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"content": "\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=”hUI6nVdV1PEPfKrni70ff3tufawP4LA6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKThB4hgZBTNSY1ykLSmBw3XA8xhsCgm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California has granted more than $34 million to desalination projects, and much of that money is going toward brackish water projects. That approach isn’t cheap or without environmental concerns, says Richard Mills of the Department of Water Resources.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Department of Water Resources has awarded $34 million in \u003ca href=\"http://wdl.water.ca.gov/desalination/2017Cycle4Awards.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grants\u003c/a> to eight desalination projects throughout the state. The money is part of a round of awards for desalination projects, as designated by \u003ca href=\"https://www.water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans/IRWM-Grant-Programs/Proposition-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ocean desalination has often caught most of the public attention, two of those construction projects, in Antioch and Camarillo, focused specifically on inland brackish desalination, as did several of the other projects that received grant money. California has plenty of salty inland water,\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/806524/water-windfall-found-in-drought-stricken-california\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> such as the water\u003c/a> in the upstream Delta or in underground aquifers that have absorbed soil salts. As local agencies look for more potable water sources, desalinating that local water may become an important part of the equation, says Richard Mills, the Department of Water Resources’ recycling and desalination chief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not cheap. Mills says that brackish desalination can run from about $800 for an acre-foot of water to about $3,000. While these projects are generally cheaper than ocean desalination, costs vary significantly by location. Still, the proposed projects show that, despite the cost, there is still a lot of interest in brackish desalination. “That may mean that we’re running out of cheap water sources,” he said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Mills about the projects and the role of brackish desalination, especially groundwater desalination, throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: In these awards, why is there so much emphasis on brackish desalination, as opposed to ocean water desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Mills: I think that cost and the sustainability of implementation accounts for a lot of that. The cost of brackish water desalination is generally much less than seawater desalination, in part because the treatment itself – the cost is very much affected by the degree of salinity. The less salinity, the less cost. The environmental issues can [also] tend to be somewhat less, depending on the individual situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are the current environmental impacts of brackish desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: For open water intakes for brackish water – from San Francisco Bay or the upstream Delta – you have the effects on aquatic organisms in the water column. Brackish water [desalination] growth in California has been more focused on using groundwater, where the intake part isn’t so much of an environmental impact, other than the effect on the groundwater itself and potentially overdrafting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brine is the other key environmental issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is brackish groundwater desalination cheaper than seawater desalination?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I should say that, for either ocean water or brackish water projects, there is a very wide range of project costs. If you just look at the treatment itself, the desalination treatment technology is to take the salts out of the water, and the most common treatment technology that is being used currently is reverse osmosis, which can be fairly energy-intensive and the amount of energy required is greatly affected by the concentration of the salts in the source water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the brackish water projects, we seem to be dealing in the range of 1,000–3,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids, whereas when we’re talking about ocean water, we’re more in the range of 30,000–35,000 milligrams of total dissolved solids. So you’re dealing with a concentration of salts that is about one-tenth that of ocean water, and therefore the cost itself is much less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921629\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921629\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-800x538.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-768x516.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-375x252.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/856161841-520x350.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Poseidon Water Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, California, is one of the largest seawater treatment plants in the U.S. \u003ccite>(Don Bartletti/Los Angeles Times/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The brine is another significant cost, as well as an environmental issue. With ocean desalination, the quantities of brine are much greater, but one advantage is that you generally have the ability to discharge them into the ocean in an environmentally acceptable way. With inland projects, there’s the issue of what to do with the salts. Putting them in a landfill – could there potentially be contamination issues as salts leech back into the groundwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can’t say that in an individual situation, brackish groundwater desalination is going to be a cheaper alternative, but as you see from the eight awards there is still a lot of interest in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How much do you think that brackish desalination will be a part of how California deals with water issues in the future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: In the California Water Plan 2013, we had kind of an inventory of projects that were in place at the time, and also what seemed to be in planning. In 2013, there were 23 brackish groundwater desalination plants, and three ocean desalination plants. The ocean plants, at that time, were very minuscule in size, so the annual production and capacity was only 560 acre-feet a year, whereas with the brackish groundwater, the annual capacity was 139,000 acre-feet a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: As brackish desalination becomes a bigger part of California communities meeting their water needs, how is the Department of Water Resources balancing brackish groundwater withdrawal with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: Well, one thing is that when we give grants toward the planning or even for construction, we’re expecting that there be an analysis of how the drawing of additional brackish water from the ground may impact the overall groundwater supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the Groundwater Management Act, there’s a mandate to analyze these issues. I think that even if there wasn’t a prudent local effort to analyze the impacts on the part of the proponents of local brackish groundwater use, the groundwater management agencies that are trying to comply with the Groundwater Management Act are going to be a driving force to make sure that proper analysis is being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Water Deeply: Thank you for talking with us. Is there anything else that you would like to say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills: I think in summary, it’s not going to be on a statewide level a huge contribution to our state’s water supply, but it is important for many local communities who need a more significant source of supply, and it is a way to take advantage of a source of water that is currently unusable and being able to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This article originally appeared on \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Water Deeply\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>, and you can find it \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/20/desalinated-water-in-california-doesnt-have-to-come-from-the-ocean\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>here\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>sign up\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Striking Video of Minke Whale Captured Underwater",
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"content": "\u003cp>[vimeo 259980643 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammal expert Dr. Regina Eisert thought minke whales were a little boring until she captured some striking footage of one swimming underwater near Antarctica. Now she thinks they’re beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert said the whales look similar from the surface but that she gained a new appreciation for their individuality after seeing the markings on one up close. She said her team got the underwater video by luck. They’d planned to film underwater for two weeks but managed to get just 90 minutes of footage before running into technical problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”UezITzAjTJAkXrNDDFyQiilIFE1CFw4K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher at the University of Canterbury, Eisert said they were in Antarctica earlier this year mainly to research orcas in the Ross Sea. But she said their observations of minke whales could shed new light on their feeding patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Baleen whales are an important part of the ecosystem, but they’re grossly understudied,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conventional thinking has been that minke whales mainly chase krill, Eisert said. But she couldn’t see any krill where the whales were swimming, so she thinks they may have been chasing small schools of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes they will be able to find out more about what the whales eat after taking a tiny amount of skin and blubber from the minke whales using a modified tranquilizer gun.[contextly_sidebar id=”etnsD5rZH1oUOq5SZTeWhuYiRSa7UkHq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert and her team got their footage after being dropped by helicopter on sea ice not far from two research stations, New Zealand’s Scott Base and the American base McMurdo Station. The U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star had earlier cut a channel through the ice to allow the stations to be resupplied, which Eisert said also provided a kind of highway for the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said there had been very little study of minke whales in the Ross Sea region, despite there being over 100,000 in the area. The cost and difficulty of studying them in such a remote and inhospitable place had been a deterrent, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert’s research, sponsored by The Pew Charitable Trusts, will examine the effect of a new marine protected area on the Ross Sea ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammal expert Dr. Regina Eisert thought minke whales were a little boring until she captured some striking footage of one swimming underwater near Antarctica. Now she thinks they’re beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert said the whales look similar from the surface but that she gained a new appreciation for their individuality after seeing the markings on one up close. She said her team got the underwater video by luck. They’d planned to film underwater for two weeks but managed to get just 90 minutes of footage before running into technical problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A researcher at the University of Canterbury, Eisert said they were in Antarctica earlier this year mainly to research orcas in the Ross Sea. But she said their observations of minke whales could shed new light on their feeding patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Baleen whales are an important part of the ecosystem, but they’re grossly understudied,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conventional thinking has been that minke whales mainly chase krill, Eisert said. But she couldn’t see any krill where the whales were swimming, so she thinks they may have been chasing small schools of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She hopes they will be able to find out more about what the whales eat after taking a tiny amount of skin and blubber from the minke whales using a modified tranquilizer gun.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert and her team got their footage after being dropped by helicopter on sea ice not far from two research stations, New Zealand’s Scott Base and the American base McMurdo Station. The U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star had earlier cut a channel through the ice to allow the stations to be resupplied, which Eisert said also provided a kind of highway for the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said there had been very little study of minke whales in the Ross Sea region, despite there being over 100,000 in the area. The cost and difficulty of studying them in such a remote and inhospitable place had been a deterrent, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eisert’s research, sponsored by The Pew Charitable Trusts, will examine the effect of a new marine protected area on the Ross Sea ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial",
"headTitle": "Live Blog: Federal Judge Oversees Climate Change Tutorial | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:56pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup wraps up today’s first ever court-mandated climate crash course by showing off his very cool space tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Alsup shows off his space tie for science day \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976547821204619264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup has tie (painted?) with what looks like a Hubble snapshot of deep space – yellow galaxies on blue. He’s ready to science!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Nathanael Johnson (@SavorTooth) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SavorTooth/status/976475761132453889?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:553pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Judge Alsup tells attorneys for the other defendants that they have two weeks to sign on to Chevron’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge is issuing an order to other defendants explaining whether they agree with every statement Boutrous said. “You can’t get away with sitting here in silence and then later saying he wasn’t speaking for us.” They’ve got two weeks \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976546870322388992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Concluding the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, Judge Alsup tells counsel for other fossil fuel defendants that they have 2 weeks to file statements specifying whether they disagree with any points / concessions made by Chevron’s attorney. Should be interesting to see their responses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976547719975133189?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:45pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Judge Alsup poses an interesting question about wildfires: Don’t they emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air? Is that a tiny factor in the overall rise of CO2 emissions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Molly Peterson observes that the judge may be trying to compare wildfire CO2 emissions to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wuebbles tells the judge that while he has not done the math on fire emissions, it is small compared to fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 3 percent of annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions come from wildfires, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.forestfoundation.org/wildfires-and-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Forest Foundation\u003c/a>. The Los Angeles Daily News \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/14/in-californias-wildfires-a-looming-threat-to-climate-goals-smolders/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last year\u003c/a> that in less than one week, wildfires in Southern California released harmful emissions equal to that of every car, truck and big rig on the state’s roads in a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:19pm:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Climate science has advanced in the years since 2012, notes Nobel-prize winning climate researcher Wuebbles. He is responding to Chevron’s tactic of limiting their tutorial to certain years, a move that some say serves to downplay the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Plaintiff cities get Don Wuebbles up there to say that “science did not stop” after 2012, when IPCC 5 stops…he’s here to talk to the National Climate Assessment \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\">https://t.co/Fem6LJwavx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538039680868352?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Wuebbles wrote a chapter of the IPCC and is clarifying that the 2017 National Climate Assessment has newer reliable science in it as well \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976538368182923264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:18pm: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>To wrap up the climate tutorial, city plaintiffs have called Donald Wuebbles, lead author of the U.S. National Climate Assessment, to speak about the best available science on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Seventeen of the last 18 years are the warmest on record, says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Wuebbles?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Wuebbles\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976539725606481920?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:16pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> And that’s a wrap for Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s Boutrous finishes main presentation on science with a quote from Oakland’s bond disclosure (about not being able to predict natural events)…which isn’t exactly peer-reviewed. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976537517875871744?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>12:11pm:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> An interesting strategy being employed by the defense is to limit reports on sea level rise to certain years, a tactic which some say is misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s presentation on sea level rise focuses on IPCC from 2013, which means observations end a couple of years before that. Sea level rise science has advanced significantly since the last IPCC, as Gary Griggs indicated earlier. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534296033837056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This is why a judge’s “tutorial” on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climate?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climate\u003c/a> can be dangerous: what recourse is there when Chevron presents data and graphics that are completely misleading? How do they get challenged? \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Peter Gleick (@PeterGleick) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PeterGleick/status/976534289335701505?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:55am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron just informed Judge Alsup that he is presenting on behalf of his client alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting: Alsup to Chevron attny I thought you were presenting for all the defendants. Do they agree with you? Boutrous: I’m just presenting for Chevron. Alsup: Okay at some point I’m going to ask them all if they agree. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/ClimateTutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#ClimateTutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976530769165172736?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Both presentations also strongly influenced by Judge’s self-directed research, questions, and interests. When Chevron lawyer can’t answer scientific questions, Alsup has been more likely to let it go. Alsup pressed scientists further. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\">https://t.co/Rn6lTeqLit\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976534880979791872?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:48am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Along with attempting to poke holes at the certainty of climate science, the defense is also arguing that the \u003cem>extraction\u003c/em> of fossil fuels is not the problem, rather its the \u003cem>use\u003c/em> of their product. That would seem to relate back to their earlier “collective responsibility” argument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s lawyer at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> – “IPCC does not say it’s the extraction of fossil fuels [that causes climate change], it’s the energy use – the economic activity – that generates emissions.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976526523103506433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>11:27am:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Judge Alsup is apparently a fan of physicist Svante Arrhenius, who in 1896, made the first estimate of climate sensitivity, calculating that surface temperatures would rise by 4-6°C if carbon dioxide emissions doubled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup professes admiration for Arrhenius: ‘Don’t you think it’s amazing that that guy..with just the back of an envelope with pencil and paper, could have made that projection that even today sounds pretty reasonable?’ Chevron atty agrees: ‘These scientists are brilliant.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Debra Kahn (@debra_kahn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debra_kahn/status/976521407466106880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge Alsup shows his science nerd side. Marvels that at end of 19th C. Svante Arrhenius predicted roughly the same temp rise from CO2 increase as modern models. “He was one guy in an early age and using his brain and some data … You have to admire that.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976520479090425856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The strategy apparently being employed by Chevron lawyers is to argue that climate science is filled with uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">At the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>, it appears that Chevron’s strategy is to portray climate science as a field that is characterised by significant uncertainty and conflicting scientific theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976519729614475264?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">“That’s how science works. It’s trial and error…It’s cumulative; it’s self-correcting.” – Chevron lawyer emphasizes uncertainty of Arrhenius’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatescience?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatescience\u003c/a> in 1951. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976516202867580928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron’s graphs seem mostly to end around 2010 or 2012, which helps minimize the visual impact of the record temperatures in more recent years \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatechange?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatechange\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976525027276288001?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>11:10am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’S Molly Peterson reports that during the summary portion of early 20th century climate science, Judge Alsup interrupted the Chevron attorney to point out that he skipped meterologist Guy Callendar’s landmark 1938 report linking fossil fuels to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about Callendar’s findings at \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2013/apr/22/guy-callendar-climate-fossil-fuels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Someone established a Twitter account in 2014 for Guy Callendar, the scientist referenced by Judge Alsup in the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\">https://t.co/7ChTftlrU4\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976521896782016512?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10:58am: \u003c/strong>Remarks on\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the defense’s presentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Judge and Chevron attorney seem to establish that since 1951, it’s been accepted that CO2 has a warming effect. Oil company attorney isn’t great at answering judge’s science questions; does it matter? Hard to say. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976517515999244288?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Interesting that Alsup was quick to prevent plaintiffs from “getting political” but hasn’t said anything about Chevron critiquing policies of SF & Oakland, and those recommended by IPCC, in first five minutes of presentation \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976506236253302784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:35am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The attorney for Chevron is largely relying on data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Chevron presenting a history of IPCC summaries, not a history of science as requested. And then, warming is partly “how people are living their lives.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976508965252055041?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters at the hearing note that no experts are presenting on behalf of the oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Defendants leaving science to lawyer, plaintiffs to scientists. Both OK, just noting difference in strategy. Probably woulda been good to have a scientist answer Alsup on solar fluctuations, tho. Lawyer says “it just happens” 🤷🏻♀️\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976512549582598144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>10:16am: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Environmental journalist Warren Cornwall:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">No indication so far that oil companies will be calling scientists to talk to Judge Alsup today. Chevron attorney is doing the talking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976506832331026433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Avi Garbow, former general counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency under the Obama administration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells KQED that Chevron supports\u003c/a> the scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels is the leading cause of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the established scientific consensus and from Chevron’s standpoint, there’s now no reasonable scientific debate about that conclusion,” said Garbow. “Chevron accepts that and that’s what it will present to the court in the tutorial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, oil industry lawyers will argue that the courtroom is not the proper forum for tackling climate change issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>10:11am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Climate reporter Amy Westervelt tweeting from the courtroom:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Griggs: 10-year flood that would have come once every 10 years is now coming 10 times a year. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ClimateLawNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ClimateLawNews\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Amy Westervelt (@amywestervelt) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/amywestervelt/status/976504429149958144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:41am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> Retired Judge Alice C. Hill, whose work now focuses on preparing for the impacts of climate change, \u003ca href=\"https://www.lawfareblog.com/catastrophic-risks-climate-change-us-turns-its-back-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writing in\u003c/a> national security blog \u003cem>LawFare:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This isn’t the stuff of science fiction. It is happening already, right here in the United States. It just gets worse—a lot worse—the more carbon we send up into the atmosphere. Just as America suffers, so will the rest of the world. And some of their suffering will spill back onto us. We already have plenty of examples of how climate impacts in other countries threaten global stability and our national security. These include the historic drought in Syria that drove over a million people, mostly young men, to move to cities in search of work and which, in turn, contributed to civil unrest and unprecedented mass migration.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:21am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a> is done with his presentation. The next witness for plaintiffs is \u003ca href=\"https://eps.ucsc.edu/faculty/Profiles/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=griggs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gary Griggs\u003c/a>, professor of Earth Sciences at the University of California Santa Cruz. Grigg will focus on how sea level rise is affecting San Franciso.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Griggs: Showing chart of sea level rise, steep rate of increase 20,000 years ago and then even steeper rate of increase today. Discussion of lower sea levels thousands of years ago, including ancient peoples crossing the land bridge to North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Deborah Moore (@debmoore_UCS) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/debmoore_UCS/status/976495452383096832?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:14am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>On the question of liability for the impacts of climate change:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen notes it is possible to trace CO2 emissions directly to products sold by individual companies. Highly relevant to question of \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> for fossil fuel companies. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976489073966657536?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Now we’re getting to a key legal point in this climate lawsuit against oil companies. Myles Allen tells Judge Alsup “It’s possible to trace these emissions directly to products sold by individual companies.” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ScienceInsider?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ScienceInsider\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Warren Cornwall (@WarrenCornwall) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/WarrenCornwall/status/976489669650075648?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>9:05am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Today’s tutorial, a key early step in the case, is divided into two parts. The first part is 60 minutes and will have both sides presenting the history of climate change study. The second portion will have both sides present the best available science on climate science, including data on coastal flooding and sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">It’s kind of a climate change greatest hits: Allen recaps how Roger Revelle in 1957 made the crucial observation that simple chemistry limits the amount of carbon dioxide that the oceans can take up. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climatetutorial?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climatetutorial\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976487828765908992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:42am:\u003c/strong> \u003c/em>Jessica Wentz, a lawyer at Columbia University’s \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sabin Center for Climate Change Law\u003c/a>, is live tweeting from Judge Alsup’s courtroom in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Prof Allen: “the important point here is that we don’t just have a theory… we have direct observations from space” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ColumbiaClimate?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@ColumbiaClimate\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Jessica Wentz (@jess_wentz) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jess_wentz/status/976482927843225600?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>A report \u003ca href=\"http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/files/2018/02/Adler-2018-02-U.S.-Climate-Change-Litigation-in-the-Age-of-Trump-Year-One.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued by the Sabin Center\u003c/a> in February titled “\u003cem>U.S. Climate Change Litigation in the Age of Trump\u003c/em>,” finds that lawsuits calling for climate protections exceeded those that opposed climate deregulation by roughly 3:1 (73% to 27%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cases mark a surge in “municipalities suing fossil fuel companies under state common law and a suite of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits seeking transparency from the Trump Administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:36am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> KQED’s Craig Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921434/climates-day-in-court-maybe-not-the-great-debate-but-still-a-big-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">writes that oil industry lawyers\u003c/a> will not try to debate climate science during today’s hearing. Their strategy instead will be to have the case thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>They’ve filed a motion to have the case dismissed, arguing that the courtroom is not the appropriate place to set climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The courts have said over and over again that public nuisance claims in court are not the way to go about solving global policy questions like global warming,” Chevron lawyer Joshua Lipshutz told reporters in a Monday conference call. “They’ve all been thrown out of court.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:29am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> First mention of Sventus Arrenhius, who wrote what’s widely considered to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/Arrhenius%201906,%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first paper on climate change.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molly Peterson\u003c/a> reports that Judge Alsup is establishing himself as an active questioner in the climate tutorial, interrupting Allen and asking for clarification on powerpoint graphs.\u003cbr>\n__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:19am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> The first expert presenting to Judge Alsup is the Environmental Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/people/mallen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Myles Allen\u003c/a>, who is arguing for liability for oil companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">First presenter for plaintiffs at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/climateliability?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#climateliability\u003c/a> tutorial is Myles Allen, Oxford professor who has advocated for quantifying human responsibility\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big Oil must pay for climate change. Now we can calculate how much \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\">https://t.co/BKCJr4z0Lk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Molly Peterson (@Mollydacious) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Mollydacious/status/976476202742398976?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 21, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>8:15am:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em> A federal judge in San Francisco is getting a five-hour crash course on climate science today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge William Alsup is presiding over a lawsuit filed by Oakland and San Francisco against\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921232/what-exxon-knew-and-when-they-knew-it-climate-science-in-s-f-federal-court\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> several oil companies\u003c/a> for the costs of climate change impacts. Alsup has taken the unusual step of asking both sides to present their views on the state of climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow our blog for special live coverage. KQED’s Molly Peterson is also tweeting live from the courtroom at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/mollydacious?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@mollydacious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1921476 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/IMG_1576-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Sweet Science: Putting Corn Syrup to Work on Earth’s Origins",
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"content": "\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.[contextly_sidebar id=”KDs6ze7eM9vxpD2PzE0wF1mwmVVcWrRm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.[contextly_sidebar id=”p1e6zk6XW6ymNypfrKhWR0VLlJOOrNMb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.[contextly_sidebar id=”T4fiTe3Kh2k48FLSyzjQSpVSghXCFeox”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How has the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918564/this-moment-on-earth-because-climate-change-is-everyones-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth evolved\u003c/a>, and what’s in store for the future? It’s a sticky question that has graduate student Loes van Dam covered in corn syrup by the end of a day in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thought using a computer model would be limiting. So she designed and built a large tank, filled it with 2,000 pounds of corn syrup, and added six counter-rotating belts to study how tectonic plates drift and shift.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The corn syrup represents the Earth’s mantle, which melts to form magma at volcanoes and ridges. The belts are the drifting and shifting tectonic plates. Their intersection is the ocean ridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syrup in the tank, which measures 5 feet wide, 5 feet long and 1½ feet tall, slowly moves as the belts pull apart. Cameras record the flow in what van Dam has named the “ridge zone replicator.” One minute of each experiment equals more than a million years in time, to show how tectonic plates \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1921142/coming-soon-to-a-planet-near-you-live-high-definition-video-from-mars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">move mantle material.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool that with our little experiments, we get clues about how this process has been going on in the past and why those plates are positioned the way they are now,” said van Dam, who studies geological oceanography at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography in Narragansett.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How plates drift is not thoroughly understood, and computer simulations have difficulty capturing it. Her experiments aim to show how plate tectonics created the sea floor over billions of years, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920994/did-the-moon-come-from-a-giant-space-donut\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">how those forces\u003c/a> are at work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can understand the flow at all points in the syrup. We’re not limited to measuring at a few points, like in a numerical simulation,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her experiments are showing that the lava that erupts from volcanoes to form new sea floor may originate at a shallower depth in the Earth than geologists currently think. The model shows more horizontal flow of mantle material than previous models have shown.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may tell researchers more about the chemical makeup of the Earth’s interior, said URI Professor Chris Kincaid, an expert in geophysical oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To his knowledge, he said, it’s the first 3-D model of a mid-ocean ridge system that can migrate in any direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She’s trying to put together a clearer picture of the evolution of the Earth,” he said. “If you’re trying to understand how the Earth is changing in the future, you need to know that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dam, 23 and born in Rotterdam, Netherlands, moved to Novato, California, when she was young. She always picked up rocks that fascinated her and got her first introduction to plate tectonics in a third-grade earth science class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is funded with a grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "World’s Last Male Northern White Rhino Dies",
"headTitle": "World’s Last Male Northern White Rhino Dies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The death of the world’s last male northern white rhino, Sudan, doesn’t end efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals. The focus now turns to his stored semen and that of four other dead rhinos, as well as the perfection of in vitro fertilization techniques and the critical need to keep the remaining two females alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, conservationists hope the lessons learned in the endeavor can be applied to other critically endangered species.[contextly_sidebar id=”hNky3rbYVSB1QrGbUUmAlji5B3QgFiHb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 45-year-old Sudan, who won widespread affection last year with his listing as “The Most Eligible Bachelor in the World” on the Tinder dating app in a fundraising effort, was euthanized on Monday after “age-related complications,” researchers said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his death, the world saw the shadow of extinction approach before their eyes. “Utter tragedy today,” British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson tweeted. “We can’t just sit back and watch more species disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino “stole the heart of many with his dignity and strength,” said the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, where Sudan lived. It said his condition had “worsened significantly,” to the point where he was no longer able to stand. His muscles and bones had degenerated and his skin had extensive wounds, including a deep infection on his back right leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surrogate Mothers\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEuthanasia was “the best option, given the quality of his life had deteriorated to a point where it was unfair to him,” chief conservation officer Samuel Mutisya told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan had been central to the ambitious effort to save the subspecies from extinction after decades of decimation by poachers, along with the two surviving females. One is his 27-year-old offspring, Najin, and the other is her 17-year-old offspring, Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is now just a matter of months before eggs are extracted from the two females, said Jan Stejskal, director of international projects at Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, where Sudan lived before coming to Kenya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have developed a technique to extract the eggs, using females from the similar southern white rhino subspecies from European zoos, Stejskal said. The genetic material would have to be transferred to a lab in Italy that he said was the only place where embryos of northern white rhinos can be created.[contextly_sidebar id=”1cDwfJkKbeYJAqs5ELJecwQmOiNqpkBz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating embryos has been tried only on southern white rhinos and it isn’t guaranteed the procedure will work on northern white rhinos, Stejskal added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a miracle to succeed on the first try,” he said. “Chances are we won’t succeed and will have to travel to Africa for the eggs in several months again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the procedure is eventually successful, scientists will use southern white rhinos in Kenya and in European zoos as surrogate mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chances of success with in vitro fertilization are slim “we believe that giving up is not an option,” the veterinarian at the Kenya conservancy, Dr. Stephen Ngulu, told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams in Europe and the United States also have been working for years on the possibility of using stem cell technologies to create an embryo, but that route would take years longer.[contextly_sidebar id=”dQfWCO2BvLcB4tj8QijsP2eD9iL55EON”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan ended up being part of that work as well. “His genetic material was collected yesterday and provides a hope for future attempts at reproduction of northern white rhinos through advanced cellular technologies,” the Kenya conservancy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 animals that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan’s death “is a cruel symbol of human disregard for nature and it saddened everyone who knew him. But we should not give up,” Stejskal said. “It may sound unbelievable, but thanks to the newly developed techniques even Sudan could still have another offspring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poacher Threat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudan was the last of his kind to be born in the wild, in the country that is his namesake. He was taken to the Czech zoo and then transferred to Kenya in 2009, along with the only other remaining northern white rhinos, the two females and a male who died in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were placed under 24-hour armed guard and fed a special diet. “However, despite the fact that they were seen mating, there were no successful pregnancies,” the conservancy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers caring for Sudan described him as gentle and, as his condition worsened in recent weeks, expressed sadness over his imminent death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups, including London-based Save the Rhino, have said in vitro fertilization is probably too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other rhinos, the southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20,000 southern white rhinos remain in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "World’s Last Male Northern White Rhino Dies | KQED",
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"nprByline": "Tom Odula\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The death of the world’s last male northern white rhino, Sudan, doesn’t end efforts to save a subspecies of one of the world’s most recognizable animals. The focus now turns to his stored semen and that of four other dead rhinos, as well as the perfection of in vitro fertilization techniques and the critical need to keep the remaining two females alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, conservationists hope the lessons learned in the endeavor can be applied to other critically endangered species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 45-year-old Sudan, who won widespread affection last year with his listing as “The Most Eligible Bachelor in the World” on the Tinder dating app in a fundraising effort, was euthanized on Monday after “age-related complications,” researchers said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his death, the world saw the shadow of extinction approach before their eyes. “Utter tragedy today,” British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson tweeted. “We can’t just sit back and watch more species disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rhino “stole the heart of many with his dignity and strength,” said the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, where Sudan lived. It said his condition had “worsened significantly,” to the point where he was no longer able to stand. His muscles and bones had degenerated and his skin had extensive wounds, including a deep infection on his back right leg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Surrogate Mothers\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEuthanasia was “the best option, given the quality of his life had deteriorated to a point where it was unfair to him,” chief conservation officer Samuel Mutisya told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan had been central to the ambitious effort to save the subspecies from extinction after decades of decimation by poachers, along with the two surviving females. One is his 27-year-old offspring, Najin, and the other is her 17-year-old offspring, Fatu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is now just a matter of months before eggs are extracted from the two females, said Jan Stejskal, director of international projects at Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech Republic, where Sudan lived before coming to Kenya.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have developed a technique to extract the eggs, using females from the similar southern white rhino subspecies from European zoos, Stejskal said. The genetic material would have to be transferred to a lab in Italy that he said was the only place where embryos of northern white rhinos can be created.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Creating embryos has been tried only on southern white rhinos and it isn’t guaranteed the procedure will work on northern white rhinos, Stejskal added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a miracle to succeed on the first try,” he said. “Chances are we won’t succeed and will have to travel to Africa for the eggs in several months again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the procedure is eventually successful, scientists will use southern white rhinos in Kenya and in European zoos as surrogate mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chances of success with in vitro fertilization are slim “we believe that giving up is not an option,” the veterinarian at the Kenya conservancy, Dr. Stephen Ngulu, told the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teams in Europe and the United States also have been working for years on the possibility of using stem cell technologies to create an embryo, but that route would take years longer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan ended up being part of that work as well. “His genetic material was collected yesterday and provides a hope for future attempts at reproduction of northern white rhinos through advanced cellular technologies,” the Kenya conservancy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to create a herd of five to 15 animals that would be returned to their natural habitat in Africa. That could take decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudan’s death “is a cruel symbol of human disregard for nature and it saddened everyone who knew him. But we should not give up,” Stejskal said. “It may sound unbelievable, but thanks to the newly developed techniques even Sudan could still have another offspring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Poacher Threat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudan was the last of his kind to be born in the wild, in the country that is his namesake. He was taken to the Czech zoo and then transferred to Kenya in 2009, along with the only other remaining northern white rhinos, the two females and a male who died in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were placed under 24-hour armed guard and fed a special diet. “However, despite the fact that they were seen mating, there were no successful pregnancies,” the conservancy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rangers caring for Sudan described him as gentle and, as his condition worsened in recent weeks, expressed sadness over his imminent death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some groups, including London-based Save the Rhino, have said in vitro fertilization is probably too late to save the northern white rhino, whose natural habitat in Chad, Sudan, Uganda, Congo and Central African Republic has been ravaged by conflicts in the region. They say the efforts should focus on other critically endangered species with a better chance at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other rhinos, the southern white rhino and another species, the black rhino, are under heavy pressure from poachers who kill them for their horns to supply illegal markets in parts of Asia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 20,000 southern white rhinos remain in Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Chinook Salmon ‘Overfished’? Not So Fast, Say Fishers",
"headTitle": "Chinook Salmon ‘Overfished’? Not So Fast, Say Fishers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For fishery regulators, it is official: The Sacramento River’s fall-run Chinook salmon are “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This formal designation, made in a February \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Fishery Management Council, comes after three consecutive years of critically low returns of spawning adults, which lay and fertilize their eggs in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. Now, as regulators discuss drastically shortening this year’s fishing season to reduce pressures on the population, embittered fishers are contesting the overfished status. And it’s not just a matter of semantics. There is concern that attaching the wrong word to the problem could result in the wrong management decisions to fix it. The problem, the fishers say, is not how many salmon are being caught but the number of newly born juveniles that even make it to the ocean in the first place – and at the root of that issue is upstream water conditions.[contextly_sidebar id=”bNyDDmMY9ht8n6FviA4Ne5UOjNLGL80R”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!” exclaimed Half Moon Bay commercial fisher Kirk Lombard, irate upon hearing about the designation. “Fishing isn’t the problem. They had a few terrible years with almost no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of millions of fertilized salmon eggs were killed in 2014 and 2015, when sun-heated water – warmed to lethal temperatures for the eggs – flowed for weeks out of the severely depleted Lake Shasta, just a few miles upstream of prime Chinook spawning grounds. This affected both endangered winter-run Chinook and fall-run Chinook, the latter of which is the core of the state’s salmon fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of young salmon were successfully reared by Central Valley hatcheries during those years. However, biologists say many of these fish – most of which were released from trucks directly into San Francisco Bay – starved upon reaching the open ocean. Unusually weak wind systems multiple years in a row curtailed deep-water upwelling, resulting in almost no plankton and krill for the little salmon to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!’\u003ccite>Kirk Lombard, commercial fisher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Sacramento fish have gone through a series of events that were not positive in any way, shape or form, and now we’re dealing with the results,” said Harry Morse, an information officer with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishery managers consider 122,000 to be the minimum number of spawning adult fall-run Chinook necessary to sustain the Sacramento’s population. However, just 112,947 \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to the Sacramento in 2015 and just 89,674 in 2016. The following year, just 44,574 fall-run fish were counted swimming upstream, triggering the regulatory designation of “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledged the shortcomings of the word when applied to Chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t convey to the public the complexity of the environment, or the series of events that have been so catastrophic for the salmon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flawed Legal Designation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the term is used, then, is because of a federal law – the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/whatwedo/msa/magnuson_stevens_act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\u003c/a> of 1976. This law, which sets the framework for managing sustainable fisheries, states that a population of fish that falls below a predetermined minimum population level is “overfished.” Generally, fish species that decline below their respective threshold do so because of fishing pressure. A variety of West Coast rockfishes, for example, were fished intensively for decades, before tight fishing restrictions were imposed in the early 2000s. This has prompted a dramatic rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many species and fisheries, ‘overfished’ is an appropriate term, because they are depleted because of harvest,” said Sarah Bates, a commercial salmon fisher in San Francisco. “West Coast salmon are not one of those fisheries. The reason they’re depleted is the loss of breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 579px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1921409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-800x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-768x527.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-520x357.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the media watch fingerling Chinook salmon being dumped into a holding pen as they are transferred from a truck into the Sacramento River on March 25, 2014, in Rio Vista, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The unique life cycle of a salmon includes months or years spent in freshwater, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental impacts unrelated to fishing. Dams, riverside development, water diversions and drought have all impacted the Sacramento River’s Chinook. Prior to European-American colonization of the West, as many as 2 million Chinook may have spawned in the Central Valley’s rivers annually. Today, half a million fish may swim upriver in an exceptional year, with hatcheries producing most of each year’s offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Gorelnik, a member of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which helps set fishing regulations, blames the drought – combined with the way in which the United States Bureau of Reclamation has managed water flows – for plunging salmon numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014 and 2015, they were supposed to impound enough cold water behind Shasta Dam for the fish, and they didn’t,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the agency released so much water from Lake Shasta early in the year that, by the time the salmon had returned to the Sacramento to spawn, the lake’s cold water pool was gone – delivered largely to Sacramento Valley rice farmers. This proved lethal for the fish’s temperature-sensitive eggs.[contextly_sidebar id=”kk3qR6s4YKWLUTUj9jMnUL7R68g4cK6A”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bates suggested that depleted Chinook salmon be labeled something other than overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could call them ‘environmentally devastated’ or ‘agriculturally strangled,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Magnuson-Stevens fishery law requires that regional management councils establish rebuilding plans for fish populations that have been declared overfished. The law restricts rebuilding efforts primarily to fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we have to remember that for our salmon, rebuilding is not a question of limiting harvest,” Bates said. “That won’t do it. We need to protect and resurrect breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diminished salmon populations can rebound rapidly under favorable environmental conditions, thanks to the fish’s relatively short lifespan of just three or four years and the large number of eggs that a single female lays at spawning time – an average of about 5,000. After the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=141570&inline=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley’s salmon runs\u003c/a> collapsed to just 53,000 spawning adults in 2009, they bounced right back. About 163,000 adult fish swam into the Central Valley in 2010. In 2013, almost 450,000 fish came back.[contextly_sidebar id=”YyatNOm78YbRHGGwYkzzHYbP343u0zbo”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007–09 crash was caused by low ocean productivity “on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” according to a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/newsdeeply/waterdeeply/public/NOAA+2009+Report+on+Salmon+Crash.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from biologists with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they still called it overfished,” Gorelnik said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to amend the Magnuson-Stevens law. A Congressional bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/200/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+200%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">House Resolution 200\u003c/a>, introduced in early 2017, seeks to replace “overfished” with “depleted.” More recently, in a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.savingseafood.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCFC-MSA-Senate-Letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> sent by fishing groups to Alaska Republican senator Dan Sullivan, fishing interests argued that “the term ‘overfished’ is perceived negatively and can unfairly implicate the industry for stock conditions resulting from other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movement has generated pushback from conservation groups, who feel such an amendment could allow harmful fishing interests to escape deserved blame for depleting stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gorelnik said continuing to call depressed Chinook salmon runs “overfished” is misleading and possibly even counterproductive. He worries that the term could prompt a rebuilding plan that focuses on fishery limits but fails to look closely at inland environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the salmon are labeled as ‘overfished,’ then what’s the solution? Close fishing, and that doesn’t address the problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/19/chinook-salmon-overfished-not-so-fast-say-fishers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some say a legal designation meant to protect disappearing fish overlooks the role of breeding habitats.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For fishery regulators, it is official: The Sacramento River’s fall-run Chinook salmon are “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This formal designation, made in a February \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from the Pacific Fishery Management Council, comes after three consecutive years of critically low returns of spawning adults, which lay and fertilize their eggs in the Sacramento River and its tributaries. Now, as regulators discuss drastically shortening this year’s fishing season to reduce pressures on the population, embittered fishers are contesting the overfished status. And it’s not just a matter of semantics. There is concern that attaching the wrong word to the problem could result in the wrong management decisions to fix it. The problem, the fishers say, is not how many salmon are being caught but the number of newly born juveniles that even make it to the ocean in the first place – and at the root of that issue is upstream water conditions.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!” exclaimed Half Moon Bay commercial fisher Kirk Lombard, irate upon hearing about the designation. “Fishing isn’t the problem. They had a few terrible years with almost no water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tens of millions of fertilized salmon eggs were killed in 2014 and 2015, when sun-heated water – warmed to lethal temperatures for the eggs – flowed for weeks out of the severely depleted Lake Shasta, just a few miles upstream of prime Chinook spawning grounds. This affected both endangered winter-run Chinook and fall-run Chinook, the latter of which is the core of the state’s salmon fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of young salmon were successfully reared by Central Valley hatcheries during those years. However, biologists say many of these fish – most of which were released from trucks directly into San Francisco Bay – starved upon reaching the open ocean. Unusually weak wind systems multiple years in a row curtailed deep-water upwelling, resulting in almost no plankton and krill for the little salmon to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are you kidding me? They aren’t overfished!’\u003ccite>Kirk Lombard, commercial fisher\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The Sacramento fish have gone through a series of events that were not positive in any way, shape or form, and now we’re dealing with the results,” said Harry Morse, an information officer with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishery managers consider 122,000 to be the minimum number of spawning adult fall-run Chinook necessary to sustain the Sacramento’s population. However, just 112,947 \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Review_of_2017_Ocean_Salmon_Fisheries_18Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">returned\u003c/a> to the Sacramento in 2015 and just 89,674 in 2016. The following year, just 44,574 fall-run fish were counted swimming upstream, triggering the regulatory designation of “overfished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morse acknowledged the shortcomings of the word when applied to Chinook salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t convey to the public the complexity of the environment, or the series of events that have been so catastrophic for the salmon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flawed Legal Designation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the term is used, then, is because of a federal law – the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/whatwedo/msa/magnuson_stevens_act.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act\u003c/a> of 1976. This law, which sets the framework for managing sustainable fisheries, states that a population of fish that falls below a predetermined minimum population level is “overfished.” Generally, fish species that decline below their respective threshold do so because of fishing pressure. A variety of West Coast rockfishes, for example, were fished intensively for decades, before tight fishing restrictions were imposed in the early 2000s. This has prompted a dramatic rebound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many species and fisheries, ‘overfished’ is an appropriate term, because they are depleted because of harvest,” said Sarah Bates, a commercial salmon fisher in San Francisco. “West Coast salmon are not one of those fisheries. The reason they’re depleted is the loss of breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 579px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1921409\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-800x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-160x110.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-768x527.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-240x165.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-375x257.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/791675181-520x357.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the media watch fingerling Chinook salmon being dumped into a holding pen as they are transferred from a truck into the Sacramento River on March 25, 2014, in Rio Vista, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The unique life cycle of a salmon includes months or years spent in freshwater, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental impacts unrelated to fishing. Dams, riverside development, water diversions and drought have all impacted the Sacramento River’s Chinook. Prior to European-American colonization of the West, as many as 2 million Chinook may have spawned in the Central Valley’s rivers annually. Today, half a million fish may swim upriver in an exceptional year, with hatcheries producing most of each year’s offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc Gorelnik, a member of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which helps set fishing regulations, blames the drought – combined with the way in which the United States Bureau of Reclamation has managed water flows – for plunging salmon numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2014 and 2015, they were supposed to impound enough cold water behind Shasta Dam for the fish, and they didn’t,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the agency released so much water from Lake Shasta early in the year that, by the time the salmon had returned to the Sacramento to spawn, the lake’s cold water pool was gone – delivered largely to Sacramento Valley rice farmers. This proved lethal for the fish’s temperature-sensitive eggs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bates suggested that depleted Chinook salmon be labeled something other than overfished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could call them ‘environmentally devastated’ or ‘agriculturally strangled,’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Magnuson-Stevens fishery law requires that regional management councils establish rebuilding plans for fish populations that have been declared overfished. The law restricts rebuilding efforts primarily to fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we have to remember that for our salmon, rebuilding is not a question of limiting harvest,” Bates said. “That won’t do it. We need to protect and resurrect breeding habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diminished salmon populations can rebound rapidly under favorable environmental conditions, thanks to the fish’s relatively short lifespan of just three or four years and the large number of eggs that a single female lays at spawning time – an average of about 5,000. After the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=141570&inline=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley’s salmon runs\u003c/a> collapsed to just 53,000 spawning adults in 2009, they bounced right back. About 163,000 adult fish swam into the Central Valley in 2010. In 2013, almost 450,000 fish came back.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007–09 crash was caused by low ocean productivity “on top of a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment,” according to a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/newsdeeply/waterdeeply/public/NOAA+2009+Report+on+Salmon+Crash.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> from biologists with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And they still called it overfished,” Gorelnik said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to amend the Magnuson-Stevens law. A Congressional bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/200/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+200%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">House Resolution 200\u003c/a>, introduced in early 2017, seeks to replace “overfished” with “depleted.” More recently, in a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.savingseafood.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCFC-MSA-Senate-Letter.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letter\u003c/a> sent by fishing groups to Alaska Republican senator Dan Sullivan, fishing interests argued that “the term ‘overfished’ is perceived negatively and can unfairly implicate the industry for stock conditions resulting from other factors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movement has generated pushback from conservation groups, who feel such an amendment could allow harmful fishing interests to escape deserved blame for depleting stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gorelnik said continuing to call depressed Chinook salmon runs “overfished” is misleading and possibly even counterproductive. He worries that the term could prompt a rebuilding plan that focuses on fishery limits but fails to look closely at inland environmental conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the salmon are labeled as ‘overfished,’ then what’s the solution? Close fishing, and that doesn’t address the problem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/19/chinook-salmon-overfished-not-so-fast-say-fishers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s not a trial, nor is it quite a debate, but what’s happening Wednesday in Judge William Alsup’s federal courtroom is an unusual and possibly unprecedented proceeding. That’s because Alsup \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180227_docket-317-cv-06011_notice.pdf\">has ordered a four-hour tutorial on climate change\u003c/a> – what scientists know about global warming, and when they knew it. And it’s because of who’s responsible for the tutorial: Bay Area cities on one side, and oil companies on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the oil companies over the impacts of sea level rise, and the tutorial is a key early step in the case, one of dozens of similar cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for San Francisco and Oakland claim BP, Exxon, Chevron and others created a public nuisance to the Bay Area by producing and selling oil and gas while misleading the public about known consequences. The two Bay Area cases represent one strategy among several in a growing body of law relying on tort and common-law claims to hold fossil fuel producers responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating these arguments are the other human activities that also contribute to global warming – and the fact that fossil fuel burning is global, which means companies and countries in the oil and gas industry outside of California are responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s why probably there’s going to be a big focus on the fraud part: who was overtly and aggressively denying the science, who knew internally,” says Stanford University historian of science Robert N. Proctor. “There’s a lot of evidence that some of these fossil fuel makers really did know quite a while ago that there was going to be this threat but they covered it up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proctor says the cases resemble efforts to hold major tobacco producers responsible for smoking-related lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both of these industries– tobacco and big carbon – have been kind of embracing science and a sense of open inquiry,” he says, “with the idea being that as long as we leave the inquiry open we can maximize uncertainty and say that we don’t really know the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup has \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180306_docket-317-cv-06011_order-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a list of questions\u003c/a> he wants answered in the presentations. They include the cause of the ice ages, the origins of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and even whether billions of peoples’ breathing is warming up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are great questions, they’re interesting questions, but they’re not the questions that you would want to say, ‘What’s the state of knowledge?’” says Katherine Mach, a Stanford researcher whose work focuses on assessing climate science. Mach and other scientists characterized the questions as simple, and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also pretty easy to answer for scientists. “Turns out answers to those questions are actually pretty well known,” wrote Andrew Dressler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M. Dressler has sketched out his responses on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AndrewDessler/status/971818482915532800\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2018/03/alsup-asks-for-answers/\">At the website Real Climate\u003c/a>, scientists are compiling and updating crowdsourced responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The semi-adversarial nature of the tutorial has reminded some observers of an idea circulated last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-red-team-exercise-would-strengthen-climate-science-1492728579\">by NYU professor Steven Koonin\u003c/a> and then by Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt, that climate science should be the subject of an intellectual \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/07/epas-scott-pruitt-wants-to-set-up-opposing-teams-to-debate-climate-change-science/?utm_term=.22e1ad058e44\">“red team-blue team”\u003c/a> exercise, that name taken from military simulations in which one side attacks another. But Wednesday’s briefing is fundamentally different, for at least a few reasons: the judge has wide latitude in using the information presented there, and these days, it’s more likely that the science presented by cities and oil companies will overlap or even agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel companies now characterize themselves as active but risk-adverse participants in the global discussion about climate science – and these companies have acknowledged risks posed by climate change in public statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/our-climate-science-history\">states\u003c/a> on its website that it “unequivocally reject[s] allegations that [it] suppressed climate change research contained in media reports that are inaccurate distortions of [the company’s] nearly 40-year history of climate research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But each side has its own time to present the best climate science, and its own version of history. Experts say that format means key differences may emerge in questions around certainty, both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, for their part, are likely to emphasize growing certainty in climate research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen over the last 5-10 years is an incredible amount of research into the science of detection and attribution,” says Aaron Strong, an associate professor of ocean science at the University of Maine. “There are a lot of uncertainties in terms of of future projection of sea level rise, but there’s not a lot of uncertainty in the fact that it’s rising at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not a trial, nor is it quite a debate, but what’s happening Wednesday in Judge William Alsup’s federal courtroom is an unusual and possibly unprecedented proceeding. That’s because Alsup \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180227_docket-317-cv-06011_notice.pdf\">has ordered a four-hour tutorial on climate change\u003c/a> – what scientists know about global warming, and when they knew it. And it’s because of who’s responsible for the tutorial: Bay Area cities on one side, and oil companies on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the oil companies over the impacts of sea level rise, and the tutorial is a key early step in the case, one of dozens of similar cases across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for San Francisco and Oakland claim BP, Exxon, Chevron and others created a public nuisance to the Bay Area by producing and selling oil and gas while misleading the public about known consequences. The two Bay Area cases represent one strategy among several in a growing body of law relying on tort and common-law claims to hold fossil fuel producers responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating these arguments are the other human activities that also contribute to global warming – and the fact that fossil fuel burning is global, which means companies and countries in the oil and gas industry outside of California are responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s why probably there’s going to be a big focus on the fraud part: who was overtly and aggressively denying the science, who knew internally,” says Stanford University historian of science Robert N. Proctor. “There’s a lot of evidence that some of these fossil fuel makers really did know quite a while ago that there was going to be this threat but they covered it up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proctor says the cases resemble efforts to hold major tobacco producers responsible for smoking-related lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both of these industries– tobacco and big carbon – have been kind of embracing science and a sense of open inquiry,” he says, “with the idea being that as long as we leave the inquiry open we can maximize uncertainty and say that we don’t really know the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alsup has \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180306_docket-317-cv-06011_order-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a list of questions\u003c/a> he wants answered in the presentations. They include the cause of the ice ages, the origins of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and even whether billions of peoples’ breathing is warming up the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are great questions, they’re interesting questions, but they’re not the questions that you would want to say, ‘What’s the state of knowledge?’” says Katherine Mach, a Stanford researcher whose work focuses on assessing climate science. Mach and other scientists characterized the questions as simple, and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also pretty easy to answer for scientists. “Turns out answers to those questions are actually pretty well known,” wrote Andrew Dressler, a climate scientist at Texas A&M. Dressler has sketched out his responses on Twitter.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2018/03/alsup-asks-for-answers/\">At the website Real Climate\u003c/a>, scientists are compiling and updating crowdsourced responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The semi-adversarial nature of the tutorial has reminded some observers of an idea circulated last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-red-team-exercise-would-strengthen-climate-science-1492728579\">by NYU professor Steven Koonin\u003c/a> and then by Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt, that climate science should be the subject of an intellectual \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/07/epas-scott-pruitt-wants-to-set-up-opposing-teams-to-debate-climate-change-science/?utm_term=.22e1ad058e44\">“red team-blue team”\u003c/a> exercise, that name taken from military simulations in which one side attacks another. But Wednesday’s briefing is fundamentally different, for at least a few reasons: the judge has wide latitude in using the information presented there, and these days, it’s more likely that the science presented by cities and oil companies will overlap or even agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuel companies now characterize themselves as active but risk-adverse participants in the global discussion about climate science – and these companies have acknowledged risks posed by climate change in public statements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, for example, \u003ca href=\"http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/current-issues/climate-policy/climate-perspectives/our-climate-science-history\">states\u003c/a> on its website that it “unequivocally reject[s] allegations that [it] suppressed climate change research contained in media reports that are inaccurate distortions of [the company’s] nearly 40-year history of climate research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But each side has its own time to present the best climate science, and its own version of history. Experts say that format means key differences may emerge in questions around certainty, both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cities, for their part, are likely to emphasize growing certainty in climate research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve seen over the last 5-10 years is an incredible amount of research into the science of detection and attribution,” says Aaron Strong, an associate professor of ocean science at the University of Maine. “There are a lot of uncertainties in terms of of future projection of sea level rise, but there’s not a lot of uncertainty in the fact that it’s rising at all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Birds have a story to tell about climate change and scientists are listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and bird watchers have known for years that the changing climate has been tweaking the timing of bird migrations and breeding — a study known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phenology\u003c/a>. But the field work to document changes in the schedule of arrivals and departures has been laborious — techniques like catching birds in nets and banding them one-by-one, or putting platoons of birders in the field to count them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some scientists are doing their birding by ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their song is beautiful to listen to, but they’re singing for a reason,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brett_Furnas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brett Furnas\u003c/a>, a statistician-turned-ecologist with the California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. “They’re singing to attract mates and establish territories, And this is important for them to breed and then maintain the population levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\" alt=\"Map showing recording locations\" width=\"434\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png 434w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-160x216.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-240x324.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-375x506.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have analyzed birdsong recordings from hundreds of locations around California, to detect changes in migration timing. \u003ccite>(Brett Furnas/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When they’re singing the most, it’s a sign of the peak of the breeding season,” Furnas explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, led by Furnas from the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Investigations Laboratory\u003c/a> and Michael McGrann of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jessup.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Jessup University\u003c/a> in Rocklin have been buying off-the-shelf digital recorders and placing them in selected Northern California forests. The tiny devices are deployed for days at a time in each location, recording the intensity of birdsong to gauge peak breeding times. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-17-165.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest findings\u003c/a> were published earlier this year in a journal of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanornithology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Ornithological Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Brett Furnas placing a field recorder in Tilden Regional Park\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2876\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife ecologist Brett Furnas demonstrates placement of one of his field recorders. A lid is snapped on with holes punched to allow the sound in. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms, there’s gonna be pressure on the birds to advance the time of their breeding earlier in the season,” says Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several years of wilderness eavesdropping, Furnas’ team has amassed 1,500 hours of recordings. Experts go through them all, listening to identify different species by their song — but they also use their eyes, scrutinizing digital visualizations of sound called spectrograms. Sometimes it’s easier to pick out individual species visually, from the spectrograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all kind of partitioning the time, singing, not all on top of each other but in different frequency ranges at different times,” Furnas explains. “It reminds me of an orchestra, but there’s no conductor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more birds, the fuller the orchestra, which reaches a crescendo at the peak of the mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Furnas’ team has made hundreds of these recordings in the forests of northern CA, including nearly 370 sites along the Pacific Crest Trail. They’ve pinpointed peak breeding dates for at least eight species of migrating birds. Furnas says they’re shifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, other studies have shown that across the northern hemisphere, the breeding is advancing on average four days per decade, which is quite alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Furnas is most concerned about is “mismatch.” To migratory birds, timing is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re on a road trip, tired, and counting on a late meal at the motel diner up ahead. And when you get there, the motel is open but the diner is closed. That’s what migrating birds encounter if the timing of their arrival, feeding and breeding are out of sync with their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And over time with climate change, we expect that to advance,” adds Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the timing is too far off, it could threaten the populations of some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equipment for this audio data gathering is surprisingly simple. The team uses tiny digital recorders, about the size of a matchbox, strapped to a piece of foam, and placed inside a Ziplok plastic tub — the kind used to refrigerate leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Olympus digital audio recorder in container\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Furnas’ team uses inexpensive off-the-shelf recorders and plastic containers. They’re set to record for five minutes at a time, three times a day, around sunrise at each location. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might expect that they’d hang them in trees (I did), but they leave them right on the ground at the various listening sites, which Furnas admits makes them a bit vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny things happen to these,” he recalls. “I’ve found these, recovered them, and bears have chewed them up and spit out all the batteries a few times. So, these things take a beating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So do the researchers at times. Furnas says he’s been chased by a wild horse, and stepped on a hornets’ nest and nearly a rattlesnake, which is why these days he leaves most of the field work to assistants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Furnas says he’s always inspired by his time in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t know what all the birds are, you hear them and it affects you,” Furnas reflects. “And so you don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate why nature, and the sounds of nature are really important for our quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Birds have a story to tell about climate change and scientists are listening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers and bird watchers have known for years that the changing climate has been tweaking the timing of bird migrations and breeding — a study known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.usanpn.org/about/why-phenology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phenology\u003c/a>. But the field work to document changes in the schedule of arrivals and departures has been laborious — techniques like catching birds in nets and banding them one-by-one, or putting platoons of birders in the field to count them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some scientists are doing their birding by ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their song is beautiful to listen to, but they’re singing for a reason,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brett_Furnas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brett Furnas\u003c/a>, a statistician-turned-ecologist with the California Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. “They’re singing to attract mates and establish territories, And this is important for them to breed and then maintain the population levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png\" alt=\"Map showing recording locations\" width=\"434\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW.png 434w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-160x216.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-240x324.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/map_CDFW-375x506.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists have analyzed birdsong recordings from hundreds of locations around California, to detect changes in migration timing. \u003ccite>(Brett Furnas/CDFW)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When they’re singing the most, it’s a sign of the peak of the breeding season,” Furnas explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team, led by Furnas from the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildlife Investigations Laboratory\u003c/a> and Michael McGrann of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jessup.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Jessup University\u003c/a> in Rocklin have been buying off-the-shelf digital recorders and placing them in selected Northern California forests. The tiny devices are deployed for days at a time in each location, recording the intensity of birdsong to gauge peak breeding times. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1650/CONDOR-17-165.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">latest findings\u003c/a> were published earlier this year in a journal of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanornithology.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Ornithological Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921306\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921306\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Brett Furnas placing a field recorder in Tilden Regional Park\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2876\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-800x1198.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-768x1150.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1020x1528.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-960x1438.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-375x562.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29097_BIRDSONG_012718_209-qut-520x779.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife ecologist Brett Furnas demonstrates placement of one of his field recorders. A lid is snapped on with holes punched to allow the sound in. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As the climate warms, there’s gonna be pressure on the birds to advance the time of their breeding earlier in the season,” says Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several years of wilderness eavesdropping, Furnas’ team has amassed 1,500 hours of recordings. Experts go through them all, listening to identify different species by their song — but they also use their eyes, scrutinizing digital visualizations of sound called spectrograms. Sometimes it’s easier to pick out individual species visually, from the spectrograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all kind of partitioning the time, singing, not all on top of each other but in different frequency ranges at different times,” Furnas explains. “It reminds me of an orchestra, but there’s no conductor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the more birds, the fuller the orchestra, which reaches a crescendo at the peak of the mating season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, Furnas’ team has made hundreds of these recordings in the forests of northern CA, including nearly 370 sites along the Pacific Crest Trail. They’ve pinpointed peak breeding dates for at least eight species of migrating birds. Furnas says they’re shifting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Indeed, other studies have shown that across the northern hemisphere, the breeding is advancing on average four days per decade, which is quite alarming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Furnas is most concerned about is “mismatch.” To migratory birds, timing is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re on a road trip, tired, and counting on a late meal at the motel diner up ahead. And when you get there, the motel is open but the diner is closed. That’s what migrating birds encounter if the timing of their arrival, feeding and breeding are out of sync with their surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And over time with climate change, we expect that to advance,” adds Furnas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the timing is too far off, it could threaten the populations of some species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equipment for this audio data gathering is surprisingly simple. The team uses tiny digital recorders, about the size of a matchbox, strapped to a piece of foam, and placed inside a Ziplok plastic tub — the kind used to refrigerate leftovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1921307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1921307\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Olympus digital audio recorder in container\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1282\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/03/RS29094_BIRDSONG_012718_167-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Furnas’ team uses inexpensive off-the-shelf recorders and plastic containers. They’re set to record for five minutes at a time, three times a day, around sunrise at each location. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You might expect that they’d hang them in trees (I did), but they leave them right on the ground at the various listening sites, which Furnas admits makes them a bit vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny things happen to these,” he recalls. “I’ve found these, recovered them, and bears have chewed them up and spit out all the batteries a few times. So, these things take a beating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So do the researchers at times. Furnas says he’s been chased by a wild horse, and stepped on a hornets’ nest and nearly a rattlesnake, which is why these days he leaves most of the field work to assistants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Furnas says he’s always inspired by his time in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if you don’t know what all the birds are, you hear them and it affects you,” Furnas reflects. “And so you don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate why nature, and the sounds of nature are really important for our quality of life.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Big Improvement in Predicting Drought-Busting Atmospheric Rivers",
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"content": "\u003cp>Atmospheric river storms bring a fire hose of tropical moisture to Western states, often delivering a majority of winter’s total precipitation in just a few days. Scientist Bryan Mundhenk talks about a new way to predict these storms up to a month in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are vital to western water supplies, yet until very recently they were poorly understood: difficult to predict and measure, and very hard for scientists to estimate where they would make landfall.[contextly_sidebar id=”L1xdT2evPJV4FxygnYEtDtklcJW2Mpsk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are often erroneously called “pineapple express” storms, a term that applies to only a subset of atmospheric river events that originate near Hawaii. Most atmospheric river storms begin in the more distant tropical ocean and develop into a narrow band of strong winds that funnel huge quantities of moisture toward the West Coast of the United States. These storms are so wet that just a handful can account for half of California’s total winter precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research in the last few years has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/31/atmospheric-rivers-five-breakthroughs-in-analyzing-west-coast-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovered\u003c/a> some of the mystery behind atmospheric river storms, helping to predict storm timing and intensity. Now a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-017-0008-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study\u003c/a> by scientists at Colorado State University in Fort Collins has revealed a way to predict atmospheric river storms as much as five weeks in advance. That’s well beyond what current tools allow, and it could provide enough lead time to make important decisions about water management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method describes a new way to interpret two other large-scale weather phenomena – the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/16/can-computers-learn-like-humans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madden-Julian oscillation\u003c/a> (MJO) and \u003ca href=\"https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quasi-biennial oscillation\u003c/a> (QBO) – as a signal for atmospheric river events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently talked to the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://barnes.atmos.colostate.edu/group/bmundhenk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bryan Mundhenk\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate in atmospheric science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is our ability to predict atmospheric rivers today? What are the challenges?\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-440241 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/BMundhenk_photo_alt1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bryan Mundhenk: In general, the current generation of numerical weather prediction models provides very useful information about atmospheric rivers a week or two out. Some of the decision tools – like those available \u003c/span>[from the Center for Western Weather and Extremes] \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/iwv-and-ivt-forecasts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">at Scripps\u003c/span>\u003c/a> – are based on these models to help anticipate atmospheric river timing and intensity along the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> West Coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”YpstYGonrCqmZX88JevAgnfx4bB7rt3l”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We focused this study on the subseasonal timescale, beyond the point where today’s numerical models generally lose skill. We defined this subseasonal timescale as forecast lead times [that are] out two to five weeks. A lot of resource decisions are made within this time scale – think about adjusting reservoir levels, anticipating energy needs or planning outdoor events – but no tools are available to guide decision-makers in regions prone to atmospheric river landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Mundhenk: The Madden-Julian oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. It represents large clusters of storms in the tropics that progress along the equator. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> is quite variable, but these storm clusters wrap around the globe every 30–90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The quasi-biennial oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>, characterizes the winds in the stratosphere high above the tropics. Our interest in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> is based on research from a few years ago that revealed that the state of these upper-level winds can influence the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, as far as the strength of the storms in the tropics and the speed at which they propagate around the globe [goes].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How do the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> influence atmospheric rivers?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: This concept is exploiting the ability of the atmosphere to support teleconnections. That is, when and where weather in one location on the globe is related to – and can influence – weather at a distant location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The tropical storms characterized by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> can elicit a wave response that travels around the globe. Think of a storm in the tropics as a stone dropped into a pond. The resulting ripples in that pond are like the wavelike teleconnection response to the stone being dropped. Granted, the ripples in the pond dissipate quickly, but the large-scale response to tropical forcing can take weeks to impact distant parts of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: It sounds like you’ve developed not a weather model, but a new method of observing and interpreting the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO.\u003c/span> Is that right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: That’s right. This method was really an attempt to see if the teleconnection responses could provide useful information within the subseasonal time scale. We used the initial state of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> to predict anomalous atmospheric river activity two to five weeks in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”1GgigSr9S8aY94d1bZpXhFjEePaV6GVD”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, say on a day in the winter there are strong storms in the Indian Ocean – we call this \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> phase 1 – and easterly winds in the stratosphere over the tropics. Then one should expect higher than normal likelihood of landfalling atmospheric river activity near coastal British Columbia approximately three weeks in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How accurate are your predictions using this method?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: I\u003c/span>n that example about heightened atmospheric river activity near British Columbia three weeks into the future, the prediction of increased activity would be correct a maximum of 20 times out of 30. Perhaps more important than the skill value itself, at this stage, is that this finding suggests the dynamics of the atmosphere – the teleconnection responses – can provide useful information about atmospheric river activity well into the subseasonal time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Do your predictions also provide accuracy about where atmosphere rivers will make landfall?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: We applied this technique to a few regions along the West Coast of North America, but the regions were fairly expansive. It is important to note that this technique targets periods of anomalous atmospheric river activity, not individual atmospheric rivers themselves.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Many locations along the West Coast have pronounced wet seasons during which atmospheric rivers are more common. Say, for a given region, one atmospheric river makes landfall approximately every five days during winter. That would be the “normal.” This technique attempts to predict deviations from that normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/16/big-improvement-in-predicting-drought-busting-atmospheric-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Atmospheric river storms bring a fire hose of tropical moisture to Western states, often delivering a majority of winter’s total precipitation in just a few days. Scientist Bryan Mundhenk talks about a new way to predict these storms up to a month in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are vital to western water supplies, yet until very recently they were poorly understood: difficult to predict and measure, and very hard for scientists to estimate where they would make landfall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are often erroneously called “pineapple express” storms, a term that applies to only a subset of atmospheric river events that originate near Hawaii. Most atmospheric river storms begin in the more distant tropical ocean and develop into a narrow band of strong winds that funnel huge quantities of moisture toward the West Coast of the United States. These storms are so wet that just a handful can account for half of California’s total winter precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research in the last few years has \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/31/atmospheric-rivers-five-breakthroughs-in-analyzing-west-coast-storms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uncovered\u003c/a> some of the mystery behind atmospheric river storms, helping to predict storm timing and intensity. Now a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-017-0008-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new study\u003c/a> by scientists at Colorado State University in Fort Collins has revealed a way to predict atmospheric river storms as much as five weeks in advance. That’s well beyond what current tools allow, and it could provide enough lead time to make important decisions about water management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method describes a new way to interpret two other large-scale weather phenomena – the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/16/can-computers-learn-like-humans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madden-Julian oscillation\u003c/a> (MJO) and \u003ca href=\"https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quasi-biennial oscillation\u003c/a> (QBO) – as a signal for atmospheric river events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently talked to the study’s lead author, \u003ca href=\"http://barnes.atmos.colostate.edu/group/bmundhenk/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bryan Mundhenk\u003c/a>, a PhD candidate in atmospheric science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is our ability to predict atmospheric rivers today? What are the challenges?\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-440241 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/BMundhenk_photo_alt1-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bryan Mundhenk: In general, the current generation of numerical weather prediction models provides very useful information about atmospheric rivers a week or two out. Some of the decision tools – like those available \u003c/span>[from the Center for Western Weather and Extremes] \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/iwv-and-ivt-forecasts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">at Scripps\u003c/span>\u003c/a> – are based on these models to help anticipate atmospheric river timing and intensity along the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> West Coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We focused this study on the subseasonal timescale, beyond the point where today’s numerical models generally lose skill. We defined this subseasonal timescale as forecast lead times [that are] out two to five weeks. A lot of resource decisions are made within this time scale – think about adjusting reservoir levels, anticipating energy needs or planning outdoor events – but no tools are available to guide decision-makers in regions prone to atmospheric river landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What are the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>Mundhenk: The Madden-Julian oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. It represents large clusters of storms in the tropics that progress along the equator. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> is quite variable, but these storm clusters wrap around the globe every 30–90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The quasi-biennial oscillation, or \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span>, characterizes the winds in the stratosphere high above the tropics. Our interest in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> is based on research from a few years ago that revealed that the state of these upper-level winds can influence the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span>, as far as the strength of the storms in the tropics and the speed at which they propagate around the globe [goes].\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How do the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> influence atmospheric rivers?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: This concept is exploiting the ability of the atmosphere to support teleconnections. That is, when and where weather in one location on the globe is related to – and can influence – weather at a distant location.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The tropical storms characterized by the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> can elicit a wave response that travels around the globe. Think of a storm in the tropics as a stone dropped into a pond. The resulting ripples in that pond are like the wavelike teleconnection response to the stone being dropped. Granted, the ripples in the pond dissipate quickly, but the large-scale response to tropical forcing can take weeks to impact distant parts of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: It sounds like you’ve developed not a weather model, but a new method of observing and interpreting the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO.\u003c/span> Is that right?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: That’s right. This method was really an attempt to see if the teleconnection responses could provide useful information within the subseasonal time scale. We used the initial state of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">QBO\u003c/span> to predict anomalous atmospheric river activity two to five weeks in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For example, say on a day in the winter there are strong storms in the Indian Ocean – we call this \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MJO\u003c/span> phase 1 – and easterly winds in the stratosphere over the tropics. Then one should expect higher than normal likelihood of landfalling atmospheric river activity near coastal British Columbia approximately three weeks in the future.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How accurate are your predictions using this method?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: I\u003c/span>n that example about heightened atmospheric river activity near British Columbia three weeks into the future, the prediction of increased activity would be correct a maximum of 20 times out of 30. Perhaps more important than the skill value itself, at this stage, is that this finding suggests the dynamics of the atmosphere – the teleconnection responses – can provide useful information about atmospheric river activity well into the subseasonal time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Do your predictions also provide accuracy about where atmosphere rivers will make landfall?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Mundhenk: We applied this technique to a few regions along the West Coast of North America, but the regions were fairly expansive. It is important to note that this technique targets periods of anomalous atmospheric river activity, not individual atmospheric rivers themselves.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Many locations along the West Coast have pronounced wet seasons during which atmospheric rivers are more common. Say, for a given region, one atmospheric river makes landfall approximately every five days during winter. That would be the “normal.” This technique attempts to predict deviations from that normal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/03/16/big-improvement-in-predicting-drought-busting-atmospheric-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Stone tools and other items from ancient sites in Kenya give a glimpse at the emergence of some key human behaviors, perhaps including a building of relationships with distant neighbors, new research says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can’t be sure whether the objects were made by our species, Homo sapiens, or some close relative that’s now extinct. But at about 320,000 years old, they’re roughly the same age or a bit older than the earliest known H. sapiens fossils, which appeared in Morocco.[contextly_sidebar id=”uHaoXFBg4Ed1qwhlhzbu4CmCqtrDDEfA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, they show “foundations of the origin of modern human behavior,” says Richard Potts of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the researchers reporting the find in three papers released Thursday by the journal Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tools are much smaller and more sophisticated than the older, teardrop-shaped stone tools found in the same area in southern Kenya. Some were made of a volcanic rock, obsidian, that didn’t come from the area, meaning the toolmakers traveled miles to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those excursions must have led them to encounter groups of H. sapiens or our close evolutionary relatives. The toolmakers likely made connections with them so that they wouldn’t be threatened when they showed up on somebody else’s turf, the researchers said.[contextly_sidebar id=”9fjc8oSAXzAwDV6rgfMS8Ih7Sx2TrqAx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you would last very long if you went around grabbing someone else’s obsidian without their permission,” said Alison Brooks, an anthropology professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and another author of the papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newer tool style, known from other sites as Middle Stone Age technology, produced smaller stone flakes for uses like scraping and points on projectiles. It required a lot more planning to break off those chips to a desired size and shape, and so indicates a level of mental sophistication, Potts said. The findings include some small stone points that were carefully modified at the base so they could be attached to something like a spear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potts stressed that the researchers don’t claim that they’ve identified the birthplace of this tool style, but rather that the finds represent what was going on in at least one part of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older stone tools are from 1.2 million to about 500,000 years ago. Then, because of the geology of the sites, nothing is preserved until 320,000 years ago, when “we have a total replacement” of the old tool style by a more advanced one, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mental Maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAnalysis showed much of the obsidian was from places about 15 miles to 30 miles away in five different directions. So that means the toolmakers maintained mental maps of where to go find it, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volcanic rock was brought in as a raw material, and then turned into the sharp-edged chips. The rock was evidently valuable, and so it might have been traded, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said the toolmakers may have been spurred to create a wide-ranging social network as a hedge against the unpredictability of water and food supplies, caused by shifts in the natural environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Networks are the way that hunter-gatherers protect themselves against disaster in the future,” said Brooks.[contextly_sidebar id=”QEzmJEXkh1l8rzvl6uwKX97shyKKq1df”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also reported finding evidence for use of pigments. Two rocks appeared to have been ground and chopped, evidently to produce a powder of the bright red ochre pigment they contained. Some other rocks brought in from elsewhere contained manganese, which has been used in other archaeological settings as a black pigment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers don’t know what the toolmakers may have colored, but in other settings the use of color is often “something that is basically advertising that you’re part of a group,” as with flags or uniforms, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts not connected with the work called it significant.[contextly_sidebar id=”WMMcvRnUlHVbvbjwJmyMLH50jnODBqjt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three papers “lead us towards a more nuanced understanding of our species’ origins,” said Sarah Wurz of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. A key advance is tying the appearance of the cultural changes to evidence of environmental changes, such as rapid wet-dry cycles, she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Delson of Lehman College in New York said that when the new work is combined with other findings, “it is now clear that the time period around 300,000 years ago was a watershed for modern human (H. sapiens) origins across Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think you would last very long if you went around grabbing someone else’s obsidian without their permission,” said Alison Brooks, an anthropology professor at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and another author of the papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newer tool style, known from other sites as Middle Stone Age technology, produced smaller stone flakes for uses like scraping and points on projectiles. It required a lot more planning to break off those chips to a desired size and shape, and so indicates a level of mental sophistication, Potts said. The findings include some small stone points that were carefully modified at the base so they could be attached to something like a spear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potts stressed that the researchers don’t claim that they’ve identified the birthplace of this tool style, but rather that the finds represent what was going on in at least one part of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older stone tools are from 1.2 million to about 500,000 years ago. Then, because of the geology of the sites, nothing is preserved until 320,000 years ago, when “we have a total replacement” of the old tool style by a more advanced one, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mental Maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAnalysis showed much of the obsidian was from places about 15 miles to 30 miles away in five different directions. So that means the toolmakers maintained mental maps of where to go find it, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The volcanic rock was brought in as a raw material, and then turned into the sharp-edged chips. The rock was evidently valuable, and so it might have been traded, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also said the toolmakers may have been spurred to create a wide-ranging social network as a hedge against the unpredictability of water and food supplies, caused by shifts in the natural environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Networks are the way that hunter-gatherers protect themselves against disaster in the future,” said Brooks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also reported finding evidence for use of pigments. Two rocks appeared to have been ground and chopped, evidently to produce a powder of the bright red ochre pigment they contained. Some other rocks brought in from elsewhere contained manganese, which has been used in other archaeological settings as a black pigment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers don’t know what the toolmakers may have colored, but in other settings the use of color is often “something that is basically advertising that you’re part of a group,” as with flags or uniforms, Potts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts not connected with the work called it significant.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three papers “lead us towards a more nuanced understanding of our species’ origins,” said Sarah Wurz of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. A key advance is tying the appearance of the cultural changes to evidence of environmental changes, such as rapid wet-dry cycles, she wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Delson of Lehman College in New York said that when the new work is combined with other findings, “it is now clear that the time period around 300,000 years ago was a watershed for modern human (H. sapiens) origins across Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZTDqyNC4dv1rL1BBeaeUBeLuTAJ8Jrmr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IXpaDahM4jLd2Fi1dCeYHWZZVNvQkKX4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Following several misleading news reports that claimed 7 percent of an identical twin’s DNA changed after he spent one year in space, rendering them no longer identical, NASA reissued the press release clarifying the preliminary findings of their “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/2104.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twins Study\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott’s DNA did not fundamentally change,” the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated press release\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subjects of the study, which looked at how spaceflight affects the human body. Scott \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/437105/beyond-a-year-in-space-living-on-space-station-takes-toll-on-astronauts-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived\u003c/a> on the International Space Station from March 2015 to March 2016. Researchers documented physiological and psychological changes in Scott and compared the data to his twin brother Mark, who remained on Earth and served as a control subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In reality, if a whopping 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had really changed, he likely would no longer be human.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The confusion seems to stem from NASA’s original, January press release, which was vaguely worded. Publications like Newsweek began reporting that some of Scott’s DNA had changed, based on this excerpt from the original press release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers now know that 93% of Scott’s genes returned to normal after landing. However, the remaining 7% point to possible longer term changes in genes related to his immune system, DNA repair, bone formation networks, hypoxia, and hypercapnia.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In reality if 7 percent of Scott’s DNA had changed, he likely would no longer be human. As National Geographic’s Nadia Drake \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/scott-kelly-astronaut-space-station-dna-health-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted\u003c/a>, \u003ci>“\u003c/i>humans and chimps have genetic sequences that differ by less than 2 percent, and individual humans—even completely unrelated strangers—differ by about 0.1 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what exactly did NASA researchers discover?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes in Scott’s genome were related to gene expression, not the actual structure of his DNA. The updated press release is careful to note that the observed changes were “very minimal.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment,” the press release says. “This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or SCUBA diving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meaning that the observed changes are not all that surprising and can happen to anyone who engages in some sort of strenuous activity. Changes in genetic expression\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\"> reflect whether genes are activated or deactivated, which in turn determines how cells develop and function.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"clearfix\">“Within each of us, most of our cells are otherwise genetically identical, but their genes are expressed at different levels,” writes Drake. “It’s those patterns of expression that produce hearts, brains, eyeballs, and other things, kind of like using the same set of ingredients to cook up vastly different dishes.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The confusing news reports overshadowed some important findings of the multifaceted study, which also looked at how the spaceflight environment impacts cognitive performance and the immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers noted a pronounced decrease in cognitive speed and accuracy after Scott landed, possibly related to re-adapting to Earth’s gravity. The preliminary study noted however that most of the biological changes observed in Scott quickly returned to normal after he returned to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it plans on releasing more comprehensive results of its study later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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