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Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54854\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"Freshwater expert Sandra Postel \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Virginia Smith\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> Sandra Postel\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sandra Postel has been a leading authority on global freshwater issues for 25 years. Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Caltrans spokesman said the department has a policy of not commenting on pending litigation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 177px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3074\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/cliffswallow-177x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often nest in cities on buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\" width=\"177\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff swallows, like this one in Palo Alto, often build nests on the sides buildings and bridges. (K Schneider/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A construction project on Highway 101 in Marin and Sonoma Counties is taking a toll on nesting \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cliff_Swallow/id\">cliff swallows\u003c/a>. Environmental groups are suing Caltrans to remove a net that’s trapping and killing some of the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The netting on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/msn/\">Marin-Sonoma Narrows\u003c/a> project near Petaluma was intended to keep swallows from nesting on the overpass during construction. Instead, the net is entrapping them and birds are dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter Dillard, the director of litigation for the Cotati-based \u003ca href=\"http://aldf.org/\">Animal Legal Defense Fund\u003c/a> said the net, which has been up since late March, violates federal law, and the suit demands that Caltrans remove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was passed to protect wildlife that are an integral part of our ecosystem,” said Dillard. “There’s no excuse for killing these animals, and they’re dying in horrific ways. The agency should simply take down the netting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the netting has claimed more than 100 swallows, according to Dillard. His group filed the lawsuit in federal court on Friday on behalf of five conservation organizations. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/16/chapter-7/subchapter-II\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> prohibits killing migrating birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back",
"title": "Saved From Living Death: How Genetically Modifying Chestnuts Could Bring Them Back",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54812\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54812\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg\" alt=\"We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of Wikipedia commons. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are getting very close to being able to bring back these gorgeous trees that used to dominate forests in the Eastern U.S. Now the big question is whether we should. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Castanea_dentata_large.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the turn of the 20th century, the forests in the eastern U.S. were dominated by the American chestnut. These “sequoia of the east” ruled the roost back then and were the cornerstone tree species. By midcentury, though, almost all of these majestic trees had been turned into shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this wasn’t magic. Instead, a fungus arrived from Asia that prevented the trees from growing bigger than this. Nowadays the only tall chestnuts are a few that happened to be planted outside of the tree’s old range. And even some of these are starting to be done in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the blight started stunting the chestnut, scientists have been looking for ways to help these trees fight back. And now they may finally be getting close to a solution. Well, actually, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23038446\">multiple solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one I want to focus on here is a very clever genetic modification that involves moving a wheat gene into the American chestnut. Early studies look to be very promising and these trees have even been shown to be resistant in the field. The researchers are hoping to get approval soon from the U.S. government for widespread planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutblight/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54816\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnutblight.jpg\" alt=\"These orange spots will eventually do this tree in. Just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"265\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These orange spots will eventually do this tree in just like it has with most every other American chestnut. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chestnut_blight_on_tree_in_Adams_County_Ohio.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea behind this method rests on the knowledge that the chestnut blight needs an acidic environment to do its dirty work. The way this little monster accomplishes this is by making and then pumping oxalic acid into the tree. This is incredibly damaging to the chestnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious solution is to find a way to neutralize this oxalic acid. We are looking for a solution as simple as those old chemistry experiments where we neutralized hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. This is where wheat can help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wheat makes an enzyme called oxalate oxidase (OxO) that breaks down oxalic acid. The researchers took the gene that has the instructions for this enzyme, the \u003cem>oxo \u003c/em>gene, and put it into the chestnut tree. The tree now makes the enzyme so that it can neutralize the blight’s oxalic acid. This approach appears to be working in making the trees more blight-resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543108\">looked at different trees\u003c/a> that made different amounts of the enzyme, they found that only those that made a lot were resistant to the blight. In other words, there was a correlation between the amount of enzyme and resistance. When the gene was in the right place in the tree’s DNA, it could make a lot of enzyme so the tree could fight off the blight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnut2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54819\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54819\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Chestnut2.jpg\" alt=\"Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees rules, should we? Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"431\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because we might be able to turn back time to when these trees ruled, should we? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D565_American_chestnut_mitchel_county.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So now we have a GM tree that might restore these forests back to what they were a century or so ago. Now we have to decide whether to plant them or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not really an issue of the tree having been created through genetic engineering. It is very hard to come up with plausible ways that a tree with this gene could have a significant effect on the environment. The trees aren’t modified so they make their own pesticides, survive spraying by herbicides or anything like that. They simply make an enzyme from wheat that successfully battles a killer fungus by neutralizing an acid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, it has more to do with upsetting the new balance that has arisen over the last few decades in the forests back east. The forests have adjusted to the loss of the American chestnut and reintroducing the tree will only plunge the forests back into a period of readjustment. This temporary state of flux will be disruptive and so should be done for more than nostalgic reasons. There should be some environmental or economic benefit in bringing the American chestnut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, this discussion is not dependent on the fact that the tree is GM. The same arguments can be made for the American/Japanese/Chinese hybrids that look to be resistant too. In fact, this discussion isn’t really that different from those brought up with regards to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/25/resurrection-biology-the-reality-of-bringing-back-extinct-species/\">bringing back extinct species\u003c/a>. Like those folks in Monty Python’s \u003cem>The Holy Grail\u003c/em>, the American chestnut isn’t quite dead yet, but it is close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we finally have ways to bring back the American chestnut. But it may be that it took us so long to find them that we don’t need them anymore. The forests have moved on, maybe we should too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 663px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/20/saved-from-living-death-how-genetically-modifying-chestnuts-could-bring-them-back/chestnutrange/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg\" alt=\"Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of Wikimedia commons.\" width=\"663\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange.jpg 663w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/ChestnutRange-400x362.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Natural range of the American chestnut as reported in 1914. The cross hatching shows the extent of the blight back then. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V84_D557_Natural_range_of_the_american_chestnut.jpg\">Wikimedia commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar's Success",
"headTitle": "Could Rooftop Solar Kill Utilities? California Grapples with Solar’s Success | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/05/2013-05-20-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2790\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2790\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/NetMetering-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As rooftop solar power grows, the electric utility business model could change. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has been a champion of solar incentive programs and so far, those policies have largely worked: the state is home to more than half of all rooftop solar projects in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they may have worked a little too well in one respect. As increasing numbers of Californians generate their own electricity, they rely less on electric utilities and that’s raising major questions about the future of California’s utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility business model has been largely the same for decades. Utilities build transmission lines, deliver power to customers and recover those costs via your monthly bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not hard to see why a customer like Chuck Pershing might make utilities nervous. “This is from PG&E,” he says, digging through a folder of bills. “Electric is $4.73. Here’s another which was $5.01.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck and his wife Suzanne Pershing pay next-to-nothing to Pacific Gas & Electric because of the solar panels atop their four-bedroom house in San Leandro. On a sunny afternoon, the panels are cranking out power – more than the couple are actually using. That extra power goes onto PG&E’s grid, where it supplies other homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see where it says ‘received,” says Pershing, pointing to his electric meter. “So PG&E is receiving from us right now 4.32 kilowatts per hour.” PG&E keeps track of this and credits the Pershings on their bill. While they still have to buy electricity from PG&E at night when there’s no sun, it’s effectively cancelled out by the extra power they feed back to PG&E during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/solar_basics/net_metering.php\">net energy metering\u003c/a>” and it helps solar projects like this one make financial sense. “It’s great,” says Pershing, who says he can’t resist going outside and checking the meter daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Victims of Success\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been a great program so far,” says David Rubin, who works on net-metering at PG&E. “It was an appropriate thing to do to help the solar market grow. We do, however have a concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 85,000 PG&E customers have gone solar. Under state law, once these homegrown electrons make up five percent of peak demand, utilities don’t have to buy the power anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, Rubin says, is that solar customers aren’t paying their fair share. “Solar customers really use the grid more intensively than non-solar customers,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=GVIZ&t=LINE&gco_vAxes=%5B%7B%22title%22%3Anull%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%7D%2C%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3A%7B%22max%22%3Anull%2C+%22min%22%3Anull%7D%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%7D%5D&gco_curveType=&gco_booleanRole=certainty&gco_lineWidth=2&gco_hAxis=%7B%22useFormatFromData%22%3Atrue%2C+%22minValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22maxValue%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindow%22%3Anull%2C+%22viewWindowMode%22%3Anull%7D&gco_legend=in&gco_title=Customer+Solar+Projects+in+California%E2%80%99s+Investor-Owned+Utilities&gco_series=%7B%220%22%3A%7B%22lineWidth%22%3A2%2C+%22pointSize%22%3A7%7D%7D&gco_theme=maximized&containerId=gviz_canvas&isXyPlot=true&q=select+col0%2C+col1+from+1gpYZLkIhgjxu_Q7f-N_4gXUtncn1MDyEbkuIE-U&qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&qe=+order+by+col0+asc+limit+12&width=500&height=300\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone pays for the grid – building and maintaining the wires and substations – through the price of electricity. By reducing their bills close to zero, Rubin says solar customers avoid paying for power lines they’re still using.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those costs then become the responsibility of our other customers,” he says, who subsidize about $200 million a year in lost electricity sales. That’s why the state’s big utilities are bringing the issue to the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency that sets power prices. Utilities want to see the net-metering program changed, so solar customers get smaller credits or are charged a fixed monthly fee to support the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think that we are losing customers,” says Rubin. “We are proud that we represent that largest number of solar customers within the country. We just want to make sure it grows in a sustainable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Competition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The utility anxiety is palpable,” says Edward Fenster, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunrunhome.com/\">Sunrun\u003c/a>, a residential solar company based in San Francisco. He says the growth of rooftop solar is a fundamental threat to utilities and the monopoly they’ve held.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PG&E has never had to compete in 140 years,” Fenster says. “It doesn’t have a sales force. Utilities just can’t raise rates forever now, without having to worry about a competitive force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar companies don’t dispute that their customers still need PG&E’s grid. “In theory you should pay something for that,” says Fenster. “That said, you’re also providing a benefit to everybody, which is that you’re reducing the need for the utility to invest in transmission and power generation, saving everybody money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Several Bay Area solar companies including Sunrun recently formed the\u003ca href=\"http://allianceforsolarchoice.com/\"> Alliance for Solar Choice\u003c/a>, a coalition set up to defend net metering. Fenster says they only expect to fight more of these battles as solar claims more of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a 20-year journey for us,” Fenster says. “But again, I think the populous is very much behind solar. I mean, being on the wrong side of history, you can win battles, but it’s very difficult to win wars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Death Spiral\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real concern is that as we move toward higher and higher levels of renewable power on the customer side, we’re going to see bigger shortfalls and the utilities are going to have to raise more revenue,” says Severin Borenstein, an energy economist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the catch: as utilities raise electricity prices, it encourages more of their customers to go solar. That equals an even bigger shortfall and utilities raise prices again. It quickly becomes what Bornstein calls a “death spiral.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even for those who hate utilities, it’s not a death spiral that should make them happy because none of these solar customers are really energy independent,” says Borenstien. “They still require having a grid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Utilities Commission is expected to release its net-metering analysis by the end of the summer. Many say whatever regulators decide to do, it will set a precedent not just for solar customers in California, but for the solar industry across the country.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "News Pix: Bay to Breakers Rules and SF Citizen Scientists Take Over McLaren Park",
"headTitle": "News Pix: Bay to Breakers Rules and SF Citizen Scientists Take Over McLaren Park | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr demonstrates the size of bags Bay to Breaker race participants are permitted to carry this weekend. (Deborah Svoboda / KQED) Pancho Ramos-Stierle, an Occupy the Farm supporter, held plant starts that survived a … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/17/news-pix/Bay-to-breakers/San-Francisco/Occupy-the-farm\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr demonstrates the size of bags Bay to Breaker race participants are permitted to carry this weekend. (Deborah Svoboda / KQED) Pancho Ramos-Stierle, an Occupy the Farm supporter, held plant starts that survived a … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/17/news-pix/Bay-to-breakers/San-Francisco/Occupy-the-farm\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">",
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"title": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots 'Bio-blitz'",
"headTitle": "Smartphone Apps Enable a New Phenomenon: the Grassroots ‘Bio-blitz’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day in May when 60 people canvassed San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=mclaren+park&ll=37.721883,-122.420526&spn=0.009522,0.01929&fb=1&gl=us&hq=mclaren+park&hnear=0x80857d8b28aaed03:0x71b415d535759367,Oakland,+CA&cid=0,0,15376763166238386291&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park\u003c/a> and logged sightings of more than 200 species of plants and animals in just three hours, it seemed like a coming-of-age for smartphone-powered citizen science: At this point, just about anyone can do it and produce a remarkable quantity of usable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional bioblitzes often include scientists intensively collecting specimens over a 24-hour period. That takes special equipment and, depending on the species and the park, special permits. A smartphone-powered bioblitz skips the specimens in favor of map coordinates and photos. Without the need for permits or special nets and traps, the McLaren Park Urban Bioblitz could be almost entirely grassroots, fueled by two all-volunteer groups, \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a> (which I helped found) and \u003ca href=\"http://savemclarenpark.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save McLaren Park\u003c/a>, with major assists from \u003ca href=\"http://inaturalist.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iNaturalist.org\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of research on biodiversity and biogeography, like distribution of bird species, this data is extremely valuable,” said Scott Loarie, iNaturalist’s codirector and a research fellow at Stanford. Before the blitz, Loarie had checked existing museum records for biological specimens collected at McLaren park and found almost none. “We were able to gather orders of magnitude more observations in just a few hours compared to 25 specimens in the history of collecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using iNaturalist’s mobile app, the group flew through the 300-acre park in three hours and racked up more than 1,250 sightings. The near ubiquity of smartphones is what makes an event like this possible: Just about everyone is walking around with a device capable of things that, a decade ago, would have been the purview of professionals with an armload of gadgets, and people are so comfortable using map and photo apps that there’s almost no training required. (Correctly identifying species is another matter, but luckily iNaturalist has a good online community that helps out with that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city developed the [San Francisco] \u003ca href=\"http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap408/p408.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Areas Plan\u003c/a> back in the 90s, there was this huge project to get all these professionals mapping out all this stuff,” said Ken McGary, a leader of Save McLaren Park who lives nearby. “Now 15 or 20 years later, we did something similar with a few experts and volunteers. And we’re also inspiring a new group of naturalists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, according to Jean Farrington, director of lifelong learning at the California Academy of Sciences, the academy hopes to use the McLaren Bioblitz as a model for a series of bioblitzes, partnering with groups like Nerds for Nature, Bay Nature, and local park groups to document species across San Francisco as part of an upcoming San Francisco biodiversity citizen science campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2751\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Ueda-8730190853_3780c0c890_b-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"umber skippers, Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">umber skippers, photo by Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist was the brainchild of Ken-ichi Ueda: He and other students at UC Berkeley created it for a masters project in 2008. Since then, as KQED has reported in the past, it’s gotten bigger and better. iNat users are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/counting-climate-challenged-pikas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracking pikas in the High Sierra\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/09/27/snapping-snakes-for-science-with-your-iphone/#more-15211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logging global amphibian sightings\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201103041630/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicling the effects of climate change at Stanford’s Jasper Ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was the first time Ueda and Loarie helped organize an on-the-ground blitz. None of us knew if turning novices loose on the park with minimal guidance would work. It did. “You don’t need to know what you’re looking at, but you can still record interesting and scientifically relevant data,” said Ueda. “The one pipevine swallowtail was recorded by a guy who just showed up and wasn’t looking for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We divided up into four teams and fanned out across the park, trying to find as many different kinds of plants and animals as we could in just three hours, and recording our sightings using the iNaturalist smartphone app. Blitzers found the expected—like \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a raven\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265821\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a scrub jay\u003c/a>—but also the unexpected, like that \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pipevine swallowtail butterfly\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263795\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lazuli bunting\u003c/a> and oddest of all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead Anna’s hummingbird resting in a cala lily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2748\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00074.jpg\" alt=\"Logging a plant with giant leaves. Photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One team was fascinated by this South American import (genus Gunnera) with enormous leaves and spiny stalks. Photo by Tamara Schwarz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And people had a lot of fun making those discoveries: “I guess it was pretty obvious that we were having a good time,” said one blitzer, “because a woman who happened to be jogging through the park stopped me to ask what group we were with and how she can join.” At the end of the day, we watched as the numbers rolled in on iNaturalist’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/stats?place_id=mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us&d1=2013-05-11&d2=2013-05-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaderboard page\u003c/a>. Once those sightings have confirmed species IDs, the data flows to both the \u003ca href=\"http://gbif.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility\u003c/a> (GBIF) and the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, where researchers all over the world can make use of it. Loarie tells me that some 66,000 verified research-grade observations are now in the GBIF database (out of more than 200,000 total sightings on iNat).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2750\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00109-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist data can be used not just for academic research, but for grassroots restoration and outreach as well. On Saturday, we heard about an SF State student using iNaturalist data for research on Pacific chorus frogs. Local activists concerned about \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2013/05/02/deadheads-fight-potential-renaming-of-jerry-garcia-amphitheater/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new plan for the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater\u003c/a> want to log wildlife in that area. Amber Hasselbring, director of \u003ca href=\"http://natureinthecity.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature in the City\u003c/a>, and lepidopterist \u003ca href=\"http://sfbutterfly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liam O’Brien\u003c/a> are using the app to \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/whats-a-tiger-swallowtail-doing-in-downtown-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track butterflies on Market Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond all those specific cases, I love just looking at the cast of characters we know live in a park once it’s gotten the attention of iNaturalist users. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/places/mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park’s iNaturalist page\u003c/a>. Who wouldn’t want to go there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Tony Iwane for producing the event video, and to Ken McGary, Tom Scott, Ken-ichi Ueda, Scott Loarie, Ryan Kaldari, Liam O’Brien, and many others for making the event possible.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a sunny day in May when 60 people canvassed San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=mclaren+park&ll=37.721883,-122.420526&spn=0.009522,0.01929&fb=1&gl=us&hq=mclaren+park&hnear=0x80857d8b28aaed03:0x71b415d535759367,Oakland,+CA&cid=0,0,15376763166238386291&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park\u003c/a> and logged sightings of more than 200 species of plants and animals in just three hours, it seemed like a coming-of-age for smartphone-powered citizen science: At this point, just about anyone can do it and produce a remarkable quantity of usable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional bioblitzes often include scientists intensively collecting specimens over a 24-hour period. That takes special equipment and, depending on the species and the park, special permits. A smartphone-powered bioblitz skips the specimens in favor of map coordinates and photos. Without the need for permits or special nets and traps, the McLaren Park Urban Bioblitz could be almost entirely grassroots, fueled by two all-volunteer groups, \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a> (which I helped found) and \u003ca href=\"http://savemclarenpark.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save McLaren Park\u003c/a>, with major assists from \u003ca href=\"http://inaturalist.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iNaturalist.org\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Nature Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of research on biodiversity and biogeography, like distribution of bird species, this data is extremely valuable,” said Scott Loarie, iNaturalist’s codirector and a research fellow at Stanford. Before the blitz, Loarie had checked existing museum records for biological specimens collected at McLaren park and found almost none. “We were able to gather orders of magnitude more observations in just a few hours compared to 25 specimens in the history of collecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using iNaturalist’s mobile app, the group flew through the 300-acre park in three hours and racked up more than 1,250 sightings. The near ubiquity of smartphones is what makes an event like this possible: Just about everyone is walking around with a device capable of things that, a decade ago, would have been the purview of professionals with an armload of gadgets, and people are so comfortable using map and photo apps that there’s almost no training required. (Correctly identifying species is another matter, but luckily iNaturalist has a good online community that helps out with that.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the city developed the [San Francisco] \u003ca href=\"http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc01/professional/papers/pap408/p408.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Areas Plan\u003c/a> back in the 90s, there was this huge project to get all these professionals mapping out all this stuff,” said Ken McGary, a leader of Save McLaren Park who lives nearby. “Now 15 or 20 years later, we did something similar with a few experts and volunteers. And we’re also inspiring a new group of naturalists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, according to Jean Farrington, director of lifelong learning at the California Academy of Sciences, the academy hopes to use the McLaren Bioblitz as a model for a series of bioblitzes, partnering with groups like Nerds for Nature, Bay Nature, and local park groups to document species across San Francisco as part of an upcoming San Francisco biodiversity citizen science campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2751\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2751\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Ueda-8730190853_3780c0c890_b-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"umber skippers, Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">umber skippers, photo by Ken-ichi Ueda, creative commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist was the brainchild of Ken-ichi Ueda: He and other students at UC Berkeley created it for a masters project in 2008. Since then, as KQED has reported in the past, it’s gotten bigger and better. iNat users are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/counting-climate-challenged-pikas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tracking pikas in the High Sierra\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/09/27/snapping-snakes-for-science-with-your-iphone/#more-15211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logging global amphibian sightings\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201103041630/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicling the effects of climate change at Stanford’s Jasper Ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was the first time Ueda and Loarie helped organize an on-the-ground blitz. None of us knew if turning novices loose on the park with minimal guidance would work. It did. “You don’t need to know what you’re looking at, but you can still record interesting and scientifically relevant data,” said Ueda. “The one pipevine swallowtail was recorded by a guy who just showed up and wasn’t looking for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We divided up into four teams and fanned out across the park, trying to find as many different kinds of plants and animals as we could in just three hours, and recording our sightings using the iNaturalist smartphone app. Blitzers found the expected—like \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a raven\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265821\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a scrub jay\u003c/a>—but also the unexpected, like that \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pipevine swallowtail butterfly\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263795\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lazuli bunting\u003c/a> and oddest of all, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/265651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dead Anna’s hummingbird resting in a cala lily\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2748\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00074.jpg\" alt=\"Logging a plant with giant leaves. Photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One team was fascinated by this South American import (genus Gunnera) with enormous leaves and spiny stalks. Photo by Tamara Schwarz.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And people had a lot of fun making those discoveries: “I guess it was pretty obvious that we were having a good time,” said one blitzer, “because a woman who happened to be jogging through the park stopped me to ask what group we were with and how she can join.” At the end of the day, we watched as the numbers rolled in on iNaturalist’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/stats?place_id=mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us&d1=2013-05-11&d2=2013-05-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leaderboard page\u003c/a>. Once those sightings have confirmed species IDs, the data flows to both the \u003ca href=\"http://gbif.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Biodiversity Information Facility\u003c/a> (GBIF) and the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, where researchers all over the world can make use of it. Loarie tells me that some 66,000 verified research-grade observations are now in the GBIF database (out of more than 200,000 total sightings on iNat).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2750\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2750\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Schwarz-DSC00109-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blitzers at McLaren Park, photo by Tamara Schwarz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist data can be used not just for academic research, but for grassroots restoration and outreach as well. On Saturday, we heard about an SF State student using iNaturalist data for research on Pacific chorus frogs. Local activists concerned about \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sfgate.com/cityinsider/2013/05/02/deadheads-fight-potential-renaming-of-jerry-garcia-amphitheater/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a new plan for the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater\u003c/a> want to log wildlife in that area. Amber Hasselbring, director of \u003ca href=\"http://natureinthecity.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature in the City\u003c/a>, and lepidopterist \u003ca href=\"http://sfbutterfly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liam O’Brien\u003c/a> are using the app to \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/whats-a-tiger-swallowtail-doing-in-downtown-san-francisco/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">track butterflies on Market Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond all those specific cases, I love just looking at the cast of characters we know live in a park once it’s gotten the attention of iNaturalist users. Here’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/places/mclaren-park-san-francisco-ca-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McLaren Park’s iNaturalist page\u003c/a>. Who wouldn’t want to go there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to Tony Iwane for producing the event video, and to Ken McGary, Tom Scott, Ken-ichi Ueda, Scott Loarie, Ryan Kaldari, Liam O’Brien, and many others for making the event possible.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The governor is playing a dangerous game that could wreck California’s push toward clean energy,” said Greenlining Institute legal counsel Ryan Young in a written statement Tuesday. Environmental justice groups are feeling especially burned, since a substantial slice of cap-and-trade fees were said to be headed for economically disadvantaged communities, where air quality suffers from nearby industrial facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the cap-and-trade program, which began in earnest this year, large emitters of carbon dioxide and other gases that promote global warming have to pay for the privilege. They do that by bidding for permits sold periodically in auctions held by the California Air Resources Board. The third auction is scheduled for Thursday of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the program is phased in to include more types of facilities, it has the potential to raise billions in fees, some of which go back to utilities to offset potential hikes in electric rates caused by the regulation. The rest was earmarked to further the state's carbon reduction goals, which include a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020. Last year, Brown signed SB535, designed to ensure that carbon fees weren't waylaid for unrelated purposes. What a difference a year makes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97205\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/05/14/enviros-livid-as-brown-diverts-cap-and-trade-funds/p1000232/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-97205\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/05/P1000232-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Starting this year, many big industrial emitters in California are having to pay for the right to put greenhouse gases into the air. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Totally disappointed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was Kathryn Phillips' reaction when she read the fine print in Gov. Jerry Brown's revised budget. Phillips, state director for the Sierra Club, is one of a chorus of voices from the environmental community howling over Brown's \u003ca title=\"Capitol Weekly - post\" href=\"http://www.capitolweekly.net/article.php?_c=11fjrf8gisrl5pl&xid=11fjqnp52905zjj&done=.11fjrlyk06wf72h\">decision to divert revenue from the state's cap-and-trade program\u003c/a> into the general fund -- temporarily, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cash rolling in from sales of carbon pollution permits to industry will amount to something on the order of $500 million in this first year of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And what the governor has decided to do is not use that money to get us closer to where we need to be in our greenhouse gas reduction targets,\" Phillips said in a phone interview. \"And I think that's wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under state law, \u003ca title=\"Quest - cap & trade\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">cap-and-trade\u003c/a> proceeds are supposed to go toward programs that help reduce the state's carbon footprint. And Brown himself has touted the potential uses of those funds in furthering the goals of California's central climate strategy under the 2006 law known as AB32. But the administration now says many of those carbon-cutting programs aren't ready for prime time, and in the meantime the funds can help balance the state budget. According to the governor's staff, the diversion is a \"loan\" that will be paid back with interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Are Doughnuts Destroying Forests?",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg\" alt=\"RS_DSCN1134\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/RS_DSCN1134-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">An Expert Opinion:\u003c/span> Frances Seymour\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>\u003c/h3>\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>The former Director General at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cifor.org/\">Center for International Forestry Research\u003c/a>, Frances Seymour has been a world leader in the effort to understand and address the impacts of tropical deforestation for 20 years. Or as she puts it, since Ben and Jerry’s released their Rainforest Crunch ice cream.\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/young_frances-173x253.jpg\" alt=\"young_frances\" width=\"161\" height=\"234\">\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in forests in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Chapel Hill, [North Carolina] I was always interested in nature and I tried to think of careers that could enable me to indulge that hobby. So when I was at UNC, I majored in zoology and thought about being a wildlife veterinarian as a way to be outside. I was in graduate school at the time when tropical forests were just exploding onto the international consciousness. This was back in the era of Rainforest Crunch and the lead-up to the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.htm\">Rio Earth Summit\u003c/a> in 1992, when everybody was concerned about tropical biodiversity and indigenous peoples. So I ended up being caught up in all that and making a career out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are some of the human and ecological costs of deforestation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When forests are lost, that means the loss of a lot of things that local communities depend on. At the local level this includes access to timber and non-timber forest products. At the landscape level forests provide various ecosystem services, like keeping clean waters in streams year-round and regulating rainfall patterns. Last but not least are the global-level human impacts. It’s estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from tropical deforestation and other land-use changes are a \u003ca href=\"http://scitechdaily.com/deforestation-adds-more-atmospheric-co2-than-the-sum-total-of-cars-trucks-on-the-worlds-roads/\">greater source of [C02] release\u003c/a> than all of the planes, trains, automobiles emissions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What poses the biggest risk to our forests: chopsticks, toothpicks, or toilet paper?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say “none of the above,” because some of the fastest and most damaging deforestation taking place right now is caused by the palm oil industry. So maybe the answer would be “your doughnuts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-54321\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/IMG_6852-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_6852\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Palm oil is one of those commodities that is mostly used as an edible oil. In Asia, it’s the most commonly used oil for frying things. But in our supermarkets, it’s in, like, half the products, ranging from shampoo to peanut butter to doughnuts. And so that’s probably the greatest threat to tropical forests right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is palm oil a relatively new commodity, at least on this scale?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palm oil has been produced on an industrial scale in Indonesia and Malaysia for a long time, but the price of it has rapidly escalated. The prospect of new markets for palm oil-based biodiesel have also come on the horizon and so the incentives to invest in palm plantations have increased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54323\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5701875645_79296910b5_b-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54324\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/5038663408_7f760da960_b-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Palm oil production is responsible for significant deforestation in both of those places and, most recently, it’s begun to expand to other regions. It feels like almost every day I read a news release about another deal being done for tens or hundreds of thousands of hectares in Central Africa to be converted to an oil palm plantation. And the particular concern in a place like Indonesia is that a lot of this palm oil is being planted on peatland swamp forests. These peat swamps can be standing on layers of organic matter that has accumulated over thousands of years. They can be more than 30 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thirty feet deep. That’s incredible.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about that for a minute. When you drain and burn a peatland forest in order to plant palm oil or pulp and paper—not only do you have the pulse of emissions from the initial burning of the surface vegetation going into the atmosphere, but that organic matter that was locked up underground is suddenly liberated, releasing greenhouse gases into the air as it oxidizes and decomposes. And so the amount of carbon per hectare released into the atmosphere is many, many, many times greater than an equivalent hectare of forest not on peat swamp soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the best way to balance sustaining the health of a forest and giving forest-dependent communities control of their resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-53769\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DSCN0831-198x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSCN0831\" width=\"153\" height=\"197\">I guess I would challenge the premise of the question in the following way: one of the great misconceptions about tropical deforestation is that it’s the local people who are responsible for deforestation. Communities don’t need to be convinced of the value of forest because they’re the ones who hunt in the forest and fish in the forest and gather rattan from the forest. They’re the ones who suffer when the logging trucks come in. So it’s kind of galling to blame deforestation on local communities when, in fact, the people who are profiting from deforestation tend to be elites from capital cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love that you challenged me on that.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell I’m not shy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Agriculture, specifically livestock grazing, contributes to deforestation. Are you a vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[LAUGHS] No, I’m not. Yes, it is true overall that agricultural expansion is one of the key drivers of deforestation around the world. In terms of the cattle production in the Amazon, there’s been a big effort recently to try to \u003ca href=\"http://grsbeef.org/\">shift beef production to deforestation-free methods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>People that are reading this might want to know what they can do to prevent deforestation. Should they buy forest-certified lumber? Eat local meat? Eat fewer doughnuts?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With specific reference to tropical deforestation, I think there are two things: One is to be a constituency for active U.S. engagement. And then, as individual consumers, yes, it does make a difference. Buy sustainably produced \u003ca href=\"https://us.fsc.org/\">FSC-certified\u003c/a> wood products. And hopefully, over time, we’ll have credible certification systems for some of these other commodities that can be certified deforestation-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Did you read The Giving Tree as a kid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-53771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Malinau-DG-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Malinau-DG\" width=\"160\" height=\"240\">If trees could talk, what would they say to the humans right now on this planet?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTrees have a self-interest in controlling climate change. So in addition to, “Don’t cut me down,” trees would also say, “Please protect the climate,” because forests are also vulnerable to climate change. With a changing climate, forests are experiencing drought and new invasions of pests that we have haven’t seen before. And so they would be saying, “If you want to keep forests around, you need to protect the climate.” So it’s sort of the opposite of what we’ve been talking about, “If you want to protect the climate, protect forests,” but it works the other way too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
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