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"content": "\u003cp>The names of iconic hotels and other landmarks in Yosemite National Park will soon change in an ongoing battle over who owns the intellectual property, park officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The luxurious Ahwahnee Hotel will become the Majestic Yosemite Hotel, and Curry Village will become Half Dome Village, said park spokesman Scott Gediman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes in an ongoing dispute with Delaware North, the company that recently lost a $2 billion bid — the National Park Service's largest single contract — to run Yosemite's hotels, restaurants and outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North demands to be paid $51 million for the names and other intellectual property. The New York-based firm filed a lawsuit last year, saying that when it won the contract in 1993, the park service required the company to buy the former concessionaire's assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[Delaware North] apparently embarked on a business model whereby it collects trademarks to the names of iconic property owned by the United States.'\u003ccite>Justice Department attorney John Robertson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Park officials are making the name changes to avoid any disruptions to visitors with hotel reservations during the transition to a new concessionaire on March 1, Gediman said. He said the park service is fighting for the rights to the original names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're clearly in disagreement with Delaware North,\" he said. \"We're taking this action to ensure the seamless transition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/yosemite-national-park-to-change-historic-property-names.htm\" target=\"_blank\">outlined the five name changes in a press release\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>● Yosemite Lodge at the Falls to become: \u003cstrong>Yosemite Valley Lodge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● The Ahwahnee to become: \u003cstrong>The Majestic Yosemite Hotel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Curry Village to become: \u003cstrong>Half Dome Village\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Wawona Hotel to become: \u003cstrong>Big Trees Lodge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Badger Pass Ski Area to become: \u003cstrong>Yosemite Ski & Snowboard Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park — another name which is also claimed by Delaware North and remains in dispute — will stay put, Gediman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10832725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-10832725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1440x1053.jpg\" alt=\"Tent cabins at Yosemite's Curry Village, now to be called Half Dome Village.\" width=\"640\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1440x1053.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-400x293.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-800x585.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-768x562.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1180x863.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tent cabins at Yosemite's Curry Village, now to be called Half Dome Village. \u003ccite>(pshab/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service says the names and other intellectual property are worth about $3.5 million, according to the government's response to a lawsuit that Delaware North filed with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNC Parks & Resorts at Yosemite Inc., a subsidiary of Delaware North, said in a written statement that it was \"shocked and disappointed\" that the park service is using the beloved names as a \"bargaining chip.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company defended its demands, saying that it hopes Yosemite and the new concessionaire decide not to change the names. \"All we want in this is fair and just treatment,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department attorney John Robertson wrote in court papers that the company \"wildly inflated\" the value of the trademark names. He added that Delaware North has \"breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trademark dispute at Yosemite is similar to disputes at Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas and the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and with other iconic pieces of Americana owned by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"fPpJiZlZNGkUS9yfRMptsuAI1Kfn6xUG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park service belatedly learned of the trademark issue when it prepared to open bids for the concessionary operation. Yosemite awarded a 15-year contract to Aramark last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North also runs concessions at the Kennedy Space Center and has a trademark application for \"Space Shuttle Atlantis,\" government court papers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North \"apparently embarked on a business model whereby it collects trademarks to the names of iconic property owned by the United States,\" Robertson wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name changes don't sit well with park admirers like John Lenau, an amateur historian and president of the Conference of California Historical Societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 76, he's visited Yosemite since childhood and says when somebody mentions Curry Village he can picture it in his head. That will be lost with the change, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also worries about stripping away the Native American heritage by turning the Ahwahnee to the Majestic Yosemite Hotel and the Wawona Hotel to Big Trees Lodge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see the advantage of doing that,\" Lenau said, speaking for himself rather than the society. \"I'm just a little bit against changing something that has been around for so many years.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The names of iconic hotels and other landmarks in Yosemite National Park will soon change in an ongoing battle over who owns the intellectual property, park officials said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The luxurious Ahwahnee Hotel will become the Majestic Yosemite Hotel, and Curry Village will become Half Dome Village, said park spokesman Scott Gediman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes in an ongoing dispute with Delaware North, the company that recently lost a $2 billion bid — the National Park Service's largest single contract — to run Yosemite's hotels, restaurants and outdoor activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North demands to be paid $51 million for the names and other intellectual property. The New York-based firm filed a lawsuit last year, saying that when it won the contract in 1993, the park service required the company to buy the former concessionaire's assets.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'[Delaware North] apparently embarked on a business model whereby it collects trademarks to the names of iconic property owned by the United States.'\u003ccite>Justice Department attorney John Robertson\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Park officials are making the name changes to avoid any disruptions to visitors with hotel reservations during the transition to a new concessionaire on March 1, Gediman said. He said the park service is fighting for the rights to the original names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're clearly in disagreement with Delaware North,\" he said. \"We're taking this action to ensure the seamless transition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/yosemite-national-park-to-change-historic-property-names.htm\" target=\"_blank\">outlined the five name changes in a press release\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>● Yosemite Lodge at the Falls to become: \u003cstrong>Yosemite Valley Lodge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● The Ahwahnee to become: \u003cstrong>The Majestic Yosemite Hotel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Curry Village to become: \u003cstrong>Half Dome Village\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Wawona Hotel to become: \u003cstrong>Big Trees Lodge\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n● Badger Pass Ski Area to become: \u003cstrong>Yosemite Ski & Snowboard Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park — another name which is also claimed by Delaware North and remains in dispute — will stay put, Gediman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10832725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-10832725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1440x1053.jpg\" alt=\"Tent cabins at Yosemite's Curry Village, now to be called Half Dome Village.\" width=\"640\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1440x1053.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-400x293.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-800x585.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-768x562.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-1180x863.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/CurryVillage-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tent cabins at Yosemite's Curry Village, now to be called Half Dome Village. \u003ccite>(pshab/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service says the names and other intellectual property are worth about $3.5 million, according to the government's response to a lawsuit that Delaware North filed with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNC Parks & Resorts at Yosemite Inc., a subsidiary of Delaware North, said in a written statement that it was \"shocked and disappointed\" that the park service is using the beloved names as a \"bargaining chip.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company defended its demands, saying that it hopes Yosemite and the new concessionaire decide not to change the names. \"All we want in this is fair and just treatment,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Department attorney John Robertson wrote in court papers that the company \"wildly inflated\" the value of the trademark names. He added that Delaware North has \"breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trademark dispute at Yosemite is similar to disputes at Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas and the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and with other iconic pieces of Americana owned by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park service belatedly learned of the trademark issue when it prepared to open bids for the concessionary operation. Yosemite awarded a 15-year contract to Aramark last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North also runs concessions at the Kennedy Space Center and has a trademark application for \"Space Shuttle Atlantis,\" government court papers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delaware North \"apparently embarked on a business model whereby it collects trademarks to the names of iconic property owned by the United States,\" Robertson wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name changes don't sit well with park admirers like John Lenau, an amateur historian and president of the Conference of California Historical Societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 76, he's visited Yosemite since childhood and says when somebody mentions Curry Village he can picture it in his head. That will be lost with the change, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also worries about stripping away the Native American heritage by turning the Ahwahnee to the Majestic Yosemite Hotel and the Wawona Hotel to Big Trees Lodge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't see the advantage of doing that,\" Lenau said, speaking for himself rather than the society. \"I'm just a little bit against changing something that has been around for so many years.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Would You Pay $12 a Year to Fight Sea Level Rise?",
"headTitle": "Would You Pay $12 a Year to Fight Sea Level Rise? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Billions of dollars of infrastructure around San Francisco Bay are sitting in the path of rising sea levels, including homes, roads and tech company offices. And a coalition of environmental and business groups is hoping Bay Area residents will help pay to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Wetlands are like magic when it comes to protecting against floods.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>David Lewis, Save the Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In June, residents in nine Bay Area counties will vote on a new $12 a year parcel tax, designed to raise hundreds of millions of dollars over the next two decades to restore wetlands and build levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A specially-appointed council, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority\u003c/a>, voted Wednesday to have the measure placed on the ballot in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma and San Francisco counties. Each region of the bay would be guaranteed a certain amount of the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wetlands are like magic when it comes to protecting against floods,” says David Lewis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>. “They can act like a sponge during times of high tides and floods and soak up extra water, instead of having that water pile up against communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say sea levels could rise up to two feet by 2050, inundating today’s shoreline. Add to that the flooding from a catastrophic storm, and the damage could cost the Bay Area more than $10 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/issues-initiatives/storm-flood-protection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much seas will rise by the end of the century depends partly on what we do to mitigate global warming; scientists say \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/NAS_SLR_brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the range\u003c/a> is from 17 inches to 66 inches. Add to that a storm surge of more than three feet, and we could end up with waves crashing in 8 feet higher than they do today. This map showing what \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/news/searise/2015-07/as-science-gets-better-dramatic-sea-rise-seems-more-certain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 feet of sea level rise\u003c/a> would mean in Bay Area counties is from the \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/searise\">San Francisco Public Press’ 2015 summer cover story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\" height=\"800\" mozallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen src=\"https://amandabee.cartodb.com/viz/00d63d00-3598-11e5-adac-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" webkitallowfullscreen width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of the wetlands around San Francisco Bay have been lost, with many diked off and filled in as communities around the bay expanded. About 30,000 acres are awaiting restoration, Lewis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, some 15,000 acres of former \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are being restored\u003c/a>, but the project still needs millions more in funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a crucial time to start this work and raise the money that can restore marshes now,” says Lewis. “The longer we wait, the harder and more expensive it is to restore tidal marsh, once sea level starts increasing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to restoring wildlife habitat, wetlands and levees could protect important roads, highways, wastewater treatment plants and even tech companies. The headquarters of Facebook, Google, Cisco and more than a dozen others sit right on the bay’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Hv6icoIVCCvB24JQKHiyiQlcaMeByR0f”]“This concerns the health and welfare of the entire region,” says Mike Mielke of the\u003ca href=\"http://svlg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Silicon Valley Leadership Group\u003c/a>. “It’s that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the measure will have to make that case to the entire Bay Area, including residents who don’t live next to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if your daily commute doesn’t take you near the water’s edge, if there’s a significant problem on the roadway because of flooding, that is going to impact you, because people are going to change the way they get to work and commute,” says Mielke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $500 million from the new parcel tax is only about a third of what’s needed to restore more than 30,000 acres around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good first step,” says Mielke. “We’re going to need money from the state and we’re going to need money from the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax measure needs a two-thirds majority to pass, not within each county, but across all nine counties where residents will vote.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Billions of dollars of infrastructure around San Francisco Bay are sitting in the path of rising sea levels, including homes, roads and tech company offices. And a coalition of environmental and business groups is hoping Bay Area residents will help pay to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Wetlands are like magic when it comes to protecting against floods.”\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>David Lewis, Save the Bay\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In June, residents in nine Bay Area counties will vote on a new $12 a year parcel tax, designed to raise hundreds of millions of dollars over the next two decades to restore wetlands and build levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A specially-appointed council, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfbayrestore.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority\u003c/a>, voted Wednesday to have the measure placed on the ballot in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma and San Francisco counties. Each region of the bay would be guaranteed a certain amount of the funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wetlands are like magic when it comes to protecting against floods,” says David Lewis, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>. “They can act like a sponge during times of high tides and floods and soak up extra water, instead of having that water pile up against communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say sea levels could rise up to two feet by 2050, inundating today’s shoreline. Add to that the flooding from a catastrophic storm, and the damage could cost the Bay Area more than $10 billion, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/issues-initiatives/storm-flood-protection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a report\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much seas will rise by the end of the century depends partly on what we do to mitigate global warming; scientists say \u003ca href=\"http://www.adaptingtorisingtides.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/NAS_SLR_brief.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the range\u003c/a> is from 17 inches to 66 inches. Add to that a storm surge of more than three feet, and we could end up with waves crashing in 8 feet higher than they do today. This map showing what \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/news/searise/2015-07/as-science-gets-better-dramatic-sea-rise-seems-more-certain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">8 feet of sea level rise\u003c/a> would mean in Bay Area counties is from the \u003ca href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/searise\">San Francisco Public Press’ 2015 summer cover story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\" height=\"800\" mozallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen src=\"https://amandabee.cartodb.com/viz/00d63d00-3598-11e5-adac-0e018d66dc29/embed_map\" webkitallowfullscreen width=\"100%\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 percent of the wetlands around San Francisco Bay have been lost, with many diked off and filled in as communities around the bay expanded. About 30,000 acres are awaiting restoration, Lewis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the South Bay, some 15,000 acres of former \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are being restored\u003c/a>, but the project still needs millions more in funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a crucial time to start this work and raise the money that can restore marshes now,” says Lewis. “The longer we wait, the harder and more expensive it is to restore tidal marsh, once sea level starts increasing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to restoring wildlife habitat, wetlands and levees could protect important roads, highways, wastewater treatment plants and even tech companies. The headquarters of Facebook, Google, Cisco and more than a dozen others sit right on the bay’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“This concerns the health and welfare of the entire region,” says Mike Mielke of the\u003ca href=\"http://svlg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Silicon Valley Leadership Group\u003c/a>. “It’s that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the measure will have to make that case to the entire Bay Area, including residents who don’t live next to the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if your daily commute doesn’t take you near the water’s edge, if there’s a significant problem on the roadway because of flooding, that is going to impact you, because people are going to change the way they get to work and commute,” says Mielke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $500 million from the new parcel tax is only about a third of what’s needed to restore more than 30,000 acres around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good first step,” says Mielke. “We’re going to need money from the state and we’re going to need money from the federal government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax measure needs a two-thirds majority to pass, not within each county, but across all nine counties where residents will vote.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More farmers in drought-stricken California are using oilfield wastewater to irrigate, and a new panel on Tuesday began taking one of the state’s deepest looks yet at the safety of using the chemical-laced water on food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fourth year of California’s drought, at least five oilfields in the state are now passing along their leftover production fluid to water districts for irrigation, for recharging underground water supplies, and other uses, experts said. (KQED’s Lauren Sommer first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/07/california-farmers-look-to-oil-industry-for-water/\">reported on this\u003c/a> in 2014.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”s9BVDifKBUl02FTobQG0T3YdBTZW91cz”]Chevron and the California offshoot of Occidental Petroleum are among the oil companies supplying oilfield wastewater for irrigating tens of thousands of acres in California. Almond, pistachio and citrus growers are the main farmers already using such water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s aging oilfields require intensive drilling methods and generate lots of wastewater. In Central California’s San Joaquin Valley, a center of the state’s agriculture and oil businesses, oil companies in 2013 produced 150 million barrels of oil — and nearly 2 billion barrels of wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central California leads the country in food production. It’s also the main oil-producing base in California, the country’s No. 3 oil-and-gas producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers in California’s drought, the question is “where’s the water going to come from if you want to maintain agriculture,” said Gabriele Ludwig, a representative of Almond Board of California and one of the members of the new panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state officials, academic experts and industry representatives on the panel are charged with studying the safety of irrigating food crops with oilfield wastewater that may contain chemicals and other material from hydraulic fracturing, other intensive drilling methods and oilfield maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of oilfield chemicals on food is “largely unstudied and unknown,” says the nonprofit Pacific Institute, which studies water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, for example, don’t know the long-term toxicity of up to 80 percent of the hundreds of materials used in oilfield production, Pacific Institute researcher Matthew Heberger told panel members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing so far has found only negligible amounts of chemicals in the recycled oilfield water, said Clay Rodgers, a manager at the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, which assembled the panel. At least one local water district also has begun growing test crops with the oilfield water to study how much of the chemicals wind up in the produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of now, with so many unknowns about the hundreds of chemicals involved and their possible impact on crops, “We’re not able to answer the public definitely and say there’s no problem,” said William Stringfellow, a panel member and environmental engineer at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regional water board will use the panel’s findings to guide its oversight of the recycling of oilfield wastewater, Rodgers said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More farmers in drought-stricken California are using oilfield wastewater to irrigate, and a new panel on Tuesday began taking one of the state’s deepest looks yet at the safety of using the chemical-laced water on food crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fourth year of California’s drought, at least five oilfields in the state are now passing along their leftover production fluid to water districts for irrigation, for recharging underground water supplies, and other uses, experts said. (KQED’s Lauren Sommer first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/04/07/california-farmers-look-to-oil-industry-for-water/\">reported on this\u003c/a> in 2014.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Chevron and the California offshoot of Occidental Petroleum are among the oil companies supplying oilfield wastewater for irrigating tens of thousands of acres in California. Almond, pistachio and citrus growers are the main farmers already using such water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s aging oilfields require intensive drilling methods and generate lots of wastewater. In Central California’s San Joaquin Valley, a center of the state’s agriculture and oil businesses, oil companies in 2013 produced 150 million barrels of oil — and nearly 2 billion barrels of wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central California leads the country in food production. It’s also the main oil-producing base in California, the country’s No. 3 oil-and-gas producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For farmers in California’s drought, the question is “where’s the water going to come from if you want to maintain agriculture,” said Gabriele Ludwig, a representative of Almond Board of California and one of the members of the new panel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state officials, academic experts and industry representatives on the panel are charged with studying the safety of irrigating food crops with oilfield wastewater that may contain chemicals and other material from hydraulic fracturing, other intensive drilling methods and oilfield maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of oilfield chemicals on food is “largely unstudied and unknown,” says the nonprofit Pacific Institute, which studies water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers, for example, don’t know the long-term toxicity of up to 80 percent of the hundreds of materials used in oilfield production, Pacific Institute researcher Matthew Heberger told panel members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing so far has found only negligible amounts of chemicals in the recycled oilfield water, said Clay Rodgers, a manager at the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, which assembled the panel. At least one local water district also has begun growing test crops with the oilfield water to study how much of the chemicals wind up in the produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of now, with so many unknowns about the hundreds of chemicals involved and their possible impact on crops, “We’re not able to answer the public definitely and say there’s no problem,” said William Stringfellow, a panel member and environmental engineer at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regional water board will use the panel’s findings to guide its oversight of the recycling of oilfield wastewater, Rodgers said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Aleutian Quake Zone Could Deliver Big Tsunamis to Hawaii, California",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two teams of geologists say portions of the seafloor along the Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska could produce tsunamis more devastating than anything seen in the past century. They say California and Hawaii are directly in the line of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsunamis — the giant waves generated by undersea earthquakes or landslides — have hit U.S. shorelines before. Often they start along the Aleutian island chain that curves in an arc across the North Pacific. Right underneath, there’s a trench where two pieces of the Earth’s crust are colliding. The edge of the Pacific Plate is shoving itself under the edge of the North American Plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally a segment of the trench along the plate margins gives way with ferocious results — a massive earthquake. These \u003ca href=\"http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html\">subduction\u003c/a> quakes are the type that produce a tsunami, as a giant section of the earth collapses. It’s like waving your hand underwater — the collapse creates a wave that can travel thousands of miles. In the past century, several such tsunamis have inundated parts of Hawaii, Alaska and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://energy.usgs.gov/GeochemistryGeophysics/SeismicDataProcessingInterpretation/SeismicStaff.aspx\">John Miller \u003c/a>and a team at the U.S. Geological Survey have been studying one particular segment that worries Miller. It’s quiet. Too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/462708068/462821853\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stress isn’t being relieved by small seismic events,” Miller says, referring to small earthquakes. “It suggests that it’s building up a tremendous amount of tension.” If too much tension builds up, the segment will unzip along the plate margin or along faults in that margin, causing a quake. His research team’s \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GC006147/full\">analysis\u003c/a> was recently published online in the journal Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”cXyGFgMKxBj9oCGy2kRXqiqYlMlwNWNi”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says this segment of the trench, called the Semidi, poses a special risk. A tsunami created by its rupture would travel outward at a 90-degree angle from the segment. “[A] perpendicular [line] to that section of the trench,” he says, “aims right at California.” He says that means a big quake could produce a tsunami that would score a direct hit on California’s coastline from San Francisco to Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past 100 years, other tsunamis have come from other parts of the Aleutians, he points out; since the trench is shaped in an arc, each segment of it “points” in a slightly different direction in terms of the waves created when it ruptures. Consequently, tsunamis emanating from that region of the seafloor in the recent past have mostly missed population centers, or struck only glancing blows. The Semidi, in contrast, points directly at Central California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Miller says a tsunami from the Semidi could be as big as the one that struck Japan in 2011.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Miller and his team have found evidence that the Semidi segment ruptures about once every 180 to 270 years. The last time it erupted was 1788.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That last great earthquake was 227 years ago; so there’s a possibility that we’re going to have another big one at any time,” Miller says, because we’re near the end of that recurrence interval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says a tsunami from the Semidi could be as big as the one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/07/135181474/in-japan-shaken-soil-turned-soft-after-quake\">struck Japan\u003c/a> in 2011. “I think the public just needs to be aware that tsunamis of this magnitude can occur, and they can cause a lot of damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidentally, another USGS team says there’s \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the Aleutian chain that poses what the scientists say is a “previously unrecognized” tsunami threat. Geologist \u003ca href=\"http://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/staffbio.php?employeeid=445\">Rob Witter\u003c/a>, out of Anchorage, Alaska, led that team. An underground rupture and resulting quake along certain parts of that trench, he says, would point a tsunami “straight toward Hawaii.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10830638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10830638 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"People run from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii on April 1, 1946. The same tsunami hit Central California, and was generated by a fault rupture near the Aleutian Islands.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People run from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii, on April 1, 1946. The same tsunami hit Central California, and was generated by a fault rupture near the Aleutian Islands. \u003ccite>(USGS/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Witter says this segment of the trench hasn’t been considered a threat by most scientists because it’s “creeping” — the opposing edges along the trench there are actually moving, relative to each other, but very slowly. Theoretically, that should relieve the stress, making a quake unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast, says Witter. There’s now good evidence that this creeping segment has in fact caused quakes as well as tsunamis in the past. His team has found evidence of at least six such events over the past 1,700 years that probably started with ruptures in this Fox Island section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence includes sheets of sand and debris that were pushed up onto hills on another Alaskan island as the big waves moved in. One of those tsunamis was so big it pushed huge logs and other debris about 50 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witter notes that Hawaii and California have warning systems that would alert people of a tsunami’s arrival at least four hours ahead of time. But residents have to pay attention to those warnings, if they’re to work, he says. “I think the take-home message here is, be aware and practice your evacuation plan. A tsunami along the coastlines could happen. It could happen tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witter’s \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066083/abstract\">research\u003c/a> was published online this month in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. He says he is not surprised that the peculiarities of these segments are just now coming to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hardly anything is known about the long-term history of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Aleutian chain over the last several thousand years,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an urgent need, he says, to do more surveys of the seafloor in the area to understand what’s going on there, and what’s likely to happen in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two teams of geologists say portions of the seafloor along the Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska could produce tsunamis more devastating than anything seen in the past century. They say California and Hawaii are directly in the line of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tsunamis — the giant waves generated by undersea earthquakes or landslides — have hit U.S. shorelines before. Often they start along the Aleutian island chain that curves in an arc across the North Pacific. Right underneath, there’s a trench where two pieces of the Earth’s crust are colliding. The edge of the Pacific Plate is shoving itself under the edge of the North American Plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Occasionally a segment of the trench along the plate margins gives way with ferocious results — a massive earthquake. These \u003ca href=\"http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html\">subduction\u003c/a> quakes are the type that produce a tsunami, as a giant section of the earth collapses. It’s like waving your hand underwater — the collapse creates a wave that can travel thousands of miles. In the past century, several such tsunamis have inundated parts of Hawaii, Alaska and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://energy.usgs.gov/GeochemistryGeophysics/SeismicDataProcessingInterpretation/SeismicStaff.aspx\">John Miller \u003c/a>and a team at the U.S. Geological Survey have been studying one particular segment that worries Miller. It’s quiet. Too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.npr.org/player/embed/462708068/462821853\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stress isn’t being relieved by small seismic events,” Miller says, referring to small earthquakes. “It suggests that it’s building up a tremendous amount of tension.” If too much tension builds up, the segment will unzip along the plate margin or along faults in that margin, causing a quake. His research team’s \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GC006147/full\">analysis\u003c/a> was recently published online in the journal Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says this segment of the trench, called the Semidi, poses a special risk. A tsunami created by its rupture would travel outward at a 90-degree angle from the segment. “[A] perpendicular [line] to that section of the trench,” he says, “aims right at California.” He says that means a big quake could produce a tsunami that would score a direct hit on California’s coastline from San Francisco to Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past 100 years, other tsunamis have come from other parts of the Aleutians, he points out; since the trench is shaped in an arc, each segment of it “points” in a slightly different direction in terms of the waves created when it ruptures. Consequently, tsunamis emanating from that region of the seafloor in the recent past have mostly missed population centers, or struck only glancing blows. The Semidi, in contrast, points directly at Central California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Miller says a tsunami from the Semidi could be as big as the one that struck Japan in 2011.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Miller and his team have found evidence that the Semidi segment ruptures about once every 180 to 270 years. The last time it erupted was 1788.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That last great earthquake was 227 years ago; so there’s a possibility that we’re going to have another big one at any time,” Miller says, because we’re near the end of that recurrence interval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says a tsunami from the Semidi could be as big as the one that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/04/07/135181474/in-japan-shaken-soil-turned-soft-after-quake\">struck Japan\u003c/a> in 2011. “I think the public just needs to be aware that tsunamis of this magnitude can occur, and they can cause a lot of damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidentally, another USGS team says there’s \u003cem>another\u003c/em> part of the Aleutian chain that poses what the scientists say is a “previously unrecognized” tsunami threat. Geologist \u003ca href=\"http://alaska.usgs.gov/staff/staffbio.php?employeeid=445\">Rob Witter\u003c/a>, out of Anchorage, Alaska, led that team. An underground rupture and resulting quake along certain parts of that trench, he says, would point a tsunami “straight toward Hawaii.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10830638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10830638 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1440x900.jpg\" alt=\"People run from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii on April 1, 1946. The same tsunami hit Central California, and was generated by a fault rupture near the Aleutian Islands.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/HiloTsunami1946-960x600.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People run from an approaching tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii, on April 1, 1946. The same tsunami hit Central California, and was generated by a fault rupture near the Aleutian Islands. \u003ccite>(USGS/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Witter says this segment of the trench hasn’t been considered a threat by most scientists because it’s “creeping” — the opposing edges along the trench there are actually moving, relative to each other, but very slowly. Theoretically, that should relieve the stress, making a quake unlikely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not so fast, says Witter. There’s now good evidence that this creeping segment has in fact caused quakes as well as tsunamis in the past. His team has found evidence of at least six such events over the past 1,700 years that probably started with ruptures in this Fox Island section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence includes sheets of sand and debris that were pushed up onto hills on another Alaskan island as the big waves moved in. One of those tsunamis was so big it pushed huge logs and other debris about 50 feet above sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witter notes that Hawaii and California have warning systems that would alert people of a tsunami’s arrival at least four hours ahead of time. But residents have to pay attention to those warnings, if they’re to work, he says. “I think the take-home message here is, be aware and practice your evacuation plan. A tsunami along the coastlines could happen. It could happen tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witter’s \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066083/abstract\">research\u003c/a> was published online this month in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. He says he is not surprised that the peculiarities of these segments are just now coming to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hardly anything is known about the long-term history of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Aleutian chain over the last several thousand years,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an urgent need, he says, to do more surveys of the seafloor in the area to understand what’s going on there, and what’s likely to happen in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has rejected Volkswagen's plan to recall cars with 2-liter diesel engines that trick emissions tests, saying the company's plan is incomplete. The Environmental Protection Agency says it concurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes one week after the EPA \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/04/461927119/u-s-files-lawsuit-against-volkswagen-over-emissions-trickery\">filed a civil complaint against VW\u003c/a> in federal court over the carmaker's use of a defeat device to mislead customers and fool inspectors into thinking the vehicles complied with U.S. rules — when in fact the vehicles were putting out up to 40 times more pollution than is allowed under federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says Volkswagen is responsible for nearly 600,000 diesel-powered vehicles that are now producing harmful air pollution in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Volkswagen made a decision to cheat on emissions tests and then tried to cover it up,\" says CARB chair Mary D. Nichols, announcing her agency's rejection of VW's plan Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"IlSoSKn2IZf0cVQ75rnbT1iXUDfqkufU\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They continued and compounded the lie, and when they were caught they tried to deny it. The result is thousands of tons of nitrogen oxide that have harmed the health of Californians. They need to make it right. Today's action is a step in the direction of assuring that will happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those remarks echo ones from EPA assistant administrator Cynthia Giles, who said last week that the legal action would set the agency and Volkswagen \"on a path to resolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NPR's John Ydstie, California regulators say VW's recall plan fell short in several areas:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The proposed plans contain gaps and lack sufficient detail;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The descriptions of proposed repairs lack enough information for a technical evaluation;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals do not adequately address overall impacts on vehicle performance, emissions and safety.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board says it has been conducting its own investigation into the vehicles' diesel emissions, in parallel with a federal inquiry. Together, the agencies confronted Volkswagen in September with data that showed VW was using software to circumvent emissions standards. In November, Volkswagen acknowledged that the problems also exist in its 3-liter diesel engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection by CARB and the EPA comes two days after Volkswagen CEO Matthias Mueller said of his company's reaction to the EPA's findings, \"We didn't lie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had the wrong reaction when we got information year by year from the EPA and from the [California Air Resources Board],\" Mueller said \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/11/462682378/we-didnt-lie-volkswagen-ceo-says-of-emissions-scandal\">in an interview with NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later added, \"We have to apologize for that, and we'll do our utmost to do things right for the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has rejected Volkswagen's plan to recall cars with 2-liter diesel engines that trick emissions tests, saying the company's plan is incomplete. The Environmental Protection Agency says it concurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move comes one week after the EPA \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/04/461927119/u-s-files-lawsuit-against-volkswagen-over-emissions-trickery\">filed a civil complaint against VW\u003c/a> in federal court over the carmaker's use of a defeat device to mislead customers and fool inspectors into thinking the vehicles complied with U.S. rules — when in fact the vehicles were putting out up to 40 times more pollution than is allowed under federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA says Volkswagen is responsible for nearly 600,000 diesel-powered vehicles that are now producing harmful air pollution in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Volkswagen made a decision to cheat on emissions tests and then tried to cover it up,\" says CARB chair Mary D. Nichols, announcing her agency's rejection of VW's plan Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They continued and compounded the lie, and when they were caught they tried to deny it. The result is thousands of tons of nitrogen oxide that have harmed the health of Californians. They need to make it right. Today's action is a step in the direction of assuring that will happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those remarks echo ones from EPA assistant administrator Cynthia Giles, who said last week that the legal action would set the agency and Volkswagen \"on a path to resolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NPR's John Ydstie, California regulators say VW's recall plan fell short in several areas:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The proposed plans contain gaps and lack sufficient detail;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The descriptions of proposed repairs lack enough information for a technical evaluation;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposals do not adequately address overall impacts on vehicle performance, emissions and safety.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board says it has been conducting its own investigation into the vehicles' diesel emissions, in parallel with a federal inquiry. Together, the agencies confronted Volkswagen in September with data that showed VW was using software to circumvent emissions standards. In November, Volkswagen acknowledged that the problems also exist in its 3-liter diesel engines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rejection by CARB and the EPA comes two days after Volkswagen CEO Matthias Mueller said of his company's reaction to the EPA's findings, \"We didn't lie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had the wrong reaction when we got information year by year from the EPA and from the [California Air Resources Board],\" Mueller said \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/11/462682378/we-didnt-lie-volkswagen-ceo-says-of-emissions-scandal\">in an interview with NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He later added, \"We have to apologize for that, and we'll do our utmost to do things right for the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lake County Fire Postmortem: 'Cautionary Tale' for Rest of California",
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"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Every summer and fall, some corner of California suffers the sorrowful distinction of becoming the scene of a terrible wildfire, a blaze so vast or frightening in its speed and destructive power that it inspires equal parts awe and horror. Those disasters have been more visible during four years of drought that have dried out California's countryside and created explosive conditions from one end of the state to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"n9lLxyDhKRRHqwH0WS65CX0hUrVul1Ta\"]In 2013, that most terrible conflagration was called the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/rim-fire\" target=\"_blank\">Rim Fire\u003c/a>, which burned more than 257,000 acres -- 400 square miles -- in the dense woodlands in the northwestern part of Yosemite National Park and the adjacent national forest. In 2014, the sprawling \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/26/happy-camp-complex-photos-kari-greer\" target=\"_blank\">Happy Camp Fire\u003c/a> burned 134,000 acres along the Klamath River and its tributaries in Northern California's Siskiyou County. Elsewhere in the county, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/15/wildfire-in-weed-destroys-scores-of-homes-shuts-down-interstate-5/\" target=\"_blank\">Boles Fire\u003c/a> raced through the town of Weed, burning more than 150 homes in a single afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the heart of Lake County, 75 miles north of San Francisco, was the scene of not one but three major fires. The Rocky Fire burned nearly 70,000 acres in late July and early August; as it neared containment, the 25,000-acre Jerusalem Fire broke out. Those blazes burned a total of about 50 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Sept. 12, a fire near a residence on Cobb Mountain, north of Middletown, ignited. The incident rapidly metamorphosed into a wind-driven firestorm that forced as many as 20,000 people to flee their homes. The blaze, dubbed the Valley Fire, incinerated 1,200 homes and 800 other structures and became one of the costliest fires in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/how-fire-feeds/\" target=\"_blank\">Reveal has taken a second look \u003c/a>at the Lake County fires, using data and imagery from firefighting and meteorological agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey and other organizations to assess how the fires progressed. Reveal's takeaway: California is afflicted with a wide range of conditions beyond the drought, including forest lands overloaded with fuel, that serve as \"a cautionary tale of what is in store for many living near wildlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every summer and fall, some corner of California suffers the sorrowful distinction of becoming the scene of a terrible wildfire, a blaze so vast or frightening in its speed and destructive power that it inspires equal parts awe and horror. Those disasters have been more visible during four years of drought that have dried out California's countryside and created explosive conditions from one end of the state to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In 2013, that most terrible conflagration was called the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/rim-fire\" target=\"_blank\">Rim Fire\u003c/a>, which burned more than 257,000 acres -- 400 square miles -- in the dense woodlands in the northwestern part of Yosemite National Park and the adjacent national forest. In 2014, the sprawling \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/26/happy-camp-complex-photos-kari-greer\" target=\"_blank\">Happy Camp Fire\u003c/a> burned 134,000 acres along the Klamath River and its tributaries in Northern California's Siskiyou County. Elsewhere in the county, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/09/15/wildfire-in-weed-destroys-scores-of-homes-shuts-down-interstate-5/\" target=\"_blank\">Boles Fire\u003c/a> raced through the town of Weed, burning more than 150 homes in a single afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the heart of Lake County, 75 miles north of San Francisco, was the scene of not one but three major fires. The Rocky Fire burned nearly 70,000 acres in late July and early August; as it neared containment, the 25,000-acre Jerusalem Fire broke out. Those blazes burned a total of about 50 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Sept. 12, a fire near a residence on Cobb Mountain, north of Middletown, ignited. The incident rapidly metamorphosed into a wind-driven firestorm that forced as many as 20,000 people to flee their homes. The blaze, dubbed the Valley Fire, incinerated 1,200 homes and 800 other structures and became one of the costliest fires in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/article/how-fire-feeds/\" target=\"_blank\">Reveal has taken a second look \u003c/a>at the Lake County fires, using data and imagery from firefighting and meteorological agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey and other organizations to assess how the fires progressed. Reveal's takeaway: California is afflicted with a wide range of conditions beyond the drought, including forest lands overloaded with fuel, that serve as \"a cautionary tale of what is in store for many living near wildlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The third \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star. The ship entered the Antarctic Circle on January 3, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We sailed through the Southern Ocean as night ran out on us. Then it was endless day, and that’s when we began seeing ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with a mountain that sailed by, one of the tabular icebergs that Operations Officer Lt. Joel Wright described in a briefing with officers who’d be driving the ship through the ice as “big-time Chiclets.” Some of the bigger tabular icebergs are numbered and tracked across the ocean and are the size of cities. This one was about a quarter-mile long and stood 193 feet out of the water, according to somebody deft with a sextant. So, going by the rule of thumb, it extended nine times that distance beneath the surface. That’s not even worth naming, size-wise, but it drew sailors to the bow to snap photos as the thing crept by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of what I know about ice came from that briefing from Wright. The big takeaway, at least as far as piloting the ship, is that though Polar Star is classed as an icebreaker, it’s really an icedodger until it absolutely has to go through it. That’s how you keep a 40-year-old ship viable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s the easiest way through ice?” Wright asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around it,” said somebody. Correct answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the meeting, spirits were high: some of these officers would be piloting through ice for the first time. Imagine the power to push a 399-foot ship through six feet of ice. Imagine having 75,000 horsepower vibrating under your hands. Even I was seduced, and I wasn’t driving. American power!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466974\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-466974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-800x507.jpg\" alt=\"Officers on the bridge wear fire-resistant flash gear after the power goes out. Capt. Matt Walker is at far left.\" width=\"800\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-800x507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-400x254.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-768x487.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-960x609.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officers on the bridge wear fire-resistant flash gear after the power goes out. Capt. Matt Walker is at far left. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the lights went out. Everything was quiet, and then everything was loud. Sailors ran to emergency stations. “The last time this happened,” Wright said before rushing out, “we blew our switchboard.” He was smiling, but it was the smile of someone trying not to worry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, right as Polar Star was about to pull in to Valparaiso, one of the main switchboards blew out. That switchboard controlled ventilation, lighting, and refrigeration to parts of the ship. For a few days after, electricity usage was restricted. I asked Master Chief Tom Stone, a 30-year veteran of the Coast Guard and resident ship-whisperer, who was also onboard last year, how long it took them to decide what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We pretty much knew immediately,” he said. “Whenever you have a switchboard fire like that they’re gonna send you home.” After some rerouting, Polar Star limped straight back to Seattle, forgoing Valparaiso and other port calls. What everyone was worried about this time was another mission-ending crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466698\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612.jpeg\" alt=\"Master Chief Tom Stone inspects one of the ship's three service diesel generators, which provide "hotel" services like light and ventilation, as opposed to the six propulsion generators.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Master Chief Tom Stone inspects one of the ship’s three service diesel generators, which provide “hotel” services like light and ventilation, as opposed to the six propulsion generators. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Time was, there were many icebreakers in the American fleet. The Navy used to handle the icebreaker program, sending half a dozen ships to the poles and places like Greenland. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/06/dispatches-from-a-polar-icebreaker-and-whats-at-stake-for-science/\">Operation Deep Freeze\u003c/a> started in the 1950s to support the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">research at McMurdo\u003c/a>, and that continued to be the mission when the Navy handed over the icebreaker program to the Coast Guard in 1965. Since then the supply of ships has dwindled as old ones have been retired and new ones have \u003ca href=\"http://news.usni.org/2015/02/25/coast-guard-analysis-says-u-s-needs-3-heavy-and-3-medium-icebreakers-path-to-ships-unclear\">languished on the drawing board\u003c/a>. Polar Star was commissioned in 1976, her sister ship \u003ca href=\"http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcpolarsea/\">Polar Sea in 1979\u003c/a>. For a long time they’d cover the poles and other places. Then they were taking turns going south. They’ve had things blowing up and breaking down since they were commissioned. (Polar Star ran aground two days after it was launched.) It’s in the nature of the ships, and the nature of the mission. Stay up after midnight and you’ll hear the ghosts of alarms past yowling in the corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally they’d carry scientists, though the polar-class icebreakers have always been intended for operational support. This is Cold War thinking: make sure we have a little red tub of Ameri-can vigor ready to go to the farthest reaches. Still, science was such a standard that on the old-timey plaques above the doors here (there’s one reading “Soda Fountain” over the door of what is now the “Polar Starbucks” (not affiliated with the Seattle-based coffee corporation) you’ll see more than a few labeled “Scientist Stateroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, \u003ca href=\"http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcHealy/\">the Healy\u003c/a> was commissioned, a medium-duty icebreaker that goes north to the Arctic and carries scientists on a variety of missions. In the last decade things get hairy. The Polars continue to be costly to maintain. Engineering problems in 2006 forced Polar Star into what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/958353-129/the-coast-guards-woeful-icebreakers\">caretaker” status\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, for funding reasons that have remained vague and that I hope this trip will shed some light on, both the Polar Sea and the Healy went north while the National Science Foundation, which funds part of the Deep Freeze missions, instead leased icebreakers from Sweden and Russia to sweep up the channel in front of the Antarctic station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 Polar Sea, after extensive renovations, broke. Polar Star had a $57 million rejuvenation and, now, this is the fourth trip since Polar Star was reactivated in 2012. In (American) summer 2013 she went to the Arctic to see how she fared; the winter of 2013-14 was the first time she’d gone south in nearly a decade. This, then, is her \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">third trip to Antarctica since reactivation\u003c/a>. For those who were around since she was fired up again, this is the first time since 2012 that things are (more or less) running smoothly. The mission, like the icebreaker fleet, has been scaled down. There are a few scientists running around onboard, but the one and only goal of Polar Star now is to break into McMurdo. After that she goes almost straightaway in for repairs, having no relief. Last year she was away from home 320 days, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">much of that in a Vallejo dry dock\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466788\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466788\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322.jpeg\" alt=\"Small boat maneuvers in the days before we reach the fast ice and begin break-in. In the back-ground is a life-sized ice sculpture of Monument Valley.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small boat maneuvers in the days before we reach the fast ice and begin break-in. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Congressional priorities shift and icebreaking looms less in the public consciousness than more local concerns, the icebreaker well has dried up. Now there’s just Polar Star out here. (Healy made the trip south a few years back and didn’t handle it well.) So if she breaks, there are no more. And if she breaks out here, no one’s coming for us. This gets into territory covered by what’s called the wintering-over bill, a document that details spending a year on the ship, in the ice, in the event of a catastrophic casualty. It looms in the minds of these sailors somewhere between Lord of the Flies and a probably-very-compelling reality show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll loom a little more in their minds, and mine, as we get closer to Marble Point, 42 miles from McMurdo. We’re going there to resupply a fuel depot after leaving McMurdo. The ice there is older and thicker. There may be a big-time Chiclet in the way. That’s when the wintering-over bill may seem most relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, though, it wasn’t a mission-ending casualty. Everyone tucked away their dreams of beards and penguin-hunting parties for another day. A diesel generator overheated and blew a transformer, shifting the load to another generator which was having absolutely none of it, so it too shut off. The emergency generator kicked in, there was some rerouting, and after a few hours, we were back up and running. I hear tell that there may be a new transformer waiting for us at McMurdo. This ship is powered by rumor as much as diesel, though, so we shall see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, it has become clear to me that alarm bells and breakages are not only common but constant. In a ship with this many moving parts, under these conditions, at any given time, something, or someone, is quietly planning to go sideways. There are as many possible mishaps as there are kinds of ice in these variable seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Ice Liberty\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The third \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star. The ship entered the Antarctic Circle on January 3, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We sailed through the Southern Ocean as night ran out on us. Then it was endless day, and that’s when we began seeing ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with a mountain that sailed by, one of the tabular icebergs that Operations Officer Lt. Joel Wright described in a briefing with officers who’d be driving the ship through the ice as “big-time Chiclets.” Some of the bigger tabular icebergs are numbered and tracked across the ocean and are the size of cities. This one was about a quarter-mile long and stood 193 feet out of the water, according to somebody deft with a sextant. So, going by the rule of thumb, it extended nine times that distance beneath the surface. That’s not even worth naming, size-wise, but it drew sailors to the bow to snap photos as the thing crept by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of what I know about ice came from that briefing from Wright. The big takeaway, at least as far as piloting the ship, is that though Polar Star is classed as an icebreaker, it’s really an icedodger until it absolutely has to go through it. That’s how you keep a 40-year-old ship viable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s the easiest way through ice?” Wright asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around it,” said somebody. Correct answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the meeting, spirits were high: some of these officers would be piloting through ice for the first time. Imagine the power to push a 399-foot ship through six feet of ice. Imagine having 75,000 horsepower vibrating under your hands. Even I was seduced, and I wasn’t driving. American power!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466974\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-466974\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-800x507.jpg\" alt=\"Officers on the bridge wear fire-resistant flash gear after the power goes out. Capt. Matt Walker is at far left.\" width=\"800\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-800x507.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-400x254.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-768x487.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready-960x609.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Ship_fire_ready.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officers on the bridge wear fire-resistant flash gear after the power goes out. Capt. Matt Walker is at far left. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the lights went out. Everything was quiet, and then everything was loud. Sailors ran to emergency stations. “The last time this happened,” Wright said before rushing out, “we blew our switchboard.” He was smiling, but it was the smile of someone trying not to worry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, right as Polar Star was about to pull in to Valparaiso, one of the main switchboards blew out. That switchboard controlled ventilation, lighting, and refrigeration to parts of the ship. For a few days after, electricity usage was restricted. I asked Master Chief Tom Stone, a 30-year veteran of the Coast Guard and resident ship-whisperer, who was also onboard last year, how long it took them to decide what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We pretty much knew immediately,” he said. “Whenever you have a switchboard fire like that they’re gonna send you home.” After some rerouting, Polar Star limped straight back to Seattle, forgoing Valparaiso and other port calls. What everyone was worried about this time was another mission-ending crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466698\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612.jpeg\" alt=\"Master Chief Tom Stone inspects one of the ship's three service diesel generators, which provide "hotel" services like light and ventilation, as opposed to the six propulsion generators.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC02612-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Master Chief Tom Stone inspects one of the ship’s three service diesel generators, which provide “hotel” services like light and ventilation, as opposed to the six propulsion generators. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Time was, there were many icebreakers in the American fleet. The Navy used to handle the icebreaker program, sending half a dozen ships to the poles and places like Greenland. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/06/dispatches-from-a-polar-icebreaker-and-whats-at-stake-for-science/\">Operation Deep Freeze\u003c/a> started in the 1950s to support the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">research at McMurdo\u003c/a>, and that continued to be the mission when the Navy handed over the icebreaker program to the Coast Guard in 1965. Since then the supply of ships has dwindled as old ones have been retired and new ones have \u003ca href=\"http://news.usni.org/2015/02/25/coast-guard-analysis-says-u-s-needs-3-heavy-and-3-medium-icebreakers-path-to-ships-unclear\">languished on the drawing board\u003c/a>. Polar Star was commissioned in 1976, her sister ship \u003ca href=\"http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcpolarsea/\">Polar Sea in 1979\u003c/a>. For a long time they’d cover the poles and other places. Then they were taking turns going south. They’ve had things blowing up and breaking down since they were commissioned. (Polar Star ran aground two days after it was launched.) It’s in the nature of the ships, and the nature of the mission. Stay up after midnight and you’ll hear the ghosts of alarms past yowling in the corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally they’d carry scientists, though the polar-class icebreakers have always been intended for operational support. This is Cold War thinking: make sure we have a little red tub of Ameri-can vigor ready to go to the farthest reaches. Still, science was such a standard that on the old-timey plaques above the doors here (there’s one reading “Soda Fountain” over the door of what is now the “Polar Starbucks” (not affiliated with the Seattle-based coffee corporation) you’ll see more than a few labeled “Scientist Stateroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, \u003ca href=\"http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/cgcHealy/\">the Healy\u003c/a> was commissioned, a medium-duty icebreaker that goes north to the Arctic and carries scientists on a variety of missions. In the last decade things get hairy. The Polars continue to be costly to maintain. Engineering problems in 2006 forced Polar Star into what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/958353-129/the-coast-guards-woeful-icebreakers\">caretaker” status\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, for funding reasons that have remained vague and that I hope this trip will shed some light on, both the Polar Sea and the Healy went north while the National Science Foundation, which funds part of the Deep Freeze missions, instead leased icebreakers from Sweden and Russia to sweep up the channel in front of the Antarctic station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010 Polar Sea, after extensive renovations, broke. Polar Star had a $57 million rejuvenation and, now, this is the fourth trip since Polar Star was reactivated in 2012. In (American) summer 2013 she went to the Arctic to see how she fared; the winter of 2013-14 was the first time she’d gone south in nearly a decade. This, then, is her \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">third trip to Antarctica since reactivation\u003c/a>. For those who were around since she was fired up again, this is the first time since 2012 that things are (more or less) running smoothly. The mission, like the icebreaker fleet, has been scaled down. There are a few scientists running around onboard, but the one and only goal of Polar Star now is to break into McMurdo. After that she goes almost straightaway in for repairs, having no relief. Last year she was away from home 320 days, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">much of that in a Vallejo dry dock\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466788\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466788\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322.jpeg\" alt=\"Small boat maneuvers in the days before we reach the fast ice and begin break-in. In the back-ground is a life-sized ice sculpture of Monument Valley.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01322-960x640.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small boat maneuvers in the days before we reach the fast ice and begin break-in. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Congressional priorities shift and icebreaking looms less in the public consciousness than more local concerns, the icebreaker well has dried up. Now there’s just Polar Star out here. (Healy made the trip south a few years back and didn’t handle it well.) So if she breaks, there are no more. And if she breaks out here, no one’s coming for us. This gets into territory covered by what’s called the wintering-over bill, a document that details spending a year on the ship, in the ice, in the event of a catastrophic casualty. It looms in the minds of these sailors somewhere between Lord of the Flies and a probably-very-compelling reality show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll loom a little more in their minds, and mine, as we get closer to Marble Point, 42 miles from McMurdo. We’re going there to resupply a fuel depot after leaving McMurdo. The ice there is older and thicker. There may be a big-time Chiclet in the way. That’s when the wintering-over bill may seem most relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, though, it wasn’t a mission-ending casualty. Everyone tucked away their dreams of beards and penguin-hunting parties for another day. A diesel generator overheated and blew a transformer, shifting the load to another generator which was having absolutely none of it, so it too shut off. The emergency generator kicked in, there was some rerouting, and after a few hours, we were back up and running. I hear tell that there may be a new transformer waiting for us at McMurdo. This ship is powered by rumor as much as diesel, though, so we shall see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, it has become clear to me that alarm bells and breakages are not only common but constant. In a ship with this many moving parts, under these conditions, at any given time, something, or someone, is quietly planning to go sideways. There are as many possible mishaps as there are kinds of ice in these variable seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Ice Liberty\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Porter Ranch Gas Leak Spurs Legislation to Avert Future Disasters",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES -- California lawmakers proposed stronger regulations Monday to prevent a natural gas storage leak like one that has sickened Los Angeles residents and driven thousands from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, said the legislation would prevent a replay of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/06/brown-declares-state-of-emergency-over-porter-ranch-gas-leak\" target=\"_blank\">massive uncontrolled leak\u003c/a> that has persisted nearly three months in the San Fernando Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know we can do better,\" Pavley said at a news conference in the Porter Ranch neighborhood, where residents have complained of nausea, headaches, nosebleeds and other ailments since the leak was discovered Oct. 23. \"How can we make sure this kind of tragedy never happens again?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10829438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10829438 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1440x1751.jpg\" alt=\"Workers on-site at a relief well SoCalGas is drilling to try and stop the leak at its Aliso Canyon Storage Facility.\" width=\"640\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1440x1751.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-400x486.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-800x973.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-768x934.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1180x1435.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-960x1168.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers on-site at a relief well SoCalGas is drilling to try and stop the leak at its Aliso Canyon Storage Facility. \u003ccite>(Lance DeLaura/SoCalGas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 4,500 families either plan to or have moved out of Porter Ranch while Southern California Gas Co. tries to stop the leak. It has cost the company more than $50 million and is not expected to be plugged until March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One proposed bill would require safety valves, better leak protection and tighter restrictions if facilities are close to homes or schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The well that is leaking from a massive underground gas storage field was once equipped with a safety valve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0104-gas-leak-20160104-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">but it was leaking and was removed in 1979\u003c/a>. The company said it wasn't required to have a safety valve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for residents suing SoCalGas has said the safety valve wouldn't have prevented the leak, but would have stopped the well from belching \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/14/the-hidden-climate-threat-that-gas-companies-noticed-but-rarely-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\">enormous amounts of climate-changing methane\u003c/a> into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An additive that makes the odorless gas detectable to human smell is blamed for making some residents ill, though public health officials and the gas company said there are no long-term health impacts from the leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"jedZejPKD4zDjcoUKcGQSnkmJDyScDRP\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley said the package of bills would complement \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/06/brown-declares-state-of-emergency-over-porter-ranch-gas-leak\" target=\"_blank\">an emergency declaration from the governor\u003c/a> and would require the gas company to pay environmental costs and for relocation of residents and not pass them along to ratepayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill would prevent the company from storing more gas into vacant oil fields a mile and a half underground until regulators determine the facility is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman said SoCalGas is no longer injecting gas into the ground, but drawing it out to decrease the pressure where the well is leaking.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES -- California lawmakers proposed stronger regulations Monday to prevent a natural gas storage leak like one that has sickened Los Angeles residents and driven thousands from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, said the legislation would prevent a replay of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/06/brown-declares-state-of-emergency-over-porter-ranch-gas-leak\" target=\"_blank\">massive uncontrolled leak\u003c/a> that has persisted nearly three months in the San Fernando Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know we can do better,\" Pavley said at a news conference in the Porter Ranch neighborhood, where residents have complained of nausea, headaches, nosebleeds and other ailments since the leak was discovered Oct. 23. \"How can we make sure this kind of tragedy never happens again?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10829438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10829438 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1440x1751.jpg\" alt=\"Workers on-site at a relief well SoCalGas is drilling to try and stop the leak at its Aliso Canyon Storage Facility.\" width=\"640\" height=\"778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1440x1751.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-400x486.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-800x973.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-768x934.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-1180x1435.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/ReliefWellWorkers-960x1168.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers on-site at a relief well SoCalGas is drilling to try and stop the leak at its Aliso Canyon Storage Facility. \u003ccite>(Lance DeLaura/SoCalGas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More than 4,500 families either plan to or have moved out of Porter Ranch while Southern California Gas Co. tries to stop the leak. It has cost the company more than $50 million and is not expected to be plugged until March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One proposed bill would require safety valves, better leak protection and tighter restrictions if facilities are close to homes or schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The well that is leaking from a massive underground gas storage field was once equipped with a safety valve, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0104-gas-leak-20160104-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">but it was leaking and was removed in 1979\u003c/a>. The company said it wasn't required to have a safety valve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for residents suing SoCalGas has said the safety valve wouldn't have prevented the leak, but would have stopped the well from belching \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/14/the-hidden-climate-threat-that-gas-companies-noticed-but-rarely-fixed/\" target=\"_blank\">enormous amounts of climate-changing methane\u003c/a> into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An additive that makes the odorless gas detectable to human smell is blamed for making some residents ill, though public health officials and the gas company said there are no long-term health impacts from the leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley said the package of bills would complement \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/06/brown-declares-state-of-emergency-over-porter-ranch-gas-leak\" target=\"_blank\">an emergency declaration from the governor\u003c/a> and would require the gas company to pay environmental costs and for relocation of residents and not pass them along to ratepayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another bill would prevent the company from storing more gas into vacant oil fields a mile and a half underground until regulators determine the facility is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman said SoCalGas is no longer injecting gas into the ground, but drawing it out to decrease the pressure where the well is leaking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Surprise! 'Tree Rings' Not Limited to Trees—Rocks Have Them Too",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hundred-year-old trees are impressive, but thousand-year-old rocks may be more significant when looking for long-term climate clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley soil scientists published evidence\u003c/a> of growth rings on rocks similar to rings on trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists specifically evaluated soil that formed thin rings around gravel and pebbles. The deposits were so thin, in fact, that some were no more than 3 millimeters thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These carbonates in soil covering the rocks act as temperature and rain indicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mineral that accumulates steadily and creates some of the most detailed information to date on the Earth’s past climates,” says senior author \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~earthy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Amundson\u003c/a>, a UC Berkeley professor of environmental science, policy and management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466796\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings.jpg\" alt=\"Magnified photograph of a cross-section through a 3 mm-thick rock soil deposit from Wyoming.\" width=\"450\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings-400x459.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnified photograph of a cross-section through a 3 mm-thick rock soil deposit from Wyoming. \u003ccite>(Eric Oerter/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This detailed information covers 120,000 years in North America and includes glacial and interglacial periods during the Pleistocene Epoch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history, capturing environmental conditions thousands of years ago, is important for understanding climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict how temperatures will change in the future, scientists often look backward, to see how the climate fluctuated in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The information will be useful to improve the accuracy of climate models by providing known conditions to calibrate them to,” says study lead author Erik Oerter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also useful because these samples are easier and less costly to obtain than Antarctic ice cores or ocean floor sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the rocks were collected in \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wind+River+Range,+Wyoming+82513/@43.1835341,-109.6613877,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x8757f965fb70b0a1:0x30f57181f6e643aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Wyoming\u003c/a>, these types of soil deposits are found in drylands worldwide, making them extremely accessible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date the samples, the researchers used uranium isotopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen and carbon isotopes found in the deposits revealed clues about the rain temperature and soil respiration when the mineral was formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm rain resulted in higher levels of oxygen 18. Carbon isotopes, specifically the ratio of carbon 13 and carbon 12, reflected levels of soil respiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium isotopes were also used to calculate how much rain the soil received. So the isotopes act like a “paleo rain gauge,” according to Oerter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team discovered that around 70,000 to 55,000 years ago, rain patterns in North America shifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They changed from a west-to-east flow from the north Pacific to a south-to-north flow from the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This meant wetter summers and drier winters in Central America, the opposite of what was typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oerter says this is a new geologic finding and can, “fill in key gaps in the paleoclimate record.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hundred-year-old trees are impressive, but thousand-year-old rocks may be more significant when looking for long-term climate clues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/journals/proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley soil scientists published evidence\u003c/a> of growth rings on rocks similar to rings on trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists specifically evaluated soil that formed thin rings around gravel and pebbles. The deposits were so thin, in fact, that some were no more than 3 millimeters thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These carbonates in soil covering the rocks act as temperature and rain indicators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a mineral that accumulates steadily and creates some of the most detailed information to date on the Earth’s past climates,” says senior author \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~earthy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Amundson\u003c/a>, a UC Berkeley professor of environmental science, policy and management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_466796\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-466796\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings.jpg\" alt=\"Magnified photograph of a cross-section through a 3 mm-thick rock soil deposit from Wyoming.\" width=\"450\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Rocks_rings-400x459.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Magnified photograph of a cross-section through a 3 mm-thick rock soil deposit from Wyoming. \u003ccite>(Eric Oerter/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This detailed information covers 120,000 years in North America and includes glacial and interglacial periods during the Pleistocene Epoch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history, capturing environmental conditions thousands of years ago, is important for understanding climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To predict how temperatures will change in the future, scientists often look backward, to see how the climate fluctuated in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The information will be useful to improve the accuracy of climate models by providing known conditions to calibrate them to,” says study lead author Erik Oerter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also useful because these samples are easier and less costly to obtain than Antarctic ice cores or ocean floor sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although the rocks were collected in \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wind+River+Range,+Wyoming+82513/@43.1835341,-109.6613877,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x8757f965fb70b0a1:0x30f57181f6e643aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Wyoming\u003c/a>, these types of soil deposits are found in drylands worldwide, making them extremely accessible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date the samples, the researchers used uranium isotopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen and carbon isotopes found in the deposits revealed clues about the rain temperature and soil respiration when the mineral was formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm rain resulted in higher levels of oxygen 18. Carbon isotopes, specifically the ratio of carbon 13 and carbon 12, reflected levels of soil respiration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uranium isotopes were also used to calculate how much rain the soil received. So the isotopes act like a “paleo rain gauge,” according to Oerter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team discovered that around 70,000 to 55,000 years ago, rain patterns in North America shifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They changed from a west-to-east flow from the north Pacific to a south-to-north flow from the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This meant wetter summers and drier winters in Central America, the opposite of what was typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oerter says this is a new geologic finding and can, “fill in key gaps in the paleoclimate record.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In just a few short years, solar power has gotten big in California, and now it’s at the top of the renewable energy heap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data compiled from daily reports by the state’s major grid manager indicate that in 2015, solar became the No. 1 source of renewable energy in California. Not \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/11/solar-power-california-top-source-of-renewable-energy\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/01/11/solar-power-california-top-source-of-renewable-energy\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Solar Surges Past Wind, Hydropower as State’s No. 1 Renewable Energy Source\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Antarctica: Getting There is Half the Fun",
"headTitle": "Antarctica: Getting There is Half the Fun | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The second \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star, on its annual resupply mission to the Antarctic research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mystery From the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d been awakened in the middle of the night by a shadowy figure at the door. I went out and up and onto the deck of the Polar Star, which was making its way south to Antarctica. Its mission was to break some of the ice there. Not all of it, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside it was still dark, which was getting rarer by the day. Up above was the Aurora Australis, the Southern Lights, which are almost exactly like the better known Northern Lights, only upside-down. What they look like is space clouds curving in from somewhere distant and sifting down the way you think of fireworks sifting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?\u003ccite>Frankenstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These were more or less cloud-colored, but in the photos, most of which turned out pretty bad, the lights took on the green color you think of, if you think of that sort of thing at all. The lights are awesome in the original sense of that word, and seeing them entirely accidentally, I understood why they were a thing people journey to see: they touch a very old urge to go out and explore in hopes — not just of understanding — but of being mystified, of finding that place where the difference between nature and magic is irrelevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re usually a winter phenomenon, the auroras, so these were out of season, but this was New Year’s Day, and these were our fireworks in a very lonely place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Southern Lights as seen from the flybridge (the roof of the bridge), where photo ops are good, but equipment tends to get in the way.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1440x960.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern Lights as seen from the flybridge (the roof of the bridge), where photo ops are good, but equipment tends to get in the way. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission of United States Coast Guard Cutter Polar Star is a straightforward one: sail from home port in Seattle to McMurdo Station on \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/18/rediscovering-ross-island-the-2012-expedition-to-understand-the-geologic-origin-of-ross-island-antarctica/\">Ross Island\u003c/a> off the coast of Antarctica. Once there, make a path for supply ships. Return home. It’s a trip that starts around Thanksgiving and ends around early April, barring any unforeseen complications such as icebound fishing boats or onboard fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMurdo is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usap.gov/videoclipsandmaps/mcmwebcam.cfm\">U.S. Antarctic Program base\u003c/a> from which scientists deploy across the continent to pursue research in everything from gravitational waves to climate change — the origins of the universe and the fates of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMurdo is in a sound which \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=49600\">ices over every year\u003c/a>. Polar Star opens the channel so supply ships can get in during the short austral summer, outfit the station for the next year’s research, and take out the trash. McMurdo is run by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">National Science Foundation\u003c/a>, which works with the Coast Guard to make sure there’s a way into and out of McMurdo. All of which would be simple enough, but for the complicating factors of entropy and politics, which will embroil the modern empires of Ebay and Russia. About which more later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-470129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED.jpeg\" alt=\"PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1454\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-400x568.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-800x1136.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-768x1091.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-960x1363.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">For now, know this: Polar Star is designed to ride up onto the ice and let gravity do the rest. She can power through about 6 feet of ice pretty handily, or even more if she backs up and rams the ice. Cutting a channel through a dozen miles of “fast ice” (ice connected to land, “made fast” to it) will take more than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process is called “grooming,” which has all kinds of other zoological and sartorial connotations that are delightful to think about in the context of this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">big orange 14,000-ton jet-powered ship\u003c/a> lurching up onto thick ice like a beaching whale and splashing gleefully down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m told that, onboard, this feels like a series of minor earthquakes going on for a week. I sleep on a top bunk that someone appears to have forgotten to attach retaining rails to, so my childhood fear of falling out of a nice dream onto the hard, hard floor of a Cold War-era icebreaker may well come true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, there were two kinds of uncharted territory. There was the “Here There Be Dragons,” “Darkest Africa” kind of stuff, the lands of dangerous unknowns, and then there was the Shangri-La, El Dorado types, mythic places that lured men over the horizon in search of lands surpassing in beauty, fertility, and riches any we had known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460409\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-800x749.jpg\" alt=\"Maps as late as the mid-19th century envisioned an ice-free Arctic Sea, surrounded by temperate regions and undiscovered peoples.\" width=\"800\" height=\"749\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-800x749.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-400x374.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-768x719.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1440x1348.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1920x1797.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1180x1104.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-960x899.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps as late as the mid-19th century envisioned an ice-free Arctic Sea, surrounded by temperate regions and undiscovered races of people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People believed this about the Arctic, for whatever reason and against all available evidence (see: giant ice fields and polar bears). Explorers of the Victorian era thought that maybe somewhere in there was a paradise. Even Mary Shelley’s original Frankenstein story is framed around an expedition to the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelley was making a point about the human need to discover, and the need to cut ourselves to ribbons on that dangerously sharp edge between the known and the unknown. The Arctic held great appeal to people of Shelley’s era, the promise of a land better than any other land. But in fact, there’s no land there at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the big difference between the Arctic and the Antarctic: the Arctic is a frozen sea surrounded by land; Antarctica is a frozen land surrounded by sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the Arctic has historically been in finding ways across it, shortcuts from one empire to the next. Those shortcuts have been elusive; the search for them has led to disappointment and death by freezing and starvation. Now that it’s melting, though, some of those fabled passages are appearing, and countries with an interest in controlling the north are trying to find ways to send container ships — even cruise ships — across it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Antarctic has been largely insulated from this, in part because of its supreme isolation from anywhere anyone wanted to go, and partly because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm\">Antarctic Treaty of 1959\u003c/a>, which protects the continent from mining and commercial exploitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while 53 countries have signed on and many have planted flags and opened bases and dug around in the snow, no one’s been able to use it to turn a profit, or expand an empire. It’s been all about the science. Discovery, in other words. An unspoiled land ruled by ideals and penguins. Everyone was looking north for Shangri-La when they should’ve been looking south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Lt. Junior Grade Cyrus Unvala plots a course from McMurdo Station to points north.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lt. Junior Grade Cyrus Unvala plots a course from McMurdo Station to points north. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all stands to get screwed up, too, of course, as we’ll see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star carries some of the motley DNA of Frankenstein’s monster. She breaks down a little here, a lot there. She’s repaired from a dwindling pool of parts. She carries a lot of new stuff to talk to her old stuff (she’s mostly old stuff). \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">Her keel was laid in 1972\u003c/a>. She was commissioned in 1976. Think about a 44-year-old machine. Think about how drastically technology has changed since then. Think about the friction caused by forcing this ship to stay in the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s all we’ve got, to do this one straightforward thing in this one lonely place. That’s only really a problem when she breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which she did the very next day after the Southern Lights went away and took the night entirely with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Thar She Breaks!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Southern Lights and struggling into a Gumby suit are just the beginning. The ice still lies ahead.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The second \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star, on its annual resupply mission to the Antarctic research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mystery From the Sky\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d been awakened in the middle of the night by a shadowy figure at the door. I went out and up and onto the deck of the Polar Star, which was making its way south to Antarctica. Its mission was to break some of the ice there. Not all of it, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside it was still dark, which was getting rarer by the day. Up above was the Aurora Australis, the Southern Lights, which are almost exactly like the better known Northern Lights, only upside-down. What they look like is space clouds curving in from somewhere distant and sifting down the way you think of fireworks sifting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘What may not be expected in a country of eternal light?\u003ccite>Frankenstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These were more or less cloud-colored, but in the photos, most of which turned out pretty bad, the lights took on the green color you think of, if you think of that sort of thing at all. The lights are awesome in the original sense of that word, and seeing them entirely accidentally, I understood why they were a thing people journey to see: they touch a very old urge to go out and explore in hopes — not just of understanding — but of being mystified, of finding that place where the difference between nature and magic is irrelevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re usually a winter phenomenon, the auroras, so these were out of season, but this was New Year’s Day, and these were our fireworks in a very lonely place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Southern Lights as seen from the flybridge (the roof of the bridge), where photo ops are good, but equipment tends to get in the way.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1440x960.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00351.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern Lights as seen from the flybridge (the roof of the bridge), where photo ops are good, but equipment tends to get in the way. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission of United States Coast Guard Cutter Polar Star is a straightforward one: sail from home port in Seattle to McMurdo Station on \u003ca href=\"http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/18/rediscovering-ross-island-the-2012-expedition-to-understand-the-geologic-origin-of-ross-island-antarctica/\">Ross Island\u003c/a> off the coast of Antarctica. Once there, make a path for supply ships. Return home. It’s a trip that starts around Thanksgiving and ends around early April, barring any unforeseen complications such as icebound fishing boats or onboard fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMurdo is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usap.gov/videoclipsandmaps/mcmwebcam.cfm\">U.S. Antarctic Program base\u003c/a> from which scientists deploy across the continent to pursue research in everything from gravitational waves to climate change — the origins of the universe and the fates of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMurdo is in a sound which \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=49600\">ices over every year\u003c/a>. Polar Star opens the channel so supply ships can get in during the short austral summer, outfit the station for the next year’s research, and take out the trash. McMurdo is run by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">National Science Foundation\u003c/a>, which works with the Coast Guard to make sure there’s a way into and out of McMurdo. All of which would be simple enough, but for the complicating factors of entropy and politics, which will embroil the modern empires of Ebay and Russia. About which more later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-470129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED.jpeg\" alt=\"PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1454\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-400x568.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-800x1136.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-768x1091.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStargraphic_CORRECTED-960x1363.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">For now, know this: Polar Star is designed to ride up onto the ice and let gravity do the rest. She can power through about 6 feet of ice pretty handily, or even more if she backs up and rams the ice. Cutting a channel through a dozen miles of “fast ice” (ice connected to land, “made fast” to it) will take more than a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process is called “grooming,” which has all kinds of other zoological and sartorial connotations that are delightful to think about in the context of this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">big orange 14,000-ton jet-powered ship\u003c/a> lurching up onto thick ice like a beaching whale and splashing gleefully down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m told that, onboard, this feels like a series of minor earthquakes going on for a week. I sleep on a top bunk that someone appears to have forgotten to attach retaining rails to, so my childhood fear of falling out of a nice dream onto the hard, hard floor of a Cold War-era icebreaker may well come true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once upon a time, there were two kinds of uncharted territory. There was the “Here There Be Dragons,” “Darkest Africa” kind of stuff, the lands of dangerous unknowns, and then there was the Shangri-La, El Dorado types, mythic places that lured men over the horizon in search of lands surpassing in beauty, fertility, and riches any we had known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460409\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-800x749.jpg\" alt=\"Maps as late as the mid-19th century envisioned an ice-free Arctic Sea, surrounded by temperate regions and undiscovered peoples.\" width=\"800\" height=\"749\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-800x749.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-400x374.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-768x719.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1440x1348.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1920x1797.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-1180x1104.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR-960x899.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/Antique_Map_Mercator_North_Pole_2_HR.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maps as late as the mid-19th century envisioned an ice-free Arctic Sea, surrounded by temperate regions and undiscovered races of people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>People believed this about the Arctic, for whatever reason and against all available evidence (see: giant ice fields and polar bears). Explorers of the Victorian era thought that maybe somewhere in there was a paradise. Even Mary Shelley’s original Frankenstein story is framed around an expedition to the Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelley was making a point about the human need to discover, and the need to cut ourselves to ribbons on that dangerously sharp edge between the known and the unknown. The Arctic held great appeal to people of Shelley’s era, the promise of a land better than any other land. But in fact, there’s no land there at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the big difference between the Arctic and the Antarctic: the Arctic is a frozen sea surrounded by land; Antarctica is a frozen land surrounded by sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the Arctic has historically been in finding ways across it, shortcuts from one empire to the next. Those shortcuts have been elusive; the search for them has led to disappointment and death by freezing and starvation. Now that it’s melting, though, some of those fabled passages are appearing, and countries with an interest in controlling the north are trying to find ways to send container ships — even cruise ships — across it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Antarctic has been largely insulated from this, in part because of its supreme isolation from anywhere anyone wanted to go, and partly because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm\">Antarctic Treaty of 1959\u003c/a>, which protects the continent from mining and commercial exploitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while 53 countries have signed on and many have planted flags and opened bases and dug around in the snow, no one’s been able to use it to turn a profit, or expand an empire. It’s been all about the science. Discovery, in other words. An unspoiled land ruled by ideals and penguins. Everyone was looking north for Shangri-La when they should’ve been looking south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460489\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"Lt. Junior Grade Cyrus Unvala plots a course from McMurdo Station to points north.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-1180x786.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC01147.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lt. Junior Grade Cyrus Unvala plots a course from McMurdo Station to points north. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all stands to get screwed up, too, of course, as we’ll see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star carries some of the motley DNA of Frankenstein’s monster. She breaks down a little here, a lot there. She’s repaired from a dwindling pool of parts. She carries a lot of new stuff to talk to her old stuff (she’s mostly old stuff). \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">Her keel was laid in 1972\u003c/a>. She was commissioned in 1976. Think about a 44-year-old machine. Think about how drastically technology has changed since then. Think about the friction caused by forcing this ship to stay in the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s all we’ve got, to do this one straightforward thing in this one lonely place. That’s only really a problem when she breaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which she did the very next day after the Southern Lights went away and took the night entirely with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Thar She Breaks!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Confirms Controversial Pesticide Can Harm Bees",
"headTitle": "EPA Confirms Controversial Pesticide Can Harm Bees | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>If you follow bees, you’ve likely heard of a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. They’re supposed to be safer for humans, because they’re often applied to seeds rather than sprayed directly on plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’ve become a flashpoint for beekeepers and environmental groups, who argue the pesticides have conributed to widespread collapse of bee colonies, and who’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bees-lawsuit-idUSBRE92K13320130321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued federal regulators\u003c/a> for not protecting bees from the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the California Department for Pesticide Regulation, has released its \u003ca href=\"http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first assessment \u003c/a>of one of those chemicals, imidacloprid. Essentially, the report found that pesticide residues in the nectar and pollen of certain crops, like citrus and cotton, pose a risk to bees. But residue on other crops, like corn and leafy vegetables, did not pose significant risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That angers Steve Ellis, who says he watches his bees get sick when the chemical is used on nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see dead bees in the bee yard, on the bottom board and pallets, with their hives. And on their backs, with their legs going a mile a minute,” says Ellis, who’s preparing to move his hives from Minnesota to California’s Central Valley, as he does each winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0pdUgag92D7Mi809O85hcVThPdZvxzTB”]Beekeepers have been complaining about the effects of neonicotinoids for more than a decade, and beekeepers like Ellis say it’s time to take some strong action to regulate the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just way too long, way too slow, and it’s unacceptable,” says Ellis. “And I believe they were overly-reliant on industry-funded studies, and industry-run studies, and that’s always problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/neonicotinoids.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a> confirms that it asked the manufacturers of these pesticides to conduct tests, although independent government scientists verified the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer Crop Sciences, the company that manufactures imidocloprid, said in a statement that new studies continue to confirm that neonicotinoids are safe for bees and other pollinators when used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will review the EPA document,” the statement reads, “but at first glance it appears to overestimate the potential for harmful exposures in certain crops, such as citrus and cotton, while ignoring the important benefits these products provide and management practices to protect bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers applied imidocloprid to about 1.5 million acres of crops in California in 2013, mostly on grapes, tomatoes, oranges, and cotton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the EPA found a risk to bees when the pesticide is used on citrus worries Bob Blakely, vice president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Citrus Mutual.\u003c/a> The trade group represents most of the state’s orange and lemon growers. Blakely says he doesn’t want to see regulators ban imidocloprid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will force us to go back to some of the older chemistry, the harsher chemicals that the activist community has rallied against for years,” says Blakely. “It would actually be a step backwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely is particularly concerned because imidocloprid is used to control the Asian Citrus Psyllid, which threatens the state’s $2 billion citrus industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day the EPA released its report, \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/beekeepers-farmers-and-public-interest-groups-sue-epa-over-failed-oversight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beekeepers again sued the agency\u003c/a> for not regulating neonicotinoid’s use as a seed coating on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EPA can’t bury its head in the sand any longer,” says Marcia Ishii-Eiteman, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>. “Seed coatings are just the latest delivery device of pesticide corporations that pose a threat to pollinators and the food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: In 2012, Sasha Khokha ventured into an almond orchard near Modesto at night \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201202170850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to report on\u003c/a> a new class of pesticides that worried beekeepers. She gets stung way too many times, questions independent researchers who were evaluating the chemicals and talks with a representative from Bayer Crop Sciences, who manufactures them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report evaluates how residues of a controversial type of pesticide, known as a neonicotinoid, affect bee health.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you follow bees, you’ve likely heard of a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. They’re supposed to be safer for humans, because they’re often applied to seeds rather than sprayed directly on plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they’ve become a flashpoint for beekeepers and environmental groups, who argue the pesticides have conributed to widespread collapse of bee colonies, and who’ve \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bees-lawsuit-idUSBRE92K13320130321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sued federal regulators\u003c/a> for not protecting bees from the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/240844319″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the Environmental Protection Agency, in conjunction with the California Department for Pesticide Regulation, has released its \u003ca href=\"http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first assessment \u003c/a>of one of those chemicals, imidacloprid. Essentially, the report found that pesticide residues in the nectar and pollen of certain crops, like citrus and cotton, pose a risk to bees. But residue on other crops, like corn and leafy vegetables, did not pose significant risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That angers Steve Ellis, who says he watches his bees get sick when the chemical is used on nearby cornfields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see dead bees in the bee yard, on the bottom board and pallets, with their hives. And on their backs, with their legs going a mile a minute,” says Ellis, who’s preparing to move his hives from Minnesota to California’s Central Valley, as he does each winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Beekeepers have been complaining about the effects of neonicotinoids for more than a decade, and beekeepers like Ellis say it’s time to take some strong action to regulate the chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just way too long, way too slow, and it’s unacceptable,” says Ellis. “And I believe they were overly-reliant on industry-funded studies, and industry-run studies, and that’s always problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/registration/reevaluation/chemicals/neonicotinoids.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Pesticide Regulation\u003c/a> confirms that it asked the manufacturers of these pesticides to conduct tests, although independent government scientists verified the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer Crop Sciences, the company that manufactures imidocloprid, said in a statement that new studies continue to confirm that neonicotinoids are safe for bees and other pollinators when used appropriately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will review the EPA document,” the statement reads, “but at first glance it appears to overestimate the potential for harmful exposures in certain crops, such as citrus and cotton, while ignoring the important benefits these products provide and management practices to protect bees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers applied imidocloprid to about 1.5 million acres of crops in California in 2013, mostly on grapes, tomatoes, oranges, and cotton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that the EPA found a risk to bees when the pesticide is used on citrus worries Bob Blakely, vice president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacitrusmutual.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Citrus Mutual.\u003c/a> The trade group represents most of the state’s orange and lemon growers. Blakely says he doesn’t want to see regulators ban imidocloprid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It will force us to go back to some of the older chemistry, the harsher chemicals that the activist community has rallied against for years,” says Blakely. “It would actually be a step backwards.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blakely is particularly concerned because imidocloprid is used to control the Asian Citrus Psyllid, which threatens the state’s $2 billion citrus industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the same day the EPA released its report, \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/press-release/beekeepers-farmers-and-public-interest-groups-sue-epa-over-failed-oversight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beekeepers again sued the agency\u003c/a> for not regulating neonicotinoid’s use as a seed coating on crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EPA can’t bury its head in the sand any longer,” says Marcia Ishii-Eiteman, a scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>. “Seed coatings are just the latest delivery device of pesticide corporations that pose a threat to pollinators and the food system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: In 2012, Sasha Khokha ventured into an almond orchard near Modesto at night \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201202170850/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to report on\u003c/a> a new class of pesticides that worried beekeepers. She gets stung way too many times, questions independent researchers who were evaluating the chemicals and talks with a representative from Bayer Crop Sciences, who manufactures them.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
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