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"title": "California's Coast Gives Clues to Changing Sea Level",
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"content": "\u003cp>As you drive along the California coast on Highway 1, in many places you’ll see wide flat areas that are elevated above the sea. These are famous among geologists, who’ve mapped these marine terraces up and down the entire west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each marine terrace is a record of sea level during the past. Just as sea level rises today as the world’s glaciers melt, previous changes in the polar ice caps have raised and lowered the sea by hundreds of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever the sea level remained steady for a few thousand years, the pounding surf had the leisure to cut into the shoreline. As the waves churned the sea cliffs into sand, they carved away the rocks as deep as they could reach and left a level surface behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_217485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-217485 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\" alt=\"A visual representation of marine terrace formation.\" width=\"509\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visual representation of coastal marine terraces. \u003ccite>(University of Maryland)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea level is on scientists’ minds these days as we keep a nervous eye on global warming. A rising sea threatens many places with a slow-motion Katrina. But geologists have always paid attention to this fundamental piece of information in order to visualize the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the landscape 120,000 years ago, during a warm interglacial period, when the ocean covered today’s coast some 40 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine later, during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago, when the seas were drawn down by more than 300 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coast was far to the west, and the area between must have been a wide grassland—a “California Serengeti”—roamed by mammoths, sabertooth cats and other Ice Age animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to those extremes, today’s inches-per-century changes in sea level may seem minor, but they matter a great deal. Consider the Delta, all of which is essentially at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, many of the islands in the Delta are actually below sea level because their peaty soils, turned into farms, are shrinking from exposure to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seas rise and push against the levees protecting the Delta, inches matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”sVbHc2H4i4wJlImNXXYOHHZkTE8tG1l6”]Rising seas are partly caused by climate change and partly by the oceanic winds, which push water against the shore in some places and away from it in others. Geological forces also move the land up and down in different places, which—when combined with changing sea levels—leads to the creation of marine terraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vertical motions of the land are the topic of a new paper detailing how Ice Age changes affected California’s sea level during the last 120,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/simms/Site/Welcome.html\">Alex Simms\u003c/a> of UC Santa Barbara, along with French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipgp.fr/en/user/941\">Hélène Rouby\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.rses.anu.edu.au/lambeck_k/index.php\">Kurt Lambeck\u003c/a> of the Australian National University, \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/07/29/B31299.1.abstract\">published their findings last month\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/\">Geological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from marine terraces all over the world has been assembled into a \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">geological record of sea level\u003c/a>. And in places where these terraces vary from the global curve, the data also allows us to deduce vertical movements of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, that’s important because our whole coastline is tectonically active. The coast north of Cape Mendocino is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central coast is affected by pressures acting across the San Andreas fault system. And in southern California and Mexico, the coast responds to the forces opening up the Gulf of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_216658\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-216658 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Marine terrace at Shell Beach\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This well-developed marine terrace near Shell Beach in Sonoma County has two large rock pinnacles that were once “sea stacks” like those seen offshore today. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot happens when an ice age starts or ends. Research tells us that when the last ice age ended about 12,000 years ago, the Earth’s crust was affected in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice caps no longer pushed the crust down, so it slowly sprang back over thousands of years (and continues today in far northern regions).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gravitational force of the ice no longer pulled the sea toward it. As the land rose, the gravity of the newly risen crust pulled the sea back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra water in the rising sea weighed down the crust along the coast and pushed down the seafloor globally. These and many more-subtle \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.colorado.edu/faq#n3113\">glacio-isostatic adjustments\u003c/a> are not simple to calculate, but in the last decade they have been adopted by all serious scientists working on sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ team looked at three sets of marine terraces between Washington and Baja California with ages of 120,000, 105,000 and 84,000 years. They estimated the glacio-isostatic effects during those years, and found they made a difference of as much as 65 feet in sea level, depending on the time and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Santa Cruz, the results appeared to show that the terraces were rising three times faster than the rest of California. Simms concluded that a study published in 2001 probably gave one of the terraces an incorrect age, and that other studies from 1968 and 2006 had gotten it right. Instead of rising 1.3 millimeters per year, it appears that Santa Cruz has been rising about as fast as its neighbors at 0.3 millimeter per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the deep details of working science, these results matter to the rest of us because everything affects what will happen to sea level in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tide gauge at Fort Point in San Francisco has recorded about 8 inches of sea-level rise since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms says the rise appears to be a combination of ocean warming and glacial melting, as seen elsewhere in the world, but it also includes the effect of changes in Pacific wind patterns that have been piling up water against the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ paper shows that long-term uplift of the land is smaller than these changes. But all the numbers need to be as accurate as possible.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A fresh look at our distinctive marine terraces shows how both the sea and the West Coast are rising.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you drive along the California coast on Highway 1, in many places you’ll see wide flat areas that are elevated above the sea. These are famous among geologists, who’ve mapped these marine terraces up and down the entire west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each marine terrace is a record of sea level during the past. Just as sea level rises today as the world’s glaciers melt, previous changes in the polar ice caps have raised and lowered the sea by hundreds of feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever the sea level remained steady for a few thousand years, the pounding surf had the leisure to cut into the shoreline. As the waves churned the sea cliffs into sand, they carved away the rocks as deep as they could reach and left a level surface behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_217485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 509px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-217485 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg\" alt=\"A visual representation of marine terrace formation.\" width=\"509\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace.jpg 509w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Marine-terrace-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A visual representation of coastal marine terraces. \u003ccite>(University of Maryland)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea level is on scientists’ minds these days as we keep a nervous eye on global warming. A rising sea threatens many places with a slow-motion Katrina. But geologists have always paid attention to this fundamental piece of information in order to visualize the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine the landscape 120,000 years ago, during a warm interglacial period, when the ocean covered today’s coast some 40 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine later, during the Last Glacial Maximum around 20,000 years ago, when the seas were drawn down by more than 300 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coast was far to the west, and the area between must have been a wide grassland—a “California Serengeti”—roamed by mammoths, sabertooth cats and other Ice Age animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to those extremes, today’s inches-per-century changes in sea level may seem minor, but they matter a great deal. Consider the Delta, all of which is essentially at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, many of the islands in the Delta are actually below sea level because their peaty soils, turned into farms, are shrinking from exposure to the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As seas rise and push against the levees protecting the Delta, inches matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Rising seas are partly caused by climate change and partly by the oceanic winds, which push water against the shore in some places and away from it in others. Geological forces also move the land up and down in different places, which—when combined with changing sea levels—leads to the creation of marine terraces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These vertical motions of the land are the topic of a new paper detailing how Ice Age changes affected California’s sea level during the last 120,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors \u003ca href=\"http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/simms/Site/Welcome.html\">Alex Simms\u003c/a> of UC Santa Barbara, along with French scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipgp.fr/en/user/941\">Hélène Rouby\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://people.rses.anu.edu.au/lambeck_k/index.php\">Kurt Lambeck\u003c/a> of the Australian National University, \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/07/29/B31299.1.abstract\">published their findings last month\u003c/a> in the \u003ca href=\"http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/\">Geological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from marine terraces all over the world has been assembled into a \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">geological record of sea level\u003c/a>. And in places where these terraces vary from the global curve, the data also allows us to deduce vertical movements of the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, that’s important because our whole coastline is tectonically active. The coast north of Cape Mendocino is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central coast is affected by pressures acting across the San Andreas fault system. And in southern California and Mexico, the coast responds to the forces opening up the Gulf of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_216658\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-216658 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Marine terrace at Shell Beach\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/shellbeach-terrace-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This well-developed marine terrace near Shell Beach in Sonoma County has two large rock pinnacles that were once “sea stacks” like those seen offshore today. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot happens when an ice age starts or ends. Research tells us that when the last ice age ended about 12,000 years ago, the Earth’s crust was affected in several ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ice caps no longer pushed the crust down, so it slowly sprang back over thousands of years (and continues today in far northern regions).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gravitational force of the ice no longer pulled the sea toward it. As the land rose, the gravity of the newly risen crust pulled the sea back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extra water in the rising sea weighed down the crust along the coast and pushed down the seafloor globally. These and many more-subtle \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.colorado.edu/faq#n3113\">glacio-isostatic adjustments\u003c/a> are not simple to calculate, but in the last decade they have been adopted by all serious scientists working on sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ team looked at three sets of marine terraces between Washington and Baja California with ages of 120,000, 105,000 and 84,000 years. They estimated the glacio-isostatic effects during those years, and found they made a difference of as much as 65 feet in sea level, depending on the time and location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Santa Cruz, the results appeared to show that the terraces were rising three times faster than the rest of California. Simms concluded that a study published in 2001 probably gave one of the terraces an incorrect age, and that other studies from 1968 and 2006 had gotten it right. Instead of rising 1.3 millimeters per year, it appears that Santa Cruz has been rising about as fast as its neighbors at 0.3 millimeter per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the deep details of working science, these results matter to the rest of us because everything affects what will happen to sea level in the next century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tide gauge at Fort Point in San Francisco has recorded about 8 inches of sea-level rise since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms says the rise appears to be a combination of ocean warming and glacial melting, as seen elsewhere in the world, but it also includes the effect of changes in Pacific wind patterns that have been piling up water against the west coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simms’ paper shows that long-term uplift of the land is smaller than these changes. But all the numbers need to be as accurate as possible.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Astronauts aboard the International Space Station received a shipment that included whiskey on Monday, but they won't be allowed even a taste test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan sent up a cargo ship with nearly 10,000 pounds of much needed supplies. Among the goods were whiskey and other alcoholic beverages made by a Japanese company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the video of the shipment arriving (Reuters has edited \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1sND754a7M\">a shorter version\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ef3650d0585548619f8c9bf0b57de19a/japan-delivers-whiskey-space-station-science\">Associated Press reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The station's big robotic arm — operated by Japanese astronaut Kimiya Yui — grabbed onto the supply craft launched Wednesday by his homeland. Flight controllers helped anchor it down.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The reason behind Tokyo's Suntory Global Innovation Center sending their products up into orbit is to see if spirits \"mellow\" the same way in space as they do back on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for the astronauts though, they won't be able to celebrate the arrival of their stash with a toast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30336-space-booze-weightlessness-experiment.html\">website Space.com\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"[The] astronauts will not crack open a bottle to celebrate the freighter's arrival; the liquor is flying for purely scientific purposes. Suntory plans to conduct future experiments to see how the \"mellowness\" of spirits is affected by microgravity and a lack of convection (the flow of heat through a liquid or gas).\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The liquor samples will stay on the Space Station for a year or two. When they return to earth, they'll be compared with samples that stayed on earth, to see if they have mellowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the spacemen will have to figure out another way to recreate this popular ode to throwing back the hard stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Astronauts+Sent+Whiskey%2C+But+Even+Without+Gravity+They+Can%27t+Raise+A+Glass&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Astronauts aboard the International Space Station received a shipment that included whiskey on Monday, but they won't be allowed even a taste test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan sent up a cargo ship with nearly 10,000 pounds of much needed supplies. Among the goods were whiskey and other alcoholic beverages made by a Japanese company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the video of the shipment arriving (Reuters has edited \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1sND754a7M\">a shorter version\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ef3650d0585548619f8c9bf0b57de19a/japan-delivers-whiskey-space-station-science\">Associated Press reports\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The station's big robotic arm — operated by Japanese astronaut Kimiya Yui — grabbed onto the supply craft launched Wednesday by his homeland. Flight controllers helped anchor it down.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The reason behind Tokyo's Suntory Global Innovation Center sending their products up into orbit is to see if spirits \"mellow\" the same way in space as they do back on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for the astronauts though, they won't be able to celebrate the arrival of their stash with a toast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30336-space-booze-weightlessness-experiment.html\">website Space.com\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"[The] astronauts will not crack open a bottle to celebrate the freighter's arrival; the liquor is flying for purely scientific purposes. Suntory plans to conduct future experiments to see how the \"mellowness\" of spirits is affected by microgravity and a lack of convection (the flow of heat through a liquid or gas).\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The liquor samples will stay on the Space Station for a year or two. When they return to earth, they'll be compared with samples that stayed on earth, to see if they have mellowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the spacemen will have to figure out another way to recreate this popular ode to throwing back the hard stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Astronauts+Sent+Whiskey%2C+But+Even+Without+Gravity+They+Can%27t+Raise+A+Glass&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>LONE PINE, Inyo County — The gas station's ground was covered with the small winged bugs. Piles of carcasses, inches deep, sat swept to the sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the road, they rained onto car windshields. They flew by the thousands toward even the smallest sources of light, and crept along windows and kitchen tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such has been the skin-crawling reality for the past two months in the high-desert communities at the foot of the Sierra Nevada's eastern slopes, where residents have seen an explosion of the black-and-red seed bug species \u003cem>Melacoryphus lateralis\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in everything. There's no way to get rid of them or eradicate them. They're just here,\" said Blair Nicodemus, 33, of Lone Pine, while driving with a bug creeping on his windshield. \"Sometimes there will be these micro-plumes that'll come through where there will be just thousands of them, and they'll be all over you. ... I'm sure I've eaten at least two dozen, because they get into your food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'At nighttime, if you go into the station, they'll follow. They go everywhere. They get on your body, your head.'\u003ccite>Soma Praba,\u003cbr>\nPearsonville gas station owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Such outbreaks have happened in Arizona's Sonoran desert near Tucson, but scientists say it's the first one they have record of in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influx has been driven by a mild winter and monsoonal weather, which provided healthier vegetation for the nutrient-sucking bugs, said David Haviland, an entomologist with the University of California Cooperative Extension in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bugs' flight into town and toward the lights in homes, businesses or cars, however, might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought, said Nathan Reade, agricultural commissioner for Inyo and Mono counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, a different type of bug is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/20/burning-mans-got-bugs-cue-radical-itching-and-bitching\" target=\"_blank\">infesting the site\u003c/a> of the Burning Man festival in Nevada's Black Rock Desert. State officials are working to identify the green, coin-shaped insects swarming the outdoor venue and biting workers setting up for this year's event, which starts a week from Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologist Jeff Knight, with the Nevada Department of Agriculture, said the bugs aren't bloodsuckers and don't seem to pose a health risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the outbreak of fingernail-size seed bugs is a main topic of conversation in the infested communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A printout in a Lone Pine motel lobby warned people to keep their doors shut at night, and a hotel worker advised people to keep their car windows up if lights are on. A Dollar General Store in Inyokern limited its store hours after dark to avoid dealing with the bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lia Sensanbaugh of Inyokern doesn't turn on her lights when at home. \"I've got them real bad,\" she said. \"I've been living off my TV light for about a month and a half.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10652397\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10652397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-400x491.jpg\" alt=\"Insects swarm a Shell station in the desert town of Pearsonville, southwestern Inyo County. The insects have been identified as a variety of seed bug.\" width=\"400\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-400x491.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-800x982.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Insects swarm a Shell station in the desert town of Pearsonville, southwestern Inyo County. The insects have been identified as a variety of seed bug. \u003ccite>(Matthew Hengst)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gas stations and rest areas along U.S. 395 — the main route from Southern California to the sparsely populated Owens Valley and eastern Sierra — are prime bug targets because of their lights. After dark, the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the Pearsonville Shell gas station's overhead lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions, tens, twenty, we can't count it,\" gas station owner Soma Praba said. \"At night time, if you go into the station, they'll follow. They go everywhere. They get on your body, your head.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each morning Praba's workers have spent three hours sweeping the ground and using a leaf blower to clear away piles of the bugs. Around eight times a day, workers will sweep, discovering two hours later that just as many bugs are back, Praba said with frustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying insecticide hasn't helped, Praba said, and exterminators have been equally stymied. The bugs also have limited natural enemies: Praying mantises and some spiders or lizards will catch a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the amount of biological control is really insignificant compared to the millions of insects that are out there,\" said Haviland, the entomologist. And residents are wary of importing more bugs to worry about later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only reprieve from the seed bugs seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are tired of it,\" Praba said. \"I am waiting for the first snow to come.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Lone Pine gas station this week, the side of the building was covered with bugs, and a woman was hosing off the wall, despite the drought, said Kathi Hall, who owns the town's Mount Whitney Restaurant with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ridgecrest Mayor Peggy Breeden said some people in town use umbrellas while getting gas because of the swarms overhead. She's fielded many dozens of concerned calls and never seen anything like this in her 33 years there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She put together a notice this week to post around town explaining to visitors that the bugs are a harmless nuisance, in the hopes that they'll return when the bugs die down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Breeden joked, \"If frogs come, we're all leaving.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Night of the Bugs: Insect Swarms Plague Desert, Eastern Sierra | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/latams\" target=\"_blank\">Tami Abdollah\u003c/a>\u003cbr />Associated Press\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LONE PINE, Inyo County — The gas station's ground was covered with the small winged bugs. Piles of carcasses, inches deep, sat swept to the sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the road, they rained onto car windshields. They flew by the thousands toward even the smallest sources of light, and crept along windows and kitchen tables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such has been the skin-crawling reality for the past two months in the high-desert communities at the foot of the Sierra Nevada's eastern slopes, where residents have seen an explosion of the black-and-red seed bug species \u003cem>Melacoryphus lateralis\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in everything. There's no way to get rid of them or eradicate them. They're just here,\" said Blair Nicodemus, 33, of Lone Pine, while driving with a bug creeping on his windshield. \"Sometimes there will be these micro-plumes that'll come through where there will be just thousands of them, and they'll be all over you. ... I'm sure I've eaten at least two dozen, because they get into your food.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'At nighttime, if you go into the station, they'll follow. They go everywhere. They get on your body, your head.'\u003ccite>Soma Praba,\u003cbr>\nPearsonville gas station owner\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Such outbreaks have happened in Arizona's Sonoran desert near Tucson, but scientists say it's the first one they have record of in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The influx has been driven by a mild winter and monsoonal weather, which provided healthier vegetation for the nutrient-sucking bugs, said David Haviland, an entomologist with the University of California Cooperative Extension in Kern County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bugs' flight into town and toward the lights in homes, businesses or cars, however, might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought, said Nathan Reade, agricultural commissioner for Inyo and Mono counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, a different type of bug is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/20/burning-mans-got-bugs-cue-radical-itching-and-bitching\" target=\"_blank\">infesting the site\u003c/a> of the Burning Man festival in Nevada's Black Rock Desert. State officials are working to identify the green, coin-shaped insects swarming the outdoor venue and biting workers setting up for this year's event, which starts a week from Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entomologist Jeff Knight, with the Nevada Department of Agriculture, said the bugs aren't bloodsuckers and don't seem to pose a health risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, the outbreak of fingernail-size seed bugs is a main topic of conversation in the infested communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A printout in a Lone Pine motel lobby warned people to keep their doors shut at night, and a hotel worker advised people to keep their car windows up if lights are on. A Dollar General Store in Inyokern limited its store hours after dark to avoid dealing with the bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lia Sensanbaugh of Inyokern doesn't turn on her lights when at home. \"I've got them real bad,\" she said. \"I've been living off my TV light for about a month and a half.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10652397\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10652397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-400x491.jpg\" alt=\"Insects swarm a Shell station in the desert town of Pearsonville, southwestern Inyo County. The insects have been identified as a variety of seed bug.\" width=\"400\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-400x491.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a-800x982.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/08/pearsonvillebugs-a.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Insects swarm a Shell station in the desert town of Pearsonville, southwestern Inyo County. The insects have been identified as a variety of seed bug. \u003ccite>(Matthew Hengst)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gas stations and rest areas along U.S. 395 — the main route from Southern California to the sparsely populated Owens Valley and eastern Sierra — are prime bug targets because of their lights. After dark, the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the Pearsonville Shell gas station's overhead lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions, tens, twenty, we can't count it,\" gas station owner Soma Praba said. \"At night time, if you go into the station, they'll follow. They go everywhere. They get on your body, your head.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each morning Praba's workers have spent three hours sweeping the ground and using a leaf blower to clear away piles of the bugs. Around eight times a day, workers will sweep, discovering two hours later that just as many bugs are back, Praba said with frustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying insecticide hasn't helped, Praba said, and exterminators have been equally stymied. The bugs also have limited natural enemies: Praying mantises and some spiders or lizards will catch a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the amount of biological control is really insignificant compared to the millions of insects that are out there,\" said Haviland, the entomologist. And residents are wary of importing more bugs to worry about later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only reprieve from the seed bugs seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are tired of it,\" Praba said. \"I am waiting for the first snow to come.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Lone Pine gas station this week, the side of the building was covered with bugs, and a woman was hosing off the wall, despite the drought, said Kathi Hall, who owns the town's Mount Whitney Restaurant with her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ridgecrest Mayor Peggy Breeden said some people in town use umbrellas while getting gas because of the swarms overhead. She's fielded many dozens of concerned calls and never seen anything like this in her 33 years there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She put together a notice this week to post around town explaining to visitors that the bugs are a harmless nuisance, in the hopes that they'll return when the bugs die down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Breeden joked, \"If frogs come, we're all leaving.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought",
"headTitle": "The Climate Change ‘Bully’ in California’s Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”a9ydWQMpnGmi6zuuOJgSgvGZ2SGg0G5P”]The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study pegs climate change as a bully that's come for California's water.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003cbr />Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-onslaught-of-californias-drought-in-1-chart-17355\">drought in California\u003c/a>. Perhaps you’ve heard a few things about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the fact that it’s cost the state \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\">$2.7 billion in agricultural losses\u003c/a>, helped \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-forests-climate-polluters-18941\">burn up\u003c/a> hundreds of thousands of acres so far this year and inspired Los Angeles to release a 96 million-strong armada of shade balls into reservoirs (though it was\u003ca href=\"http://grist.org/article/why-shade-balls-arent-such-a-great-idea-after-all/\"> apparently a PR stunt\u003c/a>). Oh, and the state is also short on rainfall by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/missing-california-rain-19299\">20 inches–a full year’s worth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question that’s lingered as long as the drought itself is just how much, if any, of the drought is due to human-caused global warming. New research has an answer: from 8 to 27 percent. It also has another important number: climate change has made the odds of severe droughts like this one twice as likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sobering numbers come from researchers at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NASA and University of Idaho who analyzed temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other data to tease out the role climate change has played in the drought in a new study published on Thursday in \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064924/full\">Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the latest in a string of studies that have examined this big question. The general consensus is that heat has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/heat-turbocharged-californias-epic-drought-18404\">played a role\u003c/a> in exacerbating the drought and that at least some of that heat is part of the larger pattern of global warming. Last year was a punctuation mark with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-will-be-hottest-in-california-history-18279\">record-setting heat baking\u003c/a> the Golden State to crispy golden brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The “\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>” — an atmospheric feature that’s deflected storms every which way but over California since 2012 — also might have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/hints-of-climate-change-in-californias-drought-18109\">some climate change ties\u003c/a>, though those are still somewhat murky. But the specific role climate change has played in the drought hasn’t been truly teased out until this new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study is the first to parse out the relative contribution of anthropogenic warming versus natural climate variability,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/williams\">Park Williams\u003c/a>, a tree ring researcher at Lamont, said. “From a method standpoint, it’s a big advancement. It’s the first time I know of that data has been parsed apart this way for any drought on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams led the latest round of research that uses temperature, precipitation, wind and other drought data to break the state up into grid of 23,955 boxes. The data paint the sharpest picture yet of a state in severe drought. Averaged across the state, the findings show that this hasn’t been California’s worst drought on record, but it is the worst drought on record in the places that matter the most to people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206222\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206222 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg\" alt=\"Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \" width=\"720\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/CADroughtWilliams-400x132.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps of June-August Palmer Drought Severity Index and ranking for 2014 and 2012–14. Rankings are based on all years between 1901 and 2014. \u003ccite>(Williams, et al., 2015)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The epicenter of the drought is the Central Valley, the heart of California’s $46.4 billion agricultural industry. The Sierra Nevada mountains, where most of the state’s water comes from, and a large swath of the coast from \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/us-cities-hottest-year-18496\">San Diego to San Francisco\u003c/a>, where more than half the state’s population lives, have also experienced record-setting drought conditions since 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of rain is what obviously started the drought but heat has ensured its lasting impacts. By comparing different datasets and historical temperature trends, Williams and his colleagues were able to show that up to 27 percent of this drought can be ascribed to climate change-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed to answer this question. Just knowing how much climate change has affected this drought is really important as a tool to help Californians understand that while natural climate variability is still important, but over the long term, we already have a trend underway,” Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend also means the odds of severe drought in California have doubled since the early 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://woods.stanford.edu/about/woods-faculty/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a senior fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, said the new analysis represented a “valuable step” in attribution work, a field of climate science that’s developed in the past decade in an effort to understand the role of climate change in specific extreme events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do a nice job showing that exceptionally warm temperatures from 2012-2014 amplified drought conditions for California,” \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/staff.aspx?id=18679\">Nate Mantua\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center who has previously written about temperature variations in the region, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Mantua was critical of the paper’s attribution aspect. He said that while it’s possible human-driven global warming could have played a role in the region, the study’s modeling efforts didn’t convincingly replicate certain patterns and that he felt more confident that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural circulation patterns\u003c/a> played a more likely role in pushing temperatures up across the region since 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_206192\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-206192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NASADroughtAnimation.gif\" alt=\"Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changing drought patterns across the U.S. at the start of each decade through 2095. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Future projections paint a worrisome picture for California and the Southwest as a whole. Rising temperatures mean that California and other parts of the Southwest are basically guaranteed to deal with a serious drought lasting a decade and have an 80 percent chance of experiencing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/southwest-central-plains-unprecedented-drought-18657\">drought that lasts multiple decades\u003c/a> by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams likened the impacts of rising temperatures to a bully after your lunch money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we think of precipitation as an income for California, natural variations — evaporation, human water use — are expenses. Then we can think of global warming as a bully that comes by every year and tells you to give him a certain amount of your money. And every year, the bully asks for more and more,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, the bully isn’t going away anytime soon since human emissions to date have locked in climate change-fueled warming for decades if not centuries to come. The new findings give California a lunch money calculator to understand how much water the state can expect to give up and adjust its habits accordingly. It can also allow cities, farmers and others to take advantage of the good years and save for a rainy (or not so rainy) day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burgeoning El Niño could bring rains, particularly to southern California, that could help the state in drier times, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This really starts a new conversation,” Williams said. “It should allow us to plan for the future in a way that we weren’t capable of doing before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results are specific to California’s current drought, Williams said they could replicated for any drought or any bully, anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California -- First in Nearly a Century",
"headTitle": "Gray Wolf Pups Found in California — First in Nearly a Century | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-204178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg\" alt='One of the wolves in the newly dubbed \"Shasta pack.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf3-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the wolves in the newly dubbed “Shasta pack.” \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A pack of wolves, including five pups, has turned up in Siskiyou County in Northern California. The pups are especially significant as they’re first documented since wolves were extirpated from the state in the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adults likely came from Oregon, according to California wildlife officials, but are most likely not related to OR7, the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%E2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/\">lone male who wandered into the state\u003c/a> in December 2011 and sparked a heated debate about the return of the predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really excited, if not amazed, at what this species of animal has been able to do,” said Eric Loft of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. “What we’re most surprised about is about how rapidly wolves have done colonization, if you will, of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “Shasta pack,” as wildlife officials have dubbed it, was photographed with remote trail cameras and officials are considering putting a radio collar on at least one individual to track its movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Howling Success…or Imminent Conflict\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of those rare moments when those of us who are longtime wolf advocates get to howl in celebration,” said Amaroq Weiss of the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_204175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-204175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg\" alt='The newly named \"Shasta pack\" as photographed by a remote camera.' width=\"542\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3.jpg 542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wolf-pups-jpg3-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several-month-old pups, as captured by a remote camera. \u003ccite>(California Department of Fish and Wildlife)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\">declared an endangered species\u003c/a> in California in June 2014 and are also protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. That makes it illegal to harass, kill or harm the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While OR7 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/07/25/californias-wandering-wolf-now-has-puppies-in-oregon/\">has since left California\u003c/a> and joined a pack in Southern Oregon, officials expect more wolves to follow. Some cheered his arrival, seeing it as a sign that wolves would soon reestablish themselves in California. Others warned about potential conflict with livestock, as has happened it other Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is currently working on a management plan for wolves that will govern how the population is handled. Officials expect to release a draft by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our assessment of the most likely scenario for wolf reestablishment, mostly in terms of timing, is going to need to be updated,” said Karen Kovacs, a wildlife program manager with the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other Western states have set up programs to reimburse ranchers whose livestock are killed by wolves. While the management plan will examine such a program, officials say there’s no way to establish one yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would take some kind of legislative action,” said Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs says she’s hopeful to avoid those conflicts with this pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have spoken with the majority of the private landowners within a 10-mile radius of these locations and they are all very cooperative,” she said. “I’ve not had one express animosity.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Polluters Pay a Pennsylvania Pig Farmer to Curb Emissions",
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"content": "\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California have a few choices about how they comply with the state’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Businesses can emit less pollution, buy allowances to pollute or pay for other projects called offsets to reduce emissions, instead of the polluters . Offset projects are located all over the U.S., but that’s not why they’ve come under fire. In the green pastures that surround the small towns of Central Pennsylvania, a pig farm is paid to replace California polluters in eliminating thousands of metric tons of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideal Family Farms raises about 30,000 hogs a year, which turn into the bacon and ham hocks that are sold in grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All they have to do is eat and drink and not worry about staying away from predators,” says Dennis Brubaker, one of the owners of the farm in Beavertown, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pigs produce a lot of manure, and manure emits methane, one of the heat-trapping gasses that falls under California’s cap. Brubaker uses the methane as a source of renewable energy. Every year, 7 million gallons of manure are piped into a 16-foot deep concrete cauldron in the ground. The methane is collected and fed to a giant engine, where it combusts to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process removes about 3,000 metric tons of methane a year. And that reduction is available for purchase as a carbon offset under California’s cap-and-trade program. Preventing the emission of one metric ton of greenhouse gas is worth roughly $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the manure that we had, and the need for energy, it was just the perfect fit,” says Brubaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California are given a threshold for how much greenhouse gas they can produce for free. Above that benchmark, they must buy an allowance to pollute, or they can purchase an offset from a project such as Brubaker’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/133691850\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s pretty cool that we can have joint partnerships in trying to help make the environment better from one end of the country to the next,” says Brubaker. About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects. That includes things like conserving forests or incinerating greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Offsets are less expensive, yet real emissions reductions,” says Gary Gero, President of the Climate Action Reserve, a registry for offsets. About 20 million of these credits have been approved by the state for purchase since the start of the cap-and-trade program. Gero says offsets give businesses flexibility in reducing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YJICIKNSsD8O69HTv0q3U4BV2i7cFsqH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do with a mechanism like cap-and-trade is reduce the overall impact on the economy, essentially on businesses and their consumers of complying with the environmental regulation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a limit to how many offsets companies can use, but critics worry that offsets are a crutch, allowing polluters to keep polluting as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t be tied to our effort to get away from fossil fuels,” says Laurie Williams, a volunteer with Citizens’ Climate Lobby, a group that sued the state over offsets, and lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The activities that have been chosen for offsets are virtually all activities that were happening to some degree prior. And where it’s impossible to tell what additional increment of that activity you’re getting because of the offset credit. It’s too complex,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Pennsylvania, Brubaker says he was counting on revenue from a market like California’s before he installed his methane digester. But if the program didn’t exist, he still would have moved forward without the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it comes down to is, it certainly helps projects like ours come together,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply of offset credits has doubled since last year, according to the Climate Action Reserve. California businesses will disclose more information about how many offsets they’re using this November, when they submit cap-and-trade compliance information to state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California have a few choices about how they comply with the state’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Businesses can emit less pollution, buy allowances to pollute or pay for other projects called offsets to reduce emissions, instead of the polluters . Offset projects are located all over the U.S., but that’s not why they’ve come under fire. In the green pastures that surround the small towns of Central Pennsylvania, a pig farm is paid to replace California polluters in eliminating thousands of metric tons of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/219941154″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideal Family Farms raises about 30,000 hogs a year, which turn into the bacon and ham hocks that are sold in grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All they have to do is eat and drink and not worry about staying away from predators,” says Dennis Brubaker, one of the owners of the farm in Beavertown, Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pigs produce a lot of manure, and manure emits methane, one of the heat-trapping gasses that falls under California’s cap. Brubaker uses the methane as a source of renewable energy. Every year, 7 million gallons of manure are piped into a 16-foot deep concrete cauldron in the ground. The methane is collected and fed to a giant engine, where it combusts to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process removes about 3,000 metric tons of methane a year. And that reduction is available for purchase as a carbon offset under California’s cap-and-trade program. Preventing the emission of one metric ton of greenhouse gas is worth roughly $10.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the manure that we had, and the need for energy, it was just the perfect fit,” says Brubaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large industrial facilities in California are given a threshold for how much greenhouse gas they can produce for free. Above that benchmark, they must buy an allowance to pollute, or they can purchase an offset from a project such as Brubaker’s.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“It’s pretty cool that we can have joint partnerships in trying to help make the environment better from one end of the country to the next,” says Brubaker. About 80 percent of the offset credits in California’s marketplace come from out-of-state projects. That includes things like conserving forests or incinerating greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Offsets are less expensive, yet real emissions reductions,” says Gary Gero, President of the Climate Action Reserve, a registry for offsets. About 20 million of these credits have been approved by the state for purchase since the start of the cap-and-trade program. Gero says offsets give businesses flexibility in reducing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do with a mechanism like cap-and-trade is reduce the overall impact on the economy, essentially on businesses and their consumers of complying with the environmental regulation,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a limit to how many offsets companies can use, but critics worry that offsets are a crutch, allowing polluters to keep polluting as usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They shouldn’t be tied to our effort to get away from fossil fuels,” says Laurie Williams, a volunteer with Citizens’ Climate Lobby, a group that sued the state over offsets, and lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The activities that have been chosen for offsets are virtually all activities that were happening to some degree prior. And where it’s impossible to tell what additional increment of that activity you’re getting because of the offset credit. It’s too complex,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Pennsylvania, Brubaker says he was counting on revenue from a market like California’s before he installed his methane digester. But if the program didn’t exist, he still would have moved forward without the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it comes down to is, it certainly helps projects like ours come together,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply of offset credits has doubled since last year, according to the Climate Action Reserve. California businesses will disclose more information about how many offsets they’re using this November, when they submit cap-and-trade compliance information to state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CALmatters\u003c/a> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought's Impact on Farms: Short-Term Costs and Long-Term Dangers",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the most visible sense, California's four-year drought has brought the worst of times to the state's farm sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">revised analysis\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"#droughtreport\">embedded below\u003c/a>) from a team of UC Davis experts says that nearly 900 square miles of normally robust cropland now stand idle for lack of water, more than 10,000 seasonal farm jobs have been wiped out, and the direct financial cost to agriculture this year is estimated to be around $1.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if all that reminds you of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" and farmers huddled against the swirling clouds of the Dust Bowl, the report might make you think again. Because even in the middle of the most punishing drought in the state's history, the report says, the agriculture sector continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study points to two factors that account for that. First, California farmers are marketing high-value crops, led by almonds, that command premium prices. So even with reduced acreages for many commodities, the overall farm sector's bottom line remains relatively healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, agriculture continues to make up for a shortage in surface water -- supplies that typically come from the the state's network of reservoirs and canals -- by pumping massive volumes of groundwater and, to a lesser extent, buying water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report estimates the agricultural surface water shortfall at 8.7 million acre-feet -- leaving about half of what might be expected in a base year. But farms are making up two-thirds of that amount by pumping water, with 6 million acre-feet expected to be withdrawn from underground aquifers. To put that amount into a domestic/urban context, 6 million acre-feet would supply about 12 million California homes and as many as 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says all that pumping has a significant short-term cost -- agricultural operators will spend an additional $590 million this year just to get the water out of the ground -- and a more disturbing longer-term impact. The document questions whether a law adopted last year to create a statewide groundwater management scheme will be adequate to head off depletion of a resource that's critical to agriculture:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Given the unprecedented rate of groundwater depletion during the current drought, the present 27 year timeline for stabilizing critical groundwater basins under Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 is likely to be too long to ensure replacement of the cumulated overdraft under the current drought (approximately 15 million acre-feet so far).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Richard Howitt, a UC Davis agriculture economist who is a co-author of the study, said that the groundwater pumping is \"exactly the right thing to do in one sense – it’s our buffer against drought.\" The problem, he said, is that there's no incentive to replenish the aquifers that are being tapped. And that's what creates deep uncertainty for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are really eating up our seed corn, or however you want to say it,\" Howitt said. \"We're spending our 401K on kitchen improvements.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"droughtreport\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/275078365/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"undefined\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_11269\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the most visible sense, California's four-year drought has brought the worst of times to the state's farm sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/files/biblio/Final_Drought%20Report_08182015_Full_Report_WithAppendices.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">revised analysis\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"#droughtreport\">embedded below\u003c/a>) from a team of UC Davis experts says that nearly 900 square miles of normally robust cropland now stand idle for lack of water, more than 10,000 seasonal farm jobs have been wiped out, and the direct financial cost to agriculture this year is estimated to be around $1.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if all that reminds you of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" and farmers huddled against the swirling clouds of the Dust Bowl, the report might make you think again. Because even in the middle of the most punishing drought in the state's history, the report says, the agriculture sector continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study points to two factors that account for that. First, California farmers are marketing high-value crops, led by almonds, that command premium prices. So even with reduced acreages for many commodities, the overall farm sector's bottom line remains relatively healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, agriculture continues to make up for a shortage in surface water -- supplies that typically come from the the state's network of reservoirs and canals -- by pumping massive volumes of groundwater and, to a lesser extent, buying water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report estimates the agricultural surface water shortfall at 8.7 million acre-feet -- leaving about half of what might be expected in a base year. But farms are making up two-thirds of that amount by pumping water, with 6 million acre-feet expected to be withdrawn from underground aquifers. To put that amount into a domestic/urban context, 6 million acre-feet would supply about 12 million California homes and as many as 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says all that pumping has a significant short-term cost -- agricultural operators will spend an additional $590 million this year just to get the water out of the ground -- and a more disturbing longer-term impact. The document questions whether a law adopted last year to create a statewide groundwater management scheme will be adequate to head off depletion of a resource that's critical to agriculture:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Given the unprecedented rate of groundwater depletion during the current drought, the present 27 year timeline for stabilizing critical groundwater basins under Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 is likely to be too long to ensure replacement of the cumulated overdraft under the current drought (approximately 15 million acre-feet so far).\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Richard Howitt, a UC Davis agriculture economist who is a co-author of the study, said that the groundwater pumping is \"exactly the right thing to do in one sense – it’s our buffer against drought.\" The problem, he said, is that there's no incentive to replenish the aquifers that are being tapped. And that's what creates deep uncertainty for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are really eating up our seed corn, or however you want to say it,\" Howitt said. \"We're spending our 401K on kitchen improvements.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"droughtreport\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/275078365/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"undefined\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_11269\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildlife Walkway Will Protect Pumas From Their Number One Predator: Humans",
"headTitle": "Wildlife Walkway Will Protect Pumas From Their Number One Predator: Humans | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The winding roads and blind corners of Highway 17 are known to Santa Cruz County residents as both dangerous and beautiful. The lush redwoods lining the heavy traffic route are teeming with local wildlife. Birds, deer, bobcats and foxes forage the rural mountain ranges alongside the corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet none are as elusive and majestic as California’s golden mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These giant cats cloak themselves in the trees, while below them, roughly 55,000 cars commute over Highway 17. With drivers speeding between the San Francisco Bay Area and the coast, the mountain lions (also known as pumas), have no safe way to cross the buzzing highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There currently aren’t any under crossings or culverts more than about two feet in diameter,” says Nancy Siepel, a biologist and mitigation specialist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov\">Caltrans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173042\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-173042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg\" alt=\"Puma kittens are fitted with an ear tag for identification and a collar that will track their survival in the early and important months of their lives. \" width=\"399\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg 1293w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-400x322.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Puma kittens are fitted with an ear tag for identification, and a collar that will track their survival in the early and important months of their lives. \u003ccite>(Santa Cruz Puma Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a problem for big animals trying to find a route under the roadway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major highways like 17 dissect the mountain ranges pumas need to secure new territory, find food and avoid inbreeding. Severing long-ranging wildlife from their habitat introduces \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/01/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture\">myriad problems\u003c/a>, not just for the animal, but for the entire ecosystem. And, while some cats successfully make it across the highway, many others fall victim to speeding traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such problem area is positioned two miles from the summit of Highway 17. A survey orchestrated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org\">Land Trust of Santa Cruz County \u003c/a>revealed that the location, known as Laurel Curve, is the best possible place to build a wildlife passage. There are, by far, more animals trying to cross the corridor at this particular site than anywhere else along the highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is probably a deer hit, if not every week, every other week at Laurel Curve,” says Dan Medeiros, project manager at the land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laurel Curve is also known \u003ca href=\"http://www.mobileranger.com/losgatos/is-highway-17-that-dangerous-or-is-it-just-laurel-curve/\">among locals to be high-risk\u003c/a> for vehicular accidents. The heavy densities of wildlife crossing there adds pressure for both animals and motorists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Top Predator for Pumas: Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/lion_faq.html\">4,000 to 6,000 pumas in California\u003c/a>. While they are not an endangered species, they aren’t what you’d call thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 545px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164072\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial view of Laurel Curve shows how the highway dissects the Santa Cruz Mountains in two. Without connectivity, long-ranging species have trouble securing territory, mating, or finding food. \" width=\"545\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 545px) 100vw, 545px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of Laurel Curve shows how the highway bisects the Santa Cruz Mountains. Without connectivity, long-ranging species have trouble securing territory, mating or finding food. \u003ccite>(Steve Mandel/Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131490\">13-year study\u003c/a> released last month in the journal\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/\">PLOS ONE\u003c/a> from the University of California, Davis, found southern California pumas have about a 56 percent chance of surviving through the end of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For an unhunted population, it’s shockingly low,” says Winston Vickers, who leads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/programs/california-conservation/mountain-lions.cfm\">Mountain Lion and Bobcat Project\u003c/a> at U.C. Davis. “We managed to kill a lot of them ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, humans are responsible for the cats’ top two causes of death: accidental vehicle collisions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/defining%20mountain%20lion%20depredation%20in%20California.asp\">deliberate kills\u003c/a>, either legal depredation or illegal poaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it has been illegal to hunt large cats for sport in California since the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/us/ca/Prop117/-ca-proposition117.asp\">Proposition 117\u003c/a> in 1990, landowners can get a “depredation permit” if a cat is considered a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">helps homeowners learn\u003c/a> how to avoid attracting mountain lions to their property. Yet depredation remains a main cause of death for pumas. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/depredation.html\">1972 to 2013\u003c/a> state officials issued 6,175 depredation permits resulting in 2,816 puma deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 19 years, three people have been killed by mountain lions, and state officials have verified \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/attacks.html\">14 mountain lion attacks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173037\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 506px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-173037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg\" alt=\"A male puma roughly a month after he was hit by a vehicle on Highway 17.\" width=\"506\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male puma shows scarring on his hip, roughly a month after he was hit by a vehicle on Highway 17. \u003ccite>(Santa Cruz Puma Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Killer Curve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPumas in the Santa Cruz Mountains face the same threats as the southern population, says Chris Wilmers, associate professor of environmental studies at U.C. Santa Cruz and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>. His team has collared and tagged more than 60 pumas roaming the mountain forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are only between 50 and 100 pumas altogether in the Santa Cruz Mountains; accessibility to neighboring ranges such as Hamilton or Gabilon is critical to their survival and to diversifying their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land trust has dozens of wildlife cameras installed along Laurel Curve that show high densities of animals attempting to cross the highway. They have also gathered roadkill and collar data that confirms the animals’ activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to state wildlife officials, 14 pumas have been killed on Highway 17 since 2007\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Last year, of the 69 collisions reported at or around Laurel Curve, 9 of them were caused by animals. An adult male puma weighing about 150 pounds slamming into a car going at least the 50 miles per hour speed limit will probably kill the cat, and cause bodily harm to the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164076\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife cameras capture a puma in 2014 walking the length of the corridor then turning around at the highway - exactly where the land trust plans to build the wildlife tunnel. \" width=\"425\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife cameras capture a puma in 2014 walking the length of the corridor then turning around at the highway — exactly where the land trust plans to build the wildlife tunnel. \u003ccite>(Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, the land trust has raised funds and purchased two of the three properties needed to build a wildlife crossing under the highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last property sits to the west of Laurel Curve — 190 acres of untouched forest north of Scott’s Valley, called “Marywood.” It is owned by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.msjdominicans.org/About/OurStory\">Dominican Nuns of San Jose\u003c/a>, and the land trust is currently planning a fundraising campaign for its purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wanted: Safe Puma Crossing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many highways along California’s central coast have incorporated wildlife accommodations into existing culverts. But Caltrans’ Siepel says this would be the first project in Santa Cruz County built \u003cem>solely\u003c/em> for the function of connecting wide-ranging animals to wildlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both government agencies and non-profit organizations have supported the land trust’s efforts to purchase the pristine Marywood forest for a wildlife crossing. Medeiros expects the property will be expensive, but says it’s essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The property has the ability to have four to five homes built there,” he says, “which would destroy the wildlife corridor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg\" alt=\"Situated two miles from the summit of Highway 17, a survey of all the available places to build a tunnel showed that Laurel Curve has the most animals trying to cross the highway. \" width=\"344\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Situated two miles from the summit of Highway 17, a survey of all the available places to build a tunnel showed that Laurel Curve has the most animals trying to cross the highway. \u003ccite>(Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two designs are being considered for the passageway. Both designs will have a 10-foot clearance and a 16-foot wide natural soil bottom. One design involves building a very large culvert under the highway. The second option would be to excavate a large passage under a section of Laurel Curve, basically turning it into a bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total project is estimated to cost around $10 million dollars. Caltrans and the land trust are currently exploring funding options, but don’t yet know where the money will come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the land trust must raise the funds to purchase Marywood by June 2016, and secure \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/about-us/private-lands-conservation/conservation-easements/\">a conservation easement\u003c/a> to protect it from development. The cost of Marywood is still in negotiation but is scheduled to be announced this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes according to plan, Caltrans estimates construction can start in 2021, and be completed about a year later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, two pumas in the Santa Cruz Mountains had litters, giving birth to five kittens. The four male kittens will likely have the toughest time of it; in just a year-and-a-half they have to strike out on their own to find new territory. They won’t get much help crossing Highway 17. But if they can stay alive, their kittens’ kittens may someday discover a tunnel that provides safe passage under the killer curve.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A wildlife passage under Highway 17 is in progress, but still another six years away. Can pumas wait?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The winding roads and blind corners of Highway 17 are known to Santa Cruz County residents as both dangerous and beautiful. The lush redwoods lining the heavy traffic route are teeming with local wildlife. Birds, deer, bobcats and foxes forage the rural mountain ranges alongside the corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet none are as elusive and majestic as California’s golden mountain lions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These giant cats cloak themselves in the trees, while below them, roughly 55,000 cars commute over Highway 17. With drivers speeding between the San Francisco Bay Area and the coast, the mountain lions (also known as pumas), have no safe way to cross the buzzing highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There currently aren’t any under crossings or culverts more than about two feet in diameter,” says Nancy Siepel, a biologist and mitigation specialist for \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov\">Caltrans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173042\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-173042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg\" alt=\"Puma kittens are fitted with an ear tag for identification and a collar that will track their survival in the early and important months of their lives. \" width=\"399\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten.jpg 1293w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-400x322.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-1180x951.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/wavingpumakitten-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Puma kittens are fitted with an ear tag for identification, and a collar that will track their survival in the early and important months of their lives. \u003ccite>(Santa Cruz Puma Project )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a problem for big animals trying to find a route under the roadway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major highways like 17 dissect the mountain ranges pumas need to secure new territory, find food and avoid inbreeding. Severing long-ranging wildlife from their habitat introduces \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/01/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture\">myriad problems\u003c/a>, not just for the animal, but for the entire ecosystem. And, while some cats successfully make it across the highway, many others fall victim to speeding traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such problem area is positioned two miles from the summit of Highway 17. A survey orchestrated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.landtrustsantacruz.org\">Land Trust of Santa Cruz County \u003c/a>revealed that the location, known as Laurel Curve, is the best possible place to build a wildlife passage. There are, by far, more animals trying to cross the corridor at this particular site than anywhere else along the highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is probably a deer hit, if not every week, every other week at Laurel Curve,” says Dan Medeiros, project manager at the land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laurel Curve is also known \u003ca href=\"http://www.mobileranger.com/losgatos/is-highway-17-that-dangerous-or-is-it-just-laurel-curve/\">among locals to be high-risk\u003c/a> for vehicular accidents. The heavy densities of wildlife crossing there adds pressure for both animals and motorists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Top Predator for Pumas: Humans\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are \u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/lion_faq.html\">4,000 to 6,000 pumas in California\u003c/a>. While they are not an endangered species, they aren’t what you’d call thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164072\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 545px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164072\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial view of Laurel Curve shows how the highway dissects the Santa Cruz Mountains in two. Without connectivity, long-ranging species have trouble securing territory, mating, or finding food. \" width=\"545\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/steve-mandel-laurel_curve-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 545px) 100vw, 545px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of Laurel Curve shows how the highway bisects the Santa Cruz Mountains. Without connectivity, long-ranging species have trouble securing territory, mating or finding food. \u003ccite>(Steve Mandel/Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131490\">13-year study\u003c/a> released last month in the journal\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/\">PLOS ONE\u003c/a> from the University of California, Davis, found southern California pumas have about a 56 percent chance of surviving through the end of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For an unhunted population, it’s shockingly low,” says Winston Vickers, who leads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/programs/california-conservation/mountain-lions.cfm\">Mountain Lion and Bobcat Project\u003c/a> at U.C. Davis. “We managed to kill a lot of them ourselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, humans are responsible for the cats’ top two causes of death: accidental vehicle collisions and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/defining%20mountain%20lion%20depredation%20in%20California.asp\">deliberate kills\u003c/a>, either legal depredation or illegal poaching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it has been illegal to hunt large cats for sport in California since the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountainlion.org/us/ca/Prop117/-ca-proposition117.asp\">Proposition 117\u003c/a> in 1990, landowners can get a “depredation permit” if a cat is considered a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">helps homeowners learn\u003c/a> how to avoid attracting mountain lions to their property. Yet depredation remains a main cause of death for pumas. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/depredation.html\">1972 to 2013\u003c/a> state officials issued 6,175 depredation permits resulting in 2,816 puma deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 19 years, three people have been killed by mountain lions, and state officials have verified \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/lion/attacks.html\">14 mountain lion attacks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_173037\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 506px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-173037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg\" alt=\"A male puma roughly a month after he was hit by a vehicle on Highway 17.\" width=\"506\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/injured-puma-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male puma shows scarring on his hip, roughly a month after he was hit by a vehicle on Highway 17. \u003ccite>(Santa Cruz Puma Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Killer Curve\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPumas in the Santa Cruz Mountains face the same threats as the southern population, says Chris Wilmers, associate professor of environmental studies at U.C. Santa Cruz and head of the \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org\">Santa Cruz Puma Project\u003c/a>. His team has collared and tagged more than 60 pumas roaming the mountain forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are only between 50 and 100 pumas altogether in the Santa Cruz Mountains; accessibility to neighboring ranges such as Hamilton or Gabilon is critical to their survival and to diversifying their species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land trust has dozens of wildlife cameras installed along Laurel Curve that show high densities of animals attempting to cross the highway. They have also gathered roadkill and collar data that confirms the animals’ activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to state wildlife officials, 14 pumas have been killed on Highway 17 since 2007\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> Last year, of the 69 collisions reported at or around Laurel Curve, 9 of them were caused by animals. An adult male puma weighing about 150 pounds slamming into a car going at least the 50 miles per hour speed limit will probably kill the cat, and cause bodily harm to the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164076\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164076\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg\" alt=\"Wildlife cameras capture a puma in 2014 walking the length of the corridor then turning around at the highway - exactly where the land trust plans to build the wildlife tunnel. \" width=\"425\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/lions-grid-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife cameras capture a puma in 2014 walking the length of the corridor then turning around at the highway — exactly where the land trust plans to build the wildlife tunnel. \u003ccite>(Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, the land trust has raised funds and purchased two of the three properties needed to build a wildlife crossing under the highway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last property sits to the west of Laurel Curve — 190 acres of untouched forest north of Scott’s Valley, called “Marywood.” It is owned by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.msjdominicans.org/About/OurStory\">Dominican Nuns of San Jose\u003c/a>, and the land trust is currently planning a fundraising campaign for its purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wanted: Safe Puma Crossing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many highways along California’s central coast have incorporated wildlife accommodations into existing culverts. But Caltrans’ Siepel says this would be the first project in Santa Cruz County built \u003cem>solely\u003c/em> for the function of connecting wide-ranging animals to wildlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both government agencies and non-profit organizations have supported the land trust’s efforts to purchase the pristine Marywood forest for a wildlife crossing. Medeiros expects the property will be expensive, but says it’s essential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The property has the ability to have four to five homes built there,” he says, “which would destroy the wildlife corridor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_164175\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-164175\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg\" alt=\"Situated two miles from the summit of Highway 17, a survey of all the available places to build a tunnel showed that Laurel Curve has the most animals trying to cross the highway. \" width=\"344\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/hwy17map-400-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Situated two miles from the summit of Highway 17, a survey of all the available places to build a tunnel showed that Laurel Curve has the most animals trying to cross the highway. \u003ccite>(Land Trust of Santa Cruz County)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two designs are being considered for the passageway. Both designs will have a 10-foot clearance and a 16-foot wide natural soil bottom. One design involves building a very large culvert under the highway. The second option would be to excavate a large passage under a section of Laurel Curve, basically turning it into a bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total project is estimated to cost around $10 million dollars. Caltrans and the land trust are currently exploring funding options, but don’t yet know where the money will come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the land trust must raise the funds to purchase Marywood by June 2016, and secure \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/about-us/private-lands-conservation/conservation-easements/\">a conservation easement\u003c/a> to protect it from development. The cost of Marywood is still in negotiation but is scheduled to be announced this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all goes according to plan, Caltrans estimates construction can start in 2021, and be completed about a year later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, two pumas in the Santa Cruz Mountains had litters, giving birth to five kittens. The four male kittens will likely have the toughest time of it; in just a year-and-a-half they have to strike out on their own to find new territory. They won’t get much help crossing Highway 17. But if they can stay alive, their kittens’ kittens may someday discover a tunnel that provides safe passage under the killer curve.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 8:20 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 4.0 earthquake shook the central Bay Area at 6:49 a.m. Monday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72507396#general_summary\">U.S. Geological Survey says\u003c/a> the quake was centered in the Oakland Hills, just north of Piedmont, apparently on the Hayward Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no reports of damage or injuries, though BART stopped service \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/17/hayward-fault-earthquake-shakes-bay-area-\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/17/hayward-fault-earthquake-shakes-bay-area-\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Short, Sharp 4.0 Quake Shakes East Bay and Beyond\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 8:20 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 4.0 earthquake shook the central Bay Area at 6:49 a.m. Monday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72507396#general_summary\">U.S. Geological Survey says\u003c/a> the quake was centered in the Oakland Hills, just north of Piedmont, apparently on the Hayward Fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no reports of damage or injuries, though BART stopped service \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/17/hayward-fault-earthquake-shakes-bay-area-\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/08/17/hayward-fault-earthquake-shakes-bay-area-\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Short, Sharp 4.0 Quake Shakes East Bay and Beyond\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Toxic Algae Is Killing Sea Lions, Shows No Sign of Diminishing",
"headTitle": "Toxic Algae Is Killing Sea Lions, Shows No Sign of Diminishing | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/08/150817ScienceAlgalBloom.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A toxic algae bloom that began off the West Coast this spring now stretches from California to Alaska. It’s poisoning marine life from shellfish to sardines to sea lions, and scientists say it’s one of the worst they’ve seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen a bloom this big before,” says Anthony Odell, a research analyst with the University of Washington’s harmful algae bloom monitoring program. “It’s also one of the most toxic blooms we’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003ccite>Anthony Odell,\u003cbr>\nUniversity of Washington\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Odell is one of a rotating team of scientists who are studying the bloom aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a research vessel belonging to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, the ship is traveling this summer up the west coast to British Columbia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odell says he’s seen a lot of toxic blooms, but this one’s different, partly because it consists of several species of harmful algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s making a toxic plankton soup,” he says. “It’s pretty amazing to see all these things blooming together, because usually they prefer these different conditions so there’s definitely something unusual going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxic algae blooms are not uncommon in the Pacific Ocean—they’re called red tides and they come in summer’s warm waters and dissipate in the fall. But the current algae bloom isn’t likely to dissipate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algae are thriving in unusually warm waters—in fact, abnormally warm water that scientists are calling “the Blob.” The algae bloom itself is an estimated 40 miles wide and, in some places, \u003cem>could \u003c/em>reach a depth of more than two football fields, according to sonar readings. Scientists have been able to verify the presence of the algae bloom down to 45 feet by testing the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_191610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 610px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-191610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg\" alt=\"Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \" width=\"610\" height=\"473\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map.jpg 610w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/NOAA-map-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Average chlorophyll concentrations (in milligrams per cubic meter of water) in July 2015. The darkest green areas have the highest surface chlorophyll concentrations and the largest amounts of phytoplankton—including both toxic and harmless species. \u003ccite>(NOAA Climate.gov map based on Suomi NPP satellite data provided by NOAA View.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From a scientific standpoint it’s fascinating,” Odell says. “From a sea life and human health view point, it’s pretty scary. Because it’s so big and it’s so toxic and it’s not really giving sea life a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the toxins the algae are producing is domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that doesn’t have negative effects on shellfish and fish. But it can kill other marine life because the micro algae—or phytoplankton—are the base of the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything in the ocean eats phytoplankton or eats something that eats phytoplankton,” Odell says. “So when you have one of these species that starts producing toxin, it works its way up through the food chain really fast. It gets into shellfish, it gets into crabs, it gets into small fin fish like sardines and anchovies, which are then fed on by salmon and pelicans and seals and sea lions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA scientists say domoic acid from the algae bloom is responsible for the high number of seizures and deaths in California sea lions this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid can also poison humans, causing nausea and dizziness, or in worse cases, permanent short-term memory loss, and even death. That’s why fishery managers have shut down some crab fisheries in Oregon and Washington, and severely restricted fishery markets from California’s central coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re now unable to market anchovy,” says Diane Pleschner-Steele, executive director of the California Wetfish Producers Association. “And there’s a small, kind of an ethnic market for anchovy for human consumption. And also, anchovy used for bait and for animal food. So we’re now prohibited from selling to the public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said after the anchovy market collapsed, fishermen moved on to squid, which feed on a different plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_190909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-190909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg\" alt=\"Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1440x871.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/08/Odell-at-work.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research analyst Anthony Odell is studying the massive toxic algae bloom in the Pacific Ocean this summer, aboard the Bell M. Shimada, a NOAA research ship. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, there’s little sign the algae bloom is going to slow down and give sea life a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still quite a bit of toxin production going on,” Odell says, “and a rather sizable bloom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the unusually warm ocean water is one suspect, scientists still don’t know for sure the cause of the algae bloom. Odell says they’re researching whether climate change is contributing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been an international consensus that climate change would affect harmful algal blooms in the fact that we would likely see more of them,” Odell says. “But there’s just not enough data to tie the two together yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scheduled to arrive in British Columbia in September. Then, it could take a few months to compile data before they can say more about what’s causing the toxic algae bloom, and what it means for the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Officials Say Not to Bank on a Drenching El Niño",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO8gXGCWjQQ&w=640&h=385]\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forecasters are increasingly, cautiously optimistic about relief coming to ease California’s drought, thanks to the strengthening of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html\">El Niño weather pattern\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an 85 percent chance of a strong El Niño sticking around through next spring, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.html\">according to forecasters\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. Its strength should peak in the late fall and early winter, just the right time to deliver soaking storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions.’\u003ccite> Michael Anderson, state climatologist \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081315b.pdf\">California officials pushed back on Thursday\u003c/a>, warning that the strong forecast won’t guarantee the rainfall the state desperately needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California cannot count on potential El Niño conditions to halt or reverse drought conditions,” said state climatologist Michael Anderson in a statement. “Historical weather data shows us that at best, there is a 50/50 chance of having a wetter winter. Unfortunately, due to shifting climate patterns, we cannot even be that sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California saw extreme rainfall and flooding when conditions were similar in winter 1997-8. But look back to the previous seven strong El Niño events since 1950 and three actually produced dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some forecasters also point to the ridge of high pressure that has dominated recent winters and pushed incoming storms away from Northern California. It could be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">a potential spoiler\u003c/a> for the rain an El Niño could bring.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XO8gXGCWjQQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nWarmer temperatures this winter could also mean the precipitation would fall as rain, instead of snow. Snowpack in the Sierra Nevada is California’s “frozen reservoir,” normally producing a third of the state’s water supply as it melts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not saying I don’t want an El Niño, I just don’t want folks to think we don’t have to conserve because El Niño will save us,” said \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/23/a-candid-conversation-with-californias-water-czar/\">Felicia Marcus\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. She says El Niño hype risks derailing the conservation efforts underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board is in the midst of enforcing mandatory water conservation standards, up to 36 percent, for water districts around the state. In June, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/30/whos-saving-water-in-california-and-who-isnt/\">about a third of districts failed\u003c/a> to meet those standards and could face fines from the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists also say the state would have to get about double its normal precipitation to make up the rain and snow deficit built up during the drought.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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