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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/science-during-crisis-640-360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Science-During-Crisis-640-360.jpg\" alt=\"Science During Crisis 640 360\" width=\"542\" height=\"420\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54580\">\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If your town were suddenly struck by an earthquake or hurricane, you could count on the arrival of police, firefighters, and medical technicians to aid in the emergency response. As of this past January, the US government has added a new team of responders to this list—scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Strategic Sciences Group was formed under Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar in order to help the department “act quickly, decisively and effectively when hurricanes, droughts, oil spills, wildfires or other crises strike.” The group was initially tested as a pilot program during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and is now a permanent part of the Department of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to see people in lab coats rushing into burning buildings or diving into flooding rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Strategic Sciences Group’s mission,” says group co-leader Gary Machlis, “is to very quickly assemble a team of scientists to develop scenarios of what the cascading consequences of a crisis might be.” These scenarios are projections of all the different ways in which the disaster might play out. The projections are then delivered to the President and other national leaders to help inform real-time, emergency-response decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Deepwater Horizon, for example, calculations regarding oil flow rates helped decision-makers respond to obvious problems such as ecosystem contamination, as well as some subtler consequences: long-term displacement of oyster harvesters, disproportionate economic impacts upon cultural communities, and diminished hurricane resilience due to wetland stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/alg_oil_rig_explosion.jpeg\" alt=\"Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deepwater Horizon in flames, April 21, 2010.\u003cbr>(AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With such a breadth of potential consequences to examine, its clear that the Strategic Sciences Group’s task is not simple. What is surprising however, is that many of the group’s difficulties stem from the nature of the scientific process itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists are very accustomed to being deliberate in their work,” says Marcia Mcnutt, who worked with the Strategic Sciences Group during her tenure as director of the United States Geological Survey. “The idea that they might get critical info on a Monday night and need to have their best guess of what that info means by six am Tuesday morning is just not the normal way science operates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Machlis adds, the rapidly determined results must also be communicated persuasively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t enough to do good science. You might have an extraordinary, complex scenario figured out that’s important for leaders to know, but if you can’t tell that story clearly and effectively, it’s of less value.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These requirements—the ability to work with urgency, cope with uncertainty, and communicate well with non-scientists—separate crisis science from traditional scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When creating the Strategic Sciences Group, Machlis responded to these unique demands by borrowing ideas from an unusual agency: The Office of Strategic Services, or OSS, which was established during World War II to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machlis says he has learned four important lessons from the historic military-intelligence organization:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>1. Who You Hire Matters\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54625\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Donovan-Officers-Resize.jpg\" alt=\"OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS Operational Groups\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OSS founder Maj. Gen. William J. Donovan with members of the OSS\u003cbr>Photo Courtesy of the OSS Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The ideal candidate for the OSS were PhD’s that could win a bar fight,” says Machlis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While martial arts training is not an actual requirement, the Strategic Sciences Group does seek scientists with a certain mental and physical tenacity. “They‘ve got to be expert in their own discipline, able to transcend their own discipline and work well with other scientists, and they have to be able to work extremely hard under very intense conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>2. Expertise Not Representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“Our goal is to get the very best people in the field working on these science teams. It is less about do we need one person from this agency and one person from this agency to make sure it’s representative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From government scientists to graduate students, anyone with the necessary skills can be recruited and put onto Machlis’ lists, or “rosters”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>3. Be Flexible\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54584\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/13/scientist-superheroes-the-us-governments-crisis-science-team/strategic-sciences-working-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54584\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Strategic-Sciences-Working-Group.jpg\" alt=\"US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010.\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Department of the Interior Strategic Sciences Working Group, New Orleans, LA, July 2010. Photo Credit: Jason Newman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Machlis ensures that the rosters are highly interdisciplinary. The 30 scientists who have already been called to action include “an anthropologist with expertise in disaster response from Louisiana, a public health medical officer from Washington, DC, a coastal geomorphologist from California, an ecologist working with a major natural history museum, and a Forest Service social scientist with expertise in urban ecology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such diversity allows the Strategic Sciences Group to be highly adaptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each crisis that might happen, whether it’s an oil spill, whether it’s an earth quake, whether it’s a dam failure, there’s always going to be many elements of it that are unique. We need to be flexible enough to choose a team that has reliable expert scientists appropriate to that crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\n\u003ch2>4. Avoid Bureaucracy\u003c/h2>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n“We stay focused on the mission rather than developing a lot of complicated, time-consuming bureaucratic processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to avoid creating a large government agency, Machlis only activates the rostered scientists when a disaster occurs. At all other times, the Strategic Sciences Group is made up of only three people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This three person team, when there are no current crises, spends its time evaluating the consequences of potential crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By considering situations such as “a forest fire in the sierras during Yosemite’s tourist season, or a pandemic, or an arctic oil spill,” the group hopes to pre-emptively increase response preparedness. Ultimately, Machlis aims to have the capacity to address simultaneous, bi-coastal disasters. For example: an earthquake in California and a hurricane in New York on the same day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When will the group be ready for such a situation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would hope that we’re prepared for that within the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark that down as December 31st, 2013--the date when you can expect not only police and firefighters, but also scientists, to play a role in addressing the next major natural or man-made disaster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a result of a sequester and across-the-board cuts that have been applied, we’ll have about 500 fewer firefighters [nationally] at the Forest Service than we would otherwise have,” he said. “That may impact about 50 engines that we would otherwise have.” That’s about 5 percent below the usual staffing level. About 20 million acres in California are managed by the Forest Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the state’s rural areas are covered by CalFire, the state wildland firefighting agency, which has also seen budget cuts in recent years. This year, they started \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-calfire-staffing-20130416,0,6135117.story\">beefing up staffing early\u003c/a>, in response to the early fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal officials are preparing for a bad fire season, especially in California and along the rest of the Pacific Coast. It’s already begun in California, with nearly 40,000 acres having burned since the beginning of the year, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/05/03/120287/light_sierra_snowpack_raises_specter_of_water_shortages?category=science\">very dry winter\u003c/a> statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2654\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS4767_SpringsFireLarge-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"springs fire ventura wildfire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Springs Fire in Ventura County burned more than 25,000 acres earlier this month. (Dan Rhodes/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Very little precipitation has occurred since the beginning of 2013,” Jeremy Sullens of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a> said on a press call this morning. “In fact in some areas, specifically California, we’ve seen less than 25 percent of the annual precipitation we’d expect for the year so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Track Current Fire Stats\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2013\">In CalFire’s jurisdiction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.inciweb.org/state/5/#\">On Forest Service land\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said the US Forest Service is facing a worse-than-usual season with a smaller-than-usual fire-fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown reflected that after the defeat of his own previous Delta conveyance proposal in a statewide referendum during his last term as governor, “it took several decades before people could really re-engage in this process and get something done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things… (But) 30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At moments, Brown spoke like a determined Don Quixote, tilting at the complexities of modern governance. “We’re gonna do everything. We’re gonna fix the fish, we’re gonna fix the levees…the salt’s gonna go out to the sea, and the water’s gonna flow and everything’s gonna work. But it takes a lot. It takes billions of dollars, it takes a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups and several Delta legislators are pushing back on Brown’s grand plan. In a statement, \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - main\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a> head Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The governor’s new Oct. 1 deadline is an attempt to thread the needle between pressure from the water-takers, who are threatening to stop paying for the BDCP, and the delay he faces because the science stubbornly still shows his tunnels would kill the Delta.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on “bonds and these other complexities that take votes,” Brown said he would rely on laws passed during his father’s administration that gave broad powers to the state Department of Water Resources. “I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things.” But, he lamented, “30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“I’m gonna do everything humanly possible to get it done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Brwon-4x3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Governor Jerry Brown told the state's water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Governor Jerry Brown told the state’s water managers a fix for the Delta is on the way. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was Governor Jerry Brown’s vow to the state’s water managers on Wednesday, asking for both their patience and their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was referring, of course, to his \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta tunnels\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/15/controversial-california-water-plan-takes-shape/\">ambitious proposal for tunnels\u003c/a> to bypass the environmentally beleaguered \u003ca title=\"Quest - Delta\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta\u003c/a>, switching yard for the biggest portion of California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna have a reliable water supply. We’re gonna build a big project. We’ve got the federal government moving along with us,” declared the Governor. The last remark may have been partially a reference to the agreement his administration signed Wednesday with federal agencies to set a formal deadline of October 1, for release of a draft version of the long-awaited \u003ca title=\"BDCP - main\" href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown made the comments during a brief, surprise appearance at the spring conference of the \u003ca title=\"ACWA - main\" href=\"http://www.acwa.com/\">Association of Californian Water Agencies\u003c/a> (ACWA) in Sacramento, which continues through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2337\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS3305_delta120111-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Department of Water Resources) \u003ccite>(Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I just came by to tell you, we’re working on it,” he told a large luncheon gathering at the Sheraton ballroom, about a block from the Capitol. Explicitly exempting his predecessor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brown added that, where the Delta’s concerned, “there was a little bit of a drought in leadership for several governors. By the quirks of history, I’ve come back after 28 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown reflected that after the defeat of his own previous Delta conveyance proposal in a statewide referendum during his last term as governor, “it took several decades before people could really re-engage in this process and get something done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things… (But) 30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At moments, Brown spoke like a determined Don Quixote, tilting at the complexities of modern governance. “We’re gonna do everything. We’re gonna fix the fish, we’re gonna fix the levees…the salt’s gonna go out to the sea, and the water’s gonna flow and everything’s gonna work. But it takes a lot. It takes billions of dollars, it takes a lot of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups and several Delta legislators are pushing back on Brown’s grand plan. In a statement, \u003ca title=\"Restore the Delta - main\" href=\"http://www.restorethedelta.org/\">Restore the Delta\u003c/a> head Barbara Barrigan-Parrilla, wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The governor’s new Oct. 1 deadline is an attempt to thread the needle between pressure from the water-takers, who are threatening to stop paying for the BDCP, and the delay he faces because the science stubbornly still shows his tunnels would kill the Delta.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than relying on “bonds and these other complexities that take votes,” Brown said he would rely on laws passed during his father’s administration that gave broad powers to the state Department of Water Resources. “I didn’t come back here just to goof off. I like doing real things. I like doing big things.” But, he lamented, “30 years ago, things were simpler.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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With the rainy season behind us, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Caverns\" target=\"_blank\">California Caverns\u003c/a> are opening up for those who aren't afraid of the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour guides interpret the eerie speleothems (cave formations), created by water droplets and mineral deposits. Most of the formations follow the laws of gravity. Stalactites appear to grow downward as water droplets following down the same path leave minerals behind. Stalagmites on the other hand, appear to grow upward, as water droplets fall and land in the same place depositing minerals over time. Helictite crystals, however, actually defy gravity. Although their formation is not fully understood, water pressure and capillary forces are said to play a key role. 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This results in one of the most delicate, extraterrestrial-looking speleothems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53476\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg\" alt=\"Helictite formations at Black Chasm Cavern.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave3-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Simpler formation names inspired by more familiar objects include \"soda straws,\" \"angel wings,\" and \"bacon.\" Their formation is so slow, a speleothem that is a couple inches long can be several hundred years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53475\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53475\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53475\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg\" alt='\"Angel Wing\" formations are created by mineral deposits as water droplets flow down cave walls.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave4-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although bats are an iconic cave inhabitant, you won't find them here. 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To help preserve these chambers, tour guides will immediately turn lights off when leaving, and in California Cavern, a pristine chamber called the \"Jungle Room\" is only shown to visitors who have demonstrated respect for the cave and its rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/07/exploring-caves-in-californi-an-otherworldly-experience/cave2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53478\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg\" alt=\"A flood in California Cavern makes a wonderful habitat for small invertebrates.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/cave2-1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Located just 3 hours from San Francisco, exploring \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/BlackRt.htm\">Black Chasm Cavern\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/CalifRt.htm\">California Cavern\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.caverntours.com/MoCavRt.htm\">Moaning Cavern\u003c/a> is a fascinating way to spend the weekend for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360]\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. 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Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n title='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n width='640'\n height='360'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. 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What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. 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"content": "\u003cp>The city of San Bruno said that Pacific Gas and Electric should pay $2.25 billion in fines for the gas pipeline blast that killed eight people in September 2010. And the staff of the California Public Utilities Commission agreed. City officials announced their demands Monday morning outside PG&E headquarters during \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/06/the-city-of-san-bruno-says-pacific-gas-and-electric-should-pay-2-25-billion-dollars-in-fines-for-the-gas-pipeline-blast-that-killed-8-people-in-2010-and-the-staff-of-the-california-public-utilities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/06/the-city-of-san-bruno-says-pacific-gas-and-electric-should-pay-2-25-billion-dollars-in-fines-for-the-gas-pipeline-blast-that-killed-8-people-in-2010-and-the-staff-of-the-california-public-utilities/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"San Bruno, CPUC Staff Call for $2.25 Billion Fine for PG&E Gas Explosion\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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