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"title": "East Bay Redwoods Symposium: A Look Back at History",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4067\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4067\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4067\" title=\"Sequoia Sempervirens Ring by Goldblattster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Faery rings” of trees sprouting from old redwood stumps indicate the possible existence of trees larger than this. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Sequoia sempervirens ring by Goldblattster\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goldblattster\u003c/a>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the “June Gloom” upon us, I and several colleagues gathered under overcast skies at \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District, Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center website\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> to hear updates about recent and long-term East Bay redwoods research at the East Bay Regional Parks’ “Symposium on the East Bay Redwoods of the Nineteenth Century.” Experts also shared inspiring lore about our local giant trees that reminded us of what we’ve lost in the complete logging and population explosion of the Bay Area. Prior to 1840, the old growth redwoods of the East Bay stretched from Moraga — west of the Oakland Hills — and harbored grizzly bears and California condors. This wonderful \u003ca title=\"In the Shadow of Giants, Bay Nature magazine\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/in-the-shadow-of-giants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in Bay Nature Magazine \u003c/a>gives a fuller account of the history of Redwood Regional Park and its trees. Now only two significant enclaves of old-growth redwoods remain in the greater Bay Area –- Muir Woods National Monument and Big Basin State Park -– and grizzly bears and condors are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Schwartz, a local historian, and Dr. Steve Edwards, director of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, think we may have had the largest redwood trees in existence (based on records and anecdotes from when California was still a Mexican territory). Perched on the eastern ridge above the bay, the largest tree was estimated to measure 33½ feet in diameter and stretched to 322 feet tall. (Within our local redwood enclaves, stumps can still be found that measure 14 feet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current tallest tree in the world is a redwood in Humbolt County, which tops out at 379.1 feet. Historical records indicate that these redwoods may have been as old as 3,000 years, although Humbolt State University professor and researcher \u003ca title=\"Humbolt State University, Tallest Trees Unveiled\" href=\"http://magazine.humboldt.edu/fall09/tallest-trees-unveiled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steve Stillet\u003c/a> has determined the oldest tree in Humbolt Redwoods State Park to be around 1,850-years old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these taller trees, known as the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD Blossom Rock Navigation Trees, Interpretive Panel at Roberts Regional Recreation Area\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/Roberts/Land+mark+trees+-+PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blossom Rock Navigation Trees\u003c/a>, were important landmarks for ships entering the bay. By lining up the north end of Yerba Buena (adjacent to current Treasure Island) and sighting on the two tallest trees, ships could avoid Blossom Rock which rested just below the surface of bay waters. Nearly as large as Alcatraz, Blossom Rock posed a significant hazard. Paul Miller, the EBRPD Recreation Area Unit Manager, shared his saga of using the \u003cem>1850 Naval Survey of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> by Caldwalder Ringold to sail out on the bay to try and verify the current location of the Navigation Trees Historical Monument. Though the rock was initially blown up in 1870 and taken down to 25 feet, and lowered to 42 feet below mean water level in 1932, it still bears consideration for ships with larger drafts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4068\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4068\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" alt=\"Chart showing the Navigation Tree site in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\" width=\"288\" height=\"158\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart showing the Navigation Tree site lines in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A straggler of the old growth is still present today and is known as the \u003ca title=\"Old Survivor Redwood Tree\" href=\"http://oaklandwiki.org/Old_Survivor_Redwood_Tree\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Old Survivor” in Leona Heights\u003c/a>; its historical marker is located at Carl B. Munck Elementary. Eric Folmer, former EBRPD staff and arborist, did some investigation into the tree. At a purported 350 years old, it’s not nearly as ancient as its hilltop relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clones that sprouted from the root burls of these trees still carry on and tower along the ridgeline. Emily Burns from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a> talked about the future of our forest, as we have the driest and eastern-most,isolated stand of redwoods in their range. She noted that scientists are waiting to see how \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/redwoods-and-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> might affect the redwoods. It may actually benefit our redwoods as long as they get enough water overall; sunnier days help bigger trees grow. If only we could stick around as long as the East Bay redwoods hopefully will, we might see our young forest flourish — and in another 1,500 years, our descendants might have trees with a semblance of what once existed so near us.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4067\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4067\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4067\" title=\"Sequoia Sempervirens Ring by Goldblattster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Faery rings” of trees sprouting from old redwood stumps indicate the possible existence of trees larger than this. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Sequoia sempervirens ring by Goldblattster\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sequoia_Sempervirens_Ring.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goldblattster\u003c/a>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the “June Gloom” upon us, I and several colleagues gathered under overcast skies at \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District, Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Chabot Space and Science Center website\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> to hear updates about recent and long-term East Bay redwoods research at the East Bay Regional Parks’ “Symposium on the East Bay Redwoods of the Nineteenth Century.” Experts also shared inspiring lore about our local giant trees that reminded us of what we’ve lost in the complete logging and population explosion of the Bay Area. Prior to 1840, the old growth redwoods of the East Bay stretched from Moraga — west of the Oakland Hills — and harbored grizzly bears and California condors. This wonderful \u003ca title=\"In the Shadow of Giants, Bay Nature magazine\" href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/in-the-shadow-of-giants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article in Bay Nature Magazine \u003c/a>gives a fuller account of the history of Redwood Regional Park and its trees. Now only two significant enclaves of old-growth redwoods remain in the greater Bay Area –- Muir Woods National Monument and Big Basin State Park -– and grizzly bears and condors are long gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Schwartz, a local historian, and Dr. Steve Edwards, director of the Regional Parks Botanic Garden, think we may have had the largest redwood trees in existence (based on records and anecdotes from when California was still a Mexican territory). Perched on the eastern ridge above the bay, the largest tree was estimated to measure 33½ feet in diameter and stretched to 322 feet tall. (Within our local redwood enclaves, stumps can still be found that measure 14 feet.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current tallest tree in the world is a redwood in Humbolt County, which tops out at 379.1 feet. Historical records indicate that these redwoods may have been as old as 3,000 years, although Humbolt State University professor and researcher \u003ca title=\"Humbolt State University, Tallest Trees Unveiled\" href=\"http://magazine.humboldt.edu/fall09/tallest-trees-unveiled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steve Stillet\u003c/a> has determined the oldest tree in Humbolt Redwoods State Park to be around 1,850-years old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of these taller trees, known as the \u003ca title=\"EBRPD Blossom Rock Navigation Trees, Interpretive Panel at Roberts Regional Recreation Area\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/_Nav_Categories/Parks/Roberts/Land+mark+trees+-+PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blossom Rock Navigation Trees\u003c/a>, were important landmarks for ships entering the bay. By lining up the north end of Yerba Buena (adjacent to current Treasure Island) and sighting on the two tallest trees, ships could avoid Blossom Rock which rested just below the surface of bay waters. Nearly as large as Alcatraz, Blossom Rock posed a significant hazard. Paul Miller, the EBRPD Recreation Area Unit Manager, shared his saga of using the \u003cem>1850 Naval Survey of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> by Caldwalder Ringold to sail out on the bay to try and verify the current location of the Navigation Trees Historical Monument. Though the rock was initially blown up in 1870 and taken down to 25 feet, and lowered to 42 feet below mean water level in 1932, it still bears consideration for ships with larger drafts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4068\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4068\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4068\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Sighting-Blossom-Rock-288x158.png\" alt=\"Chart showing the Navigation Tree site in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\" width=\"288\" height=\"158\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart showing the Navigation Tree site lines in action to help ships avoid Blossom Rock. Graphic courtesy of Paul Miller.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A straggler of the old growth is still present today and is known as the \u003ca title=\"Old Survivor Redwood Tree\" href=\"http://oaklandwiki.org/Old_Survivor_Redwood_Tree\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Old Survivor” in Leona Heights\u003c/a>; its historical marker is located at Carl B. Munck Elementary. Eric Folmer, former EBRPD staff and arborist, did some investigation into the tree. At a purported 350 years old, it’s not nearly as ancient as its hilltop relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clones that sprouted from the root burls of these trees still carry on and tower along the ridgeline. Emily Burns from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a> talked about the future of our forest, as we have the driest and eastern-most,isolated stand of redwoods in their range. She noted that scientists are waiting to see how \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/redwoods-and-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a> might affect the redwoods. It may actually benefit our redwoods as long as they get enough water overall; sunnier days help bigger trees grow. If only we could stick around as long as the East Bay redwoods hopefully will, we might see our young forest flourish — and in another 1,500 years, our descendants might have trees with a semblance of what once existed so near us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you think of parks in San Francisco, Golden Gate Park comes immediately to mind. But the city boasts a remarkable diversity of open space, totaling 5,384 acres, or 17.9 percent of the city’s land. Such amenities won it a … \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/06/05/san-francisco-ranked-No-3-for-Parks\" rel=\"noopener\">Continue reading \u003cspan class=\"meta-nav\">\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video",
"headTitle": "Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZngsJU2k0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?",
"headTitle": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Note: Scientists think woolly mammoths were \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly the same size as Asian elephants\u003c/a>, though the Columbian mammoth (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-zed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which once lived in California\u003c/a>) was bigger.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.",
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"description": "As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.",
"title": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED",
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"headline": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3904\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" alt=\"The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show areas where blue whales are found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU data from ACCESS a partnership between NOAA & PRBO)\" width=\"640\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show where humpback whales are commonly found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU with data from ACCESS – NOAA & PRBO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cargo ships coming into San Francisco Bay must now follow new, narrower shipping lanes as they approach the Golden Gate. The change is designed to protect whales off the coast, as increasing numbers have been struck and killed by large ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is getting worse and that’s to be expected,” said John Calambokidis, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> who has tracked whale strikes. “The ships are getting larger, more numerous and faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal scientists, at least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since 1988. But many believe most whale strikes go undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1944\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Most ships that come in with a whale wrapped around their bow are often unaware of it,” said Calambokidis. “We suspect many of these strikes are unknown to these larger ships, with most of the whales not being discovered or sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold waters outside of San Francisco Bay provide a rich feeding ground for humpback and blue whales. Gray whales are often seen close to shore as they migrate through in the winter and spring. “We’re particularly concerned about blue whales not only because of the number of ship strikes, but also because blue whales have not been showing recovery off the West Coast,” Calambokidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. The data will feed into \u003ca href=\"http://whaleaware.org/\">WhaleAware.org\u003c/a>, managed by PRBO Conservation Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re testing this first year to see if we get enough data,” says Michael Carver of Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA scientists are also training cargo ship crews to use the app. “It’s really in their best interest,” Carver says. “It’s a temporary speed limit, but not a permanent reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Could Decimate California's Native Fish",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3830 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS441_coho_salmon-4x3-e1370037122796.jpg\" alt=\"A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"230\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many freshwater fish species are already in decline in California, because of dams, pumping water out of the Delta or habitat loss in urban areas. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063883\">new study\u003c/a> suggests climate change will make things much worse, driving nearly 100 native species either to extinction, or to very low numbers, by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an issue because, one thing, a lot of these are things like salmon and steelhead,” said \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle?destination=user/15\">Pete Moyle\u003c/a>, a fish biologist at UC Davis, and lead author of the study. “The other part of it is that most of these fish are species — or runs of salmon, for example — that are found only in California. So we have a very distinctive fish fauna. And it can’t be replaced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, published in PLOS ONE, Moyle found that warmer water temperatures and altered weather patterns are to blame, though some invasive fish stand to benefit from the changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">LA Times\u003c/a> goes into more detail:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51a7f6f1/turbine/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531/400/16x9\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">California native fish could disappear with climate change\u003c/a>The authors of a new study published online in the journal PLOS ONE used 20 metrics — including species population trends, physiological tolerance to temperature increase and ability to disperse — to gauge the vulnerability of native fishes to climate change.\n\u003cp>The results: 82% of 121 native species were deemed highly vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3830\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 230px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3830 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/RS441_coho_salmon-4x3-e1370037122796.jpg\" alt=\"A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"230\" height=\"173\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A coho salmon in its spawning stage. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many freshwater fish species are already in decline in California, because of dams, pumping water out of the Delta or habitat loss in urban areas. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0063883\">new study\u003c/a> suggests climate change will make things much worse, driving nearly 100 native species either to extinction, or to very low numbers, by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an issue because, one thing, a lot of these are things like salmon and steelhead,” said \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/peter-b-moyle?destination=user/15\">Pete Moyle\u003c/a>, a fish biologist at UC Davis, and lead author of the study. “The other part of it is that most of these fish are species — or runs of salmon, for example — that are found only in California. So we have a very distinctive fish fauna. And it can’t be replaced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, published in PLOS ONE, Moyle found that warmer water temperatures and altered weather patterns are to blame, though some invasive fish stand to benefit from the changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">LA Times\u003c/a> goes into more detail:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.trbimg.com/img-51a7f6f1/turbine/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531/400/16x9\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fish-climate-change-20130531,0,3475642.story\">California native fish could disappear with climate change\u003c/a>The authors of a new study published online in the journal PLOS ONE used 20 metrics — including species population trends, physiological tolerance to temperature increase and ability to disperse — to gauge the vulnerability of native fishes to climate change.\n\u003cp>The results: 82% of 121 native species were deemed highly vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latimes\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Terroir of Tap",
"headTitle": "The Terroir of Tap | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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