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"content": "\u003cp>For anyone paying attention, it’s no secret there’s a lot of weird stuff going on in the oceans right now. We’ve got a monster El Niño looming in the Pacific. Ocean acidification is\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/02/23/388480482/acidifying-waters-are-endangering-your-oysters-and-mussels\"> prompting handwringing\u003c/a> among oyster lovers. Migrating fish populations have\u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/03/13/iceland_abandons_eu_bid_it_s_all_about_the_mackerel.html\"> caused tensions\u003c/a> between countries over fishing rights. And fishermen say they’re seeing\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/11/412943456/why-is-this-fisherman-selling-threatened-bluefin-tuna-for-2-99-a-pound\"> unusual patterns\u003c/a> in fish stocks they haven’t seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers now have more grim news to add to the mix. An analysis published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that the ability of fish populations to reproduce and replenish themselves is declining across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This, as far as we know, is the first global-scale study that documents the actual productivity of fish stocks is in decline,” says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.gregorybritten.info/home\">Gregory L. Britten\u003c/a>, a doctoral student at the University of California, Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”FbaoWt4fOAdO85j6vNcaokDJsbThjK90″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Britten and some fellow researchers looked at data from a global database of 262 commercial fish stocks in dozens of large marine ecosystems across the globe. They say they’ve identified a pattern of decline in juvenile fish (young fish that have not yet reached reproductive age) that is closely tied to a decline in the amount of phytoplankton, or microalgae, in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it is a lack of food availability for these small fish,” says Britten. “When fish are young, their primary food is phytoplankton and microscopic animals. If they don’t find food in a matter of days, they can die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst news comes from the North Atlantic, where the vast majority of species, including Atlantic cod, European and American plaice, and sole are declining. In this case, Britten says historically heavy fishing may also play a role. Large fish, able to produce the biggest, most robust eggs, are harvested from the water. At the same time, documented declines of phytoplankton made it much more difficult for those fish stocks to bounce back when they did reproduce,\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/science/cods-continuing-decline-traced-to-warming-gulf-of-maine-waters.html?_r=0\"> despite aggressive fishery management efforts\u003c/a>, says Britten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the researchers looked at plankton and fish reproduction declines in individual ecosystems, the results varied. In the North Pacific — for example, the Gulf of Alaska — there were no significant declines. But in other regions of the world, like Australia and South America, it was clear that the lack of phytoplankton was the strongest driver in diminishing fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you averaged globally, there was a decline,” says Britten. “Decline in phytoplankton was a factor in all species. It was a consistent variable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s directly linked to climate change: Change in ocean temperature affects the phytoplankton population, which is impacting fish stocks, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/map-fisheries-20151214/child.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food sources for fish in their larval stage were also a focus of\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/30/E4065.full.pdf\"> research\u003c/a> published earlier this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/aos/people/research_staff/asch/index.xml\">Rebecca Asch\u003c/a>, now a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. Asch studied data from 1951 to 2008 on 43 species of fish collected off the Southern California coast and found that many fish have changed the season when they spawn. When fish spawned too early or too late in the season, there can be less plankton available to them, shrinking their chance of survival. She calls it a “mismatch” between when the fish spawn and when seasonal plankton blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing just how vulnerable our fisheries are to potential climate change is on the radar of NOAA Fisheries. The agency has put together a \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/ecosystems/climate/documents/Fish_Stock_Climate_Vulnerability_Assessment.pdf\">Fish Stock Climate Vulnerability Assessment\u003c/a> report expected to be released in early 2016. And like many things associated with climate change, there will be winners and losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Hare is the oceanography branch chief for NOAA Fisheries’ Northeast Fisheries Science Center and a lead researcher on the agency’s assessment. He says they looked at 82 fish and invertebrate species in the Northeast. About half of the species, including Atlantic cod, were determined to be negatively impacted by climate change in the Northeast U.S. Approximately 20 percent of the species are likely to be positively impacted — like the Atlantic croaker. The remainder species were considered neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar assessments are underway in the California Current and the Bering Sea, and eventually in all of the nation’s large marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the idea of ecosystem-based management comes in. It’s not only fishing that is impacting these resources,” says Hare. “We need to take a more holistic view of these resources and include that in our management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Britten says the fact that productivity of a fishery can change should be an eye-opener for fisheries management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s no longer just pull back on fishing and watch the stock rebound. It’s also a question of monitoring and understanding the ability of stocks to rebound, and that’s what we demonstrated in this study. The rebound potential is affected as well,” says Britten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fish populations aren't replenishing themselves like they used to. Researchers say there's not enough food for young fish, and it's directly linked to changing temperatures.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For anyone paying attention, it’s no secret there’s a lot of weird stuff going on in the oceans right now. We’ve got a monster El Niño looming in the Pacific. Ocean acidification is\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/02/23/388480482/acidifying-waters-are-endangering-your-oysters-and-mussels\"> prompting handwringing\u003c/a> among oyster lovers. Migrating fish populations have\u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/03/13/iceland_abandons_eu_bid_it_s_all_about_the_mackerel.html\"> caused tensions\u003c/a> between countries over fishing rights. And fishermen say they’re seeing\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/11/412943456/why-is-this-fisherman-selling-threatened-bluefin-tuna-for-2-99-a-pound\"> unusual patterns\u003c/a> in fish stocks they haven’t seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers now have more grim news to add to the mix. An analysis published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that the ability of fish populations to reproduce and replenish themselves is declining across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This, as far as we know, is the first global-scale study that documents the actual productivity of fish stocks is in decline,” says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://www.gregorybritten.info/home\">Gregory L. Britten\u003c/a>, a doctoral student at the University of California, Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Britten and some fellow researchers looked at data from a global database of 262 commercial fish stocks in dozens of large marine ecosystems across the globe. They say they’ve identified a pattern of decline in juvenile fish (young fish that have not yet reached reproductive age) that is closely tied to a decline in the amount of phytoplankton, or microalgae, in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it is a lack of food availability for these small fish,” says Britten. “When fish are young, their primary food is phytoplankton and microscopic animals. If they don’t find food in a matter of days, they can die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst news comes from the North Atlantic, where the vast majority of species, including Atlantic cod, European and American plaice, and sole are declining. In this case, Britten says historically heavy fishing may also play a role. Large fish, able to produce the biggest, most robust eggs, are harvested from the water. At the same time, documented declines of phytoplankton made it much more difficult for those fish stocks to bounce back when they did reproduce,\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/science/cods-continuing-decline-traced-to-warming-gulf-of-maine-waters.html?_r=0\"> despite aggressive fishery management efforts\u003c/a>, says Britten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the researchers looked at plankton and fish reproduction declines in individual ecosystems, the results varied. In the North Pacific — for example, the Gulf of Alaska — there were no significant declines. But in other regions of the world, like Australia and South America, it was clear that the lack of phytoplankton was the strongest driver in diminishing fish populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you averaged globally, there was a decline,” says Britten. “Decline in phytoplankton was a factor in all species. It was a consistent variable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s directly linked to climate change: Change in ocean temperature affects the phytoplankton population, which is impacting fish stocks, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/map-fisheries-20151214/child.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food sources for fish in their larval stage were also a focus of\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/30/E4065.full.pdf\"> research\u003c/a> published earlier this summer by \u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/aos/people/research_staff/asch/index.xml\">Rebecca Asch\u003c/a>, now a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. Asch studied data from 1951 to 2008 on 43 species of fish collected off the Southern California coast and found that many fish have changed the season when they spawn. When fish spawned too early or too late in the season, there can be less plankton available to them, shrinking their chance of survival. She calls it a “mismatch” between when the fish spawn and when seasonal plankton blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing just how vulnerable our fisheries are to potential climate change is on the radar of NOAA Fisheries. The agency has put together a \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/ecosystems/climate/documents/Fish_Stock_Climate_Vulnerability_Assessment.pdf\">Fish Stock Climate Vulnerability Assessment\u003c/a> report expected to be released in early 2016. And like many things associated with climate change, there will be winners and losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Hare is the oceanography branch chief for NOAA Fisheries’ Northeast Fisheries Science Center and a lead researcher on the agency’s assessment. He says they looked at 82 fish and invertebrate species in the Northeast. About half of the species, including Atlantic cod, were determined to be negatively impacted by climate change in the Northeast U.S. Approximately 20 percent of the species are likely to be positively impacted — like the Atlantic croaker. The remainder species were considered neutral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar assessments are underway in the California Current and the Bering Sea, and eventually in all of the nation’s large marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the idea of ecosystem-based management comes in. It’s not only fishing that is impacting these resources,” says Hare. “We need to take a more holistic view of these resources and include that in our management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Britten says the fact that productivity of a fishery can change should be an eye-opener for fisheries management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s no longer just pull back on fishing and watch the stock rebound. It’s also a question of monitoring and understanding the ability of stocks to rebound, and that’s what we demonstrated in this study. The rebound potential is affected as well,” says Britten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Methane Leaks: A Visible 'Environmental Disaster' and Hidden Threat",
"headTitle": "Methane Leaks: A Visible ‘Environmental Disaster’ and Hidden Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO8HraNes9w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”j8ZKAhTyX6vUmZUPJsNS6vYz2BUiiQ2Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBLeakyPipelinesBowe151214.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For decades, California utilities have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "FEMA Unveils El Niño Disaster Response Plan",
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"content": "\u003cp>Federal and state officials unveiled a disaster plan today for dealing with flooding, landslides and power outages this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño-related storms are expected to hit California, Nevada and Arizona this month and continue through early spring. California, especially southern California, is expected to receive above-average rainfall from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.’\u003ccite> Mark Ghilarducci, California Office of Emergency Services \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Emergency planners say Californians will likely be battling a range of disasters, including mudslides, floods, rising tides and downed trees that cause power outages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the drought has packed the soil, which could make conditions even more more difficult, says Mark Ghilarducci, director of the state Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The land is very, very hard,” Ghilarducci says, “and so we’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Areas like Lake County, where wildfires decimated trees that normally hold soil in place, are susceptible to mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the burn scar areas — we had some catastrophic fires this summer — we’re very concerned what this heavy water will do to those areas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, above average sea surface temperatures related to El Niño mean higher sea levels. And the El Niño conditions, coupled with King Tides, create even higher tides dubbed Tall Kings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2015/12/RecordBreakingSeaLevelsMemo.pdf\">according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tidal highs are already breaking records. During Thanksgiving week, tide stations at San Diego, La Jolla and Santa Barbara recorded the highest tide levels ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-403989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Nino disaster response planning session.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Niño disaster response planning session. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because Arizona and Nevada are deserts they are less vulnerable than California. Arizona is susceptible to flash flooding, however, which it often experiences during its summer monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact on Nevada will depend on how much water flows down Eastern Sierra rivers and drainages from melting snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is a series of ocean conditions defined by above-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. NOAA forecasters say this year’s El Niño is stronger than usual, and has a 95 percent chance of continuing through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time San Francisco experienced an El Niño of this magnitude, in the winter of ’97-98, the city received double the normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During The Federal Emergency Management Agency and California’s Office of Emergency Management drill in Sacramento today, the agencies offered tips to the public, and urged people to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño Disaster Planning Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/\">floodsmart.gov\u003c/a> to see if you live in a flood zone (one in five Californians live in a flood prone area).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure you have a plan in place before, during and after heavy rains. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ready.gov/\">ready.gov \u003c/a>for tips.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider buying \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program\">flood insurance\u003c/a>. It’s not included in most insurance plans.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Help out. FEMA is \u003ca href=\"https://careers.fema.gov/temporary-local-hires\">looking to hire\u003c/a> 500 people in California, Nevada and Arizona to help with response efforts. The agency is especially interested in engineers, construction or social workers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you live in a low-lying area, ask your \u003ca href=\"http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/california\">local fire department\u003c/a> where you can buy sandbags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal and state officials unveiled a disaster plan today for dealing with flooding, landslides and power outages this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño-related storms are expected to hit California, Nevada and Arizona this month and continue through early spring. California, especially southern California, is expected to receive above-average rainfall from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.’\u003ccite> Mark Ghilarducci, California Office of Emergency Services \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Emergency planners say Californians will likely be battling a range of disasters, including mudslides, floods, rising tides and downed trees that cause power outages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the drought has packed the soil, which could make conditions even more more difficult, says Mark Ghilarducci, director of the state Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The land is very, very hard,” Ghilarducci says, “and so we’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Areas like Lake County, where wildfires decimated trees that normally hold soil in place, are susceptible to mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the burn scar areas — we had some catastrophic fires this summer — we’re very concerned what this heavy water will do to those areas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, above average sea surface temperatures related to El Niño mean higher sea levels. And the El Niño conditions, coupled with King Tides, create even higher tides dubbed Tall Kings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2015/12/RecordBreakingSeaLevelsMemo.pdf\">according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tidal highs are already breaking records. During Thanksgiving week, tide stations at San Diego, La Jolla and Santa Barbara recorded the highest tide levels ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-403989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Nino disaster response planning session.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Niño disaster response planning session. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because Arizona and Nevada are deserts they are less vulnerable than California. Arizona is susceptible to flash flooding, however, which it often experiences during its summer monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact on Nevada will depend on how much water flows down Eastern Sierra rivers and drainages from melting snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is a series of ocean conditions defined by above-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. NOAA forecasters say this year’s El Niño is stronger than usual, and has a 95 percent chance of continuing through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time San Francisco experienced an El Niño of this magnitude, in the winter of ’97-98, the city received double the normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During The Federal Emergency Management Agency and California’s Office of Emergency Management drill in Sacramento today, the agencies offered tips to the public, and urged people to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño Disaster Planning Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/\">floodsmart.gov\u003c/a> to see if you live in a flood zone (one in five Californians live in a flood prone area).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure you have a plan in place before, during and after heavy rains. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ready.gov/\">ready.gov \u003c/a>for tips.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider buying \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program\">flood insurance\u003c/a>. It’s not included in most insurance plans.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Help out. FEMA is \u003ca href=\"https://careers.fema.gov/temporary-local-hires\">looking to hire\u003c/a> 500 people in California, Nevada and Arizona to help with response efforts. The agency is especially interested in engineers, construction or social workers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you live in a low-lying area, ask your \u003ca href=\"http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/california\">local fire department\u003c/a> where you can buy sandbags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Collection of Our Favorite Sites for Weather Forecast Geek-Outs",
"title": "A Collection of Our Favorite Sites for Weather Forecast Geek-Outs",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.windyty.com/?37.562,-122.124,7,rain,menu\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, and I sincerely hope you're not, the job of obsessing about our winter weather involves occasional glances out the window coupled with marathon sessions geeking out over weather forecasts and staring at radar loops and puzzling over terminology like \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec1/info500mb.html\" target=\"_blank\">500-millibar heights\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-animated-global-map-total-precipitable-water-so-freaking-cool-i-cant-even\" target=\"_blank\">total precipitable water\u003c/a>. While we wait to see how this whole El Niño winter pans out in California, here's a brief list of sites that prove consistently useful, interesting and fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10800727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10800727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png\" alt=\"Visualization from earth.nullschool.net of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10800727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-800x425.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-768x408.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-960x510.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-280x150.png 280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png 1168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization from \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">earth.nullschool.net\u003c/a> of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, starting with stuff that you can spend hours, maybe, just staring at and playing with: Cameron Beccario's \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>, a site that turns raw data from weather observations and models into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/28/california-storm-the-coolest-view-you-will-see-today/\" target=\"_blank\">dynamic portraits\u003c/a> of current and upcoming weather. There is a lot to the visualizations here -- you need to open the controls under the label \"earth\" at the pages lower left to get an idea of the different slices of data and views available here. A newer site based on Beccario's open-source code and similar weather model input is \u003ca href=\"https://www.windytv.com\" target=\"_blank\">Windytv.com\u003c/a> -- embedded at the top of the post -- which is geared toward delivering observations and forecasts that people like pilots, kitesurfers and other adventurers can use.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787886\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787886\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png\" alt=\"A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service, San Francisco Bay Area/Monterey\u003c/a>: A one-stop shop for the basics -- everything from hourly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/rainfall.php\" target=\"_blank\">rainfall reports\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\">climatology\u003c/a> for the Bay Area locations to \u003ca href=\"http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no\" target=\"_blank\">weather radar\u003c/a>. The site's indispensable feature -- one common to every local National Weather Service office -- is its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a>. In essence, it's a forecaster's narrative of the reasoning behind the current outlook and includes details about timing of storms that are often obscure in the simple forecast. (For similar insights into the Sierra Nevada weather outlook -- especially how much snow to expect in the mountains and when -- check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDSTO&wfo=STO\" target=\"_blank\">NWS Sacramento forecast discussion\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787550\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787550\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png\" alt=\"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png 663w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.) \u003ccite>(CNRFC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>: This site contains an almost limitless reservoir of data on precipitation -- both what's forecast to fall and what's coming -- and on near-real-time river conditions for California, Nevada and southern Oregon. A couple of favorite features to navigate to on the CNRFC home page: The Forecast Precipitation (QPF) and Observed Precipitation (QPE) pages, both of which open from tabs on the page's right side. Those pages give a comprehensive picture of California precipitation for the past five days and coming six days. If you're into the text discussion thing, the CNRFC's daily \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNOHMDRSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrometeorological Discussion\u003c/a> gives a quick rundown of storm impacts in major watersheds and a thorough forecast analysis based on numerical weather models.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_-400x422.gif\" alt=\"The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \" width=\"400\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \u003ccite>(CPC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">NOAA's Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>: A portal for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's precipitation and temperature outlooks for periods ranging from the next six to 10 days to three months. The CPC's maps give a quick overview of expected precipitation patterns and whether a given region is expected to get above or below median rainfall. For the details, and to understand exactly what's being forecast, it's necessary to read the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\">prognostic discussion\u003c/a> that's published in concert with the shorter-term maps.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png\" alt=\"The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. \" width=\"400\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-800x220.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-960x264.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>: This is a site featuring technical model analysis by Daniel Swain, the Stanford doctoral candidate who \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/watching-the-weather-with-daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\">coined\u003c/a> the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\" target=\"_blank\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>\" to describe the persistent dome of high pressure that blocked most winter storms from reaching California each of the last two winters. Swain doesn't add to the blog often, but his posts draw wide attention and lots and lots of comments -- an online conversation that he participates in. Also worth following: Swain's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter feed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-10788275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png\" alt=\"Tahoe Daily Snow\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png 561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe\" target=\"_blank\">OpenSnow.com/Tahoe Daily Snow\u003c/a>: A smart, well-written site with a simple, straightforward mission: detailed snow forecasts for the Sierra Nevada around Lake Tahoe (it turns out people like to partake in winter sports up there -- things like skiing and snowboarding and chaining up while they sit in I-80 and U.S. 50 traffic).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-10787939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png\" alt=\"Golden Gate Weather Services\" width=\"400\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png 755w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>: Jan Null, a consulting meteorologist and proprietor of Golden Gate Weather Services, has long been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Jan-Null-is-the-hot-name-in-weather-4246555.php\" target=\"_blank\">go-to source\u003c/a> for journalists looking for insight into Bay Area weather. He's amassed \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\">a staggering volume\u003c/a> of information on his website, ranging from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/monthly.html\" target=\"_blank\">complete monthly rainfall record\u003c/a> going back to 1849 to an explainer on \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the myths and realities of El Niño\u003c/a>. One caveat: While we've found lots of cool stuff here -- hey, look at \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/season.html\" target=\"_blank\">this tabular history of San Francisco rainfall\u003c/a>, sorted by season, total amount and days of rain! -- the site is actually a little hard to navigate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Meteorology Society's Glossary of Meteorology\u003c/a>: I mentioned precipitable water somewhere up above. If you really want to know \u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Precipitable_water\" target=\"_blank\">what that is\u003c/a> -- or find the meanings of thousands of other meteorological terms, many of which include math stuff that's beyond me -- this is the place.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://embed.windyty.com/?37.562,-122.124,7,rain,menu\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, and I sincerely hope you're not, the job of obsessing about our winter weather involves occasional glances out the window coupled with marathon sessions geeking out over weather forecasts and staring at radar loops and puzzling over terminology like \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec1/info500mb.html\" target=\"_blank\">500-millibar heights\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/the-animated-global-map-total-precipitable-water-so-freaking-cool-i-cant-even\" target=\"_blank\">total precipitable water\u003c/a>. While we wait to see how this whole El Niño winter pans out in California, here's a brief list of sites that prove consistently useful, interesting and fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10800727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10800727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png\" alt=\"Visualization from earth.nullschool.net of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10800727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-400x213.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-800x425.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-768x408.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-960x510.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26-280x150.png 280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-19-13.35.26.png 1168w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization from \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">earth.nullschool.net\u003c/a> of waves in the Pacific Ocean off California. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, starting with stuff that you can spend hours, maybe, just staring at and playing with: Cameron Beccario's \u003ca href=\"http://earth.nullschool.net/\" target=\"_blank\">Earth\u003c/a>, a site that turns raw data from weather observations and models into \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/02/28/california-storm-the-coolest-view-you-will-see-today/\" target=\"_blank\">dynamic portraits\u003c/a> of current and upcoming weather. There is a lot to the visualizations here -- you need to open the controls under the label \"earth\" at the pages lower left to get an idea of the different slices of data and views available here. A newer site based on Beccario's open-source code and similar weather model input is \u003ca href=\"https://www.windytv.com\" target=\"_blank\">Windytv.com\u003c/a> -- embedded at the top of the post -- which is geared toward delivering observations and forecasts that people like pilots, kitesurfers and other adventurers can use.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787886\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787886\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png\" alt=\"A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage-400x345.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/nwsmtrimage.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A high surf advisory from the National Weather Service in Monterey. (Click for larger image.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/\" target=\"_blank\">National Weather Service, San Francisco Bay Area/Monterey\u003c/a>: A one-stop shop for the basics -- everything from hourly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mtr/rainfall.php\" target=\"_blank\">rainfall reports\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=mtr\" target=\"_blank\">climatology\u003c/a> for the Bay Area locations to \u003ca href=\"http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no\" target=\"_blank\">weather radar\u003c/a>. The site's indispensable feature -- one common to every local National Weather Service office -- is its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDMTR&wfo=MTR\" target=\"_blank\">Area Forecast Discussion\u003c/a>. In essence, it's a forecaster's narrative of the reasoning behind the current outlook and includes details about timing of storms that are often obscure in the simple forecast. (For similar insights into the Sierra Nevada weather outlook -- especially how much snow to expect in the mountains and when -- check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/total_forecast/getprod.php?prod=XXXAFDSTO&wfo=STO\" target=\"_blank\">NWS Sacramento forecast discussion\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787550\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787550\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png\" alt=\"Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map-400x474.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/map.png 663w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) map from NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center. Map depicts weather models' forecast precipitation from Tuesday, Dec. 8 through early Monday, Dec. 14. (Click for larger version.) \u003ccite>(CNRFC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/a>: This site contains an almost limitless reservoir of data on precipitation -- both what's forecast to fall and what's coming -- and on near-real-time river conditions for California, Nevada and southern Oregon. A couple of favorite features to navigate to on the CNRFC home page: The Forecast Precipitation (QPF) and Observed Precipitation (QPE) pages, both of which open from tabs on the page's right side. Those pages give a comprehensive picture of California precipitation for the past five days and coming six days. If you're into the text discussion thing, the CNRFC's daily \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNOHMDRSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\">Hydrometeorological Discussion\u003c/a> gives a quick rundown of storm impacts in major watersheds and a thorough forecast analysis based on numerical weather models.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/814prcp.new_-400x422.gif\" alt=\"The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \" width=\"400\" height=\"422\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 8- to 14-day precipitation outlook from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. \u003ccite>(CPC/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">NOAA's Climate Prediction Center\u003c/a>: A portal for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's precipitation and temperature outlooks for periods ranging from the next six to 10 days to three months. The CPC's maps give a quick overview of expected precipitation patterns and whether a given region is expected to get above or below median rainfall. For the details, and to understand exactly what's being forecast, it's necessary to read the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/fxus06.html\" target=\"_blank\">prognostic discussion\u003c/a> that's published in concert with the shorter-term maps.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10787889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10787889\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png\" alt=\"The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain. \" width=\"400\" height=\"110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-400x110.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-800x220.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56-960x264.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.12.56.png 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Weather Blog, by Stanford climate scientist Daniel Swain.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\">California Weather Blog\u003c/a>: This is a site featuring technical model analysis by Daniel Swain, the Stanford doctoral candidate who \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/watching-the-weather-with-daniel-swain/\" target=\"_blank\">coined\u003c/a> the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it\" target=\"_blank\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>\" to describe the persistent dome of high pressure that blocked most winter storms from reaching California each of the last two winters. Swain doesn't add to the blog often, but his posts draw wide attention and lots and lots of comments -- an online conversation that he participates in. Also worth following: Swain's \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Weather_West\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter feed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-10788275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png\" alt=\"Tahoe Daily Snow\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03-400x87.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-09-06.58.03.png 561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe\" target=\"_blank\">OpenSnow.com/Tahoe Daily Snow\u003c/a>: A smart, well-written site with a simple, straightforward mission: detailed snow forecasts for the Sierra Nevada around Lake Tahoe (it turns out people like to partake in winter sports up there -- things like skiing and snowboarding and chaining up while they sit in I-80 and U.S. 50 traffic).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-10787939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png\" alt=\"Golden Gate Weather Services\" width=\"400\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14-400x228.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/12/Screenshot-2015-12-08-23.18.14.png 755w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>: Jan Null, a consulting meteorologist and proprietor of Golden Gate Weather Services, has long been the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Jan-Null-is-the-hot-name-in-weather-4246555.php\" target=\"_blank\">go-to source\u003c/a> for journalists looking for insight into Bay Area weather. He's amassed \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/links.html\">a staggering volume\u003c/a> of information on his website, ranging from San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/monthly.html\" target=\"_blank\">complete monthly rainfall record\u003c/a> going back to 1849 to an explainer on \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\">the myths and realities of El Niño\u003c/a>. One caveat: While we've found lots of cool stuff here -- hey, look at \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/sf/season.html\" target=\"_blank\">this tabular history of San Francisco rainfall\u003c/a>, sorted by season, total amount and days of rain! -- the site is actually a little hard to navigate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org\" target=\"_blank\">American Meteorology Society's Glossary of Meteorology\u003c/a>: I mentioned precipitable water somewhere up above. If you really want to know \u003ca href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Precipitable_water\" target=\"_blank\">what that is\u003c/a> -- or find the meanings of thousands of other meteorological terms, many of which include math stuff that's beyond me -- this is the place.\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'Local Warming:' Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change",
"headTitle": "‘Local Warming:’ Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "And some of them might surprise you. KQED's Sasha Khokha teams up with the BBC for a three-part documentary series.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "l-a-sues-socal-gas-over-month-long-porter-ranch-leak",
"title": "L.A. Sues SoCal Gas Over Monthlong Porter Ranch Leak",
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"content": "\u003cp>Los Angeles City Attorney Mike Feuer announced Monday that he has filed a lawsuit against the Southern California Gas Company related to a leak at its natural gas storage facility in Porter Ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents have \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/11/24/55858/porter-ranch-gas-leak-rotten-egg-smell-could-cost/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed more than 700 complaints\u003c/a> to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, saying the odor is causing severe headaches, nosebleeds and has prompted burning sensations in some people’s lungs and noses. Hundreds of residents have evacuated the area since the gas leak began over a month ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims the gas leak is worsening climate change by emitting the same amount of greenhouse gas in one hour as 200,000 cars running for one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236665084″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal move comes a week after the R. Rex Parris Law Firm \u003ca href=\"http://rrexparris.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a class-action lawsuit\u003c/a> against SoCal Gas and its parent company, Sempra Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feuer’s lawsuit seeks a court order that would make sure the leak is repaired as quickly as possible, to find out what caused it and to prevent a similar event in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also wants the utility to make sure that any systemic flaws at the Aliso Canyon storage facility and other facilities are addressed, and to impose penalties of $2,500 per day for each violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCal Gas “has been negligent in their responsibility to protect public health and safety with their operations and has caused real harm to their host community,” Feuer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/12/07/56078/los-angeles-city-attorney-sues-socal-gas-over-port/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the full story via KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Los Angeles City Attorney Mike Feuer announced Monday that he has filed a lawsuit against the Southern California Gas Company related to a leak at its natural gas storage facility in Porter Ranch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents have \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/11/24/55858/porter-ranch-gas-leak-rotten-egg-smell-could-cost/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed more than 700 complaints\u003c/a> to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, saying the odor is causing severe headaches, nosebleeds and has prompted burning sensations in some people’s lungs and noses. Hundreds of residents have evacuated the area since the gas leak began over a month ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims the gas leak is worsening climate change by emitting the same amount of greenhouse gas in one hour as 200,000 cars running for one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236665084″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236665084″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal move comes a week after the R. Rex Parris Law Firm \u003ca href=\"http://rrexparris.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Porter-Ranch-Gas-Leak-Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filed a class-action lawsuit\u003c/a> against SoCal Gas and its parent company, Sempra Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feuer’s lawsuit seeks a court order that would make sure the leak is repaired as quickly as possible, to find out what caused it and to prevent a similar event in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also wants the utility to make sure that any systemic flaws at the Aliso Canyon storage facility and other facilities are addressed, and to impose penalties of $2,500 per day for each violation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCal Gas “has been negligent in their responsibility to protect public health and safety with their operations and has caused real harm to their host community,” Feuer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2015/12/07/56078/los-angeles-city-attorney-sues-socal-gas-over-port/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the full story via KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/SolarShowdown.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, solar companies and utilities are headed for a showdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators will soon be deciding whether Californians installing solar panels will have to pay new monthly fees to their utility, including PG&E and the state’s two other major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate, years in the making, was sparked by something that’s been troubling the utility sector: as more Californians make their own power, electric utilities are bringing in less money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the growth of solar in the state has exploded. PG&E estimates that it hooks up a new solar system to the grid every seven minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Incentives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is a core incentive that solar customers rely on: a policy known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/DistGen/netmetering.htm\">net-energy metering\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When homeowners like Matt Brown decide to install solar, they’re usually looking at the bottom line. When Brown bought panels for his Oakland home earlier this year, he calculated that he’d start saving money in five or six years because of net-metering.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No state is more committed to encouraging solar than California.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Governor Jerry Brown \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I think that was one of the most important things for us,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: in the evening, when Brown is getting dinner ready for his two young sons, he’s using plenty of electricity to power his lights and appliances. Since it’s dark out, his solar panels aren’t producing and he has to buy that electricity from PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his utility bill isn’t as high as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now we’re projected basically to have a zero bill,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because during the day, when it’s sunny and Brown’s panels are cranking out electricity, he sells the extra back to PG&E, at the same price he buys it from the company. So the power he sells cancels out the power he buys, keeping his monthly utility bill low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Utility Shortfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those low bills have been raising red flags in California, where the solar market is the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to be a challenge for the utility,” says Aaron Johnson, a vice president at PG&E. “How do we accommodate all that solar? How do we incorporate it into the grid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E’s territory, running from Bakersfield nearly to the Oregon border, is home to a quarter of all the rooftop solar systems in the country. Johnson says the wires and substations that make up today’s electric grid may not be up to the task of moving so much power both into and out of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-401829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg\" alt=\"Solar_Grid@620px_credit\" width=\"620\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to need a grid that can accommodate these two-way power flows,” he says. “It wasn’t originally designed to do that. And as we begin to build that modern, 21st century grid, everyone is going to have to contribute to that. And we think solar customers need to contribute to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says with their low bills, solar customers aren’t contributing enough to upgrade the power grid. That’s creating a shortfall that, according to PG&E, will reach up to $3 billion annually within a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly growing and will continue to grow significantly if we don’t look at a different model for solar going forward,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under PG&E’s proposal, net-metering would work differently for new solar customers. For every kilowatt-hour of electricity a solar customer sells PG&E, they’d be paid a lower, wholesale price instead of the retail price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New solar customers would also pay an added monthly fee. PG&E would take a customer’s highest electricity demand for any given month, which is the moment their home is drawing the most power. It ranges from 1 to 20 kw, but for an average customer, it’s between 3 and 4 kw. PG&E would then change $3 per kw, which means the monthly fees would range between $3 and $60 dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”IqdWrL5nQF9RNwfH5Gk2ajXuJaEoD66m”]The proposed changes would only apply to new solar customers, starting sometime late next year. Existing solar customers would be grandfathered into today’s net-metering system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric have each proposed similar charges for their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That argument can only come from a monopoly that’s used to selling every electron to every customer for the past one hundred years,” says Walker Wright of Sunrun, one of the largest solar companies in California. “What rooftop solar represents is the first true form of competition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright says you don’t have to look far to see how new solar fees would harm the industry. A utility in Arizona recently started charging solar customers $50 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a 95 percent drop in the applications for solar,” he said. “We saw absolute devastation in the market and it’s created a lot of anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright says PG&E’s proposal would make it uneconomical for many Californians to go solar. Plus, the system is more complicated, making it harder for customers to commit to solar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t understand what your savings will be each month,” he says. “You can’t build a business around that and everything comes to a halt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright also says when PG&E calculates the financial shortfall it says solar customers are causing, it doesn’t consider the cost savings that solar customers are providing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provide clean energy at a local level during the heat of day when that utility would otherwise have to buy power out in the desert and wheel it into where people live,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_394691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 769px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-394691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg\" alt=\"A banner hanging outside PG&E's San Francisco headquarters.\" width=\"769\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg 769w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A banner hanging outside PG&E’s San Francisco headquarters. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>PG&E contends that solar will continue to grow under the net-metering changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think solar has made great cost reductions and can accommodate paying more of their own way towards helping contribute to the grid,” said Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission will ultimately decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No state is more committed to encouraging solar than California,” said Governor Jerry Brown in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the Public Utilities Commission is filled with people who share that commitment,” Brown continued. “So, yes, we’re hearing a lot from the [solar] advocates but I would be very confident that the PUC will listen and will get to the right answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Utility Shake-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are very big and both parties have a point,” said Brian Chin, who analyses utilities for Merrill Lynch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin says it just shows how solar is shaking up electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You look at the business model and you can’t help but go the business model has to change in the next fifteen years in some way, shape or form,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission are expected to release their proposal for what solar customers will pay by the end of the month. Whatever California decides, the precedent regulators set could spread nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This winter, solar companies and utilities are headed for a showdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators will soon be deciding whether Californians installing solar panels will have to pay new monthly fees to their utility, including PG&E and the state’s two other major utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate, years in the making, was sparked by something that’s been troubling the utility sector: as more Californians make their own power, electric utilities are bringing in less money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the growth of solar in the state has exploded. PG&E estimates that it hooks up a new solar system to the grid every seven minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Incentives\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At stake is a core incentive that solar customers rely on: a policy known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/DistGen/netmetering.htm\">net-energy metering\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When homeowners like Matt Brown decide to install solar, they’re usually looking at the bottom line. When Brown bought panels for his Oakland home earlier this year, he calculated that he’d start saving money in five or six years because of net-metering.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘No state is more committed to encouraging solar than California.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Governor Jerry Brown \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I think that was one of the most important things for us,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: in the evening, when Brown is getting dinner ready for his two young sons, he’s using plenty of electricity to power his lights and appliances. Since it’s dark out, his solar panels aren’t producing and he has to buy that electricity from PG&E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his utility bill isn’t as high as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now we’re projected basically to have a zero bill,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because during the day, when it’s sunny and Brown’s panels are cranking out electricity, he sells the extra back to PG&E, at the same price he buys it from the company. So the power he sells cancels out the power he buys, keeping his monthly utility bill low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Utility Shortfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those low bills have been raising red flags in California, where the solar market is the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to be a challenge for the utility,” says Aaron Johnson, a vice president at PG&E. “How do we accommodate all that solar? How do we incorporate it into the grid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E’s territory, running from Bakersfield nearly to the Oregon border, is home to a quarter of all the rooftop solar systems in the country. Johnson says the wires and substations that make up today’s electric grid may not be up to the task of moving so much power both into and out of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-401829\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg\" alt=\"Solar_Grid@620px_credit\" width=\"620\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit.jpg 620w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Solar_Grid@620px_credit-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to need a grid that can accommodate these two-way power flows,” he says. “It wasn’t originally designed to do that. And as we begin to build that modern, 21st century grid, everyone is going to have to contribute to that. And we think solar customers need to contribute to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says with their low bills, solar customers aren’t contributing enough to upgrade the power grid. That’s creating a shortfall that, according to PG&E, will reach up to $3 billion annually within a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly growing and will continue to grow significantly if we don’t look at a different model for solar going forward,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under PG&E’s proposal, net-metering would work differently for new solar customers. For every kilowatt-hour of electricity a solar customer sells PG&E, they’d be paid a lower, wholesale price instead of the retail price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New solar customers would also pay an added monthly fee. PG&E would take a customer’s highest electricity demand for any given month, which is the moment their home is drawing the most power. It ranges from 1 to 20 kw, but for an average customer, it’s between 3 and 4 kw. PG&E would then change $3 per kw, which means the monthly fees would range between $3 and $60 dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The proposed changes would only apply to new solar customers, starting sometime late next year. Existing solar customers would be grandfathered into today’s net-metering system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric have each proposed similar charges for their customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar Anxiety\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That argument can only come from a monopoly that’s used to selling every electron to every customer for the past one hundred years,” says Walker Wright of Sunrun, one of the largest solar companies in California. “What rooftop solar represents is the first true form of competition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright says you don’t have to look far to see how new solar fees would harm the industry. A utility in Arizona recently started charging solar customers $50 a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw a 95 percent drop in the applications for solar,” he said. “We saw absolute devastation in the market and it’s created a lot of anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright says PG&E’s proposal would make it uneconomical for many Californians to go solar. Plus, the system is more complicated, making it harder for customers to commit to solar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t understand what your savings will be each month,” he says. “You can’t build a business around that and everything comes to a halt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright also says when PG&E calculates the financial shortfall it says solar customers are causing, it doesn’t consider the cost savings that solar customers are providing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They provide clean energy at a local level during the heat of day when that utility would otherwise have to buy power out in the desert and wheel it into where people live,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_394691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 769px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-394691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg\" alt=\"A banner hanging outside PG&E's San Francisco headquarters.\" width=\"769\" height=\"570\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge.jpg 769w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/pge-400x296.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 769px) 100vw, 769px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A banner hanging outside PG&E’s San Francisco headquarters. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>PG&E contends that solar will continue to grow under the net-metering changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think solar has made great cost reductions and can accommodate paying more of their own way towards helping contribute to the grid,” said Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators at the California Public Utilities Commission will ultimately decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No state is more committed to encouraging solar than California,” said Governor Jerry Brown in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And the Public Utilities Commission is filled with people who share that commitment,” Brown continued. “So, yes, we’re hearing a lot from the [solar] advocates but I would be very confident that the PUC will listen and will get to the right answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Utility Shake-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These questions are very big and both parties have a point,” said Brian Chin, who analyses utilities for Merrill Lynch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin says it just shows how solar is shaking up electric utilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You look at the business model and you can’t help but go the business model has to change in the next fifteen years in some way, shape or form,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gray wolves could be stripped of state endangered species protections once at least 50 of the animals are roaming in California, wildlife officials said Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">released a draft plan\u003c/a> for managing gray wolves, which were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/06/04/california-to-protect-gray-wolves-as-endangered-species/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">granted protections last year\u003c/a> but whose numbers are growing. It outlines efforts to minimize livestock loss and ways to ensure there’s enough prey for wolves, other predators and hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under California’s protections, gray wolves can’t be killed or hunted. U.S. law also protects wolves in most of the nation, except for Idaho, Montana and parts of Washington, Oregon and Utah. But there is a pending proposal to strip federal protections from most of the Lower 48 states, including California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7fvT3EudCAabHvLuT0hgEHqyhUtlm42p”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once there are between 50 and 75 wolves in California, the state’s proposal suggests considering whether wolves should be removed from a list of endangered animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves were hunted to extinction in California nearly a century ago, but a lone wolf called OR-7 crossed the northern border from Oregon in 2011, marking their return. Remote cameras in Siskiyou County earlier this year \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/20/gray-wolf-pups-found-in-california-first-in-nearly-a-century/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">captured two adults and five pups\u003c/a>, dubbed the Shasta Pack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists herald their return as an icon of California’s western landscape, while ranchers fear wolf packs will kill valuable livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty doesn’t sound like many wolves, but Northern California doesn’t have enough wild prey to support that number of predators, said Kirk Wilbur, spokesman for the California Cattlemen’s Association. He fears that wolves will remain forever under the state’s protection, depriving ranchers of the ability to kill them and protecting their cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had concerns with listing them in the first place,” Wilbur said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj3pzWYOQ3s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amaroq Weiss, a wolf advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity, said the state proposes removing protections for gray wolves just as they gain a solid foothold in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We disagree with the proposal to weaken protections before wolves have truly recovered in California,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, any discussion of removing protections at this point is a premature, said Jordan Traverso, a spokeswoman for the Department of Fish and Wildlife. She said it is hard to know whether wolves will flourish to that degree in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s impossible to speculate what Mother Nature would do,” Traverso said. “We have no idea.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials will \u003ca href=\"http://wolfconservationplancomments.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take public comment\u003c/a> on the plan through mid-February before it is adopted.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 150 world leaders are gathered near Paris for what is being billed as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/11/30/457402547/why-negotiators-at-paris-climate-talks-are-tossing-the-kyoto-model\">last-chance summit\u003c/a> to avoid catastrophic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Eleanor Beardsley reports that this is the biggest diplomatic meeting in France since 1948. She filed this report for our Newscast unit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“French foreign minister Laurent Fabius welcomed the 147 world leaders and more than 45,000 participants as he opened the UN climate conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the first time developing nations will also commit to reducing emissions. But they will rely on funding from richer countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2015 is so far the hottest year on record. Scientists warn if nothing is done, the planet will suffer rising sea levels more floods, worsening drought, water shortages, storms and other catastrophic events.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>During his opening speech, President Obama said that “no nation — large or small, wealthy or poor — is immune” to the ills of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/671300176007585792\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama nodded to the fact that the climate talks are being held with the backdrop of the Paris attacks. He said continuing with the talks was an “act of defiance” that “proves nothing will deter us” from “building a better future for our children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quoting an American governor, Obama said this is the first generation to see the effects of climate change and the last generation who can do something about it. He said the goal of this conference is not to find a “stop-gap solution” but “a long-term strategy that gives the world confidence in a low-carbon future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We’ll update this post with the latest, as news emerges from the summit.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+150+World+Leaders+Gather+In+Paris+For+U.N.+Climate+Conference+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/457139712/457139713\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transcript :\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yyxF4nLS9rIlB70RlQIf8us53ApTILNO”]KELLY MCEVERS, HOST: There are now just three northern white rhinos left in the world. The only one that was in the U.S. died yesterday. The San Diego Zoo announced veterinarians euthanized its white rhino – her name was Nola – after her already fragile health got worse. Nola was 41 years old. Rick Schwartz joins us now to talk about this. He is known as the zoo’s global ambassador, and welcome to the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RICK SCHWARTZ: Thank you so much for having me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: Yeah. Nola had lived in San Diego since 1989. Can you tell us about her life before that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: She was at a zoo over in Europe with a few other northern white rhinos. Unfortunately, they were already upwards in age. We were hoping that we might be able to get the opportunity to breed them, but they were just never able to reproduce just because of their age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: As we said, there are now only three northern white rhinos left in the world. Where are they?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/24/one-of-last-4-white-rhinos-euthanized-at-san-diego-zoo/nola2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-375847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-375847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2.jpg\" alt=\"White rhino Nola. \" width=\"590\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2.jpg 590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White rhino Nola. \u003ccite>(San Diego Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Correct. There is a conservancy called Ol Pejeta, which is in Kenya very close to the equator. They are protected by fence. There are guard dogs, and there are armed guards with them 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: So what is it that led to the near extinction of the northern white rhino?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Well, unfortunately, many cultures believe that the horn of the rhino has medicinal value that can do anything from curing cancer to upping your libido and everything in between, it seems. The reality is, rhino horn is a protein made of keratin, just like your fingernails, just like the hooves of a cow or the hooves of a horse. But unfortunately because there are certain beliefs, currently on the black market, rhino horn is valued greater than cocaine or heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: And this isn’t the only kind of rhino – right? – that’s endangered. This is one particular kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Oh, no. They are not the only ones that are endangerd. You know, we have the Sumatran, which I believe – over 30 some of them left, the Javan – just a couple hundred left. We’ve lost already the western black rhino a few years back. The speed in which these animal species are careening towards extinction is frightening. You know, for us personally, we’ve lost a family member. We’ve known her for a long time. She was very personable, and everyone who got to see her was very enamored with her not only because she was 1 of 4 at the time but just her personality in general was very gentle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: You said she was gentle. What did she do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Well, you know, having worked with animals my entire life, you know, you have an immense respect for an animal that’s as large as a pickup truck. You respect the fact that if they even just shift their weight or they step sideways onto your toe, it could be a very bad day for you (laughter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when I first met Nola, I was a little reserved because, you know, in my experience – I’ve never been hurt by them, but you do respect something of this size. And the keepers just got right down, gave her a rubdown. You know, rhinos communicate quite a bit through their breathing pattern. And to hear the large exhale and inhale from her lungs as she was greeting her keepers and then allowing me to rub her down and feel the coarseness of her skin and hear her breath like that – she truly was a gentle soul, and she had worked with people for a long time. And she definitely identified each of her keepers through her senses and knew each of them very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: One last-ditch plan that could work to save the northern white rhino is in-vitro fertilization. Can you explain how that would work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: We have six female southern white rhinos, which are a subspecies of the northern white rhino. We have 12 – or cells that represent 12 individual northern white rhinos. Our goal is to be able to create and let grow, in-vitro, a embryo of those cells from the northern white rhino species and utilize the southern white rhino as a surrogate, hopefully be able to put on the ground, in five or 10 years, live northern white rhinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: What’s the likelihood that that’s going to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: You know, we don’t know the odds ’cause it’s never been done. The reality is this, though. Like I mentioned the other species of rhinos – the Javan, the Sumatran, the black rhinos, the southern whites – as their numbers are plummeting, the science that we’re using now in an attempt to save the northern white rhino can be then duplicated and used to save these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: Rick Schwartz is global ambassador for the San Diego Zoo. We reached him to talk about the death of the zoo’s white rhino. Her name was Nola. Thank you so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Thank you so much for having me. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=One+Of+Last+4+White+Rhinos+Euthanized+At+San+Diego+Zoo&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/457139712/457139713\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Transcript :\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>KELLY MCEVERS, HOST: There are now just three northern white rhinos left in the world. The only one that was in the U.S. died yesterday. The San Diego Zoo announced veterinarians euthanized its white rhino – her name was Nola – after her already fragile health got worse. Nola was 41 years old. Rick Schwartz joins us now to talk about this. He is known as the zoo’s global ambassador, and welcome to the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RICK SCHWARTZ: Thank you so much for having me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: Yeah. Nola had lived in San Diego since 1989. Can you tell us about her life before that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: She was at a zoo over in Europe with a few other northern white rhinos. Unfortunately, they were already upwards in age. We were hoping that we might be able to get the opportunity to breed them, but they were just never able to reproduce just because of their age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: As we said, there are now only three northern white rhinos left in the world. Where are they?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 590px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/24/one-of-last-4-white-rhinos-euthanized-at-san-diego-zoo/nola2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-375847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-375847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2.jpg\" alt=\"White rhino Nola. \" width=\"590\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2.jpg 590w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/nola2-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White rhino Nola. \u003ccite>(San Diego Zoo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Correct. There is a conservancy called Ol Pejeta, which is in Kenya very close to the equator. They are protected by fence. There are guard dogs, and there are armed guards with them 24 hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: So what is it that led to the near extinction of the northern white rhino?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Well, unfortunately, many cultures believe that the horn of the rhino has medicinal value that can do anything from curing cancer to upping your libido and everything in between, it seems. The reality is, rhino horn is a protein made of keratin, just like your fingernails, just like the hooves of a cow or the hooves of a horse. But unfortunately because there are certain beliefs, currently on the black market, rhino horn is valued greater than cocaine or heroin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: And this isn’t the only kind of rhino – right? – that’s endangered. This is one particular kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Oh, no. They are not the only ones that are endangerd. You know, we have the Sumatran, which I believe – over 30 some of them left, the Javan – just a couple hundred left. We’ve lost already the western black rhino a few years back. The speed in which these animal species are careening towards extinction is frightening. You know, for us personally, we’ve lost a family member. We’ve known her for a long time. She was very personable, and everyone who got to see her was very enamored with her not only because she was 1 of 4 at the time but just her personality in general was very gentle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: You said she was gentle. What did she do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Well, you know, having worked with animals my entire life, you know, you have an immense respect for an animal that’s as large as a pickup truck. You respect the fact that if they even just shift their weight or they step sideways onto your toe, it could be a very bad day for you (laughter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when I first met Nola, I was a little reserved because, you know, in my experience – I’ve never been hurt by them, but you do respect something of this size. And the keepers just got right down, gave her a rubdown. You know, rhinos communicate quite a bit through their breathing pattern. And to hear the large exhale and inhale from her lungs as she was greeting her keepers and then allowing me to rub her down and feel the coarseness of her skin and hear her breath like that – she truly was a gentle soul, and she had worked with people for a long time. And she definitely identified each of her keepers through her senses and knew each of them very well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: One last-ditch plan that could work to save the northern white rhino is in-vitro fertilization. Can you explain how that would work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: We have six female southern white rhinos, which are a subspecies of the northern white rhino. We have 12 – or cells that represent 12 individual northern white rhinos. Our goal is to be able to create and let grow, in-vitro, a embryo of those cells from the northern white rhino species and utilize the southern white rhino as a surrogate, hopefully be able to put on the ground, in five or 10 years, live northern white rhinos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: What’s the likelihood that that’s going to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: You know, we don’t know the odds ’cause it’s never been done. The reality is this, though. Like I mentioned the other species of rhinos – the Javan, the Sumatran, the black rhinos, the southern whites – as their numbers are plummeting, the science that we’re using now in an attempt to save the northern white rhino can be then duplicated and used to save these species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MCEVERS: Rick Schwartz is global ambassador for the San Diego Zoo. We reached him to talk about the death of the zoo’s white rhino. Her name was Nola. Thank you so much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SCHWARTZ: Thank you so much for having me. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2015 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=One+Of+Last+4+White+Rhinos+Euthanized+At+San+Diego+Zoo&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]It’s the time of year when people start inviting pine, fir and spruce trees into their homes, and wreaths and pine cones take center stage. But while pine cones may seem a familiar trapping of the holiday season to most of us, for Bruce Baldwin, they tell an ancient story, millions of years old, of evolution, competition and reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Coulter pines have the largest seed cones of any pine tree\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coulter pines have the largest seed cones of any pine tree \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Baldwin is a plant biologist in the Integrative Biology Department of the University of California, Berkeley. He’s also curator of the university’s Jepson Herbarium, a collection of California plants used for research and archival purposes. In addition to the pressed and dried plants, the herbarium’s collections also include a variety of cones from around the state, including some from the Coulter Pine, which boasts the largest cones of any pine tree in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Male cones are often smaller and less obvious than seed cones \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male cones are often smaller and less obvious than seed cones \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pine cones aren’t just for decoration, Baldwin said. They are the reproductive organs of conifers, an ancient group of seed-bearing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two different types of cones,” said Baldwin, “a lot of people don’t realize that. There’s seed cones and pollen cones. The pollen cones are relatively tiny. The seed cone gets to be much larger and takes three years to develop and release seeds so you can often see pine cones of three different stages of development on a single tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Viewed here under a microscope, a male cone produces copious amounts of tiny pollen grains that will be carried by wind to seed cones\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viewed here under a microscope, a male cone produces copious amounts of tiny pollen grains that will be carried by wind to seed cones \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What most people recognize as a pine cone is typically the female seed cone. This structure keeps the immature seeds safe, nestled between protective scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But early in their development, the scales open slightly for a short time to grant access to wind-borne pollen released from smaller pollen cones. Conifers are mostly wind pollinators, broadcasting huge quantities of male gametes into the air during summer months. The pollen can be seen when it settles on parked cars and windowsills as a fine yellow powder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373785\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"This scales on this bristlecone pine seed cone are closed tight to protect the developing seeds \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This scales on this bristlecone pine seed cone are closed tight to protect the developing seeds \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After receiving the pollen, the female cones close back up until the seeds are fertilized and mature. Once they are, the scales reopen allowing the wind to disperse the winged seeds. Other species rely on birds or mammals to distribute their next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373704\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Coulter pine seed removed from its cone. The seed is winged to help it travel away from its parent tree\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coulter pine seed removed from its cone. The seed is winged to help it travel away from its parent tree \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some forests, like the closed-cone pine forests of California, mature cones may stay closed for decades. Species like the bishop pine are serotinous, meaning that they only open when exposed to the heat of a forest fire. The trees are able to wait until the fire has reduced the competition for light and provided a much-needed boost in nutrients to the soil before even attempting to send their seeds out to set root.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373708\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop pine cones stay closed unless they reach high temperatures like those experienced in a forest fire \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop pine cones stay closed unless they reach high temperatures like those experienced in a forest fire \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers are some of the oldest plants in the forest. And they were once much more diverse than they are today. But since the evolution of flowering plants, their diversity has plummeted. Today only about 0.3 percent of all the species of seed plants have cones. Flowering plants have taken over most of the warmer, wetter habitats, pushing out the conifers. But why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flowering plants reproduce much faster. Everything is sped up in their reproduction,” explained Baldwin. “And when you evolve the fruit you evolve a lot of different ways of dispersing the seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enlisting the help of animals to carry off their seeds may help give flowering a reproductive advantage, he said. Conifers mostly distribute their seeds by wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they no longer dominate the tropical areas of the globe the way they once did, conifers do cover much of the Northern Hemisphere’s forest ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re less successful than they were at one time, but still major players as far as seed plants go” said Baldwin. “They do great at higher latitudes and higher altitudes, though there are a few exceptions. But by-and-large they are more successful in areas that are cooler, dryer and with poorer soils”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowering plants are able to out-reproduce conifers in the areas which have more ideal temperatures, and moisture levels. Conifers are thus relegated to areas where flowering plants cannot survive well. Conifers are able to exist in these areas because their anatomy allows them to resist damage caused by freezing, and extreme dryness. Conifers also pack their leaves with terpenoids, which are compounds responsible for the pine smell that allows the trees to resist decay and hungry herbivores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they may no longer be as diverse as they once were, the tallest (coast redwood), most massive (giant sequoia) and oldest living (bristlecone pine) individual organisms in the world are all conifers. While they may not be as flashy as their flowering cousins, cones are still able to hold their own, particularly around Christmas time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the conifer collections at the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or take a stroll through \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/page156.aspx\">Tilden Regional Parks Botanic Garden\u003c/a> to see a variety of California conifers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The humble pine cone is more than a holiday decoration -- it's an ancient form of tree sex.",
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"title": "The Sex Lives of Christmas Trees | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It’s the time of year when people start inviting pine, fir and spruce trees into their homes, and wreaths and pine cones take center stage. But while pine cones may seem a familiar trapping of the holiday season to most of us, for Bruce Baldwin, they tell an ancient story, millions of years old, of evolution, competition and reproduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373705\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Coulter pines have the largest seed cones of any pine tree\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/female-coulter-pinecone-on-black-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coulter pines have the largest seed cones of any pine tree \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Baldwin is a plant biologist in the Integrative Biology Department of the University of California, Berkeley. He’s also curator of the university’s Jepson Herbarium, a collection of California plants used for research and archival purposes. In addition to the pressed and dried plants, the herbarium’s collections also include a variety of cones from around the state, including some from the Coulter Pine, which boasts the largest cones of any pine tree in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373706\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Male cones are often smaller and less obvious than seed cones \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/male-cone-closeup-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male cones are often smaller and less obvious than seed cones \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pine cones aren’t just for decoration, Baldwin said. They are the reproductive organs of conifers, an ancient group of seed-bearing plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are two different types of cones,” said Baldwin, “a lot of people don’t realize that. There’s seed cones and pollen cones. The pollen cones are relatively tiny. The seed cone gets to be much larger and takes three years to develop and release seeds so you can often see pine cones of three different stages of development on a single tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373783\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Viewed here under a microscope, a male cone produces copious amounts of tiny pollen grains that will be carried by wind to seed cones\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/pollen-split-screen-ECU-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viewed here under a microscope, a male cone produces copious amounts of tiny pollen grains that will be carried by wind to seed cones \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What most people recognize as a pine cone is typically the female seed cone. This structure keeps the immature seeds safe, nestled between protective scales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But early in their development, the scales open slightly for a short time to grant access to wind-borne pollen released from smaller pollen cones. Conifers are mostly wind pollinators, broadcasting huge quantities of male gametes into the air during summer months. The pollen can be seen when it settles on parked cars and windowsills as a fine yellow powder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373785\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"This scales on this bristlecone pine seed cone are closed tight to protect the developing seeds \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-pine-cone-juvenile-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This scales on this bristlecone pine seed cone are closed tight to protect the developing seeds \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After receiving the pollen, the female cones close back up until the seeds are fertilized and mature. Once they are, the scales reopen allowing the wind to disperse the winged seeds. Other species rely on birds or mammals to distribute their next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373704\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Coulter pine seed removed from its cone. The seed is winged to help it travel away from its parent tree\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/coulter-pine-seed-in-tweezers-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coulter pine seed removed from its cone. The seed is winged to help it travel away from its parent tree \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In some forests, like the closed-cone pine forests of California, mature cones may stay closed for decades. Species like the bishop pine are serotinous, meaning that they only open when exposed to the heat of a forest fire. The trees are able to wait until the fire has reduced the competition for light and provided a much-needed boost in nutrients to the soil before even attempting to send their seeds out to set root.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_373708\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-373708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Bishop pine cones stay closed unless they reach high temperatures like those experienced in a forest fire \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/11/bristlecone-female-onbranch-nolabel-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bishop pine cones stay closed unless they reach high temperatures like those experienced in a forest fire \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers are some of the oldest plants in the forest. And they were once much more diverse than they are today. But since the evolution of flowering plants, their diversity has plummeted. Today only about 0.3 percent of all the species of seed plants have cones. Flowering plants have taken over most of the warmer, wetter habitats, pushing out the conifers. But why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flowering plants reproduce much faster. Everything is sped up in their reproduction,” explained Baldwin. “And when you evolve the fruit you evolve a lot of different ways of dispersing the seeds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enlisting the help of animals to carry off their seeds may help give flowering a reproductive advantage, he said. Conifers mostly distribute their seeds by wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they no longer dominate the tropical areas of the globe the way they once did, conifers do cover much of the Northern Hemisphere’s forest ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re less successful than they were at one time, but still major players as far as seed plants go” said Baldwin. “They do great at higher latitudes and higher altitudes, though there are a few exceptions. But by-and-large they are more successful in areas that are cooler, dryer and with poorer soils”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flowering plants are able to out-reproduce conifers in the areas which have more ideal temperatures, and moisture levels. Conifers are thus relegated to areas where flowering plants cannot survive well. Conifers are able to exist in these areas because their anatomy allows them to resist damage caused by freezing, and extreme dryness. Conifers also pack their leaves with terpenoids, which are compounds responsible for the pine smell that allows the trees to resist decay and hungry herbivores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they may no longer be as diverse as they once were, the tallest (coast redwood), most massive (giant sequoia) and oldest living (bristlecone pine) individual organisms in the world are all conifers. While they may not be as flashy as their flowering cousins, cones are still able to hold their own, particularly around Christmas time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the conifer collections at the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or take a stroll through \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/page156.aspx\">Tilden Regional Parks Botanic Garden\u003c/a> to see a variety of California conifers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area and California (Map)",
"headTitle": "Where and When to See King Tides in the Bay Area and California (Map) | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In February, we \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/01/19/king-tides-to-hit-bay-area-today\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wrote\u003c/a>, “Ya gotta love a flood alert from the National Weather Service that includes the phrase, “The sun, moon and the earth are in proper alignment… .”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, the same language applies for the current \u003ca href=\"http://alerts.weather.gov/cap/wwacapget.php?x=CA1253CC8A7E4C.CoastalFloodStatement.1253CCB883F0CA.MTRCFWMTR.9b3084a6ad881e2d294f2c9fb856d5bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">coastal flood alert\u003c/a>, which ends on Thanksgiving day, at 3 p.m. (just in time for hors d’oeuvres) and colloquially refers to King Tides—the big waves that hit the California coast several times each year due to a boost in gravity from the celestial arrangement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Weather Service is cautioning that flooding may occur in “low-lying areas along our coast line and bay fronts during periods of high tide. Locations that are typically dry during high tide may become submerged due to this extreme tidal cycle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Map: Where and when to see King Tides\u003c/em>[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.ksBMMfD8U-gE&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cem>Preparing in Marin\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday morning, it was pouring in Marin County. A row of cars on one residential street was half-submerged in salt water from the bay nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannah Lee, a Marin County Flood Control District engineer, told KQED’s Sara Hossaini that she and her colleague/navigator, Beb Skye, can’t afford to stay off the roads, since high tides like these are a flood planner’s goldmine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing heavy yellow rain slickers, the women checked on levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” Lee said, “because a lot of the places we want to see are flooded from the tides, so we gotta find a way to get there without getting stuck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/234675989″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee was looking for low spots, where high waters could spill over into sinking nearby neighborhoods, many of which were built on former wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spotted one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kind of pinches down right here, right next to the bridge,” she said. “If the water level was getting really high in the creek, I would want to come here and see is it spilling out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County advises the public to stay off the roads during King Tides. The \u003ca href=\"http://california.kingtides.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California King Tides Project\u003c/a> tells people to use extreme caution when getting close to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be aware of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Also notice that shore birds may be taking refuge in areas above the tide line. Take care to not flush them out in the process of getting your shot.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>However, the organization also promotes the big tides as a forewarning of what a rise in sea level due to climate change will look like, and it offers this page of \u003ca href=\"http://california.kingtides.net/plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">locations around the state\u003c/a> where photographers can capture the inundations. Even better — the map above, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.ksBMMfD8U-gE&usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">or here\u003c/a>. Click on each location to see when high tides occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for all of California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zTU_4pKMn1ho.kLFUk-tbiqaE&w=640&h=480]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The extremes of today will be the averages of the future,” said Charles Lester, executive director of the California Coastal Commission, in the press release from the California King Tides Project. “Sea level rise will fundamentally challenge our ways of living and building along the coastline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/climate/slrguidance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">policy guidance\u003c/a> in government planning for sea level rise. Looks like the Bay Area \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may have to make use of it\u003c/a>… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "King Tides are back -- a coastal flood alert is in effect through Thanksgiving afternoon. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cem>Preparing in Marin\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday morning, it was pouring in Marin County. A row of cars on one residential street was half-submerged in salt water from the bay nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hannah Lee, a Marin County Flood Control District engineer, told KQED’s Sara Hossaini that she and her colleague/navigator, Beb Skye, can’t afford to stay off the roads, since high tides like these are a flood planner’s goldmine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing heavy yellow rain slickers, the women checked on levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” Lee said, “because a lot of the places we want to see are flooded from the tides, so we gotta find a way to get there without getting stuck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/234675989″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/234675989″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee was looking for low spots, where high waters could spill over into sinking nearby neighborhoods, many of which were built on former wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spotted one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kind of pinches down right here, right next to the bridge,” she said. “If the water level was getting really high in the creek, I would want to come here and see is it spilling out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County advises the public to stay off the roads during King Tides. The \u003ca href=\"http://california.kingtides.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California King Tides Project\u003c/a> tells people to use extreme caution when getting close to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Take extra precautions when you walk on slippery areas or near big waves, and always be aware of your surroundings and the weather conditions. Also notice that shore birds may be taking refuge in areas above the tide line. Take care to not flush them out in the process of getting your shot.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>However, the organization also promotes the big tides as a forewarning of what a rise in sea level due to climate change will look like, and it offers this page of \u003ca href=\"http://california.kingtides.net/plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">locations around the state\u003c/a> where photographers can capture the inundations. Even better — the map above, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.ksBMMfD8U-gE&usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">or here\u003c/a>. Click on each location to see when high tides occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for all of California:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zTU_4pKMn1ho.kLFUk-tbiqaE&w=640&h=480'\n title='https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zTU_4pKMn1ho.kLFUk-tbiqaE&w=640&h=480'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The extremes of today will be the averages of the future,” said Charles Lester, executive director of the California Coastal Commission, in the press release from the California King Tides Project. “Sea level rise will fundamentally challenge our ways of living and building along the coastline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.coastal.ca.gov/climate/slrguidance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">policy guidance\u003c/a> in government planning for sea level rise. Looks like the Bay Area \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/07/30/major-s-f-bayfront-developments-advance-despite-sea-rise-warnings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">may have to make use of it\u003c/a>… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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