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"title": "Battle Rages Over East Bay Wildfire Plan",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-24-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Wildfire season in California started early this year, and researchers say the fires are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201306060930\">burning stronger\u003c/a> because of the dry winter. The news is adding urgency to the effort to prevent fires like the 1991 Oakland Hills blaze that killed 25 people and destroyed more than 3,000 homes. But a proposal to cut 100,000 eucalyptus trees or more has stirred up controversy, and now, a long-running battle over the plan is coming to a head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rooting Out Non-Native Plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne hot late-spring morning Tom Klatt, the environmental projects manager for University of California, Berkeley, brings me to a piece of the school’s land he’s particularly proud of, at the top of Claremont Canyon in the Berkeley hills. The university has logged all the eucalyptus trees here, and is removing other non-native plants in an effort to reduce the risk of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4657 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\" alt=\"Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\" width=\"403\" height=\"502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Klatt’s wearing a business suit, but he’s not above pulling up a few weeds as we walk. He yanks out poison hemlock that’s growing along the trail into the canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this, this was a dark and shadowy tunnel of eucalyptus trees,” Klatt says. Now, it’s a sun-dappled spot; the hiking trail weaves through oak, bay and redwood trees. Those are native trees, as opposed to the eucalyptus, which are originally from Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a forest, and this forest still can burn, but it doesn’t have the contribution of the eucalyptus litter. It doesn’t have the very tall trees that can ignite in crown fires and throw burning embers,” says Klatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unkempt eucalyptus grove is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/06/12/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species/\">fire hazard\u003c/a>, Klatt says. The oils in the trees burn easily, and when burning leaves and bark catch the wind, they can spread the fire rapidly. That’s why, more than ten years ago, the school began removing the eucalyptus from this piece of property, and why it wants to cut down about 50,000 more trees here and in two other locations in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley, along with the city of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, is applying for a $5.6 million \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Home.aspx\">grant from FEMA\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus. The project covers almost 1,000 acres on park, university and city land. There are already fire mitigation projects going on here, like the one Klatt showed me, but this grant would expand the work. All told, 100,000 trees or more would be cut under the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4622\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5369-e1371855710317.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire in the Hills\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe East Bay hills are susceptible to fire, and whether or not eucalyptus are there won’t change that. The summers are dry and hot, and the Diablo winds — the East Bay’s version of the Santa Ana winds — can whip a spark into a wildfire. The wind was a major player in the 1991 fire. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calema.ca.gov%2Ffireandrescue%2Fdocuments%2Fafter%2520action%2Fthe%2520east%2520bay%2520hills%2520fire%2520-%2520usfa-tr-060%2520-%2520october%25201991.pdf&ei=a8vEUYeNOcf0iQK3tYCABw&usg=AFQjCNGbZE_KWO4sOVRbTMPIujhOa3aUnA&sig2=ICHqCqrsn5aL81Py8RCSDQ&bvm=bv.48293060,d.cGE&cad=rja\">FEMA report\u003c/a> found a host of factors contributed to it being the disaster that it was: lack of coordination between the agencies fighting the fire, lack of water, people getting trapped on the narrow winding streets and wood roofs bursting into flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mike Martin, a battalion chief with CalFire who fought that fire, says the eucalyptus played a role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“Early on in the fire, it hit some eucalyptus coming out of the Marlborough Terrace area, and it just put out a huge barrage of burning embers downwind from the fire,” Martin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those embers spread the fire, catching on vegetation and roofs. Martin says a single eucalyptus isn’t necessarily a fire hazard. It’s when there’s a bunch of them, shedding leaves and bark into heaps on the forest floor, that there can be disastrous results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like that is burning, there is nothing in our arsenal that can compete with it,” says Martin. “You’re not gonna find any firefighters saying eucalyptus aren’t a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash Against the Plan\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“It’s unfortunate that the ’91 fire is used as justification of this project because what really went wrong is not trees,” says Dan Grassetti, the founder of the Hills Conservation Network, a group opposed to the plan. They sued the park district over a related eucalyptus removal project, and is happier with the tactic East Bay Parks is taking now — thinning the eucalyptus groves on their land, rather than cutting them down wholesale. But Grassetti’s group has been fighting UC Berkeley’s plan to remove all the eucalyptus on its property since 2005, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillsconservationnetwork.org/HillsConservation3/Blog/Entries/2013/6/20_Next_Steps_files/HCN_Report_FINAL_06-17-2013b.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> responding to FEMA’s draft environmental impact statement on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community’s been given a false choice,” he says. “The choice that UC’s put out there has been, either do what we want to do, or we do nothing. And that is just totally bogus as far as we’re concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4617\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5360-e1371855484412.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grassetti brings me to a spot in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve that he thinks is a good example of how to limit fire risk — and keep the eucalyptus. A red-shouldered hawk calls behind us as we look down a shady hill at a forest of eucalyptus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, we’re standing here right now, and I would argue that it smells pretty good. And it’s kind of a pleasant environment. It’s shady. It’s cool. It’s good habitat,” Grassetti says. There’s space between the trees, and the ground below them is mostly clear of bark and leaves. “This is probably our ideal of how a eucalyptus grove could be maintained in the hills here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti argues, if UC Berkeley maintained its eucalyptus groves like this one, they wouldn’t be a fire hazard. But Klatt says keeping any of the trees isn’t sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as you leave a single eucalyptus tree here that drops 20,000-plus seeds per year, you can be assured that you’re going to have regeneration of the species. So thinning it doesn’t get you out of the eucalyptus management business, doesn’t get you out of cleaning up the forest floor business and it isn’t really a solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Grassetti and Klatt are on either end of the spectrum here. The Sierra Club has \u003ca href=\"http://theyodeler.org/?p=7539\">endorsed the plan\u003c/a>. But when it comes to cutting the eucalyptus, many community members fall somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I realize that the eucalyptus are a fire hazard, and for that reason it’s hard to object to that,” says Barbara Bauer. She lives near Claremont Canyon where she walks her dogs, Pal and Tempo. She was there for the ’91 fire; she had to evacuate and watched the hills burn. But she’s not on board with the plan to remove other trees, including acacia and Monterey pine. “I have real feelings for the trees that don’t necessarily have to go, for any good reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other concerns. Jeannie McKenzie raises goats and chickens in the backyard of her Oakland hills home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing I am most concerned about is these herbicides in our hills at the top of our watershed that is coming down through our properties,” says McKenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicides would be applied directly to the stumps of the eucalyptus as soon as they’re cut, to prevent regrowth. But Klatt says there would likely be some spraying, too, to control other weeds, which isn’t described in the draft environmental impact statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klatt says he’s not surprised the plan’s been so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA plans to begin working on the final environmental impact statement this summer. That will decide what – if any – elements of this plan they’ll fund. Klatt says the money would help them move faster, but either way, they’ll continue cutting, to try to limit the risk of another catastrophic wildfire in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-24-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Wildfire season in California started early this year, and researchers say the fires are \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201306060930\">burning stronger\u003c/a> because of the dry winter. The news is adding urgency to the effort to prevent fires like the 1991 Oakland Hills blaze that killed 25 people and destroyed more than 3,000 homes. But a proposal to cut 100,000 eucalyptus trees or more has stirred up controversy, and now, a long-running battle over the plan is coming to a head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rooting Out Non-Native Plants\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne hot late-spring morning Tom Klatt, the environmental projects manager for University of California, Berkeley, brings me to a piece of the school’s land he’s particularly proud of, at the top of Claremont Canyon in the Berkeley hills. The university has logged all the eucalyptus trees here, and is removing other non-native plants in an effort to reduce the risk of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4657 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/eucalyptus_rev1_900-e1372134472209.jpg\" alt=\"Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\" width=\"403\" height=\"502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Update: The city of Oakland has clarified their language in the EIR and has decided to pursue a thinning approach similar to East Bay Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Klatt’s wearing a business suit, but he’s not above pulling up a few weeds as we walk. He yanks out poison hemlock that’s growing along the trail into the canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we started this, this was a dark and shadowy tunnel of eucalyptus trees,” Klatt says. Now, it’s a sun-dappled spot; the hiking trail weaves through oak, bay and redwood trees. Those are native trees, as opposed to the eucalyptus, which are originally from Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a forest, and this forest still can burn, but it doesn’t have the contribution of the eucalyptus litter. It doesn’t have the very tall trees that can ignite in crown fires and throw burning embers,” says Klatt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unkempt eucalyptus grove is a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/06/12/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species/\">fire hazard\u003c/a>, Klatt says. The oils in the trees burn easily, and when burning leaves and bark catch the wind, they can spread the fire rapidly. That’s why, more than ten years ago, the school began removing the eucalyptus from this piece of property, and why it wants to cut down about 50,000 more trees here and in two other locations in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley, along with the city of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, is applying for a $5.6 million \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Home.aspx\">grant from FEMA\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus. The project covers almost 1,000 acres on park, university and city land. There are already fire mitigation projects going on here, like the one Klatt showed me, but this grant would expand the work. All told, 100,000 trees or more would be cut under the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4622\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4622\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5369-e1371855710317.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Klatt, environmental projects manager for UC Berkeley. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire in the Hills\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe East Bay hills are susceptible to fire, and whether or not eucalyptus are there won’t change that. The summers are dry and hot, and the Diablo winds — the East Bay’s version of the Santa Ana winds — can whip a spark into a wildfire. The wind was a major player in the 1991 fire. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calema.ca.gov%2Ffireandrescue%2Fdocuments%2Fafter%2520action%2Fthe%2520east%2520bay%2520hills%2520fire%2520-%2520usfa-tr-060%2520-%2520october%25201991.pdf&ei=a8vEUYeNOcf0iQK3tYCABw&usg=AFQjCNGbZE_KWO4sOVRbTMPIujhOa3aUnA&sig2=ICHqCqrsn5aL81Py8RCSDQ&bvm=bv.48293060,d.cGE&cad=rja\">FEMA report\u003c/a> found a host of factors contributed to it being the disaster that it was: lack of coordination between the agencies fighting the fire, lack of water, people getting trapped on the narrow winding streets and wood roofs bursting into flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mike Martin, a battalion chief with CalFire who fought that fire, says the eucalyptus played a role, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/openspaces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8748\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-8748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/hdpublicplaces-mod.jpg\" alt=\"hdpublicplaces-mod\" width=\"200\" height=\"46\">\u003c/a>“Early on in the fire, it hit some eucalyptus coming out of the Marlborough Terrace area, and it just put out a huge barrage of burning embers downwind from the fire,” Martin recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those embers spread the fire, catching on vegetation and roofs. Martin says a single eucalyptus isn’t necessarily a fire hazard. It’s when there’s a bunch of them, shedding leaves and bark into heaps on the forest floor, that there can be disastrous results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something like that is burning, there is nothing in our arsenal that can compete with it,” says Martin. “You’re not gonna find any firefighters saying eucalyptus aren’t a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash Against the Plan\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“It’s unfortunate that the ’91 fire is used as justification of this project because what really went wrong is not trees,” says Dan Grassetti, the founder of the Hills Conservation Network, a group opposed to the plan. They sued the park district over a related eucalyptus removal project, and is happier with the tactic East Bay Parks is taking now — thinning the eucalyptus groves on their land, rather than cutting them down wholesale. But Grassetti’s group has been fighting UC Berkeley’s plan to remove all the eucalyptus on its property since 2005, and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.hillsconservationnetwork.org/HillsConservation3/Blog/Entries/2013/6/20_Next_Steps_files/HCN_Report_FINAL_06-17-2013b.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> responding to FEMA’s draft environmental impact statement on the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community’s been given a false choice,” he says. “The choice that UC’s put out there has been, either do what we want to do, or we do nothing. And that is just totally bogus as far as we’re concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4617\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/IMG_5360-e1371855484412.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Grassetti, founder of the Hills Conservation Network. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grassetti brings me to a spot in Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve that he thinks is a good example of how to limit fire risk — and keep the eucalyptus. A red-shouldered hawk calls behind us as we look down a shady hill at a forest of eucalyptus trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, we’re standing here right now, and I would argue that it smells pretty good. And it’s kind of a pleasant environment. It’s shady. It’s cool. It’s good habitat,” Grassetti says. There’s space between the trees, and the ground below them is mostly clear of bark and leaves. “This is probably our ideal of how a eucalyptus grove could be maintained in the hills here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grassetti argues, if UC Berkeley maintained its eucalyptus groves like this one, they wouldn’t be a fire hazard. But Klatt says keeping any of the trees isn’t sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As long as you leave a single eucalyptus tree here that drops 20,000-plus seeds per year, you can be assured that you’re going to have regeneration of the species. So thinning it doesn’t get you out of the eucalyptus management business, doesn’t get you out of cleaning up the forest floor business and it isn’t really a solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Grassetti and Klatt are on either end of the spectrum here. The Sierra Club has \u003ca href=\"http://theyodeler.org/?p=7539\">endorsed the plan\u003c/a>. But when it comes to cutting the eucalyptus, many community members fall somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I realize that the eucalyptus are a fire hazard, and for that reason it’s hard to object to that,” says Barbara Bauer. She lives near Claremont Canyon where she walks her dogs, Pal and Tempo. She was there for the ’91 fire; she had to evacuate and watched the hills burn. But she’s not on board with the plan to remove other trees, including acacia and Monterey pine. “I have real feelings for the trees that don’t necessarily have to go, for any good reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other concerns. Jeannie McKenzie raises goats and chickens in the backyard of her Oakland hills home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing I am most concerned about is these herbicides in our hills at the top of our watershed that is coming down through our properties,” says McKenzie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicides would be applied directly to the stumps of the eucalyptus as soon as they’re cut, to prevent regrowth. But Klatt says there would likely be some spraying, too, to control other weeds, which isn’t described in the draft environmental impact statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klatt says he’s not surprised the plan’s been so controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never going to get a consensus on environmental issues in the San Francisco Bay Area. We pretty much accept that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA plans to begin working on the final environmental impact statement this summer. That will decide what – if any – elements of this plan they’ll fund. Klatt says the money would help them move faster, but either way, they’ll continue cutting, to try to limit the risk of another catastrophic wildfire in the hills.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nurses attending the National Nurses United conference took to the Golden Gate Bridge on June 20, to protest the Keystone XL Pipeline. They marched across the bridge dressed in red and carrying signs reading “Our Planet, Our Patients, Our Future,” … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/21/news-pix/\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "River Otters in the Marin Headlands",
"headTitle": "River Otters in the Marin Headlands | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area was recently abuzz over \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/S-F-s-only-river-otter-at-Sutro-Baths-4163180.php\">a lone river otter in Sutro Baths, affectionately called “Sutro Sam.”\u003c/a> Although Sutro Sam’s brief stint in the swimming complex ruins is now over, there are still plenty of other places in the Bay Area to see wild river otters. Rodeo Lagoon in the Marin Headlands is one of these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3868\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-1.jpg\" alt=\"Rodeo Lagoon\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3868\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rodeo Lagoon.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the help of citizens, \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org\">The River Otter Ecology Project\u003c/a> (ROEP) studies these animals to better understand their role in the Bay Area’s costal watersheds. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-citizen-science-project.html\">OTTER SPOTTER Citizen Science Project\u003c/a> asks the public to submit any observational or physical data that can be used to document where river otters are in the Bay Area; photographs and video-recording of river otters are highly encouraged. Rodeo Lagoon is a site that this organization closely monitors due to high river otter activity. At least 5 individuals have been spotted in this location, likely a female with pups and a male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3865\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3865\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-2.jpg\" alt=\"Scratches in the sand indicate river otter activity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3865\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scratches in the sand indicate river otter activity.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike sea otters, river otters spend quite a lot of time on land. They are great runners, rock and tree climbers, and sleep in dens. This versatility allows river otters to eat everything from crustaceans to other mammals, which can be seen in their scat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-3.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3866\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-3.jpg\" alt=\"The River Otter Ecology Project collects river otter scat samples to learn more about wild river otters' diets\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3866\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The River Otter Ecology Project collects river otter scat samples to learn more about wild river otters’ diets.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a QUEST video of a wild river otter scat dissection at Big Break Regional Shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[flickr video=4911254966 secret=2381fe7c89 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nAlthough river otters are not endangered, they are listed as a Species of Special Concern due to polluted waterways, habitat loss and being hunted for their fur. It can be difficult to spot river otters in the wild, but with the public’s help, ROEP has created an \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-interactive-map-of-bay-area-sightings.html\">interactive map of Bay Area river otter sightings.\u003c/a> Each pin details what was sighted and when, which may be helpful to optimistic hikers who would like to see them. If outdoor trekking isn’t your thing, there are a number of zoos and aquariums in the Bay Area that exhibit river otters, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org\">The San Francisco Zoo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\">Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.curiodyssey.org\">CuriOdyssey\u003c/a> and this coming summer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofthebay.com\">Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3867\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-4.jpg\" alt=\"A river otter at Rodeo Lagoon\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3867\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A river otter at Rodeo Lagoon.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area was recently abuzz over \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/S-F-s-only-river-otter-at-Sutro-Baths-4163180.php\">a lone river otter in Sutro Baths, affectionately called “Sutro Sam.”\u003c/a> Although Sutro Sam’s brief stint in the swimming complex ruins is now over, there are still plenty of other places in the Bay Area to see wild river otters. Rodeo Lagoon in the Marin Headlands is one of these places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3868\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3868\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-1.jpg\" alt=\"Rodeo Lagoon\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3868\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rodeo Lagoon.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the help of citizens, \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org\">The River Otter Ecology Project\u003c/a> (ROEP) studies these animals to better understand their role in the Bay Area’s costal watersheds. Their \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-citizen-science-project.html\">OTTER SPOTTER Citizen Science Project\u003c/a> asks the public to submit any observational or physical data that can be used to document where river otters are in the Bay Area; photographs and video-recording of river otters are highly encouraged. Rodeo Lagoon is a site that this organization closely monitors due to high river otter activity. At least 5 individuals have been spotted in this location, likely a female with pups and a male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3865\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3865\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-2.jpg\" alt=\"Scratches in the sand indicate river otter activity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3865\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scratches in the sand indicate river otter activity.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike sea otters, river otters spend quite a lot of time on land. They are great runners, rock and tree climbers, and sleep in dens. This versatility allows river otters to eat everything from crustaceans to other mammals, which can be seen in their scat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3866\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-3.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3866\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-3.jpg\" alt=\"The River Otter Ecology Project collects river otter scat samples to learn more about wild river otters' diets\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3866\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The River Otter Ecology Project collects river otter scat samples to learn more about wild river otters’ diets.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a QUEST video of a wild river otter scat dissection at Big Break Regional Shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[flickr video=4911254966 secret=2381fe7c89 w=640 h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nAlthough river otters are not endangered, they are listed as a Species of Special Concern due to polluted waterways, habitat loss and being hunted for their fur. It can be difficult to spot river otters in the wild, but with the public’s help, ROEP has created an \u003ca href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-interactive-map-of-bay-area-sightings.html\">interactive map of Bay Area river otter sightings.\u003c/a> Each pin details what was sighted and when, which may be helpful to optimistic hikers who would like to see them. If outdoor trekking isn’t your thing, there are a number of zoos and aquariums in the Bay Area that exhibit river otters, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org\">The San Francisco Zoo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\">Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.curiodyssey.org\">CuriOdyssey\u003c/a> and this coming summer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquariumofthebay.com\">Aquarium of the Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3867\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3867\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/roep-4.jpg\" alt=\"A river otter at Rodeo Lagoon\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3867\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A river otter at Rodeo Lagoon.\u003cbr>Photo by Andrea Dougall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species",
"headTitle": "Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4236\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" alt='Specialized reproductive structures caleld \"epicormic shoots\" sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. (Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia./jjron)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specialized reproductive structures called “epicormic shoots” sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia. (Photo: jjron)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists now count invasive species as a major threat to biological diversity second only to direct habitat loss and fragmentation. Why do they worry when new species enter an ecosystem? More than 90 percent of introduced plants in California have overcome barriers to survival and reproduction in their new home without harming native species. But a fraction display invasive traits, displacing native species and reshaping the ecological landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), a symbol of California for some, never knew California soil \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr069/psw_gtr069.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until the 1850s\u003c/a>, when seeds from Australia were planted, first as ornamentals, then mostly for timber and fuel. The California Invasive Plant Council (CAL-IPC) classifies blue gum eucalyptus as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/paf/site/paf/342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“moderate” invasive\u003c/a> because the trees need certain conditions to thrive. For the most part, they’re not a problem in the drier regions of Southern California or the Central Valley. But along the coast, where summer fog brings buckets of moisture, it’s a different story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue gum invades neighboring plant communities if adequate moisture is available for propagation, state resource ecologist David Boyd \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=48&surveynumber=182.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted in a report\u003c/a> for CAL-IPC. Once established, the trees can alter local soil moisture, light availability, fire patterns, nitrogen mineralization rates and soil chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced species can disrupt ecological relationships among species that co-evolved over millennia, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/habitat-restoration/projects/oak-woodland.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many groups work\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus and restore coast live oaks. California’s native oak woodlands still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/ecosystem_processes/sierra/bio_diversity/habitat_relationship_terrestrial_sub5/abundance_distribution.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sustain more biodiversity\u003c/a> than any other terrestrial landscape even though more than a century of intensive agricultural, rangeland and urban development has claimed some \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/~/media/cdr/Planning/PCCP/BackgroundData/OakWoodlands/OakWoodlandMgtPlan.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 million acres of woodlands\u003c/a>. (While settlers cleared the land of oaks, entrepreneurs planted eucalyptus trees by the millions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic fire risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s why many ecologists welcome \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Files/FAQ%204-1-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan to remove tens of thousands\u003c/a> of eucalyptus and other non-native trees from the East Bay Hills to reduce fire risk. UC Berkeley, together with the City of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/05/17/fema-reviews-bay-area-pre-disaster-funding-applications-invites-public\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $5.6 million\u003c/a> in grants to remove the non-natives—primarily eucalyptus, Monterey pine and acacia—under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Pre-Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Mitigation Grant programs. The total project would cover just under 1,000 acres and includes plans to encourage regrowth of native oak and bay trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen major fires\u003c/a> roared through 9,000 acres of the East Bay Hills between 1923 and 1992, incinerating some 4,000 homes and killing 26 people. The Oakland “Tunnel” fire, considered the worst in California history, caused an estimated $1.5 billion in damage, destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed 25 people. Following the Oakland fire, disaster experts urged large landowners in the East Bay Hills to work together to manage vegetation to prevent another catastrophic wildfire, says Tom Klatt, who manages environmental projects for UC Berkeley and serves on the UC Fire Mitigation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blue gum eucalyptus is one of the most fire-intensive plants,” says Klatt. Trees not only put a lot of fuel on the ground as they shed bark, leaves and twigs, but in intense fires, volatile compounds in foliage cause explosive burning. “Once bark catches fire, it gets blown ahead of the flame front and drops burning embers by the tens of thousands per acre in the urban community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 1923 fire started at Inspiration Point ran through the eucalyptus trees until it hit the ridgeline at Grizzly Peak, then came down to University and Shattuck before the wind finally changed direction, Klatt says. “It took out 568 homes on the north side of the Berkeley campus in two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fire risk, the plan remains contentious. Some residents worry about the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/fema-plans-clear-cutting-85000-berkeley-and-oakland-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pesticides\u003c/a>, some feel eucalyptus’ \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlocal.com/2013/06/storm-of-controversy-rages-over-fire-hazard-reduction-plans-for-oakland-hills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flammability is overstated \u003c/a>and others who consider the trees cultural icons view the plans as \u003ca href=\"http://rockridge.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/proposal-to-reduce-fire-risk-in-east-bay-hills-by-cutting-85000-trees-draws-a-crowd\">an attack on a species\u003c/a> that’s been here so long we should consider it native. (For the record, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/archive/exotics.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> defines “native” as any species that predated European contact.) Predicting how an introduced species will behave is complicated by the fact that ecological effects are difficult to observe—and may only appear when it’s too late to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological impacts of eucalyptus \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEvidence of the trees’ impacts on East Bay ecosystems is relatively scarce. A \u003ca href=\"http://elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1109813068Sax2002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2002 study\u003c/a> of the Berkeley hills found similar numbers and diversity of species in eucalyptus and native woodlands, but the species themselves were different. Monarchs use groves in Point Pinole as resting spots and several bird species, including \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/1_2_3.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">herons and egrets,\u003c/a> nest in eucalyptus in and near the tree-removal project areas, though how their use affects their reproductive success isn’t clear. (Klatt says that though he hasn’t seen nests in the UCB project areas, the law requires that they take steps to protect nesting birds and any species under state and federal protection.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More evidence comes from the Central Coast. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/training/show_train_detail.php?TRAIN_ID=EcoGYZ22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2004 workshop\u003c/a> on the blue gum’s impact on the ecology of coastal ecosystems, researchers reported conflicting effects. Eucalyptus stands can provide habitat for birds near cities and water bodies, and for overwintering monarch butterflies. But the trees change the composition of insect and bird communities as they invade: the loss of native trees that grow along rivers could spell trouble for \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/default.cfm?fxsht=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neotropical migratory songbirds\u003c/a> and for species that nest in tree cavities. And when eucalyptus leaves enter streams, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities change, altering the food chain, likely because the chemical content of eucalyptus leaves differs from native foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" alt=\"Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O'Malley)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O’Malley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time the eucalyptus trees were planted in the East Bay, typically in 12 foot by 12 foot plots, most native woodlands and perennial native grasslands had already been converted to annual European grasslands, says forest ecologist Joe McBride, professor of environmental science, policy and management at the University of California at Berkeley. “And certainly by now a number of species are using those trees but they were here before the eucalyptus was planted, using oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and redwood forests in the East Bay. They just spread to eucalyptus and Monterey pines when the trees grew big enough. These populations aren’t going to disappear if eucalyptus is removed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But removal has proven difficult. “After two previous removal efforts in the 1970s and again in the 1980s, the trees have grown back,” Klatt says. Successful eradication requires at least 10 years of maintenance and drizzling about 2 ounces of diluted herbicide directly to the cut stump immediately after felling a tree, he explains. “If you do it within the first three minutes, we see 95 percent to 98 percent success with a single treatment.” But if the trees resprout, more applications will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan aims to selectively cut eucalyptus while leaving bay, oaks and other native trees in the understory. “The more understory we preserve, the faster it recovers,” says Klatt. The plan also calls for retaining all the cut wood as chips for erosion control and moisture retention, and to encourage native regrowth, aided by birds and squirrels that plant acorns in chip beds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McBride hasn’t seen evidence of eucalyptus’ invasive tendencies in the East Bay Hills but worries about its combustible nature. “We imported this plant from Australia but we didn’t import the normal fungus that decays the litter in Australia,” he says. Accumulations of bark and leaf litter under eucalyptus stands have measured up to 100 tons per acre, compared to about 3 tons per acre for coast live oaks. “It’s an enormous increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selected for flammability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo how does the blue gum act in its native environment? For David Bowman, a forest ecologist at the University of Tasmania in Australia, the question isn’t whether the trees are native or non-native—it’s whether they’re dangerous. “Looking at the eucalyptus forest outside my window in Tasmania, I see a gigantic fire hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At very high temperatures, eucalypt species release a flammable gas that mixes with air to send fireballs exploding out in front of the fire. With eucalyptus, you see these ember attacks, with huge bursts of sparks shooting out of the forests, Bowman says. “It’s just an extraordinary idea for a plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s difficult to prove, Bowman suspects the trees evolved to be “uber flammable.” Sixty million years ago eucalyptus species hit on a way to recover from intense fire, he explains, using specialized structures hidden deep within their bark that allow rapid recovery through new branches, instead of re-sprouting from the roots like other trees. “They have this adaptive advantage of not having to rebuild their trunk. Whether their oil-rich foliage is also an adaptation, we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you aren’t familiar with the idea of a plant designed to burn in its life cycle, you can get fooled by its beauty and nice smell, Bowman says. “But on a really hot day, those things are going to burn like torches and shower our suburbs with sparks. And on an extremely hot day, they’re going to shoot out gas balls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With tiny pinhead seeds that germinate only in disturbed soils, the trees really aren’t good invaders, Bowman says–with one exception. “Fire opens up the woody capsules that hold the seeds, which love growing on freshly burned soil. Give a hillside a really good torching and the eucalyptus will absolutely dominate. They’ll grow intensively in the first few years of life and outcompete everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolutionary dimensions of fire ecology are controversial, Bowman allows. “But if eucalyptus are these evolutionary freak plants that massively increase fire risk,” he says, it raises a troubling question: Are these intense fires a consequence of climate change or the interaction of climate and biology? “If it’s the latter, then what the hell have humans done? We’ve spread a dangerous plant all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information:\u003cbr>\nYou can still submit written comments to FEMA until midnight, June 17, 2013: via email at EBH-EIS-FEMA-RIX@fema.dhs.gov, via fax at FAX: (510) 627-7147, or via mail to P.O. Box 72379, Oakland, CA 94612-8579.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive summary of the project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2013/may/26/firestorm-bushfire-dunalley-holmes-family\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Firestorm: \u003c/a>the story of a catastrophic fire that struck the Tasmanian township of Dunalley January 4, 2013.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After more than 150 years on the California landscape, eucalyptus trees have iconic status for some Californians. But the stately trees may not only disrupt the native ecology, but seem to have evolved special adaptations that allow them to thrive after intense fires. ",
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"description": "After more than 150 years on the California landscape, eucalyptus trees have iconic status for some Californians. But the stately trees may not only disrupt the native ecology, but seem to have evolved special adaptations that allow them to thrive after intense fires. ",
"title": "Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4236\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/epicormic-bud.small_.jpg\" alt='Specialized reproductive structures caleld \"epicormic shoots\" sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. (Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia./jjron)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Specialized reproductive structures called “epicormic shoots” sprout from buds on the bushfire damaged trunk of a Eucalyptus tree, about two years after the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires. Near Anglers Rest, Victoria, Australia. (Photo: jjron)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biologists now count invasive species as a major threat to biological diversity second only to direct habitat loss and fragmentation. Why do they worry when new species enter an ecosystem? More than 90 percent of introduced plants in California have overcome barriers to survival and reproduction in their new home without harming native species. But a fraction display invasive traits, displacing native species and reshaping the ecological landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmanian blue gum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), a symbol of California for some, never knew California soil \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr069/psw_gtr069.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until the 1850s\u003c/a>, when seeds from Australia were planted, first as ornamentals, then mostly for timber and fuel. The California Invasive Plant Council (CAL-IPC) classifies blue gum eucalyptus as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/paf/site/paf/342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“moderate” invasive\u003c/a> because the trees need certain conditions to thrive. For the most part, they’re not a problem in the drier regions of Southern California or the Central Valley. But along the coast, where summer fog brings buckets of moisture, it’s a different story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue gum invades neighboring plant communities if adequate moisture is available for propagation, state resource ecologist David Boyd \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=48&surveynumber=182.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">noted in a report\u003c/a> for CAL-IPC. Once established, the trees can alter local soil moisture, light availability, fire patterns, nitrogen mineralization rates and soil chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Introduced species can disrupt ecological relationships among species that co-evolved over millennia, which is why \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/habitat-restoration/projects/oak-woodland.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">many groups work\u003c/a> to remove eucalyptus and restore coast live oaks. California’s native oak woodlands still \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/ecosystem_processes/sierra/bio_diversity/habitat_relationship_terrestrial_sub5/abundance_distribution.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sustain more biodiversity\u003c/a> than any other terrestrial landscape even though more than a century of intensive agricultural, rangeland and urban development has claimed some \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/~/media/cdr/Planning/PCCP/BackgroundData/OakWoodlands/OakWoodlandMgtPlan.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 million acres of woodlands\u003c/a>. (While settlers cleared the land of oaks, entrepreneurs planted eucalyptus trees by the millions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Historic fire risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s why many ecologists welcome \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Files/FAQ%204-1-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan to remove tens of thousands\u003c/a> of eucalyptus and other non-native trees from the East Bay Hills to reduce fire risk. UC Berkeley, together with the City of Oakland and the East Bay Regional Park District, applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/news-release/2013/05/17/fema-reviews-bay-area-pre-disaster-funding-applications-invites-public\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to $5.6 million\u003c/a> in grants to remove the non-natives—primarily eucalyptus, Monterey pine and acacia—under the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Pre-Disaster Mitigation and Hazard Mitigation Grant programs. The total project would cover just under 1,000 acres and includes plans to encourage regrowth of native oak and bay trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fifteen major fires\u003c/a> roared through 9,000 acres of the East Bay Hills between 1923 and 1992, incinerating some 4,000 homes and killing 26 people. The Oakland “Tunnel” fire, considered the worst in California history, caused an estimated $1.5 billion in damage, destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed 25 people. Following the Oakland fire, disaster experts urged large landowners in the East Bay Hills to work together to manage vegetation to prevent another catastrophic wildfire, says Tom Klatt, who manages environmental projects for UC Berkeley and serves on the UC Fire Mitigation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blue gum eucalyptus is one of the most fire-intensive plants,” says Klatt. Trees not only put a lot of fuel on the ground as they shed bark, leaves and twigs, but in intense fires, volatile compounds in foliage cause explosive burning. “Once bark catches fire, it gets blown ahead of the flame front and drops burning embers by the tens of thousands per acre in the urban community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 1923 fire started at Inspiration Point ran through the eucalyptus trees until it hit the ridgeline at Grizzly Peak, then came down to University and Shattuck before the wind finally changed direction, Klatt says. “It took out 568 homes on the north side of the Berkeley campus in two hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the fire risk, the plan remains contentious. Some residents worry about the use of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/fema-plans-clear-cutting-85000-berkeley-and-oakland-trees\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pesticides\u003c/a>, some feel eucalyptus’ \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandlocal.com/2013/06/storm-of-controversy-rages-over-fire-hazard-reduction-plans-for-oakland-hills/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flammability is overstated \u003c/a>and others who consider the trees cultural icons view the plans as \u003ca href=\"http://rockridge.patch.com/groups/around-town/p/proposal-to-reduce-fire-risk-in-east-bay-hills-by-cutting-85000-trees-draws-a-crowd\">an attack on a species\u003c/a> that’s been here so long we should consider it native. (For the record, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/archive/exotics.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> defines “native” as any species that predated European contact.) Predicting how an introduced species will behave is complicated by the fact that ecological effects are difficult to observe—and may only appear when it’s too late to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ecological impacts of eucalyptus \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEvidence of the trees’ impacts on East Bay ecosystems is relatively scarce. A \u003ca href=\"http://elkhornsloughctp.org/uploads/files/1109813068Sax2002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2002 study\u003c/a> of the Berkeley hills found similar numbers and diversity of species in eucalyptus and native woodlands, but the species themselves were different. Monarchs use groves in Point Pinole as resting spots and several bird species, including \u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/1_2_3.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">herons and egrets,\u003c/a> nest in eucalyptus in and near the tree-removal project areas, though how their use affects their reproductive success isn’t clear. (Klatt says that though he hasn’t seen nests in the UCB project areas, the law requires that they take steps to protect nesting birds and any species under state and federal protection.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More evidence comes from the Central Coast. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/training/show_train_detail.php?TRAIN_ID=EcoGYZ22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2004 workshop\u003c/a> on the blue gum’s impact on the ecology of coastal ecosystems, researchers reported conflicting effects. Eucalyptus stands can provide habitat for birds near cities and water bodies, and for overwintering monarch butterflies. But the trees change the composition of insect and bird communities as they invade: the loss of native trees that grow along rivers could spell trouble for \u003ca href=\"http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/migratorybirds/fact_sheets/default.cfm?fxsht=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neotropical migratory songbirds\u003c/a> and for species that nest in tree cavities. And when eucalyptus leaves enter streams, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities change, altering the food chain, likely because the chemical content of eucalyptus leaves differs from native foliage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4243\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coast-live-oak.jpg\" alt=\"Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O'Malley)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4243\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) — off Highway 101 in California. Though oak woodlands sustain more wildlife species than any other landscape, only 4 percent of the state’s woodland habitats are protected. The vast majority remain in private hands. (Photo: Peter O’Malley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the time the eucalyptus trees were planted in the East Bay, typically in 12 foot by 12 foot plots, most native woodlands and perennial native grasslands had already been converted to annual European grasslands, says forest ecologist Joe McBride, professor of environmental science, policy and management at the University of California at Berkeley. “And certainly by now a number of species are using those trees but they were here before the eucalyptus was planted, using oak woodlands, riparian woodlands and redwood forests in the East Bay. They just spread to eucalyptus and Monterey pines when the trees grew big enough. These populations aren’t going to disappear if eucalyptus is removed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But removal has proven difficult. “After two previous removal efforts in the 1970s and again in the 1980s, the trees have grown back,” Klatt says. Successful eradication requires at least 10 years of maintenance and drizzling about 2 ounces of diluted herbicide directly to the cut stump immediately after felling a tree, he explains. “If you do it within the first three minutes, we see 95 percent to 98 percent success with a single treatment.” But if the trees resprout, more applications will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan aims to selectively cut eucalyptus while leaving bay, oaks and other native trees in the understory. “The more understory we preserve, the faster it recovers,” says Klatt. The plan also calls for retaining all the cut wood as chips for erosion control and moisture retention, and to encourage native regrowth, aided by birds and squirrels that plant acorns in chip beds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McBride hasn’t seen evidence of eucalyptus’ invasive tendencies in the East Bay Hills but worries about its combustible nature. “We imported this plant from Australia but we didn’t import the normal fungus that decays the litter in Australia,” he says. Accumulations of bark and leaf litter under eucalyptus stands have measured up to 100 tons per acre, compared to about 3 tons per acre for coast live oaks. “It’s an enormous increase.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Selected for flammability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo how does the blue gum act in its native environment? For David Bowman, a forest ecologist at the University of Tasmania in Australia, the question isn’t whether the trees are native or non-native—it’s whether they’re dangerous. “Looking at the eucalyptus forest outside my window in Tasmania, I see a gigantic fire hazard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At very high temperatures, eucalypt species release a flammable gas that mixes with air to send fireballs exploding out in front of the fire. With eucalyptus, you see these ember attacks, with huge bursts of sparks shooting out of the forests, Bowman says. “It’s just an extraordinary idea for a plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s difficult to prove, Bowman suspects the trees evolved to be “uber flammable.” Sixty million years ago eucalyptus species hit on a way to recover from intense fire, he explains, using specialized structures hidden deep within their bark that allow rapid recovery through new branches, instead of re-sprouting from the roots like other trees. “They have this adaptive advantage of not having to rebuild their trunk. Whether their oil-rich foliage is also an adaptation, we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you aren’t familiar with the idea of a plant designed to burn in its life cycle, you can get fooled by its beauty and nice smell, Bowman says. “But on a really hot day, those things are going to burn like torches and shower our suburbs with sparks. And on an extremely hot day, they’re going to shoot out gas balls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With tiny pinhead seeds that germinate only in disturbed soils, the trees really aren’t good invaders, Bowman says–with one exception. “Fire opens up the woody capsules that hold the seeds, which love growing on freshly burned soil. Give a hillside a really good torching and the eucalyptus will absolutely dominate. They’ll grow intensively in the first few years of life and outcompete everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolutionary dimensions of fire ecology are controversial, Bowman allows. “But if eucalyptus are these evolutionary freak plants that massively increase fire risk,” he says, it raises a troubling question: Are these intense fires a consequence of climate change or the interaction of climate and biology? “If it’s the latter, then what the hell have humans done? We’ve spread a dangerous plant all over the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information:\u003cbr>\nYou can still submit written comments to FEMA until midnight, June 17, 2013: via email at EBH-EIS-FEMA-RIX@fema.dhs.gov, via fax at FAX: (510) 627-7147, or via mail to P.O. Box 72379, Oakland, CA 94612-8579.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ebheis.cdmims.com/Libraries/Site_Documents/Executive_Summary.sflb.ashx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Executive summary of the project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "News Pix: Lake Merritt Restoration, Oakland Ex-Cons Give Back, Environmental Drones",
"headTitle": "News Pix: Lake Merritt Restoration, Oakland Ex-Cons Give Back, Environmental Drones | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Workers began demolishing parts of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge over the San Pablo Bay this week in preparation for repairs on the east-bound section. The work is expected to take 90 days. (Tawanda Kanhema / Richmond Confidential) More than 10 … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/07/news-pix/\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "East Bay Redwoods Symposium: A Look Back at History",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4067\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4067\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4067\" title=\"Sequoia Sempervirens Ring by Goldblattster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Faery rings” of trees sprouting from old redwood stumps indicate the possible existence of trees larger than this. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Sequoia sempervirens ring by Goldblattster\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goldblattster\u003c/a>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the “June Gloom” upon us, I and several colleagues gathered under overcast skies at \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District, Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center website\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> to hear updates about recent and long-term East Bay redwoods research at the East Bay Regional Parks’ “Symposium on the East Bay Redwoods of the Nineteenth Century.” Experts also shared inspiring lore about our local giant trees that reminded us of what we’ve lost in the complete logging and population explosion of the Bay Area. Prior to 1840, the old growth redwoods of the East Bay stretched from Moraga — west of the Oakland Hills — and harbored grizzly bears and California condors. This wonderful \u003ca title=\"In the Shadow of Giants, Bay Nature magazine\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/in-the-shadow-of-giants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in Bay Nature Magazine \u003c/a>gives a fuller account of the history of Redwood Regional Park and its trees. Now only two significant enclaves of old-growth redwoods remain in the greater Bay Area –- Muir Woods National Monument and Big Basin State Park -– and grizzly bears and condors are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Schwartz, a local historian, and Dr. Steve Edwards, director of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, think we may have had the largest redwood trees in existence (based on records and anecdotes from when California was still a Mexican territory). Perched on the eastern ridge above the bay, the largest tree was estimated to measure 33½ feet in diameter and stretched to 322 feet tall. (Within our local redwood enclaves, stumps can still be found that measure 14 feet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current tallest tree in the world is a redwood in Humbolt County, which tops out at 379.1 feet. Historical records indicate that these redwoods may have been as old as 3,000 years, although Humbolt State University professor and researcher \u003ca title=\"Humbolt State University, Tallest Trees Unveiled\" href=\"http://magazine.humboldt.edu/fall09/tallest-trees-unveiled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steve Stillet\u003c/a> has determined the oldest tree in Humbolt Redwoods State Park to be around 1,850-years old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these taller trees, known as the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD Blossom Rock Navigation Trees, Interpretive Panel at Roberts Regional Recreation Area\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/Roberts/Land+mark+trees+-+PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blossom Rock Navigation Trees\u003c/a>, were important landmarks for ships entering the bay. By lining up the north end of Yerba Buena (adjacent to current Treasure Island) and sighting on the two tallest trees, ships could avoid Blossom Rock which rested just below the surface of bay waters. Nearly as large as Alcatraz, Blossom Rock posed a significant hazard. Paul Miller, the EBRPD Recreation Area Unit Manager, shared his saga of using the \u003cem>1850 Naval Survey of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> by Caldwalder Ringold to sail out on the bay to try and verify the current location of the Navigation Trees Historical Monument. Though the rock was initially blown up in 1870 and taken down to 25 feet, and lowered to 42 feet below mean water level in 1932, it still bears consideration for ships with larger drafts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4068\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4068\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" alt=\"Chart showing the Navigation Tree site in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\" width=\"288\" height=\"158\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart showing the Navigation Tree site lines in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A straggler of the old growth is still present today and is known as the \u003ca title=\"Old Survivor Redwood Tree\" href=\"http://oaklandwiki.org/Old_Survivor_Redwood_Tree\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Old Survivor” in Leona Heights\u003c/a>; its historical marker is located at Carl B. Munck Elementary. Eric Folmer, former EBRPD staff and arborist, did some investigation into the tree. At a purported 350 years old, it’s not nearly as ancient as its hilltop relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clones that sprouted from the root burls of these trees still carry on and tower along the ridgeline. Emily Burns from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a> talked about the future of our forest, as we have the driest and eastern-most,isolated stand of redwoods in their range. She noted that scientists are waiting to see how \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/redwoods-and-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> might affect the redwoods. It may actually benefit our redwoods as long as they get enough water overall; sunnier days help bigger trees grow. If only we could stick around as long as the East Bay redwoods hopefully will, we might see our young forest flourish — and in another 1,500 years, our descendants might have trees with a semblance of what once existed so near us.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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Photo by \u003ca title=\"Sequoia sempervirens ring by Goldblattster\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goldblattster\u003c/a>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the “June Gloom” upon us, I and several colleagues gathered under overcast skies at \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District, Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center website\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> to hear updates about recent and long-term East Bay redwoods research at the East Bay Regional Parks’ “Symposium on the East Bay Redwoods of the Nineteenth Century.” Experts also shared inspiring lore about our local giant trees that reminded us of what we’ve lost in the complete logging and population explosion of the Bay Area. Prior to 1840, the old growth redwoods of the East Bay stretched from Moraga — west of the Oakland Hills — and harbored grizzly bears and California condors. This wonderful \u003ca title=\"In the Shadow of Giants, Bay Nature magazine\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/in-the-shadow-of-giants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in Bay Nature Magazine \u003c/a>gives a fuller account of the history of Redwood Regional Park and its trees. Now only two significant enclaves of old-growth redwoods remain in the greater Bay Area –- Muir Woods National Monument and Big Basin State Park -– and grizzly bears and condors are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Schwartz, a local historian, and Dr. Steve Edwards, director of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, think we may have had the largest redwood trees in existence (based on records and anecdotes from when California was still a Mexican territory). Perched on the eastern ridge above the bay, the largest tree was estimated to measure 33½ feet in diameter and stretched to 322 feet tall. (Within our local redwood enclaves, stumps can still be found that measure 14 feet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current tallest tree in the world is a redwood in Humbolt County, which tops out at 379.1 feet. Historical records indicate that these redwoods may have been as old as 3,000 years, although Humbolt State University professor and researcher \u003ca title=\"Humbolt State University, Tallest Trees Unveiled\" href=\"http://magazine.humboldt.edu/fall09/tallest-trees-unveiled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steve Stillet\u003c/a> has determined the oldest tree in Humbolt Redwoods State Park to be around 1,850-years old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these taller trees, known as the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD Blossom Rock Navigation Trees, Interpretive Panel at Roberts Regional Recreation Area\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/Roberts/Land+mark+trees+-+PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blossom Rock Navigation Trees\u003c/a>, were important landmarks for ships entering the bay. By lining up the north end of Yerba Buena (adjacent to current Treasure Island) and sighting on the two tallest trees, ships could avoid Blossom Rock which rested just below the surface of bay waters. Nearly as large as Alcatraz, Blossom Rock posed a significant hazard. Paul Miller, the EBRPD Recreation Area Unit Manager, shared his saga of using the \u003cem>1850 Naval Survey of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> by Caldwalder Ringold to sail out on the bay to try and verify the current location of the Navigation Trees Historical Monument. Though the rock was initially blown up in 1870 and taken down to 25 feet, and lowered to 42 feet below mean water level in 1932, it still bears consideration for ships with larger drafts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4068\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4068\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" alt=\"Chart showing the Navigation Tree site in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\" width=\"288\" height=\"158\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart showing the Navigation Tree site lines in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A straggler of the old growth is still present today and is known as the \u003ca title=\"Old Survivor Redwood Tree\" href=\"http://oaklandwiki.org/Old_Survivor_Redwood_Tree\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Old Survivor” in Leona Heights\u003c/a>; its historical marker is located at Carl B. Munck Elementary. Eric Folmer, former EBRPD staff and arborist, did some investigation into the tree. At a purported 350 years old, it’s not nearly as ancient as its hilltop relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clones that sprouted from the root burls of these trees still carry on and tower along the ridgeline. Emily Burns from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a> talked about the future of our forest, as we have the driest and eastern-most,isolated stand of redwoods in their range. She noted that scientists are waiting to see how \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/redwoods-and-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> might affect the redwoods. It may actually benefit our redwoods as long as they get enough water overall; sunnier days help bigger trees grow. If only we could stick around as long as the East Bay redwoods hopefully will, we might see our young forest flourish — and in another 1,500 years, our descendants might have trees with a semblance of what once existed so near us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you think of parks in San Francisco, Golden Gate Park comes immediately to mind. But the city boasts a remarkable diversity of open space, totaling 5,384 acres, or 17.9 percent of the city’s land. Such amenities won it a … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/05/san-francisco-ranked-No-3-for-Parks\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZngsJU2k0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. 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(MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "MBARI researchers found garbage as deep as two and a half miles off the coast of California. A third of the garbage was made of plastic (half of that was plastic bags). Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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