effective. The report also cautions that the tunnels will only benefit fish populations if all possible mitigations, including floodplain habitat restoration, are completed. Moreover, the authors warn that, once the tunnels are built, total water exports must not increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what John McManus worries will happen. The executive director of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.goldengatesalmon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>, a fishery advocacy group, McManus agrees with Moyle that the existing water diversion system threatens to annihilate Central Valley Chinook. However, he says the huge size of the proposed tunnels is reason to believe they will be used to take unsustainable volumes of water from the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McManus added that a single-tunnel version of the project – now being considered by the state – could also be harmful to fish. Moyle’s report assessed a single-tunnel alternative but decided it would be little better than the status quo “because it lacks flexibility” and would mean running the Delta pumps at relatively high rates.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research community seems generally skeptical of the capacity for the proposed tunnels to benefit fish. A \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20181028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in February by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey concluded that the project would likely increase negative impacts on juvenile Chinook salmon. Rene Henery, California science director for the group \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.tu.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trout Unlimited\u003c/a>, feels Moyle has endorsed the tunnels because he considers the better alternative – reducing overall water exports – politically unfeasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But so many things, until they happen, are politically unfeasible,” Henery said. He added that “forcing an infrastructure project that is so controversial” could widen society’s political fissures and make progress in environmental restoration an even more arduous task than it already is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, at Orange County Coastkeeper, said his group does not necessarily support the tunnels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But I think it’s okay to have a discussion about them,” he said. “Some people have become so committed to the fight against California WaterFix that they will overlook the finer points in the paper about habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moyle says saving fish species was just one reason he wrote the report. He also was eager to help bridge a significant political gap between Northern and Southern Californians. Decades ago, Delta water was exported primarily for use by San Joaquin Valley farmers and cities in Southern California. Today, millions of people in the Bay Area use the Delta’s water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“The idea is to present this as a common problem,” Moyle said. “We all get water from the Delta now, so it’s a statewide problem. It’s everyone’s problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.[contextly_sidebar id=”VZ7twXvSlZ6p2W7R5hF8UnzAhBBoGGxP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=”8st0m0rgfavfMo8lG1TQpIcPkT62cfeg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated.",
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"description": "A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated.",
"title": "San Francisco Bay Shellfish Are Loaded With Toxins, Study Finds | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A whopping 99 percent of mussels collected from the San Francisco Bay were contaminated with at least one algal toxin, while more than a third contained four different kinds of algal toxins, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318300258\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003c/a>published in the March issue of the scientific journal, \u003cem>Harmful Algae\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contamination levels were often high enough to make people and animals sick, according to researchers at the U\u003cspan id=\"\">niversity of California, Santa Cruz. Their findings revealed that c\u003c/span>ontamination levels “greatly exceeded” regulatory guidelines for multiple toxins in 2012, 2014, and 2015.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time we’ve found all four of those toxins, including both freshwater and marine toxins, in the same mussel samples,” says lead author and ocean scientist Raphael Kudela. “A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Bay, where freshwwater and marine waters converge, acts as a “big mixing bowl” where toxins collect, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consuming algal toxins — toxic substances released by certain algae — can have detrimental health effects in people and animals. In humans, it can produce allergic reactions such as skin rashes, respiratory symptoms, gastroenteritis, even liver and kidney failure or death, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A big concern is that we don’t know what happens if someone is exposed to multiple toxins at the same time.’\u003ccite>Dr. Raphael Kudela\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Although there are no commercial shellfish operations in San Francisco Bay, individuals harvest shellfish for their own consumption, according to the report. Online blogs feature some of the best locations along the bay to collect shellfish, including places where researchers say they found the highest toxin levels.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how widespread it is, but I wouldn’t recommend harvesting shellfish from the bay,” warns Kudela, “even if you’re following the state quarantine guidelines, because the state only monitors the open coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mussel Samples\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers began tracking algal toxin levels in 2011 using water quality surveys issued by the U.S. Geological Survey. Initially, they looked for two kinds of algal toxins: domoic acid and microcystins. When they found both, researchers began testing mussels for other contaminants and found that they not only contained the first two substances, but two additional kinds of algal toxins — paralytic shellfish and dinophysis shellfish toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, mussel samples often exceeded recommended guidelines for human consumption for both microcystins and \u003cem>Dinophysis\u003c/em> shellfish toxins. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-algal-toxins-microcystin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA lists\u003c/a> microcystins as a possible human carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levels of domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins were lower than the regulatory limits, but \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/content/qt9vm5m5ct/qt9vm5m5ct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">some studies\u003c/a> suggest repeated exposure to even low levels of these toxins may cause neurological disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">The study says ocean warming and the recent drought may have contributed to the situation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“Drought potentially brought some of the marine toxins further into the bay because there was less river flow, and it probably intensified the freshwater toxins,” Kudela says. “We don’t think the toxins were only there because of the drought, but it could have amplified things.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">Local and federal agencies have begun to review their monitoring programs as a result of the findings. But in areas like San Francisco Bay it can be difficult to determine who is responsible for monitoring the waters.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: black\">“We need to look at coastal areas more holistically,” says Kudela, “so we don’t end up with a regulatory gray area where nobody’s monitoring the shellfish but people are still eating them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean?",
"headTitle": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”PHNPZJw7BtCE8SvYWQmNIJKtUbQ6YzgX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean? | KQED",
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"headline": "Why Do Sea Snake Species Flourish In The Indian And Pacific Oceans, But Not In The Atlantic Or Caribbean?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beachgoers often find unusual things that have washed up with the tides. But many people were surprised when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-sea-snake-newport-beach-20180111-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">venomous yellow-bellied sea snake\u003c/a> recently was found alive on California’s Newport Beach. Sea snakes are less well-known than other marine reptiles, particularly sea turtles, even though they number more than 60 species, most of which evolved 1 to 8 million years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes are found only in the Indian and Pacific oceans. For many years, herpetologists and biologists like me have pondered why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. With colleagues at the University of Florida and elsewhere, I’ve recently proposed some answers to this long-standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wide-ranging, With Limits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways it was not surprising to see a yellow-bellied sea snake, Hydrophis platurus, wash ashore in California. This is the only species of sea snake that is “pelagic,” drifting and following the broad circulation patterns of oceanic currents. It has the broadest distribution of any squamate reptile (the group that includes lizards and snakes), ranging from the tip of South Africa across the Indo-Pacific to the Pacific coast of Central America. The snake that turned up at Newport Beach was the fourth found in California since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920958\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1920958\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-800x408.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-160x82.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-768x392.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-960x490.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-240x122.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-375x191.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn-520x265.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakes-file-20180308-30954-q3h3vn.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Global distribution of sea snakes, with Coral Triangle region circled. Lillywhite et al., BioScience 68 (1), 2018., CC BY-ND\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Normally, however, this far-ranging sea snake occurs in more tropical waters where temperatures are appropriate for it. Why not the Caribbean or Atlantic? I tackled this question with\u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herpetology/about-us/staff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coleman Sheehy III\u003c/a>, collections manager at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Florida Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harold Heatwole\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University; \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/h/halfh/www/cv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">François Brischoux\u003c/a> of France’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Committee\u003c/a> for Scientific Research; and \u003ca href=\"https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/museum-voices/david-steadman/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Steadman\u003c/a>, curator of ornithology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. In our \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> we considered sea snakes’ biology, evolutionary history and environmental conditions that we believe have prevented them from migrating into the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climatic And Current Barriers\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Not all sea snakes spend their entire lives in the ocean. Some species, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/banded_sea_krait\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sea kraits\u003c/a>, can live on land or in water and lay their eggs on land. This limits their range because they need to stay near land to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all entirely marine sea snakes are viviparous: They give birth to fully-formed young at sea, without laying eggs. This essential trait allowed the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake to extend its range across the entire Indo-Pacific from an area of origin somewhere in the\u003ca href=\"http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/coraltriangle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Coral Triangle\u003c/a> of Southeast Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time it reached Central America’s Pacific coast however, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4073\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isthmus of Panama\u003c/a> had formed, fully separating the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. When the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama Canal\u003c/a> opened in 1914, it became possible for an occasional sea snake to enter Caribbean waters accidentally. However, this species tends to drift with currents, so it is highly unlikely that enough could pass through the canal and find one another to the east to establish a breeding population. In fact, no population of sea snakes has been established on the eastern side of the canal since its completion in 1914.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920959\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920959\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-800x526.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-768x505.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz-520x342.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnake3-file-20180308-146691-1urg1vz.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banded Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) returning to the sea in Malaysia. Bernard Dupont, CC BY-SA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea snakes also could enter the Atlantic Ocean by swimming from the Indian Ocean around the tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Yellow-bellied sea snakes do occur in the waters immediately east of the cape, but two major obstacles prevent them from traveling farther west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, just west of the cape, the \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91198\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benguela Current\u003c/a> brings upwelling of very cold water to the coast of southwestern Africa. This current is 200 to 300 kilometers wide, and its water is too cold – about 55 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface – for sea snakes that might drift there to survive for long or reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, as my research has shown, sea snakes \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1782/20140119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require fresh water\u003c/a> for drinking and will dehydrate at sea without it. They drink from “lenses” of fresh or brackish water that form temporarily on the ocean’s surface after large downpours of rain. But the climate of coastal southwest Africa is characterized by a large zone of permanent high pressure, which makes the region very dry with almost no rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evolving From Land To Sea\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Sea snakes also could become established by making evolutionary transitions from terrestrial or freshwater habitats to marine habitats in the island systems of the Caribbean. We know that \u003ca href=\"http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elapidae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elapid snakes\u003c/a> – a family of venomous snakes with short, fixed-front fangs, such as cobras – have done this in the Coral Triangle region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, most of today’s sea snakes originated and evolved into different species in this part of the globe between 2 to 16 million years ago. At that time, this region was a vast wetland complex associated with Southeast Asia and the Australasian archipelago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land and sea are interlaced throughout the Coral Triangle, and have been so for several million years. This region is also characterized by high rainfall, low and variable water salinity, and relatively stable tropical warm temperatures. Throughout much of its geological past, sea levels rose and fell many times, opening and closing marine corridors and causing mangrove fringes and mud flats to form and disappear. All of these conditions are favorable for evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and stable, shallow marine habitats have persisted for the past 3 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920960\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1920960\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/seasnakemap-file-20180307-146661-1tu1o3p.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Coral Triangle covers 5.7 million square miles and is the most diverse and biologically complex marine ecosystem on the planet. NOAA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Similar changes occurred in the Caribbean, but the Coral Triangle is a much larger and more complex system. Multiple ancestral lineages of snakes occur in Southeast Asia, and there are four to five times more viviparous (live-bearing), estuarine species within the Coral Triangle than occur in the Caribbean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my view and that of my co-authors, the presence of appropriate lineages of snakes and a dynamic of ecological conditions favored speciation of sea snakes in the Coral Triangle much more so than in the Caribbean or anywhere else in the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, the Coral Triangle, broadly defined, appears to be the only region where viviparity is characteristic of the majority of estuarine snakes. These snakes live in coastal waters contacting freshwater habitats, and they were most likely to undergo an evolutionary transition from terrestrial or freshwater to marine habitats and give rise to sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Navigating Changing Oceans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Could future oceanic and weather conditions permit sea snakes to disperse from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean? I believe this is quite unlikely. Thus, we do not expect any sea snake to show up on the beaches of Florida, like those occasional snakes that have drifted to land on beaches in California. There is simply no source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already signs that some populations and species of sea snakes are in decline or have gone extinct, owing to changes in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12239/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rainfall patterns\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/52/2/257/673808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water temperatures\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.06.004.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">environmental contamination\u003c/a> or human exploitation. Future climatic changes might bring negative as well as positive impacts on the biogeography of sea snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From my own experience watching sea snakes swim with graceful undulations over coral reefs, losing them (or any other marine organism) would be tragic and could threaten the health of coral reefs where sea snakes are top predators and considered to be harbingers of ecosystem change.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91452/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Harvey Lillywhite is Professor of Biology and the Director of Seahorse Key Marine Laboratory at the University of Florida. This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Salmon Will Have Places To Chill With Dam Removal",
"headTitle": "Salmon Will Have Places To Chill With Dam Removal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.[contextly_sidebar id=”Wnl1esZEWwI0RGWMI67sN9snATu87BxN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.[contextly_sidebar id=”TUM1sPcjPTogGxLHO2AxtAwv3IHxUCJ9″][contextly_sidebar id=”JUkFdSmcSiNj1Ys5GfmRNJJ36MwaNtwX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.[contextly_sidebar id=”6KC5eP8J65H7YZuU7bTTLYRCVphAHRwk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A $100 million project removing dams and helping fish route around others is returning a badly endangered salmon to spring-fed waters in northernmost California, giving cold-loving native fish a life-saving place to chill as scientists say climate change, drought and human diversions warm the waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal officials, in a years-long project with dam-owner Pacific Gas & Electric Co., plan to release 200,000 young, endangered winter-run Chinook salmon over the next two months into the north fork of Battle Creek, where melted snow percolating through volcanic rock provides ideal habitat for native salmon and steelhead that thrive in cold mountain water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam-building for electrical generation and water storage from the 1930s blocked winter-run Chinook from upstream waterways, cutting their numbers from nearly a million to a few thousand barely getting by in warm downstream stretches of the Sacramento River, the state Department of Fish and Wildlife says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ranks winter-run Chinook as one of eight marine species most at risk of extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of Battle Creek’s spring-fed cold water, and the difficulty of keeping the Sacramento River cool enough for the winter-run Chinook, state and federal agencies made a priority of making Battle Creek accessible to winter-run Chinook again.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek has long been recognized as an ideal resource for cold water from snow melt,” said Doug Killam, a senior environmental scientist with the state wildlife agency. “It’s kind of a jewel of the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ongoing restoration project has removed one dam blocking access to the fish and will remove four more dams. A similar agreement, now awaiting approval or denial by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, would remove a series of dams blocking access to salmon farther north, in the Klamath River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other parts of this project included building better fish ladders and fish screens to give migrating salmon an easier time navigating around remaining obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s crucial to the survival of winter-run salmon to restore populations beyond the one hanging on in the Sacramento River, where a disaster like a chemical spill or another drought could wipe out the species, wildlife officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014 and 2015, nearly entire generations of the winter-run Chinook died in the too-warm Sacramento, as humans competed with the fish for water releases from behind Shasta Dam during a five-year drought.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to keep cold-loving salmon by eeking out cold water from behind dams is becoming more complicated still as the climate changes, said Howard Brown of NOAA fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Man-made climate change is reducing the snow runoff that Californians — both animal and human — historically have depended upon for much of their water supply, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easing the winter-run Chinook’s dependence on a single waterway, the Sacramento, is a good start, a fishing industry trade group said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Salmon fishermen used to have good fishing right outside the Golden Gate in February years ago before winter run salmon were decimated,” said John McManus, head of the Golden Gate Salmon Association. “Maybe someday we’ll see this again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jupiter’s poles are blanketed by geometric clusters of cyclones and its atmosphere is deeper than scientists suspected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just some of the discoveries reported by four international research teams Wednesday, based on observations by NASA’s Juno spacecraft circling Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group uncovered a constellation of nine cyclones over Jupiter’s north pole and six over the south pole. The wind speeds exceed Category 5 hurricane strength in places, reaching 220 mph.[contextly_sidebar id=”gkPmPsRyr9hAuLCtrGSUPolQL923T90P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive storms haven’t changed position much — or merged — since observations began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Team leader Alberto Adriani of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome was surprised to find such complex structures. Scientists thought they’d find something similar to the six-sided cloud system spinning over Saturn’s north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were wrong about it,” he said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found an octagon-shaped grouping over the north pole, with eight cyclones surrounding one in the middle, and a pentagon-shaped batch over the south pole. Each cyclone measures several thousand miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth planet from our sun, gas giant Jupiter is by far the largest planet in our solar system. Launched in 2011, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">Juno\u003c/a> has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 and peering beneath the thick ammonia clouds. It’s only the second spacecraft to circle the planet; Galileo did it from 1995 to 2003.[contextly_sidebar id=”VJbfmb5nr1LtMaoMRUzqAS1V11QKpzLK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the studies in this week’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> finds that Jupiter’s crisscrossing east-west jet streams actually penetrate thousands of miles beneath the visible cloud tops. Refined measurements of Jupiter’s uneven gravity field enabled the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Yohai Kaspi in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues to calculate the depth of the jet streams at about 3,000 kilometers, or 1,865 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The result is a surprise because this indicates that the atmosphere of Jupiter is massive and extends much deeper than we previously expected,” Kaspi said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QNrZc0pyosQt2330F17dykOXLPcw78wL”]By better understanding these strong jet streams and the gravity field, Kaspi said scientists can better decipher the core of Jupiter. A similar situation may be occurring at other big gas planets like Saturn, where the atmosphere could be even deeper than Jupiter’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Fortney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the research, called the findings “extremely robust” and said they show “high-precision measurements of a planet’s gravitational field can be used to answer questions of deep planetary dynamics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using similar techniques, Juno could help scientists determine the depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, a colossal swirling storm, Fortney said in a companion article in the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory researchers Glenn Orton and Fachreddin Tabataba-Vakili, who both took part in the cyclone study, said all these new discoveries “show Jupiter from a new perspective” unseen before Juno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot say how many mysteries are left to uncover,” they wrote in an email. “We are already finding way more fascinating results than we ever expected!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jupiter’s poles are blanketed by geometric clusters of cyclones and its atmosphere is deeper than scientists suspected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are just some of the discoveries reported by four international research teams Wednesday, based on observations by NASA’s Juno spacecraft circling Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One group uncovered a constellation of nine cyclones over Jupiter’s north pole and six over the south pole. The wind speeds exceed Category 5 hurricane strength in places, reaching 220 mph.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive storms haven’t changed position much — or merged — since observations began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Team leader Alberto Adriani of Italy’s National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome was surprised to find such complex structures. Scientists thought they’d find something similar to the six-sided cloud system spinning over Saturn’s north pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were wrong about it,” he said via email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found an octagon-shaped grouping over the north pole, with eight cyclones surrounding one in the middle, and a pentagon-shaped batch over the south pole. Each cyclone measures several thousand miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth planet from our sun, gas giant Jupiter is by far the largest planet in our solar system. Launched in 2011, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html\">Juno\u003c/a> has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 and peering beneath the thick ammonia clouds. It’s only the second spacecraft to circle the planet; Galileo did it from 1995 to 2003.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another of the studies in this week’s journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a> finds that Jupiter’s crisscrossing east-west jet streams actually penetrate thousands of miles beneath the visible cloud tops. Refined measurements of Jupiter’s uneven gravity field enabled the Weizmann Institute of Science’s Yohai Kaspi in Rehovot, Israel, and his colleagues to calculate the depth of the jet streams at about 3,000 kilometers, or 1,865 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The result is a surprise because this indicates that the atmosphere of Jupiter is massive and extends much deeper than we previously expected,” Kaspi said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By better understanding these strong jet streams and the gravity field, Kaspi said scientists can better decipher the core of Jupiter. A similar situation may be occurring at other big gas planets like Saturn, where the atmosphere could be even deeper than Jupiter’s, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jonathan Fortney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the research, called the findings “extremely robust” and said they show “high-precision measurements of a planet’s gravitational field can be used to answer questions of deep planetary dynamics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using similar techniques, Juno could help scientists determine the depth of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, a colossal swirling storm, Fortney said in a companion article in the journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory researchers Glenn Orton and Fachreddin Tabataba-Vakili, who both took part in the cyclone study, said all these new discoveries “show Jupiter from a new perspective” unseen before Juno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot say how many mysteries are left to uncover,” they wrote in an email. “We are already finding way more fascinating results than we ever expected!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”S3C0e0WUKFKCoLcjv17gBGqipRAoZjY1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Massive smoke plumes from the record-breaking 2017 North American wildfires affected Earth’s atmosphere like a volcanic eruption does, according to \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076763/epdf?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED_NO_CUSTOMER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powerful flames from the wildfires released thick smoke into the stratosphere, the next highest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that sits about six miles above the Earth’s surface. “Once there, the smoke particles circled the globe in roughly two weeks and remained in the stratosphere for several months,” \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/?utm_source=CPRE&utm_medium=email&utm_content=this+week+from+AGU+3%2f7%2f18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes reporter Brendan Bane\u003c/a> for the website, \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geospace\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The overall impact of the 2017 North American fires on the stratosphere surpassed all other documented wildfire events since the beginning of stratospheric observations in the 1980s and had an effect equivalent to a volcanic eruption, according to the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘This event was so big and its fires were so powerful that not only did they inject material into the stratosphere, they injected enough material that the stratosphere was polluted on a hemispheric scale,’ said Sergey Khaykin, an atmospheric scientist at Versailles University (UVSQ) in France, and lead author of the new study in \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em>, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. ‘The effect really was comparable to a moderate volcanic eruption.’\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2018/03/05/2017-north-american-wildfire-pollution-comparable-moderate-volcanic-eruption/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium\" src=\"https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/files/2018/03/smoke_plume_tracking.gif\" alt=\"smoke plumes from north america 2017 fire season\" width=\"1200\" height=\"364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Watch as smoke plumes from North America’s 2017 fire season dissipate across the northern hemisphere. In just a few days, the plume’s contents spread across the globe and back again, covering thousands of miles in just a short time.\u003cbr>Credit: Sergey Khaykin.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bane describes why the 2017 North American wildfires were uniquely powerful and how the smoke moved through Earth’s atmosphere in fascinating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors of the study hope their findings will lead other researchers to pay more attention to the effects of wildfire pollution on Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s wildfire season was one of the most destructive in recent history, destroying millions of acres throughout British Columbia, California, Montana, and Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Massive recovery efforts included about 28,000 personnel, 1,900 fire engines, and 200 active-duty military personnel, according to a Mother Jones \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2017/12/the-2017-fire-season-has-been-more-expensive-than-any-on-record-and-its-only-going-to-get-worse/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A KQED \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> into the causes of the wildfire and the emergency response is airing this week at 6:22 a.m. and 8:22 a.m. on FM 88.5.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists at UC Berkeley have a more precise map now of Bay Area lands at risk of being underwater by the end of the century.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you imagine the San Francisco Bay as a bathtub, sea level rise means the bathwater is rising. A new study published today in Science Advances finds the tub is sinking too, and in some places, more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Bay Area cities have built on landfill or newer mud, that land is compacting, and sinking faster than other places. This subsidence is a problem for, among others, Foster City, Union City, San Rafael, and the land around San Francisco Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5984px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1920817\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg\" alt=\"Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from subsidence (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red).\" width=\"5984\" height=\"4326\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2.jpg 5984w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-800x578.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-768x555.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1020x737.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1920x1388.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-1180x853.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-960x694.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/Figure2-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5984px) 100vw, 5984px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Berkeley and ASU researchers calculate land loss from sinking land (blue), sea level rise (yellow), and the two phenomena together (red). \u003ccite>(Roland Burgmann/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The northwest corner of Treasure Island is subsiding really rapidly – half an inch or so per year,” says UC Berkeley geophysicist Roland Burgmann. He’s a senior author on the study and worked with Manoochehr Shirzaei, a former postdoctoral fellow at Berkeley, now at Arizona State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann and Shirzaei used an ultra-precise satellite radar system to map, for the first time, Bay Area land loss with exacting resolution. By combining projected land loss with sea level rise, the team concludes that by century’s end, 90 percent more land could be at risk of flooding than from sea level rise alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1920816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1920816\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-800x833.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-160x167.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-768x800.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1020x1063.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1920x2000.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-1180x1229.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-960x1000.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-240x250.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-375x391.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-520x542.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/figure1-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of sea level rise are worsened in places around the Bay Area built on infill or mud that is sinking, say researchers from Berkeley and ASU.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These maps show where we should be pretty much underwater all the time on average,” Burgmann says. He cautions that the work only addresses flooding related to sea level rise and subsidence – essentially, what happens when you raise the level of bathwater while lowering the tub itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Burgmann notes that sinking lands and rising seas aren’t the only hazards that affect flooding in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to add to that bathtub daily tides, storms every season and really big flooding events – then you have the full hazard story,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann believes his team’s information and methods could help coastal planners prepare for acute hazards such as king tides, storms, tsunamis and catastrophic floods. Scientists haven’t very often done an analysis that combines land loss and sea level rise together, perhaps because, they say, subsidence data has not been robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not widely used, not at a national level,” says Patrick Barnard, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “Most studies ignore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnard says USGS hazard assessments about flooding in the San Francisco Bay Area already rely in part on Burgmann’s data and analysis. And it’s important to continue to develop more accurate land loss projections for the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If [subsidence] is not included in assessing sea level rise,” he says, “we could be missing a significant part of the risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burgmann’s study also could prove valuable to at least one of the ten teams participating in the competition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/\">Resilient by Design\u003c/a>. It’s funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and others with the goal of adapting to sea level rise in the Bay Area. Near Union City, a city vulnerable to both sinking land and sea level rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/public-sediment\">an interdisciplinary team called Public Sediment is investigating\u003c/a> the future of Alameda Creek – and team member Gena Wirth is eager to hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People keep thinking that sea level rise is a future problem, but we actually have to act now,” says Wirth, a landscape architect with \u003ca href=\"https://www.scapestudio.com/\">New York-based SCAPE Architecture\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around Alameda Creek, she says, “there’s been a thinking that the levees are a fundamental part of the solution [to sea level rise…but if the whole ground is sinking and the groundwater dynamics are changing we have to plan in a totally different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Sediment team is considering ways to strategically breach levees and set sediment free, to nourish the mudflats and marshes that can protect East Bay cities from storms and high tide. Their proposal and those from nine other teams will be public in May.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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