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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The American chestnut was the king of the trees in forests in the eastern U.S. until a fungus from Asia brought them down. We are getting very close to making a resistant American chestnut. Now the question is whether or not we should plant it out in the wild. ",
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"title": "Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar's Success",
"headTitle": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar’s Success | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr demonstrates the size of bags Bay to Breaker race participants are permitted to carry this weekend. (Deborah Svoboda / KQED) Pancho Ramos-Stierle, an Occupy the Farm supporter, held plant starts that survived a … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/17/news-pix/Bay-to-breakers/San-Francisco/Occupy-the-farm\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots 'Bio-blitz'",
"headTitle": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots ‘Bio-blitz’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day in May when 60 people canvassed San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=mclaren+park&ll=37.721883,-122.420526&spn=0.009522,0.01929&fb=1&gl=us&hq=mclaren+park&hnear=0x80857d8b28aaed03:0x71b415d535759367,Oakland,+CA&cid=0,0,15376763166238386291&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park\u003c/a> and logged sightings of more than 200 species of plants and animals in just three hours, it seemed like a coming-of-age for smartphone-powered citizen science: At this point, just about anyone can do it and produce a remarkable quantity of usable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional bioblitzes often include scientists intensively collecting specimens over a 24-hour period. That takes special equipment and, depending on the species and the park, special permits. A smartphone-powered bioblitz skips the specimens in favor of map coordinates and photos. Without the need for permits or special nets and traps, the McLaren Park Urban Bioblitz could be almost entirely grassroots, fueled by two all-volunteer groups, \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a> (which I helped found) and \u003ca href=\"http://savemclarenpark.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save McLaren Park\u003c/a>, with major assists from \u003ca href=\"http://inaturalist.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iNaturalist.org\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of research on biodiversity and biogeography, like distribution of bird species, this data is extremely valuable,” said Scott Loarie, iNaturalist’s codirector and a research fellow at Stanford. Before the blitz, Loarie had checked existing museum records for biological specimens collected at McLaren park and found almost none. “We were able to gather orders of magnitude more observations in just a few hours compared to 25 specimens in the history of collecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using iNaturalist’s mobile app, the group flew through the 300-acre park in three hours and racked up more than 1,250 sightings. The near ubiquity of smartphones is what makes an event like this possible: Just about everyone is walking around with a device capable of things that, a decade ago, would have been the purview of professionals with an armload of gadgets, and people are so comfortable using map and photo apps that there’s almost no training required. (Correctly identifying species is another matter, but luckily iNaturalist has a good online community that helps out with that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city developed the [San Francisco] \u003ca href=\"http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap408/p408.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Areas Plan\u003c/a> back in the 90s, there was this huge project to get all these professionals mapping out all this stuff,” said Ken McGary, a leader of Save McLaren Park who lives nearby. “Now 15 or 20 years later, we did something similar with a few experts and volunteers. And we’re also inspiring a new group of naturalists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, according to Jean Farrington, director of lifelong learning at the California Academy of Sciences, the academy hopes to use the McLaren Bioblitz as a model for a series of bioblitzes, partnering with groups like Nerds for Nature, Bay Nature, and local park groups to document species across San Francisco as part of an upcoming San Francisco biodiversity citizen science campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2751\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Ueda-8730190853_3780c0c890_b-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"umber skippers, Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">umber skippers, photo by Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist was the brainchild of Ken-ichi Ueda: He and other students at UC Berkeley created it for a masters project in 2008. Since then, as KQED has reported in the past, it’s gotten bigger and better. iNat users are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/counting-climate-challenged-pikas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracking pikas in the High Sierra\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/09/27/snapping-snakes-for-science-with-your-iphone/#more-15211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logging global amphibian sightings\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201103041630/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicling the effects of climate change at Stanford’s Jasper Ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was the first time Ueda and Loarie helped organize an on-the-ground blitz. None of us knew if turning novices loose on the park with minimal guidance would work. It did. “You don’t need to know what you’re looking at, but you can still record interesting and scientifically relevant data,” said Ueda. “The one pipevine swallowtail was recorded by a guy who just showed up and wasn’t looking for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We divided up into four teams and fanned out across the park, trying to find as many different kinds of plants and animals as we could in just three hours, and recording our sightings using the iNaturalist smartphone app. Blitzers found the expected—like \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a raven\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265821\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a scrub jay\u003c/a>—but also the unexpected, like that \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pipevine swallowtail butterfly\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263795\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lazuli bunting\u003c/a> and oddest of all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead Anna’s hummingbird resting in a cala lily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2748\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00074.jpg\" alt=\"Logging a plant with giant leaves. Photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One team was fascinated by this South American import (genus Gunnera) with enormous leaves and spiny stalks. Photo by Tamara Schwarz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And people had a lot of fun making those discoveries: “I guess it was pretty obvious that we were having a good time,” said one blitzer, “because a woman who happened to be jogging through the park stopped me to ask what group we were with and how she can join.” At the end of the day, we watched as the numbers rolled in on iNaturalist’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/stats?place_id=mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us&d1=2013-05-11&d2=2013-05-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaderboard page\u003c/a>. Once those sightings have confirmed species IDs, the data flows to both the \u003ca href=\"http://gbif.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility\u003c/a> (GBIF) and the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, where researchers all over the world can make use of it. Loarie tells me that some 66,000 verified research-grade observations are now in the GBIF database (out of more than 200,000 total sightings on iNat).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2750\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00109-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist data can be used not just for academic research, but for grassroots restoration and outreach as well. On Saturday, we heard about an SF State student using iNaturalist data for research on Pacific chorus frogs. Local activists concerned about \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2013/05/02/deadheads-fight-potential-renaming-of-jerry-garcia-amphitheater/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new plan for the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater\u003c/a> want to log wildlife in that area. Amber Hasselbring, director of \u003ca href=\"http://natureinthecity.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature in the City\u003c/a>, and lepidopterist \u003ca href=\"http://sfbutterfly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liam O’Brien\u003c/a> are using the app to \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/whats-a-tiger-swallowtail-doing-in-downtown-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track butterflies on Market Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond all those specific cases, I love just looking at the cast of characters we know live in a park once it’s gotten the attention of iNaturalist users. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/places/mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park’s iNaturalist page\u003c/a>. Who wouldn’t want to go there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Tony Iwane for producing the event video, and to Ken McGary, Tom Scott, Ken-ichi Ueda, Scott Loarie, Ryan Kaldari, Liam O’Brien, and many others for making the event possible.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Traditional bioblitzes often include scientists intensively collecting specimens over a 24-hour period. That takes special equipment and, depending on the species and the park, special permits. But with help from smartphones, just about anyone can produce a remarkable quantity of usable data.",
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"title": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots 'Bio-blitz' | KQED",
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"headline": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots 'Bio-blitz'",
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"videoEmbed": "\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/66223080\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen>\u003c/iframe> \u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/66223080\">McLaren Park BioBlitz\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/user2890219\">Tony Iwane\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day in May when 60 people canvassed San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=mclaren+park&ll=37.721883,-122.420526&spn=0.009522,0.01929&fb=1&gl=us&hq=mclaren+park&hnear=0x80857d8b28aaed03:0x71b415d535759367,Oakland,+CA&cid=0,0,15376763166238386291&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park\u003c/a> and logged sightings of more than 200 species of plants and animals in just three hours, it seemed like a coming-of-age for smartphone-powered citizen science: At this point, just about anyone can do it and produce a remarkable quantity of usable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional bioblitzes often include scientists intensively collecting specimens over a 24-hour period. That takes special equipment and, depending on the species and the park, special permits. A smartphone-powered bioblitz skips the specimens in favor of map coordinates and photos. Without the need for permits or special nets and traps, the McLaren Park Urban Bioblitz could be almost entirely grassroots, fueled by two all-volunteer groups, \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a> (which I helped found) and \u003ca href=\"http://savemclarenpark.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save McLaren Park\u003c/a>, with major assists from \u003ca href=\"http://inaturalist.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iNaturalist.org\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of research on biodiversity and biogeography, like distribution of bird species, this data is extremely valuable,” said Scott Loarie, iNaturalist’s codirector and a research fellow at Stanford. Before the blitz, Loarie had checked existing museum records for biological specimens collected at McLaren park and found almost none. “We were able to gather orders of magnitude more observations in just a few hours compared to 25 specimens in the history of collecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using iNaturalist’s mobile app, the group flew through the 300-acre park in three hours and racked up more than 1,250 sightings. The near ubiquity of smartphones is what makes an event like this possible: Just about everyone is walking around with a device capable of things that, a decade ago, would have been the purview of professionals with an armload of gadgets, and people are so comfortable using map and photo apps that there’s almost no training required. (Correctly identifying species is another matter, but luckily iNaturalist has a good online community that helps out with that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city developed the [San Francisco] \u003ca href=\"http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap408/p408.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Areas Plan\u003c/a> back in the 90s, there was this huge project to get all these professionals mapping out all this stuff,” said Ken McGary, a leader of Save McLaren Park who lives nearby. “Now 15 or 20 years later, we did something similar with a few experts and volunteers. And we’re also inspiring a new group of naturalists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, according to Jean Farrington, director of lifelong learning at the California Academy of Sciences, the academy hopes to use the McLaren Bioblitz as a model for a series of bioblitzes, partnering with groups like Nerds for Nature, Bay Nature, and local park groups to document species across San Francisco as part of an upcoming San Francisco biodiversity citizen science campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2751\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Ueda-8730190853_3780c0c890_b-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"umber skippers, Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">umber skippers, photo by Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist was the brainchild of Ken-ichi Ueda: He and other students at UC Berkeley created it for a masters project in 2008. Since then, as KQED has reported in the past, it’s gotten bigger and better. iNat users are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/counting-climate-challenged-pikas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracking pikas in the High Sierra\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/09/27/snapping-snakes-for-science-with-your-iphone/#more-15211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logging global amphibian sightings\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201103041630/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicling the effects of climate change at Stanford’s Jasper Ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was the first time Ueda and Loarie helped organize an on-the-ground blitz. None of us knew if turning novices loose on the park with minimal guidance would work. It did. “You don’t need to know what you’re looking at, but you can still record interesting and scientifically relevant data,” said Ueda. “The one pipevine swallowtail was recorded by a guy who just showed up and wasn’t looking for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We divided up into four teams and fanned out across the park, trying to find as many different kinds of plants and animals as we could in just three hours, and recording our sightings using the iNaturalist smartphone app. Blitzers found the expected—like \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a raven\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265821\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a scrub jay\u003c/a>—but also the unexpected, like that \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pipevine swallowtail butterfly\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263795\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lazuli bunting\u003c/a> and oddest of all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead Anna’s hummingbird resting in a cala lily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2748\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00074.jpg\" alt=\"Logging a plant with giant leaves. Photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One team was fascinated by this South American import (genus Gunnera) with enormous leaves and spiny stalks. Photo by Tamara Schwarz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And people had a lot of fun making those discoveries: “I guess it was pretty obvious that we were having a good time,” said one blitzer, “because a woman who happened to be jogging through the park stopped me to ask what group we were with and how she can join.” At the end of the day, we watched as the numbers rolled in on iNaturalist’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/stats?place_id=mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us&d1=2013-05-11&d2=2013-05-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaderboard page\u003c/a>. Once those sightings have confirmed species IDs, the data flows to both the \u003ca href=\"http://gbif.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility\u003c/a> (GBIF) and the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, where researchers all over the world can make use of it. Loarie tells me that some 66,000 verified research-grade observations are now in the GBIF database (out of more than 200,000 total sightings on iNat).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2750\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00109-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist data can be used not just for academic research, but for grassroots restoration and outreach as well. On Saturday, we heard about an SF State student using iNaturalist data for research on Pacific chorus frogs. Local activists concerned about \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2013/05/02/deadheads-fight-potential-renaming-of-jerry-garcia-amphitheater/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new plan for the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater\u003c/a> want to log wildlife in that area. Amber Hasselbring, director of \u003ca href=\"http://natureinthecity.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature in the City\u003c/a>, and lepidopterist \u003ca href=\"http://sfbutterfly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liam O’Brien\u003c/a> are using the app to \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/whats-a-tiger-swallowtail-doing-in-downtown-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track butterflies on Market Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond all those specific cases, I love just looking at the cast of characters we know live in a park once it’s gotten the attention of iNaturalist users. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/places/mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park’s iNaturalist page\u003c/a>. Who wouldn’t want to go there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Tony Iwane for producing the event video, and to Ken McGary, Tom Scott, Ken-ichi Ueda, Scott Loarie, Ryan Kaldari, Liam O’Brien, and many others for making the event possible.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Enviros Livid as Brown Diverts Cap-and-Trade Funds",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": ""Totally disappointed." That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program into the general fund -- temporarily,",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?",
"title": "Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a result of a sequester and across-the-board cuts that have been applied, we’ll have about 500 fewer firefighters [nationally] at the Forest Service than we would otherwise have,” he said. “That may impact about 50 engines that we would otherwise have.” That’s about 5 percent below the usual staffing level. About 20 million acres in California are managed by the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the state’s rural areas are covered by CalFire, the state wildland firefighting agency, which has also seen budget cuts in recent years. This year, they started \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-calfire-staffing-20130416,0,6135117.story\">beefing up staffing early\u003c/a>, in response to the early fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a result of a sequester and across-the-board cuts that have been applied, we’ll have about 500 fewer firefighters [nationally] at the Forest Service than we would otherwise have,” he said. “That may impact about 50 engines that we would otherwise have.” That’s about 5 percent below the usual staffing level. About 20 million acres in California are managed by the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the state’s rural areas are covered by CalFire, the state wildland firefighting agency, which has also seen budget cuts in recent years. This year, they started \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-calfire-staffing-20130416,0,6135117.story\">beefing up staffing early\u003c/a>, in response to the early fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Governor Girds for Battle Over Delta Fix",
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"content": "\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown reflected that after the defeat of his own previous Delta conveyance proposal in a statewide referendum during his last term as governor, “it took several decades before people could really re-engage in this process and get something done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things… (But) 30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At moments, Brown spoke like a determined Don Quixote, tilting at the complexities of modern governance. “We’re gonna do everything. We’re gonna fix the fish, we’re gonna fix the levees…the salt’s gonna go out to the sea, and the water’s gonna flow and everything’s gonna work. But it takes a lot. It takes billions of dollars, it takes a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups and several Delta legislators are pushing back on Brown’s grand plan. In a statement, \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - main\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a> head Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The governor’s new Oct. 1 deadline is an attempt to thread the needle between pressure from the water-takers, who are threatening to stop paying for the BDCP, and the delay he faces because the science stubbornly still shows his tunnels would kill the Delta.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on “bonds and these other complexities that take votes,” Brown said he would rely on laws passed during his father’s administration that gave broad powers to the state Department of Water Resources. “I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things.” But, he lamented, “30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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