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"content": "\u003cp>WASHINGTON — Federal safety investigators said Tuesday the crash of a Virgin Galactic spaceship last October was caused by a catastrophic structural failure triggered when the co-pilot unlocked the craft’s braking system early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Transportation Safety Board investigators said the resulting aerodynamic forces caused the brakes to actually be applied without any further action by the crew. Investigators said no safeguards were built into the system to overcome the error of the co-pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spaceship \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke apart over the Mojave Desert\u003c/a> during a test flight on Oct. 31, 2014. The accident killed the co-pilot and seriously injured the pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB officials said early in the investigation that the co-pilot prematurely unlocked equipment designed to slow the descent of the spacecraft during initial re-entry. Simply unlocking the spacecraft’s brakes shouldn’t have applied them, but that happened anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In determining the probable cause of the accident, board members were focused on prioritizing the lack of systems put in place to mitigate or overcome human error. Scaled Composites developed the craft for Virgin Galactic, and NTSB member Robert Sumwalt said the company “put all its eggs in the basket” of the crew doing everything correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My point is that a single-point human failure has to be anticipated,” Sumwalt said. “The system has to be designed to compensate for the error.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB chairman Christopher Hart said he hoped the investigation will prevent such an accident from happening again. He said the NTSB learned “with a high degree of certainty the events that resulted in the breakup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the safety issues that we will hear about today arose not from the novelty of a space launch test flight, but from human factors that were already known elsewhere in transportation,” Hart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic has been proceeding with its plans for space flight and is now building another craft. Company officials have said in recent months that their commitment to commercial spacecraft has not waivered despite the crash and they expect the company to resume test flights later this year. Eventually, the company envisions flights with six passengers climbing more than 62 miles above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>WASHINGTON — Federal safety investigators said Tuesday the crash of a Virgin Galactic spaceship last October was caused by a catastrophic structural failure triggered when the co-pilot unlocked the craft’s braking system early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Transportation Safety Board investigators said the resulting aerodynamic forces caused the brakes to actually be applied without any further action by the crew. Investigators said no safeguards were built into the system to overcome the error of the co-pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spaceship \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke apart over the Mojave Desert\u003c/a> during a test flight on Oct. 31, 2014. The accident killed the co-pilot and seriously injured the pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB officials said early in the investigation that the co-pilot prematurely unlocked equipment designed to slow the descent of the spacecraft during initial re-entry. Simply unlocking the spacecraft’s brakes shouldn’t have applied them, but that happened anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In determining the probable cause of the accident, board members were focused on prioritizing the lack of systems put in place to mitigate or overcome human error. Scaled Composites developed the craft for Virgin Galactic, and NTSB member Robert Sumwalt said the company “put all its eggs in the basket” of the crew doing everything correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My point is that a single-point human failure has to be anticipated,” Sumwalt said. “The system has to be designed to compensate for the error.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NTSB chairman Christopher Hart said he hoped the investigation will prevent such an accident from happening again. He said the NTSB learned “with a high degree of certainty the events that resulted in the breakup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the safety issues that we will hear about today arose not from the novelty of a space launch test flight, but from human factors that were already known elsewhere in transportation,” Hart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic has been proceeding with its plans for space flight and is now building another craft. Company officials have said in recent months that their commitment to commercial spacecraft has not waivered despite the crash and they expect the company to resume test flights later this year. Eventually, the company envisions flights with six passengers climbing more than 62 miles above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Squeezed by Drought, Some California Farmers Switch to Less Thirsty Crops",
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"content": "\u003cp>Water scarcity is driving California farmers to plant different crops. Growers are switching to more profitable, less thirsty fruits, vegetables and nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this truer than San Diego County, where water prices are some of the highest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapefruit trees shade the entrance to Triple B Ranches winery in northern San Diego County. The tasting room is a converted kitchen festooned with country knickknacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debbie Broomell runs the boutique winery with her father, Gary. Their quaint vineyard is only a few years old. For three generations, the Broomells have grown citrus. But it's been hard to stay in the black growing oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the water problems and all the things that are going on, we're looking for something that takes a little less water, and grapes seem to be it,\" says Gary Broomell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/426886645/427018754\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adds Debbie, \"It's all trying to just kind of keep farming. How do you keep farming?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price of water in the area has more than doubled in recent years. But vineyards require 25 percent less water than citrus. As a result, the number of wineries in San Diego County has tripled during the same time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the savings might not be enough to ensure survival for the Broomells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debbie points to a shallow well in the middle of some grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Dad's been cranking it down,\" she says, \"because the water table's been dropping. We're keeping our fingers crossed that [the wells] can kind of keep producing through the summer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary throws up his hands to the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still got July, August, September, October. You know?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the drought doesn't end soon, Gary says they'll likely have to pull out of citrus altogether. He says he's looking into persimmons as another alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Larson from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdfarmbureau.org/Contact/ContactUs.php\">San Diego County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> takes me on a drive nearby through the San Pasqual Valley. Historically, citrus and avocados have been the two leading crops in north San Diego County. But several thousand acres of citrus and more than 10,000 acres of avocados have been taken out of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You end up driving by these 400-acre citrus groves that are just abandoned,\" Larson says. Abandoned, he says, because \"they've turned the water off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, like the Broomells, not all farmers are giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers are switching to nurseries or planting unusual crops like pomegranates. Larson points to a field of dragonfruit -- it \"uses very, very little water,\" says Larson. \"I guess I could best describe it as a cactus with fruit on it. [Farmers] are getting a lot of money per pound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it's important to remember that not long ago, avocados were a specialty crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And it was hard to sell those things. They were called alligator pears. People didn't know what they were,\" explains Larson. \"They got two to three cents a pound for them.\" But, he says, the avocado's popularity exploded as the country's Latino population grew, and more and more Mexican restaurants opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://are.ucdavis.edu/en/people/faculty/daniel-sumner/#pk_campaign=short-name-redirect&pk_kwd=sumner\">Daniel Sumner\u003c/a>, an economist at the University of California, Davis, says the drought is intensifying a trend that was already unfolding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The context is that what we produce in California has been changing for 200 years,\" Sumner says. \"You go back 140 years ago, California was the second-biggest wheat state in the country. The Central Valley was dry land, wheat farming. We were second to Kansas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As late as the 1980s, California was a leading cotton producer at 1.5 million acres. This year's cotton crop is expected to be about a tenth of that. Sumner says in today's market, cotton farmers can't make ends meet, so they're switching to almonds, pistachios or wine grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though water-thirsty crops like almonds are under scrutiny, Sumner expects dry times and high water prices to continue to push California's farmland away from row crops and pasture, and toward higher-value orchards and vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 Capital Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org\">http://www.capradio.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Squeezed+By+Drought%2C+California+Farmers+Switch+To+Less+Thirsty+Crops&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Water scarcity is driving California farmers to plant different crops. Growers are switching to more profitable, less thirsty fruits, vegetables and nuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere is this truer than San Diego County, where water prices are some of the highest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grapefruit trees shade the entrance to Triple B Ranches winery in northern San Diego County. The tasting room is a converted kitchen festooned with country knickknacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debbie Broomell runs the boutique winery with her father, Gary. Their quaint vineyard is only a few years old. For three generations, the Broomells have grown citrus. But it's been hard to stay in the black growing oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the water problems and all the things that are going on, we're looking for something that takes a little less water, and grapes seem to be it,\" says Gary Broomell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/426886645/427018754\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adds Debbie, \"It's all trying to just kind of keep farming. How do you keep farming?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price of water in the area has more than doubled in recent years. But vineyards require 25 percent less water than citrus. As a result, the number of wineries in San Diego County has tripled during the same time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the savings might not be enough to ensure survival for the Broomells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debbie points to a shallow well in the middle of some grapevines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Dad's been cranking it down,\" she says, \"because the water table's been dropping. We're keeping our fingers crossed that [the wells] can kind of keep producing through the summer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary throws up his hands to the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still got July, August, September, October. You know?\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the drought doesn't end soon, Gary says they'll likely have to pull out of citrus altogether. He says he's looking into persimmons as another alternative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Larson from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdfarmbureau.org/Contact/ContactUs.php\">San Diego County Farm Bureau\u003c/a> takes me on a drive nearby through the San Pasqual Valley. Historically, citrus and avocados have been the two leading crops in north San Diego County. But several thousand acres of citrus and more than 10,000 acres of avocados have been taken out of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You end up driving by these 400-acre citrus groves that are just abandoned,\" Larson says. Abandoned, he says, because \"they've turned the water off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, like the Broomells, not all farmers are giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers are switching to nurseries or planting unusual crops like pomegranates. Larson points to a field of dragonfruit -- it \"uses very, very little water,\" says Larson. \"I guess I could best describe it as a cactus with fruit on it. [Farmers] are getting a lot of money per pound.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it's important to remember that not long ago, avocados were a specialty crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And it was hard to sell those things. They were called alligator pears. People didn't know what they were,\" explains Larson. \"They got two to three cents a pound for them.\" But, he says, the avocado's popularity exploded as the country's Latino population grew, and more and more Mexican restaurants opened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://are.ucdavis.edu/en/people/faculty/daniel-sumner/#pk_campaign=short-name-redirect&pk_kwd=sumner\">Daniel Sumner\u003c/a>, an economist at the University of California, Davis, says the drought is intensifying a trend that was already unfolding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The context is that what we produce in California has been changing for 200 years,\" Sumner says. \"You go back 140 years ago, California was the second-biggest wheat state in the country. The Central Valley was dry land, wheat farming. We were second to Kansas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As late as the 1980s, California was a leading cotton producer at 1.5 million acres. This year's cotton crop is expected to be about a tenth of that. Sumner says in today's market, cotton farmers can't make ends meet, so they're switching to almonds, pistachios or wine grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though water-thirsty crops like almonds are under scrutiny, Sumner expects dry times and high water prices to continue to push California's farmland away from row crops and pasture, and toward higher-value orchards and vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 Capital Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org\">http://www.capradio.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Squeezed+By+Drought%2C+California+Farmers+Switch+To+Less+Thirsty+Crops&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Do You Make Greener Fuel? Copy a Leaf",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For millennia, plants have made fuel out of sunlight and carbon dioxide. But it's not so easy to do in the lab.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/07/20150727ScienceFrankenLeaf.mp3\u003cbr>\nThe fuel Californians burn getting around in cars and trucks is a big driver of climate change, accounting for more than a third of the carbon pollution the state puts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers in Berkeley are hoping to reverse that trend that by making fuel that doesn’t come from oil or other fossil fuels. Instead, they’re turning to renewable and abundant materials, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound familiar? Green plants have already cracked the code of how to survive on light, carbon dioxide and water, through the process of photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has really given us a lot of things to be wowed and amazed by,” says \u003ca href=\"http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/chris-chang\">Chris Chang\u003c/a>, a professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. Even the lowly weeds growing outside his chemistry lab are an inspiration for this work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139911\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-139911\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg\" alt='UC Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his \"artificial leaf\" - living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel.' width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1440x1031.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-400x286.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-800x573.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1400x1003.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang-960x688.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/chang.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.C. Berkeley scientist Chris Chang demonstrates his “artificial leaf” — living microbes that absorb energy from a solar panel. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“What we want to do is take that idea,” he says, “the idea of making something useful from water, carbon dioxide and light — things that are freely abundant, freely sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds simple, but scientists have spent decades trying to understand photosynthesis and copy it in the lab, in the hope that “artificial leaves” could one day make fuel for our cars, using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang, along with his colleagues Peidong Yang and Michelle Chang, have come up with their \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/04/16/major-advance-in-artificial-photosynthesis/\">own prototype\u003c/a>, but it looks nothing like a leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essentially like a fancy cup,” he says, “and we have a broth, a soup, which has got bacteria or yeast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are good at making complex substances, Chang says. In your kitchen, they help make yogurt or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/11/science-of-beer-tapping-the-power-of-brewers-yeast/\">beer\u003c/a>. He and his colleagues bioengineered microbes, changing their DNA to make other things — like biodiesel or the chemicals that make up plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first thing we ended up making was actually natural gas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the microbes don’t normally run on sunlight, like a plant does. Chang could capture sunlight with a small solar panel, but the bacteria wouldn’t be able to harvest the energy and use it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Chris Chang, U.C. Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>So, Chang and his colleagues built something that can transfer the energy to the microbes; they built it using nanotechnology. “Something that’s way too small to see,” he says. “Orders of magnitude thinner than a human hair.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As small as the bacteria themselves — designed just for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bacteria are like Easter-egg shaped,” he says, “and then we have nanomaterials that sit like blades of grass, sort of sticking up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria sit within that “nanotech grass” and absorb the energy from the solar panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, Chang and his team electrified life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of our Frankenstein-type of experiment, but if Frankenstein was solar-powered,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s Frankenstein solution was no simple feat. It took several labs of chemists and biologists, who don’t normally work together, to marry a living system with a man-made one. In early versions of the prototype, the nano-materials killed off the microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-139913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg\" alt='Microbes absorb energy from a field of \"nanotech grass.\"' width=\"400\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web-400x434.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Peidong-Yang-figure-2-web.jpg 666w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Microbes absorb energy from a field of “nanotech grass.” \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The research is still in the early stages and Chang says they’re working to double the efficiency of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, looking decades ahead, the hope is that jugs of these solar-powered microbes could sit in our garages, pumping out biodiesel for our cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photosynthesis is just an absolute marvel of nature,” says \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/personnel/harry-atwater.html\">Harry Atwater\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://solarfuelshub.org/\">Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis\u003c/a> (JCAP). “So it offers a really powerful template and example for us to follow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JCAP is a collaboration of four California institutions, including Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and was launched five years ago with $120 million from the federal Department of Energy. The goal is to use sunlight to make liquid fuels, which are used by the transportation industry because they’re more easily stored than electricity is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that anytime soon either you or I are going to take a flight on an electric-powered airplane,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is working on creating “artificial leaves” purely through man-made chemistry, unlike Chang’s system that uses living microbes. What it’ll cost to make the fuel, and what people will pay for it are both unknown. But Atwater hopes to create usable fuels at a large scale within a generation, a pace that would mirror the success of rooftop solar panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember when I was a kid, the idea of a photovoltaic industry that would produce significant power seemed like a far-fetched idea,” he says. “So that’s the sort of thing that gives me ultimate and profound optimism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, copying green plants and turning carbon dioxide into fuel source, instead of a pollutant, would be a much-needed climate change solution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lake Berryessa Fire Timelapse: Poetry of Smoke and Light",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134351601\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Majeczky, a photographer who specializes in timelapses, was at home in the Yolo County town of Woodland on Wednesday when he saw smoke to the west. He was seeing the early stages of the Wragg Fire, which has burned nearly 7,000 acres at the southeast end of Lake Berryessa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majeczky, 27, grabbed his timelapse equipment -- two Sony cameras and a pair of tripods -- and headed across the western edge of the Sacramento Valley toward the mountains where the fire was burning. What he captured was, well, poetic. The video, above, speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images also illustrate a less poetic reality: In its early hours especially, the fire was generating large volumes of smoke and ash that caused air-quality concerns east into Winters, Davis, Sacramento and north as far as Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majeczky says he began putting timelapses together when he was 16. \"I started shooting when I was 13, and then the timelapses were something fun to do,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's now in the timelapse business. His small production company, Varient3.com, took off after he posted a piece on Sacramento last year, and he's done work for commercial clients, including camera maker Canon and Home and Garden Television.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/134351601\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Majeczky, a photographer who specializes in timelapses, was at home in the Yolo County town of Woodland on Wednesday when he saw smoke to the west. He was seeing the early stages of the Wragg Fire, which has burned nearly 7,000 acres at the southeast end of Lake Berryessa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majeczky, 27, grabbed his timelapse equipment -- two Sony cameras and a pair of tripods -- and headed across the western edge of the Sacramento Valley toward the mountains where the fire was burning. What he captured was, well, poetic. The video, above, speaks for itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images also illustrate a less poetic reality: In its early hours especially, the fire was generating large volumes of smoke and ash that caused air-quality concerns east into Winters, Davis, Sacramento and north as far as Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majeczky says he began putting timelapses together when he was 16. \"I started shooting when I was 13, and then the timelapses were something fun to do,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's now in the timelapse business. His small production company, Varient3.com, took off after he posted a piece on Sacramento last year, and he's done work for commercial clients, including camera maker Canon and Home and Garden Television.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You might have seen them around new buildings and roadways: little basins and ditches, planted with various small growing things. They’re designed to stop crud from washing into the gutters and down the storm drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5069/\">a new report\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey shows this idea is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report analyzed a project done in Rapid City, South Dakota, the gateway to Mount Rushmore. The river that runs through it from the Black Hills, Rapid Creek, offers \u003ca href=\"http://rapidcityjournal.com/sports/great-outdoors/feature/urban-angling-five-trout-hot-spots-within-rapid-city-limits/article_bb326db8-140e-5efa-9bf7-f92f44c78cde.html\">excellent trout fishing\u003c/a> and serves as a city water source for part of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapid City made special arrangements for its river after 1972, when a massive flood killed hundreds of people and wiped out 1,335 homes. The city withdrew from the river’s floodplain and now allows only compatible uses there, like parks and golf courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135782\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 501px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-135782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Vegetated channels in Rapid City, SD\" width=\"501\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storm runoff flowing from downtown Rapid City (bottom) into Rapid Creek (top) is diverted to the right through three vegetated runoff channels, seen here in winter. (Google Earth/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2005, the city started taking steps to keep pollution out of Rapid Creek by controlling stormwater runoff: rainwater that’s carried away through gutter grates and storm drains. Stormwater flushes out a wide range of toxic metals, dissolved chemicals and germs. It’s not as bad as sewage and it doesn’t need to be treated as aggressively, but its effects on rivers and lakes can be serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dirtiest runoff in Rapid City came from its downtown area, where the ground is mostly pavement and concrete. The urban street grit washing off this area went straight into the river, and the runoff exceeded the state of South Dakota’s water-quality limits for suspended sediment and germs. Germ levels are based how much E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria are found in the water; both are associated with human waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, Rapid City installed several vegetated channels along the downtown drainage route, a “best-management practice” recommended to cleanse urban runoff. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 407px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-135387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg\" alt=\"Rapid City wetland channel\" width=\"407\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 3rd Street wetland channel in Rapid City, at work after a runoff event on August 8, 2014. (Galen Hoogestraat/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegetated channels are little artificial wetlands, engineered and planted to slow the flow of stormwater runoff. The goal is to give the dirty water some face time with plants and soil, which absorb toxic metals, filter out water-clouding sediment and neutralize noxious germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its study, the USGS took water samples from three vegetated channels, each about 300 feet long and 30 feet wide. The tests showed the channels cut the average levels of suspended sediment by nearly half. Germ levels were reduced by as much as 36 percent. All it took to do this was slowing down the runoff by at least 8 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The channels also improved other water-quality measures that were already below the standard limits. Nutrient levels (phosphorus and nitrogen) were lowered by about one-third. So were concentrations of metals like lead, zinc and copper. All these benefits were just what the city’s water department had predicted in its official analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-135192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg\" alt=\"Old-school flood control channel\" width=\"600\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek-400x329.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hegenberger Road in Oakland, with Arroyo Viejo running in a culvert down its median, shows the traditional approach to controlling urban streams. (Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stormwater systems are a way to restore, at least in part, what was lost when cities moved streams into concrete culverts. Originally, the idea was to contain the natural messiness — floods, wildlife, mosquitoes, soft property lines — and keep it out of the built environment. But, in important ways, culverts are overkill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you don’t have to lose the flood control benefits of the culvert when you route water through vegetation instead, as one large Oakland project demonstrates. For the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/ID/OAK024752\">Lion Creek Restoration Project\u003c/a>, crews dug and planted a new stream bed next to the existing culvert. They planted more than 9,000 creek and wetland plants to create an acre-and-a-half wetland, with a pedestrian path, near the Oakland Coliseum. Now the stream runs through the reeds and grasses like it used to, while the culvert is still there to handle floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project cost more than $4 million, contributed by a range of sources, including the state, taxpayers and the Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater systems are essential for the managed landscapes of the Anthropocene world. Where cities have turned the landscape unnatural, these systems serve the same functions as natural stream beds and floodplains. They require human skills in design, construction and maintenance, but we can provide that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You might have seen them around new buildings and roadways: little basins and ditches, planted with various small growing things. They’re designed to stop crud from washing into the gutters and down the storm drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5069/\">a new report\u003c/a> from the U.S. Geological Survey shows this idea is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report analyzed a project done in Rapid City, South Dakota, the gateway to Mount Rushmore. The river that runs through it from the Black Hills, Rapid Creek, offers \u003ca href=\"http://rapidcityjournal.com/sports/great-outdoors/feature/urban-angling-five-trout-hot-spots-within-rapid-city-limits/article_bb326db8-140e-5efa-9bf7-f92f44c78cde.html\">excellent trout fishing\u003c/a> and serves as a city water source for part of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rapid City made special arrangements for its river after 1972, when a massive flood killed hundreds of people and wiped out 1,335 homes. The city withdrew from the river’s floodplain and now allows only compatible uses there, like parks and golf courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135782\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 501px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-135782\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-800x449.jpg\" alt=\"Vegetated channels in Rapid City, SD\" width=\"501\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels-400x224.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/rapid-city-channels.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storm runoff flowing from downtown Rapid City (bottom) into Rapid Creek (top) is diverted to the right through three vegetated runoff channels, seen here in winter. (Google Earth/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2005, the city started taking steps to keep pollution out of Rapid Creek by controlling stormwater runoff: rainwater that’s carried away through gutter grates and storm drains. Stormwater flushes out a wide range of toxic metals, dissolved chemicals and germs. It’s not as bad as sewage and it doesn’t need to be treated as aggressively, but its effects on rivers and lakes can be serious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dirtiest runoff in Rapid City came from its downtown area, where the ground is mostly pavement and concrete. The urban street grit washing off this area went straight into the river, and the runoff exceeded the state of South Dakota’s water-quality limits for suspended sediment and germs. Germ levels are based how much E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria are found in the water; both are associated with human waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, Rapid City installed several vegetated channels along the downtown drainage route, a “best-management practice” recommended to cleanse urban runoff. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 407px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-135387\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg\" alt=\"Rapid City wetland channel\" width=\"407\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3d-St-channel-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 3rd Street wetland channel in Rapid City, at work after a runoff event on August 8, 2014. (Galen Hoogestraat/USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vegetated channels are little artificial wetlands, engineered and planted to slow the flow of stormwater runoff. The goal is to give the dirty water some face time with plants and soil, which absorb toxic metals, filter out water-clouding sediment and neutralize noxious germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its study, the USGS took water samples from three vegetated channels, each about 300 feet long and 30 feet wide. The tests showed the channels cut the average levels of suspended sediment by nearly half. Germ levels were reduced by as much as 36 percent. All it took to do this was slowing down the runoff by at least 8 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The channels also improved other water-quality measures that were already below the standard limits. Nutrient levels (phosphorus and nitrogen) were lowered by about one-third. So were concentrations of metals like lead, zinc and copper. All these benefits were just what the city’s water department had predicted in its official analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-135192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg\" alt=\"Old-school flood control channel\" width=\"600\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/hegenberger-lioncreek-400x329.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hegenberger Road in Oakland, with Arroyo Viejo running in a culvert down its median, shows the traditional approach to controlling urban streams. (Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stormwater systems are a way to restore, at least in part, what was lost when cities moved streams into concrete culverts. Originally, the idea was to contain the natural messiness — floods, wildlife, mosquitoes, soft property lines — and keep it out of the built environment. But, in important ways, culverts are overkill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you don’t have to lose the flood control benefits of the culvert when you route water through vegetation instead, as one large Oakland project demonstrates. For the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/FE/s/ID/OAK024752\">Lion Creek Restoration Project\u003c/a>, crews dug and planted a new stream bed next to the existing culvert. They planted more than 9,000 creek and wetland plants to create an acre-and-a-half wetland, with a pedestrian path, near the Oakland Coliseum. 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"title": "Monkey Viruses: Predicting Pandemics With Strawberry Jam",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Africa or Asia, monkeys thrive in urban settings. They roam freely in villages and temples. They raid the local food sources, rummage through garbage, and scrounge for any goodies tourists may be keeping in their bags. And in all this activity, they can pass their germs to humans, raising serious health concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tierra Smiley Evans, a graduate student at the University of California, Davis, is implementing a new technique to address viral sharing between humans and primates. She works for a project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/\">PREDICT\u003c/a> that aims to prevent diseases that travel from animals to people. Using only nylon rope and strawberry jam, she has figured out a way to get monkeys to happily offer their spit to be screened for contagious viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that saliva has been able to be collected non-invasively from wild primates for virus detection,” Smiley says. “This opens up a lot of doors for sampling primate populations that it has not been feasible to sample in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99788\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/journal.pntd_.0003813.g003.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-99788\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/journal.pntd_.0003813.g003.png\" alt=\"Red-tailed guenon in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"367\" height=\"550\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red-tailed guenon in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smiley tried a similar technique for the first time in 2007, with captive mountain gorillas in Rwanda. But she couldn’t test the technique with wild gorillas because of strict laws against distributing man-made devices (like ropes) to endangered primate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could see then, however, that it could have very useful applications with other types of primates,” she says, “in particular those that are living in close proximity to humans and are already behaviorally accustomed to foraging among garbage and other human materials.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older methods of collecting samples from monkeys are not very efficient and require anesthetization. Techniques such as drawing blood or using oral swabs put both the monkeys and the handlers at bodily risk. To complicate matters, the monkeys’ innate intelligence enables them to evade capture when threatened. For a long time now, there has been a need for a better way to safely screen these animals for the harmful pathogens they may carry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Viruses Get From Monkeys to Humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1940 and 2004, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/local_resources/pdfs/chapters/3_predict_introduction.pdf\">greater than 70 percent\u003c/a> of emerging zoonotic diseases in humans originated in wild animals. And, over time, the incidence of emerging infectious diseases caused by wildlife pathogens has increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103186\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-103186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png\" alt=\"Rhesus macaque in Kathmandu Nepal's Thapatali temple complex. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"364\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-400x569.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-800x1138.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-960x1365.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhesus macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal’s Thapathali temple complex. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some pathogens, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/herpesbvirus/\">herpes B\u003c/a>, are ubiquitous among certain species of primates and can be contracted by humans through direct contact with saliva–most commonly, through a monkey bite. But a virus can only be passed to humans if the monkey is actively shedding a contagion in their oral cavity. To put it simply, someone bit by a monkey infected with herpes B would not contract the virus if it wasn’t present in the monkey’s mouth during the transgression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other viruses, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/transmission/\">yellow fever\u003c/a>, can be passed indirectly among human and non-human primates through mosquito bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, non-invasive technique for screening wild primates is now being established as part of a global plan to keep pandemic diseases at bay. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">The United States Agency for International Development\u003c/a> awarded \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=11096\">100 million dollars\u003c/a> to initiate this next stage of the PREDICT project, led by the U.C. Davis \u003ca href=\"http://globalhealth.ucdavis.edu/initiatives/one_health.html\">One Health Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It All Starts in the Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu\">California National Primate Research Center\u003c/a>, captive-bred rhesus macaques were given various lengths of jam-covered rope. Many of the ropes were equipped with retrieval strings to make them easier to collect after the monkeys were done chewing on them. After recovering the ropes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/\">saliva could be tested\u003c/a> for primate DNA and RNA viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102571\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-102571\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png\" alt=\"Researchers tried three different rope materials. Left: nylon oral swab rope, middle: cotton rope, right: nylon rope. Nylon rope works best because RNA viruses degrade very quickly in the environment and cotton does not hold on to them long enough to be sampled. (N. Walker/UC Davis)\" width=\"409\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-400x268.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-800x536.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-960x644.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers tried three different rope materials. Left: nylon oral swab rope, middle: cotton rope, right: nylon rope. Nylon rope works best because RNA viruses degrade very quickly in the environment and cotton does not hold on to them long enough to be sampled. \u003ccite>(N. Walker/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We tried different kinds of ropes for a couple reasons,” Smiley says. “One was to see if, at first, monkeys had a preference, like for some reason the texture was different, or there was something about it that they didn’t like. Just to see if one was logistically easier to use versus another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out monkeys do have some preferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The length of the rope made a huge difference in captivity,” Smiley says, “which was really interesting because these monkeys at the primate center, they were born there, they’ve never been in the wild, they’ve never encountered anything looking like a snake. But all of the really long ropes, they were really scared of and they didn’t want anything to do with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that monkeys have an ingrained, evolutionary fear of anything resembling a snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104484\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-104484\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png\" alt=\"Nylon rope disguised inside a banana for the baboons in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. (O.R. Okello/UC Davis)\" width=\"363\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-400x267.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-800x535.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-960x642.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nylon rope disguised inside a banana for the baboons in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. (O.R. Okello/UC Davis) \u003ccite>(O.R. Okello/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And why strawberry jam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is simple. Because it is affordable, easy to get anywhere in the world, and the monkeys can’t seem to get enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing the Rope to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With successful results at the primate center, the PREDICT team can now use the same techniques on the free-ranging olive baboons, red-tailed guenons, rhesus macaques, and l’hoest monkeys that populate the villages of Uganda and sacred temples of Nepal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-104486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png\" alt=\"Olive baboon in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda chewing on nylon rope disguised inside a banana. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"385\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-400x599.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-800x1198.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-960x1438.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive baboon in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda chewing on nylon rope disguised inside a banana. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All species accepted the ropes with fruit jam applied as an attractant except baboons,” Smiley says in her \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003813\">recent study\u003c/a>. “The rope had to be completely disguised inside a banana in order for them to chew on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baboons are also wary of the retrieval strings. Team members have to collect the actual chewed rope, which presents a whole new obstacle in making this method commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important to be able to sample more groups of primates that may be challenging to collect samples from. But on the other hand,” Smiley says, “we want to make sure it’s done very discreetly and that there is no way you attract more human-primate interaction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smiley’s methods keep evolving. She is currently working on a non-invasive sampling technique which involves gathering chewed plants to test for primate viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an even more non-invasive method,” she says, “because it can be used with endangered species in which ropes can’t be used.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Africa or Asia, monkeys thrive in urban settings. They roam freely in villages and temples. They raid the local food sources, rummage through garbage, and scrounge for any goodies tourists may be keeping in their bags. And in all this activity, they can pass their germs to humans, raising serious health concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tierra Smiley Evans, a graduate student at the University of California, Davis, is implementing a new technique to address viral sharing between humans and primates. She works for a project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/predict/\">PREDICT\u003c/a> that aims to prevent diseases that travel from animals to people. Using only nylon rope and strawberry jam, she has figured out a way to get monkeys to happily offer their spit to be screened for contagious viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that saliva has been able to be collected non-invasively from wild primates for virus detection,” Smiley says. “This opens up a lot of doors for sampling primate populations that it has not been feasible to sample in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99788\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/journal.pntd_.0003813.g003.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-99788\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/journal.pntd_.0003813.g003.png\" alt=\"Red-tailed guenon in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"367\" height=\"550\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Red-tailed guenon in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smiley tried a similar technique for the first time in 2007, with captive mountain gorillas in Rwanda. But she couldn’t test the technique with wild gorillas because of strict laws against distributing man-made devices (like ropes) to endangered primate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could see then, however, that it could have very useful applications with other types of primates,” she says, “in particular those that are living in close proximity to humans and are already behaviorally accustomed to foraging among garbage and other human materials.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Older methods of collecting samples from monkeys are not very efficient and require anesthetization. Techniques such as drawing blood or using oral swabs put both the monkeys and the handlers at bodily risk. To complicate matters, the monkeys’ innate intelligence enables them to evade capture when threatened. For a long time now, there has been a need for a better way to safely screen these animals for the harmful pathogens they may carry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Do Viruses Get From Monkeys to Humans?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1940 and 2004, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ohi/local_resources/pdfs/chapters/3_predict_introduction.pdf\">greater than 70 percent\u003c/a> of emerging zoonotic diseases in humans originated in wild animals. And, over time, the incidence of emerging infectious diseases caused by wildlife pathogens has increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103186\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-103186\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png\" alt=\"Rhesus macaque in Kathmandu Nepal's Thapatali temple complex. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"364\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-400x569.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-800x1138.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Rhesus-macaque-960x1365.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhesus macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal’s Thapathali temple complex. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some pathogens, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/herpesbvirus/\">herpes B\u003c/a>, are ubiquitous among certain species of primates and can be contracted by humans through direct contact with saliva–most commonly, through a monkey bite. But a virus can only be passed to humans if the monkey is actively shedding a contagion in their oral cavity. To put it simply, someone bit by a monkey infected with herpes B would not contract the virus if it wasn’t present in the monkey’s mouth during the transgression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other viruses, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/transmission/\">yellow fever\u003c/a>, can be passed indirectly among human and non-human primates through mosquito bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new, non-invasive technique for screening wild primates is now being established as part of a global plan to keep pandemic diseases at bay. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/\">The United States Agency for International Development\u003c/a> awarded \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=11096\">100 million dollars\u003c/a> to initiate this next stage of the PREDICT project, led by the U.C. Davis \u003ca href=\"http://globalhealth.ucdavis.edu/initiatives/one_health.html\">One Health Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It All Starts in the Lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu\">California National Primate Research Center\u003c/a>, captive-bred rhesus macaques were given various lengths of jam-covered rope. Many of the ropes were equipped with retrieval strings to make them easier to collect after the monkeys were done chewing on them. After recovering the ropes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/\">saliva could be tested\u003c/a> for primate DNA and RNA viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_102571\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-102571\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png\" alt=\"Researchers tried three different rope materials. Left: nylon oral swab rope, middle: cotton rope, right: nylon rope. Nylon rope works best because RNA viruses degrade very quickly in the environment and cotton does not hold on to them long enough to be sampled. (N. Walker/UC Davis)\" width=\"409\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-400x268.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-800x536.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Chewing-rope-960x644.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers tried three different rope materials. Left: nylon oral swab rope, middle: cotton rope, right: nylon rope. Nylon rope works best because RNA viruses degrade very quickly in the environment and cotton does not hold on to them long enough to be sampled. \u003ccite>(N. Walker/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We tried different kinds of ropes for a couple reasons,” Smiley says. “One was to see if, at first, monkeys had a preference, like for some reason the texture was different, or there was something about it that they didn’t like. Just to see if one was logistically easier to use versus another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out monkeys do have some preferences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The length of the rope made a huge difference in captivity,” Smiley says, “which was really interesting because these monkeys at the primate center, they were born there, they’ve never been in the wild, they’ve never encountered anything looking like a snake. But all of the really long ropes, they were really scared of and they didn’t want anything to do with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory is that monkeys have an ingrained, evolutionary fear of anything resembling a snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104484\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-104484\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png\" alt=\"Nylon rope disguised inside a banana for the baboons in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. (O.R. Okello/UC Davis)\" width=\"363\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope.png 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-400x267.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-800x535.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/bananarope-960x642.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nylon rope disguised inside a banana for the baboons in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. (O.R. Okello/UC Davis) \u003ccite>(O.R. Okello/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And why strawberry jam?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is simple. Because it is affordable, easy to get anywhere in the world, and the monkeys can’t seem to get enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing the Rope to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With successful results at the primate center, the PREDICT team can now use the same techniques on the free-ranging olive baboons, red-tailed guenons, rhesus macaques, and l’hoest monkeys that populate the villages of Uganda and sacred temples of Nepal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-104486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png\" alt=\"Olive baboon in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda chewing on nylon rope disguised inside a banana. (T. Smiley Evans/UC Davis)\" width=\"385\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon.png 977w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-400x599.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-800x1198.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/baboon-960x1438.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive baboon in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda chewing on nylon rope disguised inside a banana. \u003ccite>( T. Smiley Evans/U.C. Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“All species accepted the ropes with fruit jam applied as an attractant except baboons,” Smiley says in her \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003813\">recent study\u003c/a>. “The rope had to be completely disguised inside a banana in order for them to chew on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baboons are also wary of the retrieval strings. Team members have to collect the actual chewed rope, which presents a whole new obstacle in making this method commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important to be able to sample more groups of primates that may be challenging to collect samples from. But on the other hand,” Smiley says, “we want to make sure it’s done very discreetly and that there is no way you attract more human-primate interaction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smiley’s methods keep evolving. She is currently working on a non-invasive sampling technique which involves gathering chewed plants to test for primate viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an even more non-invasive method,” she says, “because it can be used with endangered species in which ropes can’t be used.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a simple message from two state legislators to anyone who decides to fly a drone aircraft above a fire or other major emergency scene in California: Rescue crews should be able to destroy your remote controlled device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t imagine someone shooting it out of the sky,” said Assemblyman Mike \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/20/firefighters-could-destroy-drones-under-proposed-california-law/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca title=\"Firefighters Could Destroy Nearby Drones Under Proposed State Law\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/20/firefighters-could-destroy-drones-under-proposed-california-law/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a simple message from two state legislators to anyone who decides to fly a drone aircraft above a fire or other major emergency scene in California: Rescue crews should be able to destroy your remote controlled device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t imagine someone shooting it out of the sky,” said Assemblyman Mike \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/20/firefighters-could-destroy-drones-under-proposed-california-law/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca title=\"Firefighters Could Destroy Nearby Drones Under Proposed State Law\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/20/firefighters-could-destroy-drones-under-proposed-california-law/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">N\u003c/span>early a decade ago, California policymakers, facing a frightening future of shriveling snow packs and rising seas, created the nation’s most aggressive program to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2006 law mandated broad reductions of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Now, as the deadline approaches, Gov. Jerry Brown and Democratic lawmakers are intensifying their efforts. They are crafting emissions-reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 that will be far more difficult to meet. One bill seeks to slash petroleum use in vehicles to levels not seen since Lyndon Johnson’s presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Listen to the story\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215553879″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yet as the debate continues, a number of questions remain unanswered. Among them: Will other states or nations follow California in pursuing deep emissions cuts? Will California be able to meet the new targets, and if so, how? What are the total costs and benefits of the programs? How much will the price of gasoline and electricity increase?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s some of what we do know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The state has emerged as a global leader in fighting climate change, despite producing only about one percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. It has created a dizzying array of programs to cut pollution, from reducing the carbon content of motor fuels to capping emissions at large factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The 2006 law, Assembly Bill 32, established a goal of cutting the state’s greenhouse gas emission to 1990 levels by 2020. To meet that goal, emissions need to fall by six percent between 2013 (the latest year for which figures are available) and 2020. Brown and other political leaders expect that to happen. However, emissions have fallen only slightly since 2009, when the recession ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• An executive order issued by Brown this spring would \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be much harder to achieve. Over the 10 years leading up to Brown’s deadline, emissions must fall up to seven times as fast as during the preceding decade. And emissions would have to fall another 40 percentage points by 2050 if a \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_32&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> currently before the Assembly passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Cutting emissions brings costs. To date, consumers in the state have seen an estimated three to five percent rise in electricity rates, and are paying about an extra dime per gallon of gasoline, due to specific climate-related programs. Going forward, a \u003ca href=\"https://ethree.com/documents/E3_PATHWAYS_GHG_Scenarios_Updated_April2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by a San Francisco consulting group found that deep emissions cuts by 2030 could carry costs of up to $23 billion yearly. That figure could go higher by 2050, according to the group, which did not tally the health benefits of cleaner air or the climate benefits of lower emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Despite the pioneering policies, emissions have fallen more slowly in the state than in the rest of the nation. Greenhouse gas emissions in California dropped by 7 percent from their peak in 2004 to 2013, compared to\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/inventoryexplorer/#allsectors/allgas/gas/all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 9 percent nationwide over the same period\u003c/a>. Reducing emissions is harder here because the state’s economy is already relatively energy-frugal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75%;\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://calmatters.org/iframes/20150709_greenhouse/\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When AB 32 passed, establishing the nation’s first broad plan for cutting greenhouse gas emissions, environmentalists hoped the action would touch off a revolution. The target established by the law was ambitious, especially considering the continuing population and economic growth. It built on an earlier groundbreaking \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to reduce the greenhouse gases in car exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized under AB 32 and the car bill, we’re not just talking about polar bears and arctic ice caps but this was real impacts to California,” said Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, an author of both bills. Melting mountain snows, rising seas, and poor health resulting from warmer temperatures — all resonated with Californians, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxddSAFOyxI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing ceremony\u003c/a> for AB 32 on San Francisco’s Treasure Island, then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger predicted that major nations like Mexico, Brazil, China and India would join the fight against climate change. So would the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me,” Schwarzenegger said to applause, as international flags fluttered behind him in the breeze. “I am convinced of that, that this will happen, because nothing is more important than protecting our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Change did not come as swiftly as Pavley and Schwarzenegger had hoped. Democrats and some Republicans in Congress tried to pass a bill that would cap greenhouse gas emissions nationally, but it failed. Pavley’s effort to clean up cars’ tailpipes did eventually \u003ca href=\"http://sd27.senate.ca.gov/news/2010-03-31-senator-fran-pavley-s-landmark-clean-cars-law-becomes-national-standard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become the basis of a national policy\u003c/a>. But federal rules on climate change still lack the breadth of California’s. Nations like China and Brazil have also moved slowly, at least until recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has forged ahead, still hoping to sow inspiration beyond its borders. To stop climate change, the whole world — not just California — must participate. As Brown travels to the Vatican this week and to a major United Nations climate change summit in Paris in December, he will surely argue that if one of the world’s largest economies can slash emissions, others can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A kaleidoscope of programs has arisen to accelerate California’s shift to a clean economy. The broadest and perhaps most controversial of these is a cap-and-trade policy, which subjects the state’s most-polluting companies to a cap on their greenhouse gas emissions and allows them to trade credits to pollute. The California Chamber of Commerce has challenged the legality of a key feature of the program. The state has prevailed so far, but the lawsuit is working its way through an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other policies for cutting greenhouse gas emissions include a requirement for most electricity providers to get 33 percent of their energy from renewable source, such as wind farms and solar arrays by 2020, and a low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of fuels like gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-\u003cbr>\nintensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other programs also exist, including goals making buildings more energy efficient, increasing the number of electric vehicles and maximizing the use of public transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75%;\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://calmatters.org/iframes/20150708_greenhouse-policies/\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These rules, arcane and complex, remain largely invisible to Californians. But they result in slightly increased prices, notably at the gas pump, where economists say the cap-and-trade program has added roughly a dime to each gallon since the beginning of this year. Electric bills are also rising. The state’s Public Utilities Commission estimates that electric power rates have increased by three to five percent due to the renewable energy requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish we could mark on a nice spreadsheet the incremental cost for every regulation,” said Tupper Hull, vice-president of the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is difficult to find companies that have left the state specifically because of climate policies, as opposed to California’s broad basket of regulations. But industry groups and their advocates predict this will happen in the future, as policies grow stricter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Energy cost in the state will necessarily rise, and that will create challenges for retaining employment,” said Robert Wyman, Jr., a Los Angeles-based partner at the firm Latham & Watkins, who represents many business clients. He argues that California’s system of interlocking policies has made compliance more expensive than it would be under a single, market-oriented system, like cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials do not know how much their climate rules have cost or saved. The Air Resources Board, the state regulatory body that oversees the greenhouse gas reductions, stated in a key \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/first_update_climate_change_scoping_plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">document\u003c/a> last year that the law’s impact on economic growth remains unknown. Some years earlier, a knot of studies estimated that California’s gross state product could see anywhere from a 1 percent gain to a 2.2 percent decline as a result of AB 32. The models differed in their assumptions, such as how they forecast the pace of technological change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of AB 32 say that in addition to cleaning the air, the law has contributed to a vibrant clean-energy industry that is innovating with startling speed. A \u003ca href=\"http://info.aee.net/hs-fs/hub/211732/file-2173902479-pdf/PDF/aeei-california-advanced-energy-employment-survey-fnl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> released in December by the Advanced Energy Economy Institute, an environmental organization co-founded by the billionaire and clean-energy activist Tom Steyer, found that employment in the state’s clean-energy sectors like solar and wind, along with nuclear and natural gas electricity generation, rose by five percent over the prior year. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.next10.org/sites/next10.huang.radicaldesigns.org/files/FINAL%20Climate%20Pathways%202015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, funded by the environmental innovation nonprofit Next 10, argues that using less gasoline (as electric and hybrid cars make possible) should free up spending and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10604970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/windmill-e1437176751200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/windmill-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Wind power is an important part of California's energy plan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10604970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind power is an important part of California’s energy plan. \u003ccite>(Carl Costas/CALmatters.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, chair of the Air Resources Board, noted in an interview that jobs and investment are increasing in California. “We look at that happening at the same time that the cap and trade program has been in effect and we say, “‘What’s the problem?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term future of California’s greenhouse gas programs lies in two bills that have passed the state Senate and are being evaluated this summer by the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Bill 350 aims at three pieces of the energy puzzle — petroleum, electricity and buildings. It seeks to cut petroleum use in motor vehicles by 50 percent (a very difficult target, analysts agree), boost electric utilities’ reliance on renewable energy to 50 percent, and double the energy efficiency in buildings – all by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Bill 32 would require the state to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by mid-century. It would codify into law an executive order issued by Schwarzenegger, a step that helps ensure that the goal is binding. The long-term targets are drawn from international climate science: If large nations cut their emissions that sharply, scientists believe it can limit the world’s warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What programs California will use to meet these tougher targets remains uncertain, though Democratic political leaders stress that they will bring more green jobs to the state and reduce unhealthy air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless we do something, our economy will be severely damaged,” said state Senate leader Kevin de Leon, D-Los Angeles, who co-authored SB 350. “The public health of our children will be severely impaired.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An illuminating view came from a \u003ca href=\"https://ethree.com/documents/E3_PATHWAYS_GHG_Scenarios_Updated_April2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> this spring by Energy and Environmental Economics (E3), a San Francisco-based consulting group hired by the state to evaluate future greenhouse gas reductions. To reduce emissions by 26 to 38 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — a level not quite as ambitious as the 40 percent reduction recently ordered by Brown — the group forecast a range of results, from savings of $8 billion to costs of $23 billion per year. (E3’s projections are in 2012 dollars.) A cut of 33 percent by 2030 could cost about $50 per Californian per year, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet those future goals, the model incorporated some technologies only minimally in use today, such as increased reliance on renewable diesel, according to Amber Mahone, director of climate policy analysis at E3. It also assumed that new or expanded regulations would be needed. For example, the analysis factored in more capture of the potent greenhouse gas methane from manure at California’s dairy farms, a sector that, for now, largely falls outside mandatory regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of reaching the tougher targets of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels, the E3 study found, could range from a savings of around $15 billion to costs of almost $100 billion yearly, under a scenario in which emissions fall at a steady rate. This projection is highly uncertain, Mahone emphasized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the human level, modeling by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, an analysis firm, found that the cap-and-trade program could raise gasoline prices by 22 cents a gallon by 2025, though there is an outside chance of prices increasing by as much as 50 cents a gallon, according to Colleen Regan, a senior analyst with the firm for North American power and environmental markets. However, Californians should need less gas as cars become more fuel-efficient or electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these numbers are hazy predictions. What is clear is that meeting long-term targets will be difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the words of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/first_update_climate_change_scoping_plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state plan\u003c/a> on climate change released last year, “Progressing toward California’s long-term climate goals will require that greenhouse gas reduction rates be significantly accelerated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only must the emissions reductions come faster in the future, but the reductions may also be harder. That is evident already. California has not been able to bring down its greenhouse gas emissions as quickly as the nation in recent years, as a comparison between state and federal inventories shows. Indeed, the data hint at difficulties ahead. \u003ca href=\"http://www.boe.ca.gov/sptaxprog/reports/MVF_10_Year_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gasoline sales\u003c/a> are ticking up. Emissions have been largely flat since falling steeply in 2008-9 as the recession hit, though state officials and outside analysts expect that future reductions, brought about by programs just starting to have an impact, will be sufficient to meet or exceed the 2020 goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On greenhouse gas emissions, California has always been an A student,” said Ashley Lawson, a senior carbon analyst at Thomson Reuters. “So to perform any better, you have to work really, really hard to go from an A to an A plus.” The rest of the country, which is replacing coal-fired power plants with less-polluting natural gas plants, “was able to go from a C to a B, with almost no effort at all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics like the Chamber of Commerce say that the drastic emissions measures planned for the future could harm the economy and take away jobs. Supporters counter that past sky-is-falling projections have not come to pass, and that technological innovation is speeding up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, above the howls of industry groups, electric cars had barely begun to hit the roadways, and a rooftop’s worth of solar panels cost more than a year at a private college. Prices have fallen rapidly since then, and California is getting cleaner. The question for the future is whether it can get clean enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to explaining California policies ands politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Kate Galbraith\u003cbr />CALmatters\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">N\u003c/span>early a decade ago, California policymakers, facing a frightening future of shriveling snow packs and rising seas, created the nation’s most aggressive program to combat global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2006 law mandated broad reductions of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Now, as the deadline approaches, Gov. Jerry Brown and Democratic lawmakers are intensifying their efforts. They are crafting emissions-reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 that will be far more difficult to meet. One bill seeks to slash petroleum use in vehicles to levels not seen since Lyndon Johnson’s presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Listen to the story\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215553879″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215553879″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yet as the debate continues, a number of questions remain unanswered. Among them: Will other states or nations follow California in pursuing deep emissions cuts? Will California be able to meet the new targets, and if so, how? What are the total costs and benefits of the programs? How much will the price of gasoline and electricity increase?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s some of what we do know:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The state has emerged as a global leader in fighting climate change, despite producing only about one percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. It has created a dizzying array of programs to cut pollution, from reducing the carbon content of motor fuels to capping emissions at large factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The 2006 law, Assembly Bill 32, established a goal of cutting the state’s greenhouse gas emission to 1990 levels by 2020. To meet that goal, emissions need to fall by six percent between 2013 (the latest year for which figures are available) and 2020. Brown and other political leaders expect that to happen. However, emissions have fallen only slightly since 2009, when the recession ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• An executive order issued by Brown this spring would \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be much harder to achieve. Over the 10 years leading up to Brown’s deadline, emissions must fall up to seven times as fast as during the preceding decade. And emissions would have to fall another 40 percentage points by 2050 if a \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_32&sess=CUR&house=B&author=pavley_%3Cpavley%3E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> currently before the Assembly passes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Cutting emissions brings costs. To date, consumers in the state have seen an estimated three to five percent rise in electricity rates, and are paying about an extra dime per gallon of gasoline, due to specific climate-related programs. Going forward, a \u003ca href=\"https://ethree.com/documents/E3_PATHWAYS_GHG_Scenarios_Updated_April2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by a San Francisco consulting group found that deep emissions cuts by 2030 could carry costs of up to $23 billion yearly. That figure could go higher by 2050, according to the group, which did not tally the health benefits of cleaner air or the climate benefits of lower emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Despite the pioneering policies, emissions have fallen more slowly in the state than in the rest of the nation. Greenhouse gas emissions in California dropped by 7 percent from their peak in 2004 to 2013, compared to\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/inventoryexplorer/#allsectors/allgas/gas/all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 9 percent nationwide over the same period\u003c/a>. Reducing emissions is harder here because the state’s economy is already relatively energy-frugal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75%;\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://calmatters.org/iframes/20150709_greenhouse/\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When AB 32 passed, establishing the nation’s first broad plan for cutting greenhouse gas emissions, environmentalists hoped the action would touch off a revolution. The target established by the law was ambitious, especially considering the continuing population and economic growth. It built on an earlier groundbreaking \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to reduce the greenhouse gases in car exhaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realized under AB 32 and the car bill, we’re not just talking about polar bears and arctic ice caps but this was real impacts to California,” said Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, an author of both bills. Melting mountain snows, rising seas, and poor health resulting from warmer temperatures — all resonated with Californians, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxddSAFOyxI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing ceremony\u003c/a> for AB 32 on San Francisco’s Treasure Island, then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger predicted that major nations like Mexico, Brazil, China and India would join the fight against climate change. So would the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me,” Schwarzenegger said to applause, as international flags fluttered behind him in the breeze. “I am convinced of that, that this will happen, because nothing is more important than protecting our planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Change did not come as swiftly as Pavley and Schwarzenegger had hoped. Democrats and some Republicans in Congress tried to pass a bill that would cap greenhouse gas emissions nationally, but it failed. Pavley’s effort to clean up cars’ tailpipes did eventually \u003ca href=\"http://sd27.senate.ca.gov/news/2010-03-31-senator-fran-pavley-s-landmark-clean-cars-law-becomes-national-standard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become the basis of a national policy\u003c/a>. But federal rules on climate change still lack the breadth of California’s. Nations like China and Brazil have also moved slowly, at least until recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has forged ahead, still hoping to sow inspiration beyond its borders. To stop climate change, the whole world — not just California — must participate. As Brown travels to the Vatican this week and to a major United Nations climate change summit in Paris in December, he will surely argue that if one of the world’s largest economies can slash emissions, others can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A kaleidoscope of programs has arisen to accelerate California’s shift to a clean economy. The broadest and perhaps most controversial of these is a cap-and-trade policy, which subjects the state’s most-polluting companies to a cap on their greenhouse gas emissions and allows them to trade credits to pollute. The California Chamber of Commerce has challenged the legality of a key feature of the program. The state has prevailed so far, but the lawsuit is working its way through an appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other policies for cutting greenhouse gas emissions include a requirement for most electricity providers to get 33 percent of their energy from renewable source, such as wind farms and solar arrays by 2020, and a low-carbon fuel standard that requires producers of fuels like gasoline and diesel to make their products 10 percent less carbon-\u003cbr>\nintensive by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many other programs also exist, including goals making buildings more energy efficient, increasing the number of electric vehicles and maximizing the use of public transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%; max-width: 100%; position: relative; padding-top: 75%;\">\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://calmatters.org/iframes/20150708_greenhouse-policies/\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These rules, arcane and complex, remain largely invisible to Californians. But they result in slightly increased prices, notably at the gas pump, where economists say the cap-and-trade program has added roughly a dime to each gallon since the beginning of this year. Electric bills are also rising. The state’s Public Utilities Commission estimates that electric power rates have increased by three to five percent due to the renewable energy requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish we could mark on a nice spreadsheet the incremental cost for every regulation,” said Tupper Hull, vice-president of the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is difficult to find companies that have left the state specifically because of climate policies, as opposed to California’s broad basket of regulations. But industry groups and their advocates predict this will happen in the future, as policies grow stricter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Energy cost in the state will necessarily rise, and that will create challenges for retaining employment,” said Robert Wyman, Jr., a Los Angeles-based partner at the firm Latham & Watkins, who represents many business clients. He argues that California’s system of interlocking policies has made compliance more expensive than it would be under a single, market-oriented system, like cap-and-trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials do not know how much their climate rules have cost or saved. The Air Resources Board, the state regulatory body that oversees the greenhouse gas reductions, stated in a key \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/first_update_climate_change_scoping_plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">document\u003c/a> last year that the law’s impact on economic growth remains unknown. Some years earlier, a knot of studies estimated that California’s gross state product could see anywhere from a 1 percent gain to a 2.2 percent decline as a result of AB 32. The models differed in their assumptions, such as how they forecast the pace of technological change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of AB 32 say that in addition to cleaning the air, the law has contributed to a vibrant clean-energy industry that is innovating with startling speed. A \u003ca href=\"http://info.aee.net/hs-fs/hub/211732/file-2173902479-pdf/PDF/aeei-california-advanced-energy-employment-survey-fnl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> released in December by the Advanced Energy Economy Institute, an environmental organization co-founded by the billionaire and clean-energy activist Tom Steyer, found that employment in the state’s clean-energy sectors like solar and wind, along with nuclear and natural gas electricity generation, rose by five percent over the prior year. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.next10.org/sites/next10.huang.radicaldesigns.org/files/FINAL%20Climate%20Pathways%202015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, funded by the environmental innovation nonprofit Next 10, argues that using less gasoline (as electric and hybrid cars make possible) should free up spending and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10604970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/windmill-e1437176751200.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/windmill-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Wind power is an important part of California's energy plan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10604970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wind power is an important part of California’s energy plan. \u003ccite>(Carl Costas/CALmatters.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, chair of the Air Resources Board, noted in an interview that jobs and investment are increasing in California. “We look at that happening at the same time that the cap and trade program has been in effect and we say, “‘What’s the problem?’” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long-term future of California’s greenhouse gas programs lies in two bills that have passed the state Senate and are being evaluated this summer by the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Bill 350 aims at three pieces of the energy puzzle — petroleum, electricity and buildings. It seeks to cut petroleum use in motor vehicles by 50 percent (a very difficult target, analysts agree), boost electric utilities’ reliance on renewable energy to 50 percent, and double the energy efficiency in buildings – all by the year 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Bill 32 would require the state to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by mid-century. It would codify into law an executive order issued by Schwarzenegger, a step that helps ensure that the goal is binding. The long-term targets are drawn from international climate science: If large nations cut their emissions that sharply, scientists believe it can limit the world’s warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What programs California will use to meet these tougher targets remains uncertain, though Democratic political leaders stress that they will bring more green jobs to the state and reduce unhealthy air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unless we do something, our economy will be severely damaged,” said state Senate leader Kevin de Leon, D-Los Angeles, who co-authored SB 350. “The public health of our children will be severely impaired.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An illuminating view came from a \u003ca href=\"https://ethree.com/documents/E3_PATHWAYS_GHG_Scenarios_Updated_April2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> this spring by Energy and Environmental Economics (E3), a San Francisco-based consulting group hired by the state to evaluate future greenhouse gas reductions. To reduce emissions by 26 to 38 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — a level not quite as ambitious as the 40 percent reduction recently ordered by Brown — the group forecast a range of results, from savings of $8 billion to costs of $23 billion per year. (E3’s projections are in 2012 dollars.) A cut of 33 percent by 2030 could cost about $50 per Californian per year, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To meet those future goals, the model incorporated some technologies only minimally in use today, such as increased reliance on renewable diesel, according to Amber Mahone, director of climate policy analysis at E3. It also assumed that new or expanded regulations would be needed. For example, the analysis factored in more capture of the potent greenhouse gas methane from manure at California’s dairy farms, a sector that, for now, largely falls outside mandatory regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact of reaching the tougher targets of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels, the E3 study found, could range from a savings of around $15 billion to costs of almost $100 billion yearly, under a scenario in which emissions fall at a steady rate. This projection is highly uncertain, Mahone emphasized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the human level, modeling by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, an analysis firm, found that the cap-and-trade program could raise gasoline prices by 22 cents a gallon by 2025, though there is an outside chance of prices increasing by as much as 50 cents a gallon, according to Colleen Regan, a senior analyst with the firm for North American power and environmental markets. However, Californians should need less gas as cars become more fuel-efficient or electric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these numbers are hazy predictions. What is clear is that meeting long-term targets will be difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the words of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/2013_update/first_update_climate_change_scoping_plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state plan\u003c/a> on climate change released last year, “Progressing toward California’s long-term climate goals will require that greenhouse gas reduction rates be significantly accelerated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only must the emissions reductions come faster in the future, but the reductions may also be harder. That is evident already. California has not been able to bring down its greenhouse gas emissions as quickly as the nation in recent years, as a comparison between state and federal inventories shows. Indeed, the data hint at difficulties ahead. \u003ca href=\"http://www.boe.ca.gov/sptaxprog/reports/MVF_10_Year_Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gasoline sales\u003c/a> are ticking up. Emissions have been largely flat since falling steeply in 2008-9 as the recession hit, though state officials and outside analysts expect that future reductions, brought about by programs just starting to have an impact, will be sufficient to meet or exceed the 2020 goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On greenhouse gas emissions, California has always been an A student,” said Ashley Lawson, a senior carbon analyst at Thomson Reuters. “So to perform any better, you have to work really, really hard to go from an A to an A plus.” The rest of the country, which is replacing coal-fired power plants with less-polluting natural gas plants, “was able to go from a C to a B, with almost no effort at all,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics like the Chamber of Commerce say that the drastic emissions measures planned for the future could harm the economy and take away jobs. Supporters counter that past sky-is-falling projections have not come to pass, and that technological innovation is speeding up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, above the howls of industry groups, electric cars had barely begun to hit the roadways, and a rooftop’s worth of solar panels cost more than a year at a private college. Prices have fallen rapidly since then, and California is getting cleaner. The question for the future is whether it can get clean enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fighting Climate Change and Food Waste With 'Imperfect Produce'",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you fit the public media stereotype, you probably pride yourself on caring about the environment, right? Maybe you’re letting your lawn go brown, or trying to drive less. Some experts say there’s another way you can be environmentally friendly: Stop wasting food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the farm to the fridge, it’s estimated that 40 percent of what could be eaten just isn’t, and that can impact climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more, I go to the Sacramento Delta, where pear season has just begun. I’m talking to Chuck Baker, a lifelong pear farmer who manages a ranch for \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivermaid.com/\">Rivermaid Trading Co\u003c/a>., and I’m trying to stay out of the way of workers literally running from tree to tree with ladders picking the biggest pears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215210476″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wind in the delta,” Baker says. “That’s why we have very good fruit, because of those cool delta breezes at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he says that helpful wind can also cause what’s called limb rub. He points out a fat pear, with small marks on the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605055\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605055\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-800x523.jpg\" alt='An example of \"limb rub\" on an otherwise perfect pear.' width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1440x941.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1400x914.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1180x771.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-960x627.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of “limb rub” on an otherwise perfect pear. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is just from the wind swinging the pear against another pear or limb, and it makes a mark,” he explains. “The industry in the past has set standards very high, where they don’t allow those marks. A lot of that fruit has good value, there’s nothing wrong with it. It’s just a little cosmetically challenged, like all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As workers dump loads of pears into bins on a tractor, produce broker Ron Clark laments these standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just in our food, it’s in our lives,” he says. “We have a lot of images sent to us of thin models, perfect-looking Hollywood faces. But that’s not reality, is it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s nothing wrong with it. It’s just a little cosmetically challenged, like all of us.’\u003ccite>Chuck Baker\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Clark is co-founder of a new startup called \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperfectproduce.com/home.php\">Imperfect Produce\u003c/a>, which is working to change consumers’ perceptions and find homes for “cosmetically challenged” produce. They’re starting with low-cost CSA boxes and a grocery store partnership (more about that at the end of this story). He takes me to a nearby packing shed, where the fruit gets washed and then sorted by lines of women quickly separating imperfect pears from marketable ones, which get hand-wrapped and packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10604908\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10604908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Workers sort pears at the Rivermaid Trading Company packing shed in Lodi.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers sort pears at the Rivermaid Trading Company packing shed in Lodi. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Twenty percent of fresh produce that’s grown for the fresh market never makes it to human consumption,” Clark says. That means it doesn’t make it onto grocery shelves, or in canned products, or even juices. “It either gets plowed back into the field, composted or ends up in landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the big deal about food waste? Jonathan Bloom, author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.wastedfood.com/\">American Wasteland\u003c/a>,” says, “We’re basically aiding climate change from the food we throw away.” First, there’s water, certainly among the hottest topics in California. “About one-quarter of fresh water usage is embedded in food that is ultimately thrown out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s oil. “There’s a tremendous amount of oil that goes into producing our food,” Bloom says. The best estimates he’s seen are that 4 percent of all U.S. energy consumption is used to produce food we don’t use — energy for on-farm tractors, transportation and refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the wasted food goes to the landfill, and it decomposes without air, creating methane, says Bloom. While there are lots of questions about how to definitively and consistently collect data relating to food waste, Bloom says, “What we do know is that the two largest creators of waste are farms and households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605194\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605194\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Meg Burritt, director of wellness and sustainability at Raley's.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meg Burritt, director of wellness and sustainability at Raley’s. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter Meg Burritt. She’s the director of wellness and sustainability for the grocery store chain \u003ca href=\"http://www.raleys.com/www/\">Raley’s\u003c/a>, which has over 100 stores in Northern California and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a couple of problems that I think we as grocers haven’t addressed in our history as an institution. One of them is food waste,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is helping people on a budget access enough nutritious produce. She didn’t know exactly what part Raley’s could play, until last fall when she saw a \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/98441820\">catchy video \u003c/a>produced by French grocer \u003cspan class=\"st\">Intermarché\u003c/span>, in which the store specifically marketed “ugly produce.” The video went viral, and \u003cspan class=\"st\">Intermarché\u003c/span> reported spectacular sales. A similar program started in a huge Canadian chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an optimist, so I thought: Well, they’re doing it in France, they’re doing it in Canada, we can definitely do it here in the States,” says Burritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Four percent of all U.S. energy consumption is used to produce food we don’t use\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Raley’s has partnered with \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperfectproduce.com/home.php\">Imperfect\u003c/a>, and just last weekend they launched a pilot program in 10 California stores. They targeted neighborhoods where customers may have tighter budgets, or where there aren’t a lot of options for buying produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visit a Raley’s in the Gold Country town of Auburn. The display of what they’re calling \u003ca href=\"http://www.raleysseasons.com/newsroom/lightening-the-landfill-load-raleys-launches-real-good-produce-program/\">Real Good produce\u003c/a> is just steps from the door, and it’s piled high with pears and bell peppers. Regular customer Rich Purdom gravitates toward the bright red elongated peppers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605196\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Mike Selepec, produce team leader at Raley's, holds a $2 "perfect" red pepper next to "imperfect" peppers, which sell for $1.19 per pound.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Selepec, produce team leader at Raley’s, holds a $2 “perfect” red pepper next to two “imperfect” peppers, which sell for $1.19 per pound. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I go by color when I buy vegetables,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I point out that the prices are lower — about 75 cents each, compared with $2 for a regular pepper — because of how they look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny-looking? That doesn’t bother me,” he says. “They’re going to get chopped up in fajitas. It all ends up in the same spot, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Johnson makes a beeline for the pears, which she’s loading into a paper bag. She’s been shopping here 35 years, and read about the Real Good produce program in the newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They mentioned they’re going to use fruit you may not usually buy because it’s a little smaller or a little blemished,” she says, “but we know it’s perfectly all right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I say that not everyone knows that, she laughs. “Well, they should be a little more informed!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program will last about 90 days, starting with pears, plums and red and green peppers and then moving to other produce. If the Auburn store is any indication, it’s going well so far. It has sold more imperfect produce than expected in the first week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This piece is part of the series \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiafoodways.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Foodways\u003c/a>. Stories in the series about food and climate change are funded by a grant from Invoking the Pause.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you fit the public media stereotype, you probably pride yourself on caring about the environment, right? Maybe you’re letting your lawn go brown, or trying to drive less. Some experts say there’s another way you can be environmentally friendly: Stop wasting food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the farm to the fridge, it’s estimated that 40 percent of what could be eaten just isn’t, and that can impact climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out more, I go to the Sacramento Delta, where pear season has just begun. I’m talking to Chuck Baker, a lifelong pear farmer who manages a ranch for \u003ca href=\"http://www.rivermaid.com/\">Rivermaid Trading Co\u003c/a>., and I’m trying to stay out of the way of workers literally running from tree to tree with ladders picking the biggest pears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215210476″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/215210476″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of wind in the delta,” Baker says. “That’s why we have very good fruit, because of those cool delta breezes at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, he says that helpful wind can also cause what’s called limb rub. He points out a fat pear, with small marks on the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605055\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605055\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-800x523.jpg\" alt='An example of \"limb rub\" on an otherwise perfect pear.' width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1440x941.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1400x914.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-1180x771.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub-960x627.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/LimbRub.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of “limb rub” on an otherwise perfect pear. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is just from the wind swinging the pear against another pear or limb, and it makes a mark,” he explains. “The industry in the past has set standards very high, where they don’t allow those marks. A lot of that fruit has good value, there’s nothing wrong with it. It’s just a little cosmetically challenged, like all of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As workers dump loads of pears into bins on a tractor, produce broker Ron Clark laments these standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just in our food, it’s in our lives,” he says. “We have a lot of images sent to us of thin models, perfect-looking Hollywood faces. But that’s not reality, is it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘There’s nothing wrong with it. It’s just a little cosmetically challenged, like all of us.’\u003ccite>Chuck Baker\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Clark is co-founder of a new startup called \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperfectproduce.com/home.php\">Imperfect Produce\u003c/a>, which is working to change consumers’ perceptions and find homes for “cosmetically challenged” produce. They’re starting with low-cost CSA boxes and a grocery store partnership (more about that at the end of this story). He takes me to a nearby packing shed, where the fruit gets washed and then sorted by lines of women quickly separating imperfect pears from marketable ones, which get hand-wrapped and packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10604908\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10604908\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Workers sort pears at the Rivermaid Trading Company packing shed in Lodi.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/SortingPears.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers sort pears at the Rivermaid Trading Company packing shed in Lodi. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Twenty percent of fresh produce that’s grown for the fresh market never makes it to human consumption,” Clark says. That means it doesn’t make it onto grocery shelves, or in canned products, or even juices. “It either gets plowed back into the field, composted or ends up in landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the big deal about food waste? Jonathan Bloom, author of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.wastedfood.com/\">American Wasteland\u003c/a>,” says, “We’re basically aiding climate change from the food we throw away.” First, there’s water, certainly among the hottest topics in California. “About one-quarter of fresh water usage is embedded in food that is ultimately thrown out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s oil. “There’s a tremendous amount of oil that goes into producing our food,” Bloom says. The best estimates he’s seen are that 4 percent of all U.S. energy consumption is used to produce food we don’t use — energy for on-farm tractors, transportation and refrigeration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the wasted food goes to the landfill, and it decomposes without air, creating methane, says Bloom. While there are lots of questions about how to definitively and consistently collect data relating to food waste, Bloom says, “What we do know is that the two largest creators of waste are farms and households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605194\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605194\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Meg Burritt, director of wellness and sustainability at Raley's.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Meg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meg Burritt, director of wellness and sustainability at Raley’s. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter Meg Burritt. She’s the director of wellness and sustainability for the grocery store chain \u003ca href=\"http://www.raleys.com/www/\">Raley’s\u003c/a>, which has over 100 stores in Northern California and Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a couple of problems that I think we as grocers haven’t addressed in our history as an institution. One of them is food waste,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is helping people on a budget access enough nutritious produce. She didn’t know exactly what part Raley’s could play, until last fall when she saw a \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/98441820\">catchy video \u003c/a>produced by French grocer \u003cspan class=\"st\">Intermarché\u003c/span>, in which the store specifically marketed “ugly produce.” The video went viral, and \u003cspan class=\"st\">Intermarché\u003c/span> reported spectacular sales. A similar program started in a huge Canadian chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an optimist, so I thought: Well, they’re doing it in France, they’re doing it in Canada, we can definitely do it here in the States,” says Burritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Four percent of all U.S. energy consumption is used to produce food we don’t use\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Raley’s has partnered with \u003ca href=\"http://www.imperfectproduce.com/home.php\">Imperfect\u003c/a>, and just last weekend they launched a pilot program in 10 California stores. They targeted neighborhoods where customers may have tighter budgets, or where there aren’t a lot of options for buying produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visit a Raley’s in the Gold Country town of Auburn. The display of what they’re calling \u003ca href=\"http://www.raleysseasons.com/newsroom/lightening-the-landfill-load-raleys-launches-real-good-produce-program/\">Real Good produce\u003c/a> is just steps from the door, and it’s piled high with pears and bell peppers. Regular customer Rich Purdom gravitates toward the bright red elongated peppers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10605196\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10605196\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Mike Selepec, produce team leader at Raley's, holds a $2 "perfect" red pepper next to "imperfect" peppers, which sell for $1.19 per pound.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1400x932.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-1180x785.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/Peppers.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mike Selepec, produce team leader at Raley’s, holds a $2 “perfect” red pepper next to two “imperfect” peppers, which sell for $1.19 per pound. \u003ccite>(Cynthia E. Wood/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I go by color when I buy vegetables,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I point out that the prices are lower — about 75 cents each, compared with $2 for a regular pepper — because of how they look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Funny-looking? That doesn’t bother me,” he says. “They’re going to get chopped up in fajitas. It all ends up in the same spot, right?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Johnson makes a beeline for the pears, which she’s loading into a paper bag. She’s been shopping here 35 years, and read about the Real Good produce program in the newspaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They mentioned they’re going to use fruit you may not usually buy because it’s a little smaller or a little blemished,” she says, “but we know it’s perfectly all right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I say that not everyone knows that, she laughs. “Well, they should be a little more informed!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot program will last about 90 days, starting with pears, plums and red and green peppers and then moving to other produce. If the Auburn store is any indication, it’s going well so far. It has sold more imperfect produce than expected in the first week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This piece is part of the series \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiafoodways.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Foodways\u003c/a>. Stories in the series about food and climate change are funded by a grant from Invoking the Pause.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'No Water Here': Drought Drives California Ranchers to Thin Herds",
"title": "'No Water Here': Drought Drives California Ranchers to Thin Herds",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Rancher Gary Tarbell stands in the sale barn at the Tulare County Stockyard watching as cattle pass through a gate, into a ring and, one by one, are sold to the highest bidder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going out of state, all these cattle,” Tarbell says. “There’s no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as farmers in the Central Valley are fallowing thousands of acres because of the drought, cattle ranchers are also cutting production. In fact, herd numbers nationwide are at their lowest since the 1950s, due in part to the Texas and California droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to cut way back,” Tarbell says. “I sold over half of my herd already because there’s no water on the ranch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/214694279&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not atypical, says Jon Dolieslager, owner of the \u003ca href=\"http://tularecountystockyard.com/\">Tulare County Stockyard\u003c/a>. “Everybody here is selling, you know, probably double of what they would normally do just because they’re out of feed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolieslager is also the auctioneer. He takes a quick break from doing his auction cry -- or, as some say, \"cattle rattle\" -- and points to the pen behind him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve probably got close to a thousand head of feeder cattle out there today that we have to sell,” he says. Those are drought numbers. On a sale day in a wet year, he would be selling anywhere from 300 to 500 feeder cattle -- steers and heifers destined to go to feedlots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10600944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10600944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle ranchers talk business at the Tulare County Stockyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-1440x1078.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle ranchers talk business at the Tulare County Stockyard. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dolieslager says about a quarter of his customers, who come mostly from the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Coast, have quit ranching for now because their springs and wells have dried up and there’s no forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all completely out of feed and do not want to have to buy alfalfa because of the high cost of alfalfa, because of the high cost of water\" to grow alfalfa, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the barn, Kyle Loveall is waiting his turn to sell off some yearling cattle. He’s the ranch manager for Elliott Land and Cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically, we wean our calves in early summer, run them over another year and sell them as yearlings,” he says. “Last year, we weaned them right away and sold them instead of keeping them because we didn’t have enough feed and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been a cowboy for 44 years, since the age of 14, and he’s never seen a drought like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, we fed almost all year-round,” he says. “It was a huge expense.” Just buying hay cost the ranch around $140,000, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, he says, the water is holding on the ranch he manages. But he bought a water truck just in case the creek beds and wells go dry and he needs to haul in water. But that would be pricy. Cows drink a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five to 35, 40 gallons a day,” he says. “Yeah, that’s a lot of water, times 400, that’s a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranch has reduced its breeding herd in the past three years by 60 percent, down to about 440 cows. And that means Loveall brought fewer calves to the auction this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is it,” he says. “This is basically our income for the year. Instead of 600 calves, we’re gonna sell 120 calves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, beef prices are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These cattle will bring a lot of money but it’d be nice if we had a thousand cows and the market was like this,” Loveall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers who are forced to sell will at least get a good price on their cattle, says Justin Oldfield, vice president of government affairs for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcattlemen.org/\">California Cattlemen’s Association\u003c/a>. But, he adds, there’s a lot more to running a ranch than just buying and selling cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of time to build up a herd, Oldfield says. Ranchers look for certain traits, including disposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of that work that you’ve put in, to putting together a cow herd that works for your ranch, goes out the window,” says Oldfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10600650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10600650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"Sally Baker is a fourth-generation rancher dealing with the drought.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sally Baker is a fourth-generation rancher dealing with the drought. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 30 minutes east of the Tulare County Stockyard, Sally Baker looks out at her ranch in the Sierra foothills directly below Sequoia National Park. She points to an empty streambed where her cattle used to drink. It’s not the only place on the ranch that’s dry, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our springs have all dried up on the west side of our ranch, and we had a well on the north end of the ranch also go dry,” says Baker, a fourth-generation rancher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker’s dad died 20 years ago, she and her mom took over the ranch. Last year was particularly tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We unfortunately had to sell about 50 cows, which broke my heart,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had to buy hay twice. But Baker says her mom grew up in the Depression, so she knows how to plan for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we were fortunate,” she says. “We had the means to do that. Unfortunately, a lot of ranchers didn’t have a reserve and had to sell off a lot of their stock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Sally Dudley, can see their cattle from her living-room window. Dudley has lived on the ranch for more than 60 years and is worried about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues it’s really going to be disastrous, because you know the water table is dropping and that’s going to affect all of us,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn’t do much of the physical labor anymore, but she still keeps the ranch's books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You try to be frugal,” she says. “You know, you just save for a rainy day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, in her case, a really long drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rancher Gary Tarbell stands in the sale barn at the Tulare County Stockyard watching as cattle pass through a gate, into a ring and, one by one, are sold to the highest bidder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re going out of state, all these cattle,” Tarbell says. “There’s no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as farmers in the Central Valley are fallowing thousands of acres because of the drought, cattle ranchers are also cutting production. In fact, herd numbers nationwide are at their lowest since the 1950s, due in part to the Texas and California droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to cut way back,” Tarbell says. “I sold over half of my herd already because there’s no water on the ranch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/214694279&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s not atypical, says Jon Dolieslager, owner of the \u003ca href=\"http://tularecountystockyard.com/\">Tulare County Stockyard\u003c/a>. “Everybody here is selling, you know, probably double of what they would normally do just because they’re out of feed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolieslager is also the auctioneer. He takes a quick break from doing his auction cry -- or, as some say, \"cattle rattle\" -- and points to the pen behind him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve probably got close to a thousand head of feeder cattle out there today that we have to sell,” he says. Those are drought numbers. On a sale day in a wet year, he would be selling anywhere from 300 to 500 feeder cattle -- steers and heifers destined to go to feedlots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10600944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10600944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle ranchers talk business at the Tulare County Stockyard.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-1440x1078.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-1180x883.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/RanchersChat.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle ranchers talk business at the Tulare County Stockyard. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dolieslager says about a quarter of his customers, who come mostly from the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Coast, have quit ranching for now because their springs and wells have dried up and there’s no forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all completely out of feed and do not want to have to buy alfalfa because of the high cost of alfalfa, because of the high cost of water\" to grow alfalfa, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the barn, Kyle Loveall is waiting his turn to sell off some yearling cattle. He’s the ranch manager for Elliott Land and Cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically, we wean our calves in early summer, run them over another year and sell them as yearlings,” he says. “Last year, we weaned them right away and sold them instead of keeping them because we didn’t have enough feed and water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been a cowboy for 44 years, since the age of 14, and he’s never seen a drought like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, we fed almost all year-round,” he says. “It was a huge expense.” Just buying hay cost the ranch around $140,000, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, he says, the water is holding on the ranch he manages. But he bought a water truck just in case the creek beds and wells go dry and he needs to haul in water. But that would be pricy. Cows drink a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five to 35, 40 gallons a day,” he says. “Yeah, that’s a lot of water, times 400, that’s a lot of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ranch has reduced its breeding herd in the past three years by 60 percent, down to about 440 cows. And that means Loveall brought fewer calves to the auction this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is it,” he says. “This is basically our income for the year. Instead of 600 calves, we’re gonna sell 120 calves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, beef prices are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These cattle will bring a lot of money but it’d be nice if we had a thousand cows and the market was like this,” Loveall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranchers who are forced to sell will at least get a good price on their cattle, says Justin Oldfield, vice president of government affairs for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcattlemen.org/\">California Cattlemen’s Association\u003c/a>. But, he adds, there’s a lot more to running a ranch than just buying and selling cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of time to build up a herd, Oldfield says. Ranchers look for certain traits, including disposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of that work that you’ve put in, to putting together a cow herd that works for your ranch, goes out the window,” says Oldfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10600650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10600650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"Sally Baker is a fourth-generation rancher dealing with the drought.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/07/IMG_3467-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sally Baker is a fourth-generation rancher dealing with the drought. \u003ccite>(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 30 minutes east of the Tulare County Stockyard, Sally Baker looks out at her ranch in the Sierra foothills directly below Sequoia National Park. She points to an empty streambed where her cattle used to drink. It’s not the only place on the ranch that’s dry, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our springs have all dried up on the west side of our ranch, and we had a well on the north end of the ranch also go dry,” says Baker, a fourth-generation rancher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker’s dad died 20 years ago, she and her mom took over the ranch. Last year was particularly tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We unfortunately had to sell about 50 cows, which broke my heart,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they had to buy hay twice. But Baker says her mom grew up in the Depression, so she knows how to plan for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so we were fortunate,” she says. “We had the means to do that. Unfortunately, a lot of ranchers didn’t have a reserve and had to sell off a lot of their stock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her mom, Sally Dudley, can see their cattle from her living-room window. Dudley has lived on the ranch for more than 60 years and is worried about the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it continues it’s really going to be disastrous, because you know the water table is dropping and that’s going to affect all of us,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She doesn’t do much of the physical labor anymore, but she still keeps the ranch's books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You try to be frugal,” she says. “You know, you just save for a rainy day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, in her case, a really long drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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