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"content": "\u003cp>People say the rotten-egg stench is everywhere. First it’s irritating, then sickening, then crushing, maddening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day in, day out.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katelin, 8 years old, says she can’t stand to play outside anymore. A 10-year-old boy says he hasn’t been able to pay attention at school -- all he wants to do is go home, make sure all the doors and windows are shut tight, and pull down the shades and go to sleep.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need air!” says Andrew Krowne, Katelin's father. \"You’re saying not to go outside and breathe?”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Porter Ranch neighborhood where these people live is next to SoCalGas’ Aliso Canyon Storage Facility, a complex of pumped-out oil wells in the Simi Hills, 28 miles west of downtown Los Angeles. Here, SoCalGas pumps natural gas under pressure into spongelike sandstone formations thousands of feet beneath the earth’s surface.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company first reported a leak in the facility's Well 25 on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">Oct. 23\u003c/span>\u003c/span>, and it’s been spewing methane unchecked ever since. California Air Resources Board officials say that every day the well vents enough gas to fill the Empire State Building.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/238819892\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and each month the leak in Aliso Canyon goes unchecked \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/14/the-hidden-climate-threat-that-gas-companies-noticed-but-rarely-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\">contributes the same amount to global warming\u003c/a> as adding another 200,000 cars on the road for a year, CARB spokesman David Clegern said.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As emergency crews work around the clock to stop the leak, the state official in charge of well regulation has called the accident a very unusual event that would have been hard to predict.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say sloppy state oversight could lead to more such disasters.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This field has over 90 more wells up here that are just as old as the well that’s leaking now,” says Walker Foley, an organizer with Food & Water Watch, an environmental group. \"This field is a catastrophe waiting to happen.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"QSwzgGOWjhK4WpBCIjzTLRoQSn5DWZI1\"]The gas itself is odorless, but it’s treated with mercaptans, sulfur-based odorants meant to raise an alarm when methane escapes.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Gillian Wright, SoCalGas vice president for customer services, some 20 sampling devices on and around the company’s property have failed to detect hydrocarbons, or even mercaptans, above regulatory thresholds.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though county health officials don’t expect the additives to cause any long-term illnesses, they often make people feel very ill when they’re exposed to them, said Cyrus Rangan, who heads the L.A. county health department’s Bureau of Toxicology and Environmental Assessment.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] physiologic response is actual health symptoms that include nausea, headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, some respiratory problems,” Rangan says. “So, they are real symptoms. They are happening every day for a lot of people, and they’re getting worse for a lot of people as well.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10805407\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10805407 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1440x964.jpg\" alt=\"PorterRanch\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-768x514.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-960x643.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porter Ranch residents and environmental activists from throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area picketed recently outside the entrance to the Aliso Canyon Storage Facility, operated by SoCalGas. A huge natural gas leak there has gone unchecked for two months. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas has paid to relocate about 2,100 families away from the putrid fumes, and there are another 550 or so on a waiting list.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.’s city attorney has sued the company for allegedly creating a public nuisance, and \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">on Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/span> he \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacityattorney.org/#!Los-Angeles-City-Attorney-Mike-Feuer-Seeks-Temporary-Restraining-Order-Against-SoCal-Gas-Over-Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Will-Also-Seek-to-Depose-Key-Gas-Company-Employees/c1143/5679a8dd0cf203da56e8964b\" target=\"_blank\">sought a restraining order\u003c/a> that would compel the gas company to act more quickly to find temporary shelter for people affected by the leak. City Attorney Mike Feuer argues that nobody in that situation should have to wait more than 48 hours after requesting relocation assistance.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law firm associated with environmental activist Erin Brockovich has been signing people up for individual lawsuits, and another firm has filed a class-action case. Los Angeles school district officials have closed two campuses and authorized a possible lawsuit.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles City Councilman Mitchell Englander, who represents neighborhoods near the well, says he values the help his constituents have received, including investigations by a broad array of state agencies.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a big question that’s been looming to me from the beginning of this,” Englander told the crowd at a forum organized by Brockovich’s legal team to recruit plaintiffs for litigation. “Where’s our governor? I don’t know why he hasn’t been here on site. He’s the only that can actually declare a state of emergency if that’s truly needed. He can bring in the outside resources and contact the feds. So yeah, Jerry Brown, wherever you are, come to Porter Ranch as quickly as possible. We need your help.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Bout, assistant director for response at Brown’s Office of Emergency Services, said the leak doesn’t fit the guidelines for an emergency declaration, because SoCalGas has been paying for temporary housing and other emergency needs and because the state’s Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) already has the authority it needs.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Bohlen, state oil and gas supervisor and the head of DOGGR, says his staff tells him this kind of leak actually was hard to see coming. He ordered SoCalGas to stop pumping into any storage reservoirs around the well, to reduce pressure on the leak.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we have some of the best advisers available, and we will work with the company to make sure they’re doing the right things that are both protecting public safety and getting the well closed as quickly as possible,” says Bohlen, who resigned on Nov. 30 but remains DOGGR's designated authority on the well leak.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornell University engineering professor Tony Ingraffea -- a former petrochemical industry insider and outspoken critic of industry practices -- says with California’s regulatory record, the Aliso Canyon leak should be no surprise.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Routine is, ‘Well, we just didn’t get around to it. We don’t have enough manpower. We didn’t get the reports on time from the company. The company failed to fill out the reports adequately.’ ” Ingraffea says. “Now that process goes on and on and on, weeks, months, years. And then something like this happens, and routine becomes negligence.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public documents included with \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653468-Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Complaint-Perris.html\" target=\"_blank\">one of the lawsuits\u003c/a> show a number of wells around the leak site that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653467-Missing-Data.html\" target=\"_blank\">missing pressure data\u003c/a>. Bohlen says it’s not clear whether operators failed to report the data or regulators failed to record it.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks before the Porter Ranch leak was reported in October, DOGGR \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653469-2015-22-DOC-Issues-Renewal-Plan-for-Oil-and-Gas.html\" target=\"_blank\">announced plans\u003c/a> to reform shortcomings in the regional office, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653498-Renewal-Plan-10-08-2015.html\" target=\"_blank\">outdated enforcement policies and sloppy record keeping\u003c/a>.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bohlen says there’s no indication yet that either state regulators or SoCalGas did anything wrong at the leak site, and he’s confident the division is correcting its past shortcomings.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have completely turned the division’s direction to being very proactive. We’re issuing many, many more orders, notices of violations and so forth,” he says.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, former oil and gas geologist Briana Mordick points out that the shaft of the well \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653471-03700776-DATA-03-19-2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">appears to be only partially reinforced with concrete\u003c/a>. Mordick is now a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council and a critic of state regulation of injection wells like the one that is leaking now.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Best practice would have more cement,” she says. “Certainly, you would want to make sure that any zones that contain fluid or things like that were shut off. One of the problems you can have in a situation where you don’t have cement is the casing could be corroding on the back side.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A SoCalGas project manager replied to an interview request with an email saying the company won’t know what caused the leak until it has completed a thorough review. That won’t happen until after the leak is plugged, the email states.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews are working around the clock to tap into the well shaft, near where it meets a subterranean reservoir. Once they hit the shaft, they’ll inject heavy mud and fluids to choke the flow of gas.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drilling could take another four months.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People say the rotten-egg stench is everywhere. First it’s irritating, then sickening, then crushing, maddening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day in, day out.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katelin, 8 years old, says she can’t stand to play outside anymore. A 10-year-old boy says he hasn’t been able to pay attention at school -- all he wants to do is go home, make sure all the doors and windows are shut tight, and pull down the shades and go to sleep.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need air!” says Andrew Krowne, Katelin's father. \"You’re saying not to go outside and breathe?”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Porter Ranch neighborhood where these people live is next to SoCalGas’ Aliso Canyon Storage Facility, a complex of pumped-out oil wells in the Simi Hills, 28 miles west of downtown Los Angeles. Here, SoCalGas pumps natural gas under pressure into spongelike sandstone formations thousands of feet beneath the earth’s surface.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company first reported a leak in the facility's Well 25 on \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">Oct. 23\u003c/span>\u003c/span>, and it’s been spewing methane unchecked ever since. California Air Resources Board officials say that every day the well vents enough gas to fill the Empire State Building.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/238819892&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/238819892'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and each month the leak in Aliso Canyon goes unchecked \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/14/the-hidden-climate-threat-that-gas-companies-noticed-but-rarely-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\">contributes the same amount to global warming\u003c/a> as adding another 200,000 cars on the road for a year, CARB spokesman David Clegern said.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As emergency crews work around the clock to stop the leak, the state official in charge of well regulation has called the accident a very unusual event that would have been hard to predict.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others say sloppy state oversight could lead to more such disasters.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This field has over 90 more wells up here that are just as old as the well that’s leaking now,” says Walker Foley, an organizer with Food & Water Watch, an environmental group. \"This field is a catastrophe waiting to happen.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The gas itself is odorless, but it’s treated with mercaptans, sulfur-based odorants meant to raise an alarm when methane escapes.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Gillian Wright, SoCalGas vice president for customer services, some 20 sampling devices on and around the company’s property have failed to detect hydrocarbons, or even mercaptans, above regulatory thresholds.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even though county health officials don’t expect the additives to cause any long-term illnesses, they often make people feel very ill when they’re exposed to them, said Cyrus Rangan, who heads the L.A. county health department’s Bureau of Toxicology and Environmental Assessment.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The] physiologic response is actual health symptoms that include nausea, headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, some respiratory problems,” Rangan says. “So, they are real symptoms. They are happening every day for a lot of people, and they’re getting worse for a lot of people as well.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10805407\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10805407 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1440x964.jpg\" alt=\"PorterRanch\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-768x514.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch-960x643.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/PorterRanch.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Porter Ranch residents and environmental activists from throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area picketed recently outside the entrance to the Aliso Canyon Storage Facility, operated by SoCalGas. A huge natural gas leak there has gone unchecked for two months. (Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas has paid to relocate about 2,100 families away from the putrid fumes, and there are another 550 or so on a waiting list.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.’s city attorney has sued the company for allegedly creating a public nuisance, and \u003cspan class=\"aBn\">\u003cspan class=\"aQJ\">on Tuesday\u003c/span>\u003c/span> he \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacityattorney.org/#!Los-Angeles-City-Attorney-Mike-Feuer-Seeks-Temporary-Restraining-Order-Against-SoCal-Gas-Over-Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Will-Also-Seek-to-Depose-Key-Gas-Company-Employees/c1143/5679a8dd0cf203da56e8964b\" target=\"_blank\">sought a restraining order\u003c/a> that would compel the gas company to act more quickly to find temporary shelter for people affected by the leak. City Attorney Mike Feuer argues that nobody in that situation should have to wait more than 48 hours after requesting relocation assistance.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A law firm associated with environmental activist Erin Brockovich has been signing people up for individual lawsuits, and another firm has filed a class-action case. Los Angeles school district officials have closed two campuses and authorized a possible lawsuit.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles City Councilman Mitchell Englander, who represents neighborhoods near the well, says he values the help his constituents have received, including investigations by a broad array of state agencies.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a big question that’s been looming to me from the beginning of this,” Englander told the crowd at a forum organized by Brockovich’s legal team to recruit plaintiffs for litigation. “Where’s our governor? I don’t know why he hasn’t been here on site. He’s the only that can actually declare a state of emergency if that’s truly needed. He can bring in the outside resources and contact the feds. So yeah, Jerry Brown, wherever you are, come to Porter Ranch as quickly as possible. We need your help.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Bout, assistant director for response at Brown’s Office of Emergency Services, said the leak doesn’t fit the guidelines for an emergency declaration, because SoCalGas has been paying for temporary housing and other emergency needs and because the state’s Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) already has the authority it needs.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Bohlen, state oil and gas supervisor and the head of DOGGR, says his staff tells him this kind of leak actually was hard to see coming. He ordered SoCalGas to stop pumping into any storage reservoirs around the well, to reduce pressure on the leak.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe we have some of the best advisers available, and we will work with the company to make sure they’re doing the right things that are both protecting public safety and getting the well closed as quickly as possible,” says Bohlen, who resigned on Nov. 30 but remains DOGGR's designated authority on the well leak.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornell University engineering professor Tony Ingraffea -- a former petrochemical industry insider and outspoken critic of industry practices -- says with California’s regulatory record, the Aliso Canyon leak should be no surprise.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Routine is, ‘Well, we just didn’t get around to it. We don’t have enough manpower. We didn’t get the reports on time from the company. The company failed to fill out the reports adequately.’ ” Ingraffea says. “Now that process goes on and on and on, weeks, months, years. And then something like this happens, and routine becomes negligence.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public documents included with \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653468-Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Complaint-Perris.html\" target=\"_blank\">one of the lawsuits\u003c/a> show a number of wells around the leak site that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653467-Missing-Data.html\" target=\"_blank\">missing pressure data\u003c/a>. Bohlen says it’s not clear whether operators failed to report the data or regulators failed to record it.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just weeks before the Porter Ranch leak was reported in October, DOGGR \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653469-2015-22-DOC-Issues-Renewal-Plan-for-Oil-and-Gas.html\" target=\"_blank\">announced plans\u003c/a> to reform shortcomings in the regional office, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653498-Renewal-Plan-10-08-2015.html\" target=\"_blank\">outdated enforcement policies and sloppy record keeping\u003c/a>.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bohlen says there’s no indication yet that either state regulators or SoCalGas did anything wrong at the leak site, and he’s confident the division is correcting its past shortcomings.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have completely turned the division’s direction to being very proactive. We’re issuing many, many more orders, notices of violations and so forth,” he says.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, former oil and gas geologist Briana Mordick points out that the shaft of the well \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2653471-03700776-DATA-03-19-2008.html\" target=\"_blank\">appears to be only partially reinforced with concrete\u003c/a>. Mordick is now a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council and a critic of state regulation of injection wells like the one that is leaking now.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Best practice would have more cement,” she says. “Certainly, you would want to make sure that any zones that contain fluid or things like that were shut off. One of the problems you can have in a situation where you don’t have cement is the casing could be corroding on the back side.”\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A SoCalGas project manager replied to an interview request with an email saying the company won’t know what caused the leak until it has completed a thorough review. That won’t happen until after the leak is plugged, the email states.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews are working around the clock to tap into the well shaft, near where it meets a subterranean reservoir. Once they hit the shaft, they’ll inject heavy mud and fluids to choke the flow of gas.\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003cu>\u003c/u>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>PG&E wants to give the owners of the troubled Ivanpah solar plant six extra months to get their power-generation act together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility is asking state regulators to approve “forbearance agreements” with the owners of the $2.2 billion, federally backed tower-power plant in the Mojave Desert, which is on the verge of failing to meet electricity production requirements set out in its power purchase agreements (PPAs) with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/nrg-ivanpah-faces-chance-of-default-PGE-contract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last week\u003c/a>, majority owner and plant manager NRG Energy said in a November quarterly report that it won’t be able to deliver the electricity it promised to PG&E. As a result, “PG&E may, at its option, declare an event of default” when a two-year “guaranteed energy production” period comes up on Feb. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its request to the California Public Utilities Commission, PG&E said if it doesn’t get the matter resolved by March 31, “PG&E may, in order to protect its customers’ interests, need to begin a process that could lead to its declaring an event of default under the PPAs and invoking the remedies available to it (including contract termination).” The power agreements are confidential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefit of forbearance to NRG and minority owners Google and BrightSource Energy would be obvious — they get six months to continue to ramp up performance, which was up 71 percent in the first nine months of 2015 compared with the same period in 2014, Ivanpah’s first year in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Tuesday, NRG said, “Based on the performance increases we have seen in 2015, external modeling for 2016 forecasts that we can meet these targets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its filing with the CPUC, PG&E says both it and its ratepayers will also benefit from the new deals. Not only would renewable energy required under state law continue to flow, but PG&E would get undisclosed “consideration” — payment — for any gap in actual and promised electricity delivery. Such payments, not included in PG&E’s current Ivanpah agreements, would apply to the first two years of the plant’s operation as well as the proposed forbearance period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payments could take a bit of the sting out of the high price PG&E’s customers pay for Ivanpah power: around $200 per megawatt hour, more than three times the rate set out in new agreements for electricity from solar plants that use photovoltaic panels, according to Lawrence Berkeley Lab researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreements between PG&E and Ivanpah’s owners would run for six months “unless extended for an additional six months if the Projects are able to meet certain production requirements during the initial six months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce electricity, Ivanpah, just off Interstate 15 about 40 miles south of Las Vegas, uses giant mirrors that reflect light onto boilers atop 459-foot-tall towers, producing steam that is then used to spin turbines. The plant’s construction was backed by a $1.6 billion loan guarantee through the Department of Energy as well as a $535 million cash payment in lieu of a tax credit from the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While its three units were expected to produce nearly 1 million megawatt-hours annually — enough to meet the needs of 140,000 households — first-year output came in around 420,000 MWh. Under the PPA, Ivanpah is required to deliver to PG&E at least 70 percent of the guaranteed electricity in the first two years of operation, rising to 80 percent in subsequent rolling two-year periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG and BrightSource, the technology provider for the project, have said they expected all along it would take at least four years to get up to full speed. But production in the first year was clearly less robust than expected and put the plant in a big hole.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PG&E wants to give the owners of the troubled Ivanpah solar plant six extra months to get their power-generation act together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The utility is asking state regulators to approve “forbearance agreements” with the owners of the $2.2 billion, federally backed tower-power plant in the Mojave Desert, which is on the verge of failing to meet electricity production requirements set out in its power purchase agreements (PPAs) with PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As KQED \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/nrg-ivanpah-faces-chance-of-default-PGE-contract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported last week\u003c/a>, majority owner and plant manager NRG Energy said in a November quarterly report that it won’t be able to deliver the electricity it promised to PG&E. As a result, “PG&E may, at its option, declare an event of default” when a two-year “guaranteed energy production” period comes up on Feb. 1, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its request to the California Public Utilities Commission, PG&E said if it doesn’t get the matter resolved by March 31, “PG&E may, in order to protect its customers’ interests, need to begin a process that could lead to its declaring an event of default under the PPAs and invoking the remedies available to it (including contract termination).” The power agreements are confidential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefit of forbearance to NRG and minority owners Google and BrightSource Energy would be obvious — they get six months to continue to ramp up performance, which was up 71 percent in the first nine months of 2015 compared with the same period in 2014, Ivanpah’s first year in operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement issued Tuesday, NRG said, “Based on the performance increases we have seen in 2015, external modeling for 2016 forecasts that we can meet these targets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its filing with the CPUC, PG&E says both it and its ratepayers will also benefit from the new deals. Not only would renewable energy required under state law continue to flow, but PG&E would get undisclosed “consideration” — payment — for any gap in actual and promised electricity delivery. Such payments, not included in PG&E’s current Ivanpah agreements, would apply to the first two years of the plant’s operation as well as the proposed forbearance period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payments could take a bit of the sting out of the high price PG&E’s customers pay for Ivanpah power: around $200 per megawatt hour, more than three times the rate set out in new agreements for electricity from solar plants that use photovoltaic panels, according to Lawrence Berkeley Lab researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new agreements between PG&E and Ivanpah’s owners would run for six months “unless extended for an additional six months if the Projects are able to meet certain production requirements during the initial six months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To produce electricity, Ivanpah, just off Interstate 15 about 40 miles south of Las Vegas, uses giant mirrors that reflect light onto boilers atop 459-foot-tall towers, producing steam that is then used to spin turbines. The plant’s construction was backed by a $1.6 billion loan guarantee through the Department of Energy as well as a $535 million cash payment in lieu of a tax credit from the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While its three units were expected to produce nearly 1 million megawatt-hours annually — enough to meet the needs of 140,000 households — first-year output came in around 420,000 MWh. Under the PPA, Ivanpah is required to deliver to PG&E at least 70 percent of the guaranteed electricity in the first two years of operation, rising to 80 percent in subsequent rolling two-year periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG and BrightSource, the technology provider for the project, have said they expected all along it would take at least four years to get up to full speed. But production in the first year was clearly less robust than expected and put the plant in a big hole.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "SpaceX Achieves 'Revolutionary' Landing of Rocket Booster",
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"content": "\u003cp>SpaceX sent a Falcon rocket soaring toward orbit Monday night with 11 small satellites, its first mission since an accident last summer. Then, in an even more astounding feat, it landed the 15-story leftover booster back on Earth safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first time an unmanned rocket returned to land vertically at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and represented a tremendous success for SpaceX. The company led by billionaire Elon Musk is striving for reusability to drive launch costs down and open up space to more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome back, baby!\" Musk tweeted after touchdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a revolutionary moment,\" Musk later told reporters. \"No one has ever brought a booster, an orbital-class booster, back intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's significant is that this was a useful mission, Musk noted, not merely a practice flight. \"We achieved recovery of the rocket in a mission that actually deployed 11 satellites,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX employees broke into cheers and chants, some of them jumping up and down, following the smooth touchdown nine minutes after liftoff. Previous landing attempts ended in fiery blasts, but those aimed for an ocean platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10803939\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10803939\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10803939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"A handout picture made available by SpaceX shows its Falcon 9 rocket after it had landed at Cape Canaveral on Monday night. \" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A handout picture made available by SpaceX shows its Falcon 9 rocket after it had landed at Cape Canaveral on Monday night. \u003ccite>(SpaceX via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thought Rocket Had Exploded \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said he ran outside and heard the sonic boom of the returning booster just as it landed; he assumed it had exploded. He learned the happy truth when he went back into Launch Control and saw video of the standing rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't quite believe it,\" he said. \"It's quite shocking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the landing appeared close to perfect and the company \"could not have asked for a better mission or a better day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top officer at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Brig. Gen. Wayne Monteith, noted that the returning booster \"placed the exclamation mark on 2015.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was a first for us at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and I can't even begin to describe the excitement the team feels right now having been a part of this historic first-stage rocket landing,\" Monteith said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the country, SpaceX employees jammed company headquarters in Hawthorne, California, anxiously awaiting success. They cheered at full throttle when the first stage separated cleanly two minutes into flight and reoriented itself for an unprecedented return to Cape Canaveral. Then the roar became deafening, as TV cameras showed the first-stage booster landing on extended legs at its new, dedicated landing zone. SpaceX commentators called it \"incredibly exciting\" and were visibly moved by the feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a wildly successful return to flight for SpaceX,\" said one SpaceX launch commentator. \"We made history today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin, another billionaire's rocket company, successfully landed a booster last month in West Texas. That rocket, though, had been used for a suborbital flight. The SpaceX booster was more powerful and flying faster in order to put satellites into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ultimate Goal: Colonizing Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The touchdown was a secondary objective for SpaceX. The first was hoisting the satellites for OrbComm, a New Jersey-based communication company. All 11 were successfully deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OrbComm chief executive officer Marc Eisenberg seemed just as excited about the booster landing as about his satellites reaching orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here she comes back,\" Eisenberg said via Twitter, sharing a photo of the returning booster. Then: \"Bullseye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The booster-landing zone, a former Atlas missile-launching site, is about 6 miles from the launch pad. SpaceX is leasing the touchdown area — marked by a giant X — from the Air Force. The reinforced concrete provides a stable surface, unlike the barges used for the initial attempts, primarily for increased safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its previous flight back in June, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket failed shortly after liftoff, destroying a supply ship intended for the International Space Station. A snapped strut in the upper stage was to blame. SpaceX spent months correcting the problem and improving the unmanned rocket. It hopes to resume supply runs for NASA in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, who also runs the Tesla electric car company, said he can drastically reduce launch costs by reusing rocket parts. Three tries at vertical landings of the first-stage boosters earlier this year failed; in each case, the segment aimed for a modified barge off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida. This time, Musk opted for a true land landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said it will take a few more years to iron everything out, for actual reusability of his rockets. In the meantime, he's working to transform the SpaceX Dragon capsules from cargo ships into real spaceships for crews traveling to and from the orbiting station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His ultimate goal, for human missions, is Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was a critical step along the way to being able to establish a city on Mars,\" he said. \"That's what all this is about.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SpaceX sent a Falcon rocket soaring toward orbit Monday night with 11 small satellites, its first mission since an accident last summer. Then, in an even more astounding feat, it landed the 15-story leftover booster back on Earth safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the first time an unmanned rocket returned to land vertically at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and represented a tremendous success for SpaceX. The company led by billionaire Elon Musk is striving for reusability to drive launch costs down and open up space to more people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome back, baby!\" Musk tweeted after touchdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a revolutionary moment,\" Musk later told reporters. \"No one has ever brought a booster, an orbital-class booster, back intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's significant is that this was a useful mission, Musk noted, not merely a practice flight. \"We achieved recovery of the rocket in a mission that actually deployed 11 satellites,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX employees broke into cheers and chants, some of them jumping up and down, following the smooth touchdown nine minutes after liftoff. Previous landing attempts ended in fiery blasts, but those aimed for an ocean platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10803939\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10803939\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10803939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-400x533.jpg\" alt=\"A handout picture made available by SpaceX shows its Falcon 9 rocket after it had landed at Cape Canaveral on Monday night. \" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/GettyImages-502234880.jpg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A handout picture made available by SpaceX shows its Falcon 9 rocket after it had landed at Cape Canaveral on Monday night. \u003ccite>(SpaceX via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thought Rocket Had Exploded \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said he ran outside and heard the sonic boom of the returning booster just as it landed; he assumed it had exploded. He learned the happy truth when he went back into Launch Control and saw video of the standing rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't quite believe it,\" he said. \"It's quite shocking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said the landing appeared close to perfect and the company \"could not have asked for a better mission or a better day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The top officer at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Brig. Gen. Wayne Monteith, noted that the returning booster \"placed the exclamation mark on 2015.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was a first for us at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and I can't even begin to describe the excitement the team feels right now having been a part of this historic first-stage rocket landing,\" Monteith said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the country, SpaceX employees jammed company headquarters in Hawthorne, California, anxiously awaiting success. They cheered at full throttle when the first stage separated cleanly two minutes into flight and reoriented itself for an unprecedented return to Cape Canaveral. Then the roar became deafening, as TV cameras showed the first-stage booster landing on extended legs at its new, dedicated landing zone. SpaceX commentators called it \"incredibly exciting\" and were visibly moved by the feat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a wildly successful return to flight for SpaceX,\" said one SpaceX launch commentator. \"We made history today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue Origin, another billionaire's rocket company, successfully landed a booster last month in West Texas. That rocket, though, had been used for a suborbital flight. The SpaceX booster was more powerful and flying faster in order to put satellites into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ultimate Goal: Colonizing Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The touchdown was a secondary objective for SpaceX. The first was hoisting the satellites for OrbComm, a New Jersey-based communication company. All 11 were successfully deployed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OrbComm chief executive officer Marc Eisenberg seemed just as excited about the booster landing as about his satellites reaching orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Here she comes back,\" Eisenberg said via Twitter, sharing a photo of the returning booster. Then: \"Bullseye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The booster-landing zone, a former Atlas missile-launching site, is about 6 miles from the launch pad. SpaceX is leasing the touchdown area — marked by a giant X — from the Air Force. The reinforced concrete provides a stable surface, unlike the barges used for the initial attempts, primarily for increased safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its previous flight back in June, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket failed shortly after liftoff, destroying a supply ship intended for the International Space Station. A snapped strut in the upper stage was to blame. SpaceX spent months correcting the problem and improving the unmanned rocket. It hopes to resume supply runs for NASA in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk, who also runs the Tesla electric car company, said he can drastically reduce launch costs by reusing rocket parts. Three tries at vertical landings of the first-stage boosters earlier this year failed; in each case, the segment aimed for a modified barge off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida. This time, Musk opted for a true land landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk said it will take a few more years to iron everything out, for actual reusability of his rockets. In the meantime, he's working to transform the SpaceX Dragon capsules from cargo ships into real spaceships for crews traveling to and from the orbiting station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His ultimate goal, for human missions, is Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This was a critical step along the way to being able to establish a city on Mars,\" he said. \"That's what all this is about.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mild, Blustery Storm Passes; Cold Christmas Eve Rain Next",
"title": "Mild, Blustery Storm Passes; Cold Christmas Eve Rain Next",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 8:55 a.m. Tuesday:\u003c/strong> The storm's heaviest rain has moved south of the central Bay Area, into the Santa Cruz Mountains, the highlands along the Big Sur coast and well beyond. As forecast, the weather system brought gusty winds into the Bay Area overnight, with many locations recording gusts of 40 mph and above. The highest gust \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=PNS&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">reported by the National Weather Service\u003c/a> on Tuesday morning: 71 mph at the Big Rock recording station, a ridgetop location above Marin County's Lucas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable gusts: 62 mph on Atlas Peak, northeast of Napa; 55 mph at Las Trampas Ridge, west of the San Ramon Valley; 51 mph at San Francisco International Airport; 51 mph at the Benicia Bridge; 50 mph at Altamont Pass, east of Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our next storm, bringing colder temperatures and lighter rain, is expected to arrive late Wednesday in northern Sonoma County and continue through most of Christmas Eve. Forecasters say about an inch of rain could fall in ridgetop and mountain locations, with a chance of Christmas morning snow on the region's highest peaks. Lowland rainfall totals are expected to be modest -- just one-tenth to one-third of an inch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe/post/4674\" target=\"_blank\">Tahoe Daily Snow reports\u003c/a> that ski resorts along the crest of the Sierra picked up as much as 59 inches of snow over the past four days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wednesday-Thursday storm is expected to bring another dumping of snow to the Sierra, with as much as 18 inches expected near the highway passes and even more at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That weather system is expected to be followed by an extended, chilly break between storms, with most of the region forecast not to see precipitation again until early in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:45 p.m. Monday:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a strangely wet/damp/dry weekend in the Bay Area -- depending on where you were, you got a good soaking or saw hardly a drop of rain -- the Bay Area and much of the rest of Northern California is in for widespread rainfall marked by occasionally heavy downpours and high winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=AFD&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service Bay Area office in Monterey\u003c/a> says the storm system punching across the coast Monday afternoon will bring rainfall ranging from a half-inch to an inch in areas adjoining San Francisco Bay to 5 inches in the Santa Cruz Mountains, East Bay hills and higher elevations of Marin and Sonoma County. West to northwest winds \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=NPW&sid=mtr&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">are forecast\u003c/a> to increase to 20 to 30 mph over the higher terrain of Marin and Sonoma counties and the East Bay, with gusts of 50 mph possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest storm, fed by a relatively dense plume of moisture being driven northeast across the Pacific from the subtropics west of the Hawaiian Islands, is dumping heavy rain over the Sierra foothills -- from 3 inches to 6 inches in some area -- and lots of snow higher up in the mountains. As much as 3 feet of heavy, wet snow could fall on Sierra peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Precipitation totals\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Selected rain totals for 48 hours ending 4 p.m. Monday, Dec. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Location\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Amount (in.)\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mount Tamalpais (Middle Peak)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>7.20\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Venado (Sonoma County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>4.04\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Mts.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>3.93\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Olema (West Marin)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>3.91\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Vollmer Peak (Berkeley Hills)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.73\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Oakland\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>St. Mary's College (Moraga)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.10\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Francisco\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.94\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Santa Rosa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.70\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>La Honda\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Napa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.40\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Francisco International Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.83\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.69\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Fairfield/Travis AFB\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.36\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.29\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Jose\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.03\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The copious rainfall in the foothills prompted the National Weather Service in Sacramento to issued flash flood watches for areas burned by the Rim and American fires (2013), the King Fire (2014) and the Butte Fire (2015).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of the Bay Area, the storm has also caused flooding in the Mendocino County city of Ukiah and has led to an advisory that flooding will occur in communities across the county. A flood watch was posted for the southern Mendocino County town of Hopland, where the Russian River is expected to rise dramatically by early Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's rain comes on top of totals that, for the northern half of the Bay Area, was a pretty wet weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Precipitation over the weekend, starting in the early hours of Friday morning through Monday morning, ranged from .30 of an inch at San Jose International Airport to 7.29 inches at Mount Tamalpais' Middle Peak recording station. The disparity was starkest on Sunday, when South Bay locations received little or no rain -- .01 inch at San Jose airport -- while Mount Tam saw 4.54 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reasons for the difference: The stream of moisture feeding Sunday's daylong rain was focused more to the north of the Golden Gate, and the Peninsula Hills and Santa Cruz mountains wrung out the rainclouds blowing in off the Pacific before they could make it to the Santa Clara Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's storm is expected to move south and east by Tuesday afternoon. Wednesday could see a break in the rain before a less potent but much colder storm arrives on Christmas Eve. If you're planning to be caroling or lighting luminaria, the early forecast suggests that rain may end by early evening. Dry weather is forecast for Christmas Day and at least the first part of the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Forecasts suggest that Thursday storm could be last rain in most of the Bay Area until early in the new year. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 8:55 a.m. Tuesday:\u003c/strong> The storm's heaviest rain has moved south of the central Bay Area, into the Santa Cruz Mountains, the highlands along the Big Sur coast and well beyond. As forecast, the weather system brought gusty winds into the Bay Area overnight, with many locations recording gusts of 40 mph and above. The highest gust \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=PNS&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">reported by the National Weather Service\u003c/a> on Tuesday morning: 71 mph at the Big Rock recording station, a ridgetop location above Marin County's Lucas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other notable gusts: 62 mph on Atlas Peak, northeast of Napa; 55 mph at Las Trampas Ridge, west of the San Ramon Valley; 51 mph at San Francisco International Airport; 51 mph at the Benicia Bridge; 50 mph at Altamont Pass, east of Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our next storm, bringing colder temperatures and lighter rain, is expected to arrive late Wednesday in northern Sonoma County and continue through most of Christmas Eve. Forecasters say about an inch of rain could fall in ridgetop and mountain locations, with a chance of Christmas morning snow on the region's highest peaks. Lowland rainfall totals are expected to be modest -- just one-tenth to one-third of an inch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe/post/4674\" target=\"_blank\">Tahoe Daily Snow reports\u003c/a> that ski resorts along the crest of the Sierra picked up as much as 59 inches of snow over the past four days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wednesday-Thursday storm is expected to bring another dumping of snow to the Sierra, with as much as 18 inches expected near the highway passes and even more at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That weather system is expected to be followed by an extended, chilly break between storms, with most of the region forecast not to see precipitation again until early in the new year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:45 p.m. Monday:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a strangely wet/damp/dry weekend in the Bay Area -- depending on where you were, you got a good soaking or saw hardly a drop of rain -- the Bay Area and much of the rest of Northern California is in for widespread rainfall marked by occasionally heavy downpours and high winds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=AFD&sid=MTR&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service Bay Area office in Monterey\u003c/a> says the storm system punching across the coast Monday afternoon will bring rainfall ranging from a half-inch to an inch in areas adjoining San Francisco Bay to 5 inches in the Santa Cruz Mountains, East Bay hills and higher elevations of Marin and Sonoma County. West to northwest winds \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?wfo=mtr&pil=NPW&sid=mtr&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">are forecast\u003c/a> to increase to 20 to 30 mph over the higher terrain of Marin and Sonoma counties and the East Bay, with gusts of 50 mph possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest storm, fed by a relatively dense plume of moisture being driven northeast across the Pacific from the subtropics west of the Hawaiian Islands, is dumping heavy rain over the Sierra foothills -- from 3 inches to 6 inches in some area -- and lots of snow higher up in the mountains. As much as 3 feet of heavy, wet snow could fall on Sierra peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Precipitation totals\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Selected rain totals for 48 hours ending 4 p.m. Monday, Dec. 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>Location\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>Amount (in.)\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mount Tamalpais (Middle Peak)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>7.20\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Venado (Sonoma County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>4.04\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Mts.)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>3.93\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Olema (West Marin)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>3.91\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Vollmer Peak (Berkeley Hills)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.73\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Oakland\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.14\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>St. Mary's College (Moraga)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>2.10\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Francisco\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.94\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Santa Rosa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.70\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>La Honda\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.63\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Napa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>1.40\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Francisco International Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.83\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Redwood City\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.69\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Fairfield/Travis AFB\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.36\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Sacramento\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.29\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>San Jose\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>0.03\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The copious rainfall in the foothills prompted the National Weather Service in Sacramento to issued flash flood watches for areas burned by the Rim and American fires (2013), the King Fire (2014) and the Butte Fire (2015).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of the Bay Area, the storm has also caused flooding in the Mendocino County city of Ukiah and has led to an advisory that flooding will occur in communities across the county. A flood watch was posted for the southern Mendocino County town of Hopland, where the Russian River is expected to rise dramatically by early Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's rain comes on top of totals that, for the northern half of the Bay Area, was a pretty wet weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Precipitation over the weekend, starting in the early hours of Friday morning through Monday morning, ranged from .30 of an inch at San Jose International Airport to 7.29 inches at Mount Tamalpais' Middle Peak recording station. The disparity was starkest on Sunday, when South Bay locations received little or no rain -- .01 inch at San Jose airport -- while Mount Tam saw 4.54 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reasons for the difference: The stream of moisture feeding Sunday's daylong rain was focused more to the north of the Golden Gate, and the Peninsula Hills and Santa Cruz mountains wrung out the rainclouds blowing in off the Pacific before they could make it to the Santa Clara Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's storm is expected to move south and east by Tuesday afternoon. Wednesday could see a break in the rain before a less potent but much colder storm arrives on Christmas Eve. If you're planning to be caroling or lighting luminaria, the early forecast suggests that rain may end by early evening. Dry weather is forecast for Christmas Day and at least the first part of the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tesoro Mistakenly Issued Test Alert During Martinez Refinery Problem",
"title": "Tesoro Mistakenly Issued Test Alert During Martinez Refinery Problem",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Tesoro refinery in Martinez mistakenly issued a test alert to the surrounding community in the middle of a real emergency last Tuesday that caused flaring and sent a large plume of black smoke into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major part of the refinery, which can process 166,000 barrels of crude oil a day, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/martinez-refinery-flare-prompts-health-advisory\" target=\"_blank\">malfunctioned and halted operations\u003c/a> at several of the facility's units. The problem eventually led to a real Level Two community warning, advising nearby residents with respiratory problems to stay indoors because of the smoke drifting from Tesoro's property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no one was injured and no one reported becoming ill from the smoke, the company's delay in sending out the actual alert has led a top East Bay health official to call on Tesoro to better train its employees during emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They hit the wrong one, the one for test instead of the one for the actual condition. It's a training issue that needs to be addressed,\" Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift superintendent who issued the notification as a test was actually in training, according to Tesoro's preliminary report on the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That worker issued the test notification 12 minutes after the first unit went offline. Flaring and intense smoke spewed from the refinery for 15 minutes after that before the trainee issued a Level 1 Community Warning System alert. Four minutes later, the superintendent issued a Level 2 alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are aware of the issue in this past week's initial notification and are addressing it internally,\" Patty Deutsche, a Tesoro spokeswoman, said in an emailed statement. \"We absolutely take community notifications seriously and provide complete training to designated personnel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro sent a \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/tesoro-incident-2015-1215-72-hour-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">72-hour report\u003c/a> about the incident to the county on Friday afternoon. It describes a chain of events that would eventually cause flaring that released at least 500 pounds of sulfur dioxide into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not be known what else was in the plume until the company provides a more detailed investigative report next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was other stuff that was released and I don't think they know exactly all the gas that was released,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Tesoro's report, a loss of fuel gas caused a boiler unit to stop working. That put a fluid catalytic cracking unit, which helps produce gasoline, offline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My biggest thing that raised a flag ... is it looks like the initial cause of the incident was the loss of fuel gas,\" Sawyer said. \"It's something that normally should not happen, and if it does you could have another upset.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boiler unit, gas is burned to heat water that produces high-pressure steam. That steam is sent throughout parts of the refinery to drive turbines that power fuel compressors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they lost the steam, their compressors went down,\" Sawyer said. That allowed lots of pressure to build up inside several units, which caused the facility's safety guards to activate, leading to the flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concern whenever you shut down a unit like this, there's always more opportunity for something unexpected to happen where you could have an uncontrolled release,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery's steam generation system was back online around two hours after the incident began, Deutsche said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management district launched an investigation into the incident on Tuesday afternoon, said district spokesman Ralph Borrmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see a rundown of Contra Costa's hazardous materials incident notification policy \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/incident_notification_policy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Tesoro refinery in Martinez mistakenly issued a test alert to the surrounding community in the middle of a real emergency last Tuesday that caused flaring and sent a large plume of black smoke into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major part of the refinery, which can process 166,000 barrels of crude oil a day, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/martinez-refinery-flare-prompts-health-advisory\" target=\"_blank\">malfunctioned and halted operations\u003c/a> at several of the facility's units. The problem eventually led to a real Level Two community warning, advising nearby residents with respiratory problems to stay indoors because of the smoke drifting from Tesoro's property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no one was injured and no one reported becoming ill from the smoke, the company's delay in sending out the actual alert has led a top East Bay health official to call on Tesoro to better train its employees during emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They hit the wrong one, the one for test instead of the one for the actual condition. It's a training issue that needs to be addressed,\" Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shift superintendent who issued the notification as a test was actually in training, according to Tesoro's preliminary report on the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That worker issued the test notification 12 minutes after the first unit went offline. Flaring and intense smoke spewed from the refinery for 15 minutes after that before the trainee issued a Level 1 Community Warning System alert. Four minutes later, the superintendent issued a Level 2 alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are aware of the issue in this past week's initial notification and are addressing it internally,\" Patty Deutsche, a Tesoro spokeswoman, said in an emailed statement. \"We absolutely take community notifications seriously and provide complete training to designated personnel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesoro sent a \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/tesoro-incident-2015-1215-72-hour-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">72-hour report\u003c/a> about the incident to the county on Friday afternoon. It describes a chain of events that would eventually cause flaring that released at least 500 pounds of sulfur dioxide into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not be known what else was in the plume until the company provides a more detailed investigative report next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was other stuff that was released and I don't think they know exactly all the gas that was released,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Tesoro's report, a loss of fuel gas caused a boiler unit to stop working. That put a fluid catalytic cracking unit, which helps produce gasoline, offline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My biggest thing that raised a flag ... is it looks like the initial cause of the incident was the loss of fuel gas,\" Sawyer said. \"It's something that normally should not happen, and if it does you could have another upset.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a boiler unit, gas is burned to heat water that produces high-pressure steam. That steam is sent throughout parts of the refinery to drive turbines that power fuel compressors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they lost the steam, their compressors went down,\" Sawyer said. That allowed lots of pressure to build up inside several units, which caused the facility's safety guards to activate, leading to the flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concern whenever you shut down a unit like this, there's always more opportunity for something unexpected to happen where you could have an uncontrolled release,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery's steam generation system was back online around two hours after the incident began, Deutsche said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management district launched an investigation into the incident on Tuesday afternoon, said district spokesman Ralph Borrmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see a rundown of Contra Costa's hazardous materials incident notification policy \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/incident_notification_policy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins",
"headTitle": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra’s Origins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.",
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"description": "The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.",
"title": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins | KQED",
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"headline": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Collection of Our Favorite Sites for Weather Forecast Geek-Outs",
"title": "A Collection of Our Favorite Sites for Weather Forecast Geek-Outs",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.windyty.com/?37.562,-122.124,7,rain,menu\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, and I sincerely hope you're not, the job of obsessing about our winter weather involves occasional glances out the window coupled with marathon sessions geeking out over weather forecasts and staring at radar loops and puzzling over terminology like \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec1/info500mb.html\" target=\"_blank\">500-millibar heights\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-animated-global-map-total-precipitable-water-so-freaking-cool-i-cant-even\" target=\"_blank\">total precipitable water\u003c/a>. While we wait to see how this whole El Niño winter pans out in California, here's a brief list of sites that prove consistently useful, interesting and fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10800727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10800727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png\" alt=\"Visualization from earth.nullschool.net of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10800727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-800x425.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-768x408.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-960x510.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-280x150.png 280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png 1168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization from \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">earth.nullschool.net\u003c/a> of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, starting with stuff that you can spend hours, maybe, just staring at and playing with: Cameron Beccario's \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>, a site that turns raw data from weather observations and models into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/28/california-storm-the-coolest-view-you-will-see-today/\" target=\"_blank\">dynamic portraits\u003c/a> of current and upcoming weather. There is a lot to the visualizations here -- you need to open the controls under the label \"earth\" at the pages lower left to get an idea of the different slices of data and views available here. A newer site based on Beccario's open-source code and similar weather model input is \u003ca href=\"https://www.windytv.com\" target=\"_blank\">Windytv.com\u003c/a> -- embedded at the top of the post -- which is geared toward delivering observations and forecasts that people like pilots, kitesurfers and other adventurers can use.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787886\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787886\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png\" alt=\"A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service, San Francisco Bay Area/Monterey\u003c/a>: A one-stop shop for the basics -- everything from hourly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/rainfall.php\" target=\"_blank\">rainfall reports\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\">climatology\u003c/a> for the Bay Area locations to \u003ca href=\"http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no\" target=\"_blank\">weather radar\u003c/a>. The site's indispensable feature -- one common to every local National Weather Service office -- is its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a>. In essence, it's a forecaster's narrative of the reasoning behind the current outlook and includes details about timing of storms that are often obscure in the simple forecast. (For similar insights into the Sierra Nevada weather outlook -- especially how much snow to expect in the mountains and when -- check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDSTO&wfo=STO\" target=\"_blank\">NWS Sacramento forecast discussion\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787550\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787550\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png\" alt=\"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png 663w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.) \u003ccite>(CNRFC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>: This site contains an almost limitless reservoir of data on precipitation -- both what's forecast to fall and what's coming -- and on near-real-time river conditions for California, Nevada and southern Oregon. A couple of favorite features to navigate to on the CNRFC home page: The Forecast Precipitation (QPF) and Observed Precipitation (QPE) pages, both of which open from tabs on the page's right side. Those pages give a comprehensive picture of California precipitation for the past five days and coming six days. If you're into the text discussion thing, the CNRFC's daily \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNOHMDRSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrometeorological Discussion\u003c/a> gives a quick rundown of storm impacts in major watersheds and a thorough forecast analysis based on numerical weather models.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_-400x422.gif\" alt=\"The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \" width=\"400\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \u003ccite>(CPC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">NOAA's Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>: A portal for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's precipitation and temperature outlooks for periods ranging from the next six to 10 days to three months. The CPC's maps give a quick overview of expected precipitation patterns and whether a given region is expected to get above or below median rainfall. For the details, and to understand exactly what's being forecast, it's necessary to read the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\">prognostic discussion\u003c/a> that's published in concert with the shorter-term maps.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png\" alt=\"The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. \" width=\"400\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-800x220.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-960x264.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>: This is a site featuring technical model analysis by Daniel Swain, the Stanford doctoral candidate who \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/watching-the-weather-with-daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\">coined\u003c/a> the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\" target=\"_blank\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>\" to describe the persistent dome of high pressure that blocked most winter storms from reaching California each of the last two winters. Swain doesn't add to the blog often, but his posts draw wide attention and lots and lots of comments -- an online conversation that he participates in. Also worth following: Swain's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter feed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-10788275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png\" alt=\"Tahoe Daily Snow\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png 561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe\" target=\"_blank\">OpenSnow.com/Tahoe Daily Snow\u003c/a>: A smart, well-written site with a simple, straightforward mission: detailed snow forecasts for the Sierra Nevada around Lake Tahoe (it turns out people like to partake in winter sports up there -- things like skiing and snowboarding and chaining up while they sit in I-80 and U.S. 50 traffic).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-10787939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png\" alt=\"Golden Gate Weather Services\" width=\"400\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png 755w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>: Jan Null, a consulting meteorologist and proprietor of Golden Gate Weather Services, has long been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Jan-Null-is-the-hot-name-in-weather-4246555.php\" target=\"_blank\">go-to source\u003c/a> for journalists looking for insight into Bay Area weather. He's amassed \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\">a staggering volume\u003c/a> of information on his website, ranging from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/monthly.html\" target=\"_blank\">complete monthly rainfall record\u003c/a> going back to 1849 to an explainer on \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the myths and realities of El Niño\u003c/a>. One caveat: While we've found lots of cool stuff here -- hey, look at \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/season.html\" target=\"_blank\">this tabular history of San Francisco rainfall\u003c/a>, sorted by season, total amount and days of rain! -- the site is actually a little hard to navigate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Meteorology Society's Glossary of Meteorology\u003c/a>: I mentioned precipitable water somewhere up above. If you really want to know \u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Precipitable_water\" target=\"_blank\">what that is\u003c/a> -- or find the meanings of thousands of other meteorological terms, many of which include math stuff that's beyond me -- this is the place.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.windyty.com/?37.562,-122.124,7,rain,menu\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, and I sincerely hope you're not, the job of obsessing about our winter weather involves occasional glances out the window coupled with marathon sessions geeking out over weather forecasts and staring at radar loops and puzzling over terminology like \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec1/info500mb.html\" target=\"_blank\">500-millibar heights\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-animated-global-map-total-precipitable-water-so-freaking-cool-i-cant-even\" target=\"_blank\">total precipitable water\u003c/a>. While we wait to see how this whole El Niño winter pans out in California, here's a brief list of sites that prove consistently useful, interesting and fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10800727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10800727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png\" alt=\"Visualization from earth.nullschool.net of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10800727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-800x425.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-768x408.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-960x510.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-280x150.png 280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png 1168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization from \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">earth.nullschool.net\u003c/a> of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, starting with stuff that you can spend hours, maybe, just staring at and playing with: Cameron Beccario's \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>, a site that turns raw data from weather observations and models into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/28/california-storm-the-coolest-view-you-will-see-today/\" target=\"_blank\">dynamic portraits\u003c/a> of current and upcoming weather. There is a lot to the visualizations here -- you need to open the controls under the label \"earth\" at the pages lower left to get an idea of the different slices of data and views available here. A newer site based on Beccario's open-source code and similar weather model input is \u003ca href=\"https://www.windytv.com\" target=\"_blank\">Windytv.com\u003c/a> -- embedded at the top of the post -- which is geared toward delivering observations and forecasts that people like pilots, kitesurfers and other adventurers can use.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787886\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787886\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png\" alt=\"A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service, San Francisco Bay Area/Monterey\u003c/a>: A one-stop shop for the basics -- everything from hourly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/rainfall.php\" target=\"_blank\">rainfall reports\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\">climatology\u003c/a> for the Bay Area locations to \u003ca href=\"http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no\" target=\"_blank\">weather radar\u003c/a>. The site's indispensable feature -- one common to every local National Weather Service office -- is its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a>. In essence, it's a forecaster's narrative of the reasoning behind the current outlook and includes details about timing of storms that are often obscure in the simple forecast. (For similar insights into the Sierra Nevada weather outlook -- especially how much snow to expect in the mountains and when -- check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDSTO&wfo=STO\" target=\"_blank\">NWS Sacramento forecast discussion\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787550\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787550\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png\" alt=\"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png 663w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.) \u003ccite>(CNRFC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>: This site contains an almost limitless reservoir of data on precipitation -- both what's forecast to fall and what's coming -- and on near-real-time river conditions for California, Nevada and southern Oregon. A couple of favorite features to navigate to on the CNRFC home page: The Forecast Precipitation (QPF) and Observed Precipitation (QPE) pages, both of which open from tabs on the page's right side. Those pages give a comprehensive picture of California precipitation for the past five days and coming six days. If you're into the text discussion thing, the CNRFC's daily \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNOHMDRSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrometeorological Discussion\u003c/a> gives a quick rundown of storm impacts in major watersheds and a thorough forecast analysis based on numerical weather models.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_-400x422.gif\" alt=\"The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \" width=\"400\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \u003ccite>(CPC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">NOAA's Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>: A portal for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's precipitation and temperature outlooks for periods ranging from the next six to 10 days to three months. The CPC's maps give a quick overview of expected precipitation patterns and whether a given region is expected to get above or below median rainfall. For the details, and to understand exactly what's being forecast, it's necessary to read the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\">prognostic discussion\u003c/a> that's published in concert with the shorter-term maps.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png\" alt=\"The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. \" width=\"400\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-800x220.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-960x264.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>: This is a site featuring technical model analysis by Daniel Swain, the Stanford doctoral candidate who \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/watching-the-weather-with-daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\">coined\u003c/a> the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\" target=\"_blank\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>\" to describe the persistent dome of high pressure that blocked most winter storms from reaching California each of the last two winters. Swain doesn't add to the blog often, but his posts draw wide attention and lots and lots of comments -- an online conversation that he participates in. Also worth following: Swain's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter feed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-10788275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png\" alt=\"Tahoe Daily Snow\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png 561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe\" target=\"_blank\">OpenSnow.com/Tahoe Daily Snow\u003c/a>: A smart, well-written site with a simple, straightforward mission: detailed snow forecasts for the Sierra Nevada around Lake Tahoe (it turns out people like to partake in winter sports up there -- things like skiing and snowboarding and chaining up while they sit in I-80 and U.S. 50 traffic).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-10787939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png\" alt=\"Golden Gate Weather Services\" width=\"400\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png 755w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>: Jan Null, a consulting meteorologist and proprietor of Golden Gate Weather Services, has long been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Jan-Null-is-the-hot-name-in-weather-4246555.php\" target=\"_blank\">go-to source\u003c/a> for journalists looking for insight into Bay Area weather. He's amassed \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\">a staggering volume\u003c/a> of information on his website, ranging from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/monthly.html\" target=\"_blank\">complete monthly rainfall record\u003c/a> going back to 1849 to an explainer on \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the myths and realities of El Niño\u003c/a>. One caveat: While we've found lots of cool stuff here -- hey, look at \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/season.html\" target=\"_blank\">this tabular history of San Francisco rainfall\u003c/a>, sorted by season, total amount and days of rain! -- the site is actually a little hard to navigate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Meteorology Society's Glossary of Meteorology\u003c/a>: I mentioned precipitable water somewhere up above. If you really want to know \u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Precipitable_water\" target=\"_blank\">what that is\u003c/a> -- or find the meanings of thousands of other meteorological terms, many of which include math stuff that's beyond me -- this is the place.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Deanna Lynn Wulff shoves rusty tin cans, cigarettes and beer bottles into an oversized garbage bag. She’s cleaning up a campsite in the Sierra National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This won’t take that long,” she says. Ten minutes later and she’s still picking up trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s see what the magazine is? Dirt Rider!” she says, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/19/one-womans-quest-unite-parks\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/19/one-womans-quest-unite-parks\" target=\"_self\" title=\"One Woman’s Quest to ‘Unite the Parks’\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fog is iconic to the Northern California coasts, but it turns out these low-lying clouds that billow in from the ocean are not just an amazing photo opp, or a wet blanket on a day at the beach. They appear to be bringing toxic mercury with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://fognet.ucsc.edu/\">project called FogNet\u003c/a>, scientists have been collecting fog at coastal sites from Monterey to Eureka over the past two summers to examine the chemistry of the water droplets. They’ve discovered that fog — not rain — carries most of the mercury that falls out of the atmosphere into coastal environments. That was surprising since fog accounts for a mere 5 percent of precipitation along the coast, but made sense when they considered the ocean as the source of this environmental toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_mviqitVLw&w=853&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is sort of a Sherlock Holmes kind of story,” says Kenneth Coale, an oceanographer at Moss Landing Marine Labs. “Oceanographers set to sea and shake down the usual suspects that might tell us something about this mystery of how methyl mercury is getting into fog and subsequently getting onto land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the land-based sampling, the researchers went out on four research cruises to the California continental margin — the submerged outer edge of the continental shelf — to find out where the mercury might be coming from. They sampled the water column, plankton and sediments, but a key to their answer came from \u003ca href=\"http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-mesoscale-eddies\">mesoscale eddies\u003c/a>, the huge swirling water masses that spin off from the \u003ca href=\"https://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?id=1051\">California current\u003c/a>. They found that these eddies are dragging up dimethyl mercury and marine aerosols in fog clouds are converting it to the methyl mercury that’s been discovered onshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fog wafts ashore and the methyl mercury is deposited on land,” explained Coale at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco. “That’s our working model and we’re sticking to it until we can disprove that, but it’s a working model that has a lot of promise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Industrial Revolution, mercury has been spewing out of smokestacks and mining operations, with much of it ending up in the ocean where it wreaks havoc on marine ecosystems. Mercury can cause neurological damage and has been known to impair reproductive function, especially as it concentrates up the food chain. Although California industry emits relatively little mercury these days, its coastal communities may be disproportionately affected based purely on geography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just because of our unique coastal situation, the ocean, atmosphere interactions and the upwelling, we seem to be exposed to this somewhat natural enhancement right along the coast,” said Peter Weiss-Penzias, a chemist from the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since fog is a newly discovered pathway of mercury pollution onshore, the researchers are now trying to find out the impacts to terrestrial species. So far they’ve done a seasonal study of wolf spiders along the coast and found a spike in their mercury levels during periods of high fog. At the highest point, the spiders would exceed FDA limits on mercury consumption of 3 parts per million, if you were to actually eat one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would definitely not eat any spiders from foggy areas,” joked Coale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has embarked on a new study looking at — get this — puma whiskers. The results are not yet out, but Weiss-Penzias says it falls right in line with the others. And should humans be worried? The researchers said they don’t believe their findings point to a public health crisis — switching from eating tuna to salmon would probably do much more to reduce mercury risk. But if mercury is making its way up the food chain, we should take notice, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the broader scale, human health is definitely dependent on the health of the environment,” said Weiss-Penzias. “As recently as a few years ago we discovered this new pathway and so how it fits into the larger picture of human health risk from mercury pollution, we’re not sure yet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Your utility bill is about to go up if you choose to join an alternative energy provider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission on Thursday approved an exit fee doubling what consumers pay when they opt out of PG&E service. The average residential Marin Clean Energy customer in the Bay Area now pays PG&E $6.70 a month to not use PG&E's power. Beginning on Jan. 1, the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment Exit Fee will go up to $13 for the average customer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission approved the plan despite protests from customers who buy alternative energy under a program known as Community Choice. Richard Gray jumped from PG&E to the one of those programs, Marin Clean Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This exit fee is an intentional barrier to clean energy. It’s an unjustified extortion by PG&E to cover bad bets that they made in energy costs,\" Gray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Public Utilities Commissioner Mike Florio said the fees reflect historical costs incurred to kick-start alternative energy when renewables were more expensive. He said it’s not fair to now load those costs onto customers who don’t have the option of switching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, several local municipalities are moving forward with alternate energy providers, known as Community Choice Aggregations, or CCAs. There are currently three aggregation programs in California: Marin Clean Energy, Sonoma Clean Energy and Lancaster Choice Energy in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the El Cerrito City Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/el-cerrito/ci_29194807/el-cerrito-opposes-pg-e-fee-alternative-provider\" target=\"_blank\">approved a plan\u003c/a> allowing residents to join Marin Clean Energy. San Mateo and San Francisco are also planning to develop CCAs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Energy production has picked up at the \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/02/13/worlds-largest-solar-plant-opens/\">Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\u003c/a> in the Mojave Desert, but not enough to allow the plant’s owners — who include Google and Oakland-based BrightSource Energy — to avoid the risk of defaulting on their contracts to deliver electricity to Pacific Gas \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/nrg-ivanpah-faces-chance-of-default-PGE-contract\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/15/nrg-ivanpah-faces-chance-of-default-PGE-contract\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Ivanpah Solar Project Faces Chance of Default on PG&E Contract\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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