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"title": "Plastic Substance Created by Pollution Yields a New Word: Plastiglomerate",
"headTitle": "Plastic Substance Created by Pollution Yields a New Word: Plastiglomerate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17846\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17846\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-1.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic on Laysan Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic is so widespread that it appears destined to make a worldwide layer in the geologic record. This is on Laysan Island, deep in the central Pacific Ocean. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwshq/\">US Fish & Wildlife Service/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now everyone knows the word “Anthropocene,” a name pregnant with meanings. It uses the language of geological time divisions to suggest that the effects of modern civilization have made the Earth system itself operate differently. The Anthropocene has become a powerful hallmark of climate-change/global-warming rhetoric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anthropocene” was coined in 2000 by an Earth scientist, Paul Crutzen, who was speaking to an audience of his peers. Geologists have always accepted its premise, for geological reasons—centuries of land-use changes and river damming really have altered the natural balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years a formal committee has been exploring whether to add an Anthropocene time unit to the end of the geological timeline, where the Holocene Epoch is today. Their work has meant a lot of head-scratching in the profession. Do we need the Anthropocene to do our work? What should its boundary be? How could we determine the boundary based on evidence in the field?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have always joked about the “Era of Broken Glass” among themselves. But in the open-access journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/abstract/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm\">\u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, three researchers have described a substance that may well outlast humanity and remain in the rock record as a worldwide marker. It’s a concrete-like rock made of plastic and sediment that they dub “plastiglomerate.” The researchers are geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwo.ca/earth/people/faculty/corcoran.html\">Patricia Corcoran\u003c/a>, artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwo.ca/visarts/about/facultypages/jazvac_k.html\">Kelly Jazvac\u003c/a> (both of University of Western Ontario) and marine researcher/activist \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/about-us/bios/charles.html\">Charles Moore\u003c/a> (Algalita Marine Research Institute), and their field area was remote, plastic-littered Kamilo Beach in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic effectively lasts forever, but it’s not usually considered a geological material because it does eventually break down under sunlight and chemical action. It’s lightweight and tends to avoid being buried, which would preserve it pretty much indefinitely. However, the researchers found that plastic can be densified by melting it and mixing it with beach sand and other crud, forming a \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/conglomerates/\">conglomerate\u003c/a>-type solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as particleboard acts like real wood, plastiglomerate acts like real rocks. The authors present photos showing some of its variety and divide it into two types. “In situ” plastiglomerate forms at Kamilo Beach when plastic, melted by campfires, infiltrates the lava bedrock there, and “clastic” plastiglomerate forms in lumps when melted plastic glues together sand, coral, woody bits and other crud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-2.jpg\" alt=\"Plastiglomerate types\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of plastiglomerate types at Kamilo Beach. A, C and D are of the in situ type and B is the clastic type, mixing coral and lava chunks in a plastic matrix. Figure 2 of \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/abstract/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm\">Corcoran et al. 2014\u003c/a>, “An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This kind of thing could form on every coastline in the world, either from natural fires near the beach where vegetation traps windblown plastic or, of course, from human campfires. Because it is effectively a worldwide marker, rising seas could bury it and subsequent rock-forming processes could preserve it for geologists millions of years in the future, a robust sign of the Anthropocene Epoch—at least, its beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve followed the Anthropocene debate since it began, and there’s a brain-twisting weirdness about it when we think about those future geologists. If future geologists are human, wouldn’t they know about human history already? And if they were some other intelligent species, wouldn’t they have their own geologic timescale? But it’s productive to contemplate the present in new ways because it can help us better visualize the past. Much of geologic history is still mysterious, and we are surely as ignorant today as our scientific ancestors were in their day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that for most geoscientists the particular question of whether the Anthropocene should go in the time scale doesn’t matter. But science proceeds by sniffing down all sorts of trails that may or may not lead anywhere—it’s the sniffing part that matters.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When future geologists, whatever species they may be, look for our signs in the fossil record of the future, it may be this newly described amalgam of plastic and sediment.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17846\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17846\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-1.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic on Laysan Island\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic is so widespread that it appears destined to make a worldwide layer in the geologic record. This is on Laysan Island, deep in the central Pacific Ocean. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwshq/\">US Fish & Wildlife Service/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now everyone knows the word “Anthropocene,” a name pregnant with meanings. It uses the language of geological time divisions to suggest that the effects of modern civilization have made the Earth system itself operate differently. The Anthropocene has become a powerful hallmark of climate-change/global-warming rhetoric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anthropocene” was coined in 2000 by an Earth scientist, Paul Crutzen, who was speaking to an audience of his peers. Geologists have always accepted its premise, for geological reasons—centuries of land-use changes and river damming really have altered the natural balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years a formal committee has been exploring whether to add an Anthropocene time unit to the end of the geological timeline, where the Holocene Epoch is today. Their work has meant a lot of head-scratching in the profession. Do we need the Anthropocene to do our work? What should its boundary be? How could we determine the boundary based on evidence in the field?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have always joked about the “Era of Broken Glass” among themselves. But in the open-access journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/abstract/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm\">\u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, three researchers have described a substance that may well outlast humanity and remain in the rock record as a worldwide marker. It’s a concrete-like rock made of plastic and sediment that they dub “plastiglomerate.” The researchers are geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwo.ca/earth/people/faculty/corcoran.html\">Patricia Corcoran\u003c/a>, artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwo.ca/visarts/about/facultypages/jazvac_k.html\">Kelly Jazvac\u003c/a> (both of University of Western Ontario) and marine researcher/activist \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/about-us/bios/charles.html\">Charles Moore\u003c/a> (Algalita Marine Research Institute), and their field area was remote, plastic-littered Kamilo Beach in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic effectively lasts forever, but it’s not usually considered a geological material because it does eventually break down under sunlight and chemical action. It’s lightweight and tends to avoid being buried, which would preserve it pretty much indefinitely. However, the researchers found that plastic can be densified by melting it and mixing it with beach sand and other crud, forming a \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/conglomerates/\">conglomerate\u003c/a>-type solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as particleboard acts like real wood, plastiglomerate acts like real rocks. The authors present photos showing some of its variety and divide it into two types. “In situ” plastiglomerate forms at Kamilo Beach when plastic, melted by campfires, infiltrates the lava bedrock there, and “clastic” plastiglomerate forms in lumps when melted plastic glues together sand, coral, woody bits and other crud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-17847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/plastiglomerate-2.jpg\" alt=\"Plastiglomerate types\" width=\"600\" height=\"441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of plastiglomerate types at Kamilo Beach. A, C and D are of the in situ type and B is the clastic type, mixing coral and lava chunks in a plastic matrix. Figure 2 of \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/24/6/abstract/i1052-5173-24-6-4.htm\">Corcoran et al. 2014\u003c/a>, “An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This kind of thing could form on every coastline in the world, either from natural fires near the beach where vegetation traps windblown plastic or, of course, from human campfires. Because it is effectively a worldwide marker, rising seas could bury it and subsequent rock-forming processes could preserve it for geologists millions of years in the future, a robust sign of the Anthropocene Epoch—at least, its beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve followed the Anthropocene debate since it began, and there’s a brain-twisting weirdness about it when we think about those future geologists. If future geologists are human, wouldn’t they know about human history already? And if they were some other intelligent species, wouldn’t they have their own geologic timescale? But it’s productive to contemplate the present in new ways because it can help us better visualize the past. Much of geologic history is still mysterious, and we are surely as ignorant today as our scientific ancestors were in their day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that for most geoscientists the particular question of whether the Anthropocene should go in the time scale doesn’t matter. But science proceeds by sniffing down all sorts of trails that may or may not lead anywhere—it’s the sniffing part that matters.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Eight Firefighters Injured in Battle to Contain Blaze West of Yosemite",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_137210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/huntersfire.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-137210\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/huntersfire-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"On Monday, smoke rose from the Hunters Fire near Lake McClure in Mariposa County. (Carol Barrentez via Twitter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Monday, smoke rose from the Hunters Fire near Lake McClure in Mariposa County. (Carol Barrentez via Twitter)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:40 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Some new numbers on the Hunters Fire, burning in the Sierra foothills northwest of the town of Mariposa and west of Yosemite. Cal Fire has downgraded the acreage burned from 1,300 acres to 677 and says the blaze is now 40 percent contained. The agency says eight firefighters have been injured, including one crew member who suffered significant injuries in a chainsaw accident. The total number of firefighters now on the lines: 900. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:20 a.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire's morning update on the Hunters Fire burning in the foothills west of Yosemite National Park suggests the fire hasn't grown much in the last 24 hours and that firefighters haven't made much progress yet in corralling it. The fire agency still gives the burned acreage as 1,300, with 20 percent containment. Cal Fire says 671 firefighters are on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said Wednesday morning that four firefighters have suffered minor injuries. A fifth firefighter sustained what Berlant termed \"serious lacerations\" in a chainsaw accident. He said all of the injured were treated at the scene and taken to Memorial Medical Center in Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two residences and one outbuilding have been burned since the fire broke out Monday afternoon. About 100 other homes are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 2:55 p.m. Tuesday: \u003c/strong>Cal Fire has updated the acreage figure for the Hunters Fire, burning near Lake McClure in the foothills of the central Sierra Nevada. Officials say the fire has burned about 1,300 acres. About 100 residences are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesperson Daniel Berlant told KQED's Ted Goldberg on Tuesday that, as elsewhere in the state, the drought is playing a major role in the Hunters Fire. \"Right now we're seeing fire activity like it was in the middle of summer, even the late summer,\" when fire activity is at its peak. \"So this fire was able to grow very, very quickly because of just how dry it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke can be seen throughout the area, including at entrances to Yosemite National Park. But as of midafternoon Tuesday, the blaze does not pose a threat to the main routes into the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire has sent about 500 firefighters to try to contain a fast-spreading blaze burning near Lake McClure, a big reservoir on the Merced River west of Yosemite National Park. As of midmorning Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=970\" target=\"_blank\">Hunters Fire\u003c/a> had burned across about 900 acres and destroyed one home. \u003ca href=\"https://local.nixle.com/alert/5204544/\" target=\"_blank\">Mariposa County authorities ordered\u003c/a> 56 other homes to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is currently using a half-dozen air tankers and four helicopters to limit the spread of the blaze, which is 20 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is burning about 15 miles northwest of the town of Mariposa and about 30 miles west of Yosemite Valley. The blaze is not currently threatening any of the access routes to the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the latest story on the fire from the Associated Press:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MARIPOSA — State fire officials brought in hundreds of additional firefighters to battle a Central California blaze that had burned through 1.4 square miles as of Tuesday morning and was threatening about 100 rural homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burning in foothills near Lake McClure in Mariposa County nearly doubled in size overnight and was 20 percent contained, state fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said. The threatened homes are under evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berlant said about 500 firefighters were battling the Hunters Fire on Tuesday morning, up from 100 firefighters when the blaze began a day earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire — fueled by dry brush — was burning in steep terrain that crews were having difficulty accessing. Temperatures were also expected to be in the 90s on Tuesday. Berlant said air tankers and helicopters were being used to fight the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This fire is burning like it would in summer with the dry conditions we've been experiencing,\" Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire began on Monday afternoon as a structure fire, Berlant said. No additional structures were damaged or destroyed as of Tuesday morning, Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a fire burning in and around Oak Creek Canyon in northern Arizona continued to grow in size even though firefighters have established a containment line around all of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire's size increased from 28.9 square miles Monday evening to 31.7 square miles Tuesday morning due to burnout operations intended to deprive the flames of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire's official containment figure remains at 35 percent because some areas within the containment line still have active low-intensity fire while others remain hot to the touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human-caused fire started May 20.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_137210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/huntersfire.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-137210\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/huntersfire-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"On Monday, smoke rose from the Hunters Fire near Lake McClure in Mariposa County. (Carol Barrentez via Twitter)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Monday, smoke rose from the Hunters Fire near Lake McClure in Mariposa County. (Carol Barrentez via Twitter)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update 9:40 p.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Some new numbers on the Hunters Fire, burning in the Sierra foothills northwest of the town of Mariposa and west of Yosemite. Cal Fire has downgraded the acreage burned from 1,300 acres to 677 and says the blaze is now 40 percent contained. The agency says eight firefighters have been injured, including one crew member who suffered significant injuries in a chainsaw accident. The total number of firefighters now on the lines: 900. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10:20 a.m. Wednesday:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire's morning update on the Hunters Fire burning in the foothills west of Yosemite National Park suggests the fire hasn't grown much in the last 24 hours and that firefighters haven't made much progress yet in corralling it. The fire agency still gives the burned acreage as 1,300, with 20 percent containment. Cal Fire says 671 firefighters are on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said Wednesday morning that four firefighters have suffered minor injuries. A fifth firefighter sustained what Berlant termed \"serious lacerations\" in a chainsaw accident. He said all of the injured were treated at the scene and taken to Memorial Medical Center in Modesto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two residences and one outbuilding have been burned since the fire broke out Monday afternoon. About 100 other homes are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 2:55 p.m. Tuesday: \u003c/strong>Cal Fire has updated the acreage figure for the Hunters Fire, burning near Lake McClure in the foothills of the central Sierra Nevada. Officials say the fire has burned about 1,300 acres. About 100 residences are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire spokesperson Daniel Berlant told KQED's Ted Goldberg on Tuesday that, as elsewhere in the state, the drought is playing a major role in the Hunters Fire. \"Right now we're seeing fire activity like it was in the middle of summer, even the late summer,\" when fire activity is at its peak. \"So this fire was able to grow very, very quickly because of just how dry it is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke can be seen throughout the area, including at entrances to Yosemite National Park. But as of midafternoon Tuesday, the blaze does not pose a threat to the main routes into the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong> Cal Fire has sent about 500 firefighters to try to contain a fast-spreading blaze burning near Lake McClure, a big reservoir on the Merced River west of Yosemite National Park. As of midmorning Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=970\" target=\"_blank\">Hunters Fire\u003c/a> had burned across about 900 acres and destroyed one home. \u003ca href=\"https://local.nixle.com/alert/5204544/\" target=\"_blank\">Mariposa County authorities ordered\u003c/a> 56 other homes to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is currently using a half-dozen air tankers and four helicopters to limit the spread of the blaze, which is 20 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is burning about 15 miles northwest of the town of Mariposa and about 30 miles west of Yosemite Valley. The blaze is not currently threatening any of the access routes to the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the latest story on the fire from the Associated Press:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MARIPOSA — State fire officials brought in hundreds of additional firefighters to battle a Central California blaze that had burned through 1.4 square miles as of Tuesday morning and was threatening about 100 rural homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire burning in foothills near Lake McClure in Mariposa County nearly doubled in size overnight and was 20 percent contained, state fire spokesman Daniel Berlant said. The threatened homes are under evacuation orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berlant said about 500 firefighters were battling the Hunters Fire on Tuesday morning, up from 100 firefighters when the blaze began a day earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire — fueled by dry brush — was burning in steep terrain that crews were having difficulty accessing. Temperatures were also expected to be in the 90s on Tuesday. Berlant said air tankers and helicopters were being used to fight the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This fire is burning like it would in summer with the dry conditions we've been experiencing,\" Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire began on Monday afternoon as a structure fire, Berlant said. No additional structures were damaged or destroyed as of Tuesday morning, Berlant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a fire burning in and around Oak Creek Canyon in northern Arizona continued to grow in size even though firefighters have established a containment line around all of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire's size increased from 28.9 square miles Monday evening to 31.7 square miles Tuesday morning due to burnout operations intended to deprive the flames of fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire's official containment figure remains at 35 percent because some areas within the containment line still have active low-intensity fire while others remain hot to the touch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human-caused fire started May 20.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two recently released climate change reports make it clear that climate change is not a thing of the distant future. Climate change is already happening. Local governments in the Bay Area have begun to recognize extreme weather events, sea level rise, prolonged heat waves and drought as signs of climate change at home, but are they doing enough to mitigate worse effects in the future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read a \u003ca href=\"http://climatechange.herokuapp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">special report\u003c/a> about what Santa Clara and San Mateo counties are doing to adapt to the environmental issues knocking at the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://climatechange.herokuapp.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-136961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/promo-640x321.png\" alt=\"promo\" width=\"640\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "News Pix: California Chrome Wins Preakness, Sedate Bay to Breakers, and Drought Woes",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/B2b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-137006\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/B2b.jpg\" alt=\"B2b\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBay To Breakers isn't what it once was, but it's still a good time. That was the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/05/19/thousands-turn-out-for-only-slightly-subdued-bay-to-breakers/\" target=\"_blank\">consensus of a handful of runners and revelers\u003c/a> interviewed along the race route May 18. Although police took steps to curb alcohol consumption, there was still plenty of booze to go around. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/monteray-shale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/monteray-shale-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking In California Under Spotlight As Some Local Municipalities Issue Bans\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFederal officials with the Energy Information Administration are reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\" target=\"_blank\">downgrading their estimate of how much oil could be pumped out of the Monterey Formation\u003c/a>. Just a few years ago, the agency projected that oil companies could retrieve 15 billion barrels of oil. Now, it’s down to 600 million. The uncertainty stems from the lack of information about the rock formation. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/preakness.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/preakness-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"140th Kentucky Derby\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/25/why-california-chrome-should-not-win-the-derby\" target=\"_blank\">California Chrome\u003c/a> heads toward victory in the Preakness Stakes at Baltimore's Pimlico Racecourse on May 17. (Molly Riley/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/disabled-kids-big.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/disabled-kids-big-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"disabled-kids-big\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Bay Area Outreach and Recreation Program (BORP) is one of serveral non-profits that received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/05/20/disabled-athletes-high-school-high-achievers-among-beneficiaries-of-cal-fund/\" target=\"_blank\">grant from a UC Berkeley fund\u003c/a>. The program will now be able to offer competitive sports to Cal students with disabilities. The Chancellor’s Community Partnership Fund, which aims to strengthen the campus’ support of the Berkeley community, is awarding $202,264 this year to 11 projects focused on education, arts, math and sciences, economic development, and community safety. (Courtesy of: BORP/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/drought.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/drought-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"drought\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhile it is estimated that California's drought will have a $1.67 billion impact, a major issuer of ratings for public agency bonds says so far it hasn't made a “material adverse impact” on state or local governments, and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/moodys-says-drought-not-hurting-state-finances-yet\" target=\"_blank\">not expected to adversely affect their credit\u003c/a>. That's good news in the long term, even if in the short term Californians won't be seeing quite the abundance of crops we are used to. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/B2b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-137006\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/B2b.jpg\" alt=\"B2b\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBay To Breakers isn't what it once was, but it's still a good time. That was the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/05/19/thousands-turn-out-for-only-slightly-subdued-bay-to-breakers/\" target=\"_blank\">consensus of a handful of runners and revelers\u003c/a> interviewed along the race route May 18. Although police took steps to curb alcohol consumption, there was still plenty of booze to go around. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/monteray-shale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/monteray-shale-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking In California Under Spotlight As Some Local Municipalities Issue Bans\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFederal officials with the Energy Information Administration are reportedly \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/05/21/californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows/\" target=\"_blank\">downgrading their estimate of how much oil could be pumped out of the Monterey Formation\u003c/a>. Just a few years ago, the agency projected that oil companies could retrieve 15 billion barrels of oil. Now, it’s down to 600 million. The uncertainty stems from the lack of information about the rock formation. (David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/preakness.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/preakness-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"140th Kentucky Derby\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/04/25/why-california-chrome-should-not-win-the-derby\" target=\"_blank\">California Chrome\u003c/a> heads toward victory in the Preakness Stakes at Baltimore's Pimlico Racecourse on May 17. (Molly Riley/Getty Images)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/disabled-kids-big.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/disabled-kids-big-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"disabled-kids-big\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe Bay Area Outreach and Recreation Program (BORP) is one of serveral non-profits that received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2014/05/20/disabled-athletes-high-school-high-achievers-among-beneficiaries-of-cal-fund/\" target=\"_blank\">grant from a UC Berkeley fund\u003c/a>. The program will now be able to offer competitive sports to Cal students with disabilities. The Chancellor’s Community Partnership Fund, which aims to strengthen the campus’ support of the Berkeley community, is awarding $202,264 this year to 11 projects focused on education, arts, math and sciences, economic development, and community safety. (Courtesy of: BORP/\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/drought.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-137010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/05/drought-640x450.jpg\" alt=\"drought\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhile it is estimated that California's drought will have a $1.67 billion impact, a major issuer of ratings for public agency bonds says so far it hasn't made a “material adverse impact” on state or local governments, and it’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/moodys-says-drought-not-hurting-state-finances-yet\" target=\"_blank\">not expected to adversely affect their credit\u003c/a>. That's good news in the long term, even if in the short term Californians won't be seeing quite the abundance of crops we are used to. (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Seven of 10 of California's Most Polluted Beaches Are in Northern California",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pillarpoint.jpg\" alt=\"Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay's 'Beach Bummer' list this year. (geoff dude/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay’s ‘Beach Bummer’ list this year. (geoff dude/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/geoffdude/14001274521/in/photolist-nkfc7R-nkfcSj-nni9Zt-nkfchG-nkfiMK-nkfeoK-nkyJJA-gAAAyv-5RY2rs-9fuHgC-d49f7J-5Nhsgo-6YzpPo-6YRvXj-5RY2BN-5Nd8Lg-6YMu9p-5Nhpuw-6YMu6H-cXWLB5-5RUeVt-wHm5s-5R8qGa-4feNcd-csmrbA-csmr6m-gCLuH3-doAPWL-5NdbUi-5Nhqo9-6XjKUs-5Nhrpy-5bCiM7-56NURQ-7zfCXr-6YRw1U-7ESnNU-6XfLHK-4UeVk1-5RY2iQ-6ep78w-dAXXWW-5Ra7pA-6YvU2Z-6YRw6y-6YRvQh-5Rcuu3-c6Em5S-c6EjB3-c6EnB7\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven out of 10 of the state’s most polluted beaches are in Northern California, according to environmental group Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf\">annual Beach Report Card,\u003c/a> released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Heal the Bay ranks California beaches on water quality. They test for bacteria that signal the presence of microscopic critters that can make people sick. This year, 95 percent of beaches got clean A or B grades, a record. That’s thanks to the drought, explained Amanda Griesbach with Heal the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lack of rainfall, urban runoff and pollutants and debris and everything that’s washed into the beach water and that elevates the level of bacteria,” she said. “So if there’s a drought we typically see better grades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everywhere. The polluted beaches that made the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf#page=11\">“Beach Bummers”\u003c/a> list below suffer from problems like poor circulation — enclosed beaches like Marina Lagoon in San Mateo don’t have enough water flow to break up bacteria — and outdated sewage systems that leak contaminated water like the corroded pipes at Santa Cruz’s Cowell Beach, explained Griesbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here they are, listed from worst to, well, \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em> you’ll get a sinus infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cowell Beach, at the wharf (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina Lagoon (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina del Rey, Mother’s Beach (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cabrillo Beach, Harborside (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stillwater Cove (Monterey County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clam Beach County Park (Humboldt County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Monica Pier (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pillar Point Harbor (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Capitola Beach, West of jetty (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Windsurfer Circle, Candlestick Point (San Francisco County)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Griesbach and other officials stressed that water quality can change from day-to-day especially after big rainstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have a big storm, even if it’s in May, stay away from the water, just for a few days,” said Deb Self, the excecutive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that fights sewage contamination. “Let the bacteria break up and let the beach get clean again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Friday, beachgoers can check up-to-date water quality stats on Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://brc.healthebay.org/\">Beach Report Card\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17719\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pillarpoint.jpg\" alt=\"Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay's 'Beach Bummer' list this year. (geoff dude/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pillar Point Harbor in San Mateo County made Heal the Bay’s ‘Beach Bummer’ list this year. (geoff dude/\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/geoffdude/14001274521/in/photolist-nkfc7R-nkfcSj-nni9Zt-nkfchG-nkfiMK-nkfeoK-nkyJJA-gAAAyv-5RY2rs-9fuHgC-d49f7J-5Nhsgo-6YzpPo-6YRvXj-5RY2BN-5Nd8Lg-6YMu9p-5Nhpuw-6YMu6H-cXWLB5-5RUeVt-wHm5s-5R8qGa-4feNcd-csmrbA-csmr6m-gCLuH3-doAPWL-5NdbUi-5Nhqo9-6XjKUs-5Nhrpy-5bCiM7-56NURQ-7zfCXr-6YRw1U-7ESnNU-6XfLHK-4UeVk1-5RY2iQ-6ep78w-dAXXWW-5Ra7pA-6YvU2Z-6YRw6y-6YRvQh-5Rcuu3-c6Em5S-c6EjB3-c6EnB7\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seven out of 10 of the state’s most polluted beaches are in Northern California, according to environmental group Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf\">annual Beach Report Card,\u003c/a> released Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, Heal the Bay ranks California beaches on water quality. They test for bacteria that signal the presence of microscopic critters that can make people sick. This year, 95 percent of beaches got clean A or B grades, a record. That’s thanks to the drought, explained Amanda Griesbach with Heal the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lack of rainfall, urban runoff and pollutants and debris and everything that’s washed into the beach water and that elevates the level of bacteria,” she said. “So if there’s a drought we typically see better grades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everywhere. The polluted beaches that made the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthebay.org/sites/default/files/pdf/BRC_2014_WEB_.pdf#page=11\">“Beach Bummers”\u003c/a> list below suffer from problems like poor circulation — enclosed beaches like Marina Lagoon in San Mateo don’t have enough water flow to break up bacteria — and outdated sewage systems that leak contaminated water like the corroded pipes at Santa Cruz’s Cowell Beach, explained Griesbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here they are, listed from worst to, well, \u003cem>maybe\u003c/em> you’ll get a sinus infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cowell Beach, at the wharf (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina Lagoon (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Marina del Rey, Mother’s Beach (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Cabrillo Beach, Harborside (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Stillwater Cove (Monterey County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clam Beach County Park (Humboldt County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Santa Monica Pier (Los Angeles County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pillar Point Harbor (San Mateo County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Capitola Beach, West of jetty (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Windsurfer Circle, Candlestick Point (San Francisco County)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Griesbach and other officials stressed that water quality can change from day-to-day especially after big rainstorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we have a big storm, even if it’s in May, stay away from the water, just for a few days,” said Deb Self, the excecutive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that fights sewage contamination. “Let the bacteria break up and let the beach get clean again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every Friday, beachgoers can check up-to-date water quality stats on Heal the Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://brc.healthebay.org/\">Beach Report Card\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "californias-monterey-shale-bonanza-or-bust-nobody-really-knows",
"title": "California's Monterey Shale: Bonanza or Bust? Nobody Really Knows",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17661\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pumpjacks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pumpjacks.jpg\" alt=\"Pumpjacks draw oil out of the Monterey Shale near McKittrick, California. (Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks draw oil out of the Monterey Shale near McKittrick, California. (Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversy over hydraulic fracturing in California has been largely centered around the Monterey Formation, the rock layer that was said to be the largest oil resource in the country and almost a sure bet for a drilling boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least, until this week. Federal officials with the Energy Information Administration are \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-oil-20140521-story.html\">reportedly downgrading their estimate\u003c/a> of how much oil could be pumped out of the formation. Just a few years ago, the agency projected that oil companies could retrieve 15 billion barrels of oil. Now, it’s down to 600 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to clarify: these numbers don’t reflect how much oil is underground in California. Most geologists agree that there’s still plenty down there. The EIA is attempting to estimate how much could be pumped out with current technology. As with other oil and gas reserves around the country, this number fluctuates quite a bit based on assumptions about the geology and what oil companies can accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total resource can be huge – just ridiculously large,” says Don Gautier, geologist emeritus with the U.S. Geological Survey. “What fraction of it can actually be recovered? That can be very uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Unknown About the Monterey Formation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the uncertainty around the Monterey Shale? It has to do with the lack of information about the rock formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey has already been incredibly productive in California. It’s been the source of most oil production in the state over the last century. The rock layer covers 1,700 square miles and can be several thousand feet thick in places. It was created millions of years ago, when dead microorganisms piled up on the bottom of an ancient sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 311px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/NatGasSchematic2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17668\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/NatGasSchematic2.jpg\" alt=\"Conventional drilling taps into reservoirs where oil and gas has pooled underground. Unconventional drilling goes deeper into the rock layers that generate oil.\" width=\"311\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conventional drilling taps into reservoirs where oil and gas has pooled underground. Unconventional drilling goes deeper into the rock layers that generate oil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That organic material created oil-bearing rock and over the millennia, oil has seeped out and pooled in underground reservoirs. Finding and tapping these reservoirs, what’s known as “conventional” oil development, has made California the third-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buzz these days, however, is over “unconventional” development. That’s where oil and gas companies drill down into the rock layers that produce the oil – known as “source rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rocks are dense and historically, haven’t been very productive – until hydraulic fracturing came along. When water and sand are injected underground at high pressure, they create tiny fractures in the rock that help release the oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, oil companies in California haven’t had to tap into the source rock. There were plenty of conventional reservoirs to develop. But as the technology has improved and production in older reservoirs has declined, oil producers have started looking deeper, down to the Monterey Shale source rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the Oil Still There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Dakota has seen a massive oil boom in the source rock of its Bakken formation, due in large part to hydraulic fracturing. Fracking opened up source rock that was considered beyond reach just a few decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question in the Monterey Shale is whether the source rock still holds lots of oil. California’s abundant seismic activity could have forced much of the oil to migrate out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very effective mechanisms that allow oil to be expelled from the source rock,” says Gautier. “Whereas up in the Bakken, the oil was generated 100 million years ago and has been sitting like a dead lump since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”087bded8a228f2ed2d9be0d52ba4272a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these unknowns, many believe there’s huge uncertainty about the amount of oil that can be recovered in the Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just don’t know,” says Gautier. “One of the possibilities is that most of the recoverable oil has already been expelled and migrated. So what’s left behind is residual oil that won’t really yield significant production. That isn’t to say there isn’t a whole lot of oil in the Monterey or even that there isn’t a lot of oil remaining in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS is working on its own estimate of recoverable oil in the Monterey, expected early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seismically warped rock layers in California could also make it challenging to use the same fracking techniques that have been so effective in North Dakota. Oil wells are drilled horizontally for miles sometimes along a layer of rock. California’s roller-coaster rock layers could make horizontal drilling a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies are still in the early stages of drilling exploratory wells in the source rock. Until more of that data are available, the jury is still out on the Monterey Shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact of the matter is there’ve only been a handful of wells that even intended to test the idea,” says Gautier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Industry Is Saying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lackluster new estimate, the oil industry says the number has little effect on their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Whether there are 15 billion barrels or 600 million barrels… it’s still a lot of oil.’\u003ccite>— Susan Hersberger, Aera Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The oil is still there,” says Catherine Reheis-Boyd of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a matter of technology and it’s a matter of the skill and experience and innovative spirit that we really believe the men and women of the petroleum industry possess,” she says. “And they will solve the puzzle and they will improve production rates from the Monterey Shale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several oil companies say their exploratory wells are getting them closer to the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Preliminary data from our first exploration wells tells us the oil is there,” says Susan Hersberger of \u003ca href=\"http://aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of the largest oil production companies in California. “But this data has also confirmed that the Monterey Shale has some characteristics that warrant further study and testing, so that we might unlock its potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar to the decades-long exploration of the Bakken, the Monterey exploration process will also be a long and complex journey,” she says. “Whether there are 15 billion barrels or 600 million barrels or something in between, it’s still a lot of oil. We see potential and are in it for the long-term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls for a Fracking Moratorium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collation of environmental and community groups called \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiansagainstfracking.org/\">Californians Against Fracking\u003c/a> is using the new estimate to raise concerns over groundwater contamination and environmental damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bombshell from the EIA gives you a new opportunity to make the right call and halt fracking,” they wrote in a letter to Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group, which is calling for a moratorium on fracking, says the lower estimate of the Monterey’s potential means that economic benefits touted by the industry are inflated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown has resisted a moratorium, citing the state’s efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">develop regulations for fracking this year\u003c/a> that require groundwater monitoring, new permitting requirements and notification of neighbors in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/150669396&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17661\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pumpjacks.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17661\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/pumpjacks.jpg\" alt=\"Pumpjacks draw oil out of the Monterey Shale near McKittrick, California. (Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pumpjacks draw oil out of the Monterey Shale near McKittrick, California. (Photo by David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversy over hydraulic fracturing in California has been largely centered around the Monterey Formation, the rock layer that was said to be the largest oil resource in the country and almost a sure bet for a drilling boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least, until this week. Federal officials with the Energy Information Administration are \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-oil-20140521-story.html\">reportedly downgrading their estimate\u003c/a> of how much oil could be pumped out of the formation. Just a few years ago, the agency projected that oil companies could retrieve 15 billion barrels of oil. Now, it’s down to 600 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just to clarify: these numbers don’t reflect how much oil is underground in California. Most geologists agree that there’s still plenty down there. The EIA is attempting to estimate how much could be pumped out with current technology. As with other oil and gas reserves around the country, this number fluctuates quite a bit based on assumptions about the geology and what oil companies can accomplish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The total resource can be huge – just ridiculously large,” says Don Gautier, geologist emeritus with the U.S. Geological Survey. “What fraction of it can actually be recovered? That can be very uncertain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Unknown About the Monterey Formation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the uncertainty around the Monterey Shale? It has to do with the lack of information about the rock formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey has already been incredibly productive in California. It’s been the source of most oil production in the state over the last century. The rock layer covers 1,700 square miles and can be several thousand feet thick in places. It was created millions of years ago, when dead microorganisms piled up on the bottom of an ancient sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 311px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/NatGasSchematic2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17668\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/NatGasSchematic2.jpg\" alt=\"Conventional drilling taps into reservoirs where oil and gas has pooled underground. Unconventional drilling goes deeper into the rock layers that generate oil.\" width=\"311\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conventional drilling taps into reservoirs where oil and gas has pooled underground. Unconventional drilling goes deeper into the rock layers that generate oil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That organic material created oil-bearing rock and over the millennia, oil has seeped out and pooled in underground reservoirs. Finding and tapping these reservoirs, what’s known as “conventional” oil development, has made California the third-largest oil producer in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The buzz these days, however, is over “unconventional” development. That’s where oil and gas companies drill down into the rock layers that produce the oil – known as “source rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rocks are dense and historically, haven’t been very productive – until hydraulic fracturing came along. When water and sand are injected underground at high pressure, they create tiny fractures in the rock that help release the oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, oil companies in California haven’t had to tap into the source rock. There were plenty of conventional reservoirs to develop. But as the technology has improved and production in older reservoirs has declined, oil producers have started looking deeper, down to the Monterey Shale source rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the Oil Still There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Dakota has seen a massive oil boom in the source rock of its Bakken formation, due in large part to hydraulic fracturing. Fracking opened up source rock that was considered beyond reach just a few decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question in the Monterey Shale is whether the source rock still holds lots of oil. California’s abundant seismic activity could have forced much of the oil to migrate out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are very effective mechanisms that allow oil to be expelled from the source rock,” says Gautier. “Whereas up in the Bakken, the oil was generated 100 million years ago and has been sitting like a dead lump since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of these unknowns, many believe there’s huge uncertainty about the amount of oil that can be recovered in the Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just don’t know,” says Gautier. “One of the possibilities is that most of the recoverable oil has already been expelled and migrated. So what’s left behind is residual oil that won’t really yield significant production. That isn’t to say there isn’t a whole lot of oil in the Monterey or even that there isn’t a lot of oil remaining in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USGS is working on its own estimate of recoverable oil in the Monterey, expected early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seismically warped rock layers in California could also make it challenging to use the same fracking techniques that have been so effective in North Dakota. Oil wells are drilled horizontally for miles sometimes along a layer of rock. California’s roller-coaster rock layers could make horizontal drilling a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil companies are still in the early stages of drilling exploratory wells in the source rock. Until more of that data are available, the jury is still out on the Monterey Shale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact of the matter is there’ve only been a handful of wells that even intended to test the idea,” says Gautier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What the Industry Is Saying\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lackluster new estimate, the oil industry says the number has little effect on their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Whether there are 15 billion barrels or 600 million barrels… it’s still a lot of oil.’\u003ccite>— Susan Hersberger, Aera Energy\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The oil is still there,” says Catherine Reheis-Boyd of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just a matter of technology and it’s a matter of the skill and experience and innovative spirit that we really believe the men and women of the petroleum industry possess,” she says. “And they will solve the puzzle and they will improve production rates from the Monterey Shale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several oil companies say their exploratory wells are getting them closer to the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Preliminary data from our first exploration wells tells us the oil is there,” says Susan Hersberger of \u003ca href=\"http://aeraenergy.com/\">Aera Energy\u003c/a>, one of the largest oil production companies in California. “But this data has also confirmed that the Monterey Shale has some characteristics that warrant further study and testing, so that we might unlock its potential.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar to the decades-long exploration of the Bakken, the Monterey exploration process will also be a long and complex journey,” she says. “Whether there are 15 billion barrels or 600 million barrels or something in between, it’s still a lot of oil. We see potential and are in it for the long-term.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Calls for a Fracking Moratorium\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A collation of environmental and community groups called \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiansagainstfracking.org/\">Californians Against Fracking\u003c/a> is using the new estimate to raise concerns over groundwater contamination and environmental damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This bombshell from the EIA gives you a new opportunity to make the right call and halt fracking,” they wrote in a letter to Governor Jerry Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group, which is calling for a moratorium on fracking, says the lower estimate of the Monterey’s potential means that economic benefits touted by the industry are inflated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown has resisted a moratorium, citing the state’s efforts to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/11/15/what-californias-new-fracking-rules-would-do-and-not-do/\">develop regulations for fracking this year\u003c/a> that require groundwater monitoring, new permitting requirements and notification of neighbors in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Santa Cruz Is First California County to Ban Fracking",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Peter Jon Shuler and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking protested outside the San Francisco office of Gov. Jerry Brown, demanding that he support a ban on hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas exploration. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking protested outside the San Francisco office of Gov. Jerry Brown, demanding that he support a ban on hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas exploration. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz County has become the first county in California to impose a “permanent” ban on fracking, as well as all other on-shore oil and gas development. Tuesday morning the Board of Supervisors unanimously approved the pre-emptive move against hydraulic fracturing, a technology that uses water and chemicals to unlock oil and gas underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some would say this is a symbolic gesture,” said Supervisor Bruce McPherson. “But I think it’s a message that needs to be sent out and listened to, especially on our quality of life and particularly about the impact it might have on our water supply, whether it occurs inside this county or in adjacent counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”76bba43104b6094f9b4efd10a78caeee”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinobeacon.com/latest-local/ci_25722116/supervisors-working-fracking-ban\">Mendocino counties\u003c/a> are considering similar moves. And \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/Butte_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">Butte\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/San_Benito_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">San Benito\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/Santa_Barbara_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">Santa Barbara\u003c/a> counties may all have fracking restrictions on the November ballot. A state bill that would \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1132\">ban fracking\u003c/a> until there is more scientific study is in limbo, having been relegated to the Appropriations Committee suspense file on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oil industry insists that fracking is safe and has made the United States less dependent on foreign energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 12px auto 6px auto;font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: normal;font-size: 14px;line-height: normal\">\u003ca style=\"text-decoration: underline\" title=\"View Santa Cruz County Fracking Ban on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/225318322/Santa-Cruz-County-Fracking-Ban\">Santa Cruz County Fracking Ban\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"doc_18804\" class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/225318322/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Peter Jon Shuler and Molly Samuel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/10/frackingprotest.jpg\" alt=\"The group Californians Against Fracking protested outside the San Francisco office of Gov. Jerry Brown, demanding that he support a ban on hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas exploration. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The group Californians Against Fracking protested outside the San Francisco office of Gov. Jerry Brown, demanding that he support a ban on hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas exploration. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Cruz County has become the first county in California to impose a “permanent” ban on fracking, as well as all other on-shore oil and gas development. Tuesday morning the Board of Supervisors unanimously approved the pre-emptive move against hydraulic fracturing, a technology that uses water and chemicals to unlock oil and gas underground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some would say this is a symbolic gesture,” said Supervisor Bruce McPherson. “But I think it’s a message that needs to be sent out and listened to, especially on our quality of life and particularly about the impact it might have on our water supply, whether it occurs inside this county or in adjacent counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinobeacon.com/latest-local/ci_25722116/supervisors-working-fracking-ban\">Mendocino counties\u003c/a> are considering similar moves. And \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/Butte_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">Butte\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/San_Benito_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">San Benito\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/Santa_Barbara_County_Fracking_Ban_Initiative_%28November_2014%29\">Santa Barbara\u003c/a> counties may all have fracking restrictions on the November ballot. A state bill that would \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1132\">ban fracking\u003c/a> until there is more scientific study is in limbo, having been relegated to the Appropriations Committee suspense file on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/69445362?portrait=0\" width=\"650\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alright, so Mark Twain may never have actually \u003ca href=\"http://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/11/30/coldest-winter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said it himself\u003c/a>. But the statement still stands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As any naïve tourist shivering miserably in a tank top and Bermuda shorts might attest, summertime in San Francisco can be downright frigid.\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=\"FKC5uvuWHJF9wBTomTqzTNjDPpEGWhzP\"]\u003cbr>\nWelcome to the infamous \"June Gloom.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even on days when the temperature in nearby cities climbs into the luscious 90's (°F), it's not uncommon to find much of San Francisco shrouded in a thick blanket of bone-chilling fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're still a bit foggy (sorry, couldn't resist) about why that is, scroll through this great interactive explainer created by \u003ca href=\"http://newsbound.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsbound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1100\" height=\"620\" src=\"//content.newsbound.com/public/newsbound/sf_fog/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bit more clarity (about the fog, that is), watch the beautiful time-lapse film (at top) by Simon Christen, and below, this short video by KQED's Quest that digs deeper into the science of coastal fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"366\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/19c09UgIB-4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're still a bit foggy (sorry, couldn't resist) about why that is, scroll through this great interactive explainer created by \u003ca href=\"http://newsbound.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Newsbound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullWidthWrapper\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"withMargin\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1100\" height=\"620\" src=\"//content.newsbound.com/public/newsbound/sf_fog/index.html?embed=true\" name=\"nb-stack\" class=\"newsbound-embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bit more clarity (about the fog, that is), watch the beautiful time-lapse film (at top) by Simon Christen, and below, this short video by KQED's Quest that digs deeper into the science of coastal fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"366\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/19c09UgIB-4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires: Training for a Tough Season",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140519science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Firefighters in Southern California are still mopping up fires that raged last week, stoked by record-breaking heat and strong winds on top of the three-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that Northern California is dry and ready to burn, too, and seasonal firefighters were brought on earlier than usual. In mid-May, newly hired CalFire firefighters were running through drills, climbing ladders and unfurling hoses at a training facility in rural Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ladders-web.jpg\" alt=\"CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We do this every year,” said Jason Hill, who is starting his third season with CalFire. “Every fire season they say is going to be the worst, but this season I think will definitely be a good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought.’\u003ccite>— Amy Head, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By “good” he means what most people might consider “bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought,” said Amy Head, a fire captain with CalFire. More fires have started in California this year than had started by this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did start hiring our seasonals as early as January, which is something I’ve never heard of,” Head said. “And Southern California never even saw an end to fire season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the same for the Forest Service. “We never really had an off season,” said Shawna Legarza, the regional fire and aviation director with the Forest Service in California. “Usually we get some time off during the holidays. We had fires right before Christmas. We had fires in Northern California in January. We had fires in Central and Southern California in February. We’ve been busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, more than 570,000 acres burned in wildfires in California. The Rim Fire, near Yosemite, was huge, but overall, total acres burned in the state was near average. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence.’\u003ccite>— Tom Knecht, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> This year, CalFire is preparing for a busy season by hiring extra staff — firefighters and also inspectors to check whether homeowners have cleared vegetation to create extra space around their houses, called “defensible space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-Fire Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence,” said Tom Knecht, a fire captain and pre-fire engineer with CalFire. His job includes collecting some of that evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, though it may seem like common sense that it’s dry out there, there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of fire is at its worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht took me up a trail in the Las Posadas State Forest, about 20 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. The trail was lined on either side by a plant called chemise that grew higher than our heads. “It looks a lot like rosemary,” Knecht said, as he snipped twigs off the plant with a pair of garden shears and stuffed them into a plastic container shaped like a water bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He weighs the chemise he collects, then dehydrates it and weighs it again. The difference between those two numbers tells him how much water is in the plant; this is called the live fuel moisture. (As opposed to dead fuel moisture, another measurement tracking the water content in dead trees and branches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/fuels-web-e1400278725917.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"298\" height=\"298\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At this point in the year, there’s still a good amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still seeing the plants taking on water,” Knecht said. “So they’re still getting moisture out of the ground. They’re still growing. You can see the new growth, they’re getting ready to flower. That whole time the plant is full of moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the plants will begin to go dormant. That’s the moment Knecht is on the look out for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to know when it turns the corner, when it stops taking on water and then starts to dry out,” he said. When the chemise is growing, it could burn, but the fire would be slower and less intense. Once the plant is dormant and dried out, its presence marks the places that could burn hot and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht said the plants look like they’ll be turning that corner sooner this year. “The plants, although they’re taking on moisture and have new growth, they’re behind where they were last year this time,” he said. “I expect to see them dry out earlier, turn the corner earlier, be dormant earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht does these studies monthly, and sometimes more often than that. Fire officials look at the live fuel moisture measured in various plant species all around the state. And they feed that into a model along with the dead fuel moisture. Then they combine that with weather conditions to figure out the energy release component. That tells them, if a fire does catch, how intense it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at weather every day, and the topography — we know where there’s steep ridges and hills and so forth. But the fuel moistures change, and that’s one of the things we need situational awareness of, to be able to base our actions on current and expected fire behavior,” Knecht said. “That’s why I’m out here doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the Data to Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August.’\u003ccite>— Chief Ken Pimlott, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, fire officials can work to ensure that firefighters and equipment like air tankers are moved to the right part of the state, and — in a year like this one — that they’re in place early as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August,” said Chief Ken Pimlott, the director of CalFire. He said Governor Jerry Brown’s drought declaration in January put extra money toward firefighting. “He has made a very firm commitment that CalFire and our partners will have the resources and the funding it needs to combat this risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire has the budget for an extra 300 firefighters this season. Like CalFire, the U.S. Forest Service brought staff on earlier, too, and is prepared to bring firefighters in from other parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the firefighting agencies say they’re ready. What they can’t predict is when or how a fire will start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t control the lightning, that’s out of control,” said Legarza. But the majority of wildfires, she points out, are human-caused. “So we can help give information to the public to help us prevent wildland fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like making sure brush and branches are cut back around your property, following rules about campfires and being careful with tools that might spark a flame. And as Smokey Bear’s been reminding us for decades, whatever you do, don’t throw that cigarette butt out the window.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Firefighters in Southern California are still mopping up fires that raged last week, stoked by record-breaking heat and strong winds on top of the three-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials warn that Northern California is dry and ready to burn, too, and seasonal firefighters were brought on earlier than usual. In mid-May, newly hired CalFire firefighters were running through drills, climbing ladders and unfurling hoses at a training facility in rural Napa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17575\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/ladders-web.jpg\" alt=\"CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CalFire firefighters running through drills at a training facility in Napa County. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We do this every year,” said Jason Hill, who is starting his third season with CalFire. “Every fire season they say is going to be the worst, but this season I think will definitely be a good one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought.’\u003ccite>— Amy Head, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By “good” he means what most people might consider “bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve already seen a significant increase in wildfire activity due to the drought,” said Amy Head, a fire captain with CalFire. More fires have started in California this year than had started by this time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did start hiring our seasonals as early as January, which is something I’ve never heard of,” Head said. “And Southern California never even saw an end to fire season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the same for the Forest Service. “We never really had an off season,” said Shawna Legarza, the regional fire and aviation director with the Forest Service in California. “Usually we get some time off during the holidays. We had fires right before Christmas. We had fires in Northern California in January. We had fires in Central and Southern California in February. We’ve been busy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, more than 570,000 acres burned in wildfires in California. The Rim Fire, near Yosemite, was huge, but overall, total acres burned in the state was near average. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence.’\u003ccite>— Tom Knecht, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> This year, CalFire is preparing for a busy season by hiring extra staff — firefighters and also inspectors to check whether homeowners have cleared vegetation to create extra space around their houses, called “defensible space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-Fire Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the preparedness efforts we make cost money. We have to justify that with evidence,” said Tom Knecht, a fire captain and pre-fire engineer with CalFire. His job includes collecting some of that evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because, though it may seem like common sense that it’s dry out there, there is a science to knowing how dry, and to knowing when the threat of fire is at its worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht took me up a trail in the Las Posadas State Forest, about 20 miles northeast of Santa Rosa. The trail was lined on either side by a plant called chemise that grew higher than our heads. “It looks a lot like rosemary,” Knecht said, as he snipped twigs off the plant with a pair of garden shears and stuffed them into a plastic container shaped like a water bottle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He weighs the chemise he collects, then dehydrates it and weighs it again. The difference between those two numbers tells him how much water is in the plant; this is called the live fuel moisture. (As opposed to dead fuel moisture, another measurement tracking the water content in dead trees and branches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-17581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/fuels-web-e1400278725917.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"298\" height=\"298\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Knecht of CalFire collects chemise to find its fuel moisture. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At this point in the year, there’s still a good amount of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re still seeing the plants taking on water,” Knecht said. “So they’re still getting moisture out of the ground. They’re still growing. You can see the new growth, they’re getting ready to flower. That whole time the plant is full of moisture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the plants will begin to go dormant. That’s the moment Knecht is on the look out for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really want to know when it turns the corner, when it stops taking on water and then starts to dry out,” he said. When the chemise is growing, it could burn, but the fire would be slower and less intense. Once the plant is dormant and dried out, its presence marks the places that could burn hot and fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht said the plants look like they’ll be turning that corner sooner this year. “The plants, although they’re taking on moisture and have new growth, they’re behind where they were last year this time,” he said. “I expect to see them dry out earlier, turn the corner earlier, be dormant earlier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knecht does these studies monthly, and sometimes more often than that. Fire officials look at the live fuel moisture measured in various plant species all around the state. And they feed that into a model along with the dead fuel moisture. Then they combine that with weather conditions to figure out the energy release component. That tells them, if a fire does catch, how intense it will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look at weather every day, and the topography — we know where there’s steep ridges and hills and so forth. But the fuel moistures change, and that’s one of the things we need situational awareness of, to be able to base our actions on current and expected fire behavior,” Knecht said. “That’s why I’m out here doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting the Data to Use\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August.’\u003ccite>— Chief Ken Pimlott, CalFire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed with that information, fire officials can work to ensure that firefighters and equipment like air tankers are moved to the right part of the state, and — in a year like this one — that they’re in place early as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re only in May and we’re seeing conditions that we would normally see in August,” said Chief Ken Pimlott, the director of CalFire. He said Governor Jerry Brown’s drought declaration in January put extra money toward firefighting. “He has made a very firm commitment that CalFire and our partners will have the resources and the funding it needs to combat this risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CalFire has the budget for an extra 300 firefighters this season. Like CalFire, the U.S. Forest Service brought staff on earlier, too, and is prepared to bring firefighters in from other parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the firefighting agencies say they’re ready. What they can’t predict is when or how a fire will start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t control the lightning, that’s out of control,” said Legarza. But the majority of wildfires, she points out, are human-caused. “So we can help give information to the public to help us prevent wildland fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12864\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 191px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-12864 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/05/climatechange_CA-300x388.gif\" alt=\"California Environmental Protection Agency (full-size graphic below)\" width=\"191\" height=\"248\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Environmental Protection Agency (full-size graphic below)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Be it torrential rains or severe droughts, huge wildfires or rising sea-levels, every corner of the United States has been -- and will continue to be -- impacted by the effects of human-induced climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the scenario presented last week by a team of scientists who described a series of sweeping environmental changes of near biblical proportions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government report, known as the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, notes that many of these changes have resulted from an average temperature increase of less than 2 degrees Fahrenheit over the last century. It warns that U.S. temperatures could increase by more than 10 degrees by the end of this century if carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prepared by a large team of scientists, the White House released the study in an effort to create a greater sense urgency among Americans and build support for new climate change regulation that President Obama plans to introduce in June. An April \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/168620/one-four-solidly-skeptical-global-warming.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Gallup poll\u003c/a> found one in four Americans is still skeptical about the effects of climate change and thinks the seriousness of the issue has been exaggerated by the news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">The report also describes the significantly varying impacts of climate change across the country, from torrential rains and coastal flooding in the Northeast, to severe droughts and intensifying wildfires in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp id=\"story-continues-5\" class=\"story-body-text story-content\"> \"The contents confirm that climate change is not a distant threat,\" Dr. John Holdren, President Obama's science advisor, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/2dIheuvIKDg\" target=\"_blank\">video summary of the report\u003c/a>. \"It is affecting the American people already. On the whole, summers are longer and hotter with longer periods of extended heat. Wildfires start earlier in the spring and continue later into the fall. Rain comes down in heavier downpours. People are experiencing changes in the length and severity of seasonal allergies. And climate disruptions to water resources and agriculture have been increasing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">So how does California make out in all of this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Not so hot, it turns out (or actually, really hot). A \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/2013EnvIndicatorReport.html\" target=\"_blank\">separate 2013 study\u003c/a> by the California Environmental Protection Agency, found far-reaching impacts across the state, including severe water shortages, more frequent wildfires, coastal flooding and extreme heat. The infographic below, found in the report, lists some of these key indicators. Mouse over it and click to zoom in on specific areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://zoom.it/OYe6#full\" width=\"650\" height=\"850\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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"description": "[caption id=\"attachment_13657\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"351\"] Just over 2,000 wells have been fracked in California, according to industry data. (Craig Miller/KQED)[/caption] Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been used for more than 30 years in California, but it’s attracting attention and scrutiny because of renewed interest in the state’s large oil reserve, known as the Monterey Shale. In California, fracking is done mainly for oil, while in other states with recent fracking booms, like Pennsylvania and Texas, it’s used largely for natural gas. What is it? Fracking is just one phase of the process used to bring an oil or gas well into production. The technique is used to release oil from rocks deep underground. Water, mixed with sand and chemicals, is injected down the well bore at high pressure to create tiny fractures in the rock. According to the oil industry, more than 2,000 wells have been fracked in the state. Concerns Environmental groups have called for a moratorium on fracking until the state does a comprehensive review of potential impacts on both water and air quality. A chief concern is the chemicals used, some of which are carcinogens, and potential contamination of groundwater. Fracking also uses large volumes of freshwater. Industry sources say it uses less freshwater in California than is used in other states and no cases of groundwater contamination have been found. Where it Stands In November 2013, state regulators released draft rules for fracking that are now expected to go into effect in July 2015. They followed passage of SB 4, a bill signed by Governor Jerry Brown, that spelled out what the regulations should cover. Under the rules, oil and gas operators would be required to apply for a permit prior to fracking a well, and to provide written notice to nearby landowners. Operators would have to disclose what chemicals they use, but not the specific concentrations if they consider those a trade secret. State water regulators are also developing a groundwater monitoring program. The regulations are expected to be finalized by the end of 2014.",
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