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"content": "\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/04/WEBWesternGridSommer160404.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EfB9kf250phSVRQi9fJGcucaaiRZAMC8″]“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator and PacifiCorp will spend the next two years studying their plan to integrate, as well as making their case before regulators in several states. If the plan moves ahead, the two would join up by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It actually \u003cem>is\u003c/em> a problem. And the solutions are either expensive or controversial.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead toward its ambitious renewable energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>TOO MUCH RENEWABLE POWER\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> On March 27, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on the grid than Californians were using. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1730px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611449\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/Solar_Desktop.jpg\" alt=\"SOURCE: California ISO. \" width=\"1730\" height=\"1000\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: California ISO. \u003ccite>(Teodros Hailye/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ups and Downs of Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are much less predictable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned off, many take four to eight hours start up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joining Grids Across the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_610986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-610986 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/CAISO2-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grid operators manage 80 percent of California’s transmission system at the California Independent System Operator. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power across state lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California from having to switch off the solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that are out there for integrating renewables.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This marriage of electric grids would start with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificorp.com/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PacifiCorp\u003c/a>, a utility that runs its own grid in Oregon, Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.caiso.com/Documents/StudyBenefits-PacifiCorp-ISOIntegration.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study commissioned by PacifiCorp \u003c/a>found that customers across both regions would save $154 to $335 million annually through sharing lower-cost renewable energy and avoiding turning off solar farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal Power on the Line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PacifiCorp isn’t a partner everyone wants to get in bed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PacifiCorp is by far the largest owner of coal plants in the Western United States,” says Travis Ritchie, an attorney with the Sierra Club. In 2014, more than 60 percent of PacifiCorp’s electricity came from coal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611762\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611762\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg\" alt=\"ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories\" width=\"378\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-800x965.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-400x482.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-768x926.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-1180x1423.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories-960x1158.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/ISO-PacifiCorpTerritories.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SOURCE: \u003ccite>(California Independent System Operator)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a big problem for California,” he says. “We have put forth a lot of really great policy measures to stop coal for climate reasons, for pollution reasons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp’s coal power wouldn’t necessarily flow into California. The state’s climate change law, AB 32, means that electricity from other states has a price tacked on that raises the cost of fossil fuels to account for their carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ritchie warns that joining a regional electric grid, governed across several states with different agendas, could mean giving up some of California’s autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will California actually lose the ability lead on climate issues if it gives up its power to Utah and Wyoming, two states that are actively fighting everything about climate change that California is working to promote?” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several state legislators have the same concern. In February, they \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwIXiaj8LQ3GR2VPQWpFTmx5Nnc/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Governor Jerry Brown raising red flags about the merger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have made great strides to make sure that our electricity is as clean as possible,” says California Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon. “I want to make sure that joining a wider grid doesn’t impact that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Storing vs. Sharing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that joining electric grids isn’t the only way to deal with excess renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Energy storage is probably the biggest hammer in the toolbox,” says Paul Denholm, analyst at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large batteries and other energy storage technologies could store the excess solar energy California is producing during the day. But until prices come down, storage remains costly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denholm says according to his analysis, California will probably need both storage and a regional grid to reach its 50 percent renewable goal in the most cost-effective way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of energy, apart from solar, could also become more flexible. Many natural gas power plants have signed contracts with utilities that limit how often they can be turned off or ramped up and down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make sure we can schedule the power plants to be available when needed,” Denholm says. “Those contracts have to change so the output from the power plants can vary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With renewable energy growing at a rapid clip, other states could soon face the same challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking at a tipping point for wind and solar,” Denholm says. “Wind and solar in many places in the country is actually the cheapest option. And that’s the first time in history where that’s been the case.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Independent System Operator and PacifiCorp will spend the next two years studying their plan to integrate, as well as making their case before regulators in several states. If the plan moves ahead, the two would join up by 2019.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes",
"headTitle": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”20CHPhjlyqXilSZvOkrET0Pg38tDZXG9″]Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study shows the atmospheric patterns that lead to extreme dry years are happening more often, but not at the expense of wet year patterns.",
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"description": "A new study shows the atmospheric patterns that lead to extreme dry years are happening more often, but not at the expense of wet year patterns.",
"title": "California May Be in for Greater Weather Extremes | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the big questions in the news this winter has been: When will the drought be over?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study published today in Science Advances suggests that may not be the most useful question to ask. Better might be: Is the climate of California starting to see even wider swings between dry and wet conditions? We’re already a land of “feast or famine” weather. How will we manage our water future if we’re experiencing greater extremes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of us from Stanford, Northwestern and Columbia conducted the study to find out whether the atmospheric conditions associated with California’s most extreme wet years or most extreme dry years are happening more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer? Yes. The atmospheric pressure patterns we see off the coast of California during extreme dry years are happening more frequently in recent decades—and the patterns that lead to our wettest years may be becoming more frequent as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Happened During California’s Extreme Drought?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2013, the state of California has been in the grip of an extraordinary \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year drought\u003c/a>. The accumulated loss of precipitation over the four years so far is \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unprecedented\u003c/a> in the century we’ve been recording this information. If you add the drying effects of record-high temperatures, the 2013-2016 event may, in fact, be the most severe \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/california-s-drought-may-be-worst-in-a-millennium/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a millennium\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of water stored in the critically important Sierra Nevada snowpack reached its lowest level in \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/52265-california-snowpack-shrinking.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over 500 years\u003c/a> in 2015, and the loss of groundwater in the state’s aquifers has literally \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514133440.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moved mountains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has had \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL066628/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">widespread effects\u003c/a> on the state’s economy and environment, slashing the amount of water available for agricultural and \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/07/drought-5000-californians-dont-have-running-water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">urban\u003c/a> uses, raising \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/15/us/california-fire-season-drought.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfire risk\u003c/a> and dramatically increasing \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2015-12-tens-millions-trees-danger-california.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tree mortality\u003c/a>. Across the state there have been adverse effects upon riverine and marine \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-drought-fish-20150824-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystems\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/58e0c7bfe91442f79e304fbdc1bec95d/damage-sinking-land-costing-california-billions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infrastructure damage\u003c/a> to roads and pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 491px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611160\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg\" alt=\"The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \" width=\"491\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1.jpg 491w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_1-400x350.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, Oct-May 2012-2015. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmospheric pattern responsible for ushering in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-shattering-temperature-records-18871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">record-breaking\u003c/a> warmth and dryness is the now-infamous “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ridiculously Resilient Ridge\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RRR is an unusually persistent stretch of atmospheric high pressure sitting over the Pacific ocean off the coast of California. This sluggish Ridge hovered right in the path of storms headed for the state. Like a boulder displacing a narrow stream of water, the RRR consistently \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deflected water-bearing storms\u003c/a> to the north of California, precisely during the typical “rainy season” months of October to May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the state was therefore left high and dry—even during what is typically the wettest time of year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Is Unusually Susceptible \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get the majority (66%) of our annual precipitation during just the four months of December through March. Unlikely many places on Earth, our summers are very dry: less than 5 percent of our precipitation falls between June and September. And we don’t tend to get our annual water supply from a large number of storms. Remarkably, most of\u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/atmospheric-river-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> California’s precipitation\u003c/a> in a typical year falls over the course of a relatively small number of strong storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Here’s why: the state lies just south of the typical winter storm track in the Pacific, so Californians have to rely on the rain and snow that falls when the jet stream dips south—and it does this for relatively short intervals—sending storm systems barreling toward our coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important of these storms are associated with “\u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric rivers\u003c/a>.” These narrow plumes of concentrated atmospheric water vapor bring tremendous amount of rains mountain snowfall when the move inland—increasing flood risk but also bringing much needed water to the Golden State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This striking dependence of California’s entire water supply upon the occurrence of just a few atmospheric river events each winter means that a surplus or deficit of just one or two such storms can quickly increase the risk of flood or drought in any given year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, diversion of the Pacific storm track by unusually persistent winter ridges is the most common cause of California droughts, since there is little opportunity to make up for accumulated water deficits during the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patterns Associated With Drought Are Occurring More Frequently \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our team investigated whether North Pacific pressure patterns similar to those we saw during California’s most extremely dry, and wet periods were occurring more frequently in recent decades. We looked at the years from 1948 through 2015, and the months of October through May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We found that certain unusual atmospheric patterns are indeed occurring more often. Over the past three decades, we’ve experienced more frequent patterns similar to what we saw during California’s extremely warm and dry years of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These years—during which the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/2947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rose to prominence\u003c/a>—were characterized by unusually low pressure over the Pacific north of Hawaii, and a very strong ridge of high pressure along the entire West Coast of North America, from southern California all the way to the Alaskan arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_611338\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 612px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-611338\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-611338\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg\" alt=\"Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \" width=\"612\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4.jpg 612w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/blog_image_4-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-term trends in California drought severity (upper left), temperature (upper right), Sierra Nevada snowpack (lower left), and precipitation (lower right). The red shaded regions depict the 2013-2015 drought. \u003ccite>(Adapted from Swain 2015, GRL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>…But Not at the Expense of Wet Year Patterns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the increase we saw in pressure patterns similar to California’s driest years, it might be reasonable to expect that patterns associated with the wettest years have become less common. But that’s not what we found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, one of two methods we used in this study suggested that several wet patterns have actually increased in recent decades, while the other suggested little change. Therefore, while we are quite confident that patterns conducive to extreme warmth and dryness in California are happening more frequently, this does not seem to be at the expense of those patterns associated with California’s wettest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘A Strong and Persistent Ridginess’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of studies have already shown that the long-term temperature trend associated with global warming has increased the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/04/PNAS-Diffenbaugh-Drought-Climate-Brief-03032015-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likelihood\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/warming-climate-deepening-california-drought\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">severity\u003c/a> of drought in California—even when there are no significant changes in precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our new work demonstrates that increasingly frequent atmospheric patterns conducive to extreme drought in California are indeed increasing, but that patterns conducive to very wet years may also be increasing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We haven’t traced the exact cause of this increase in patterns similar to the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, but we do find there’s an increasingly strong and persistent “ridginess” off the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, it is worth noting that climate models for 21st century California depict a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">much warmer\u003c/a> future, likely accompanied by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4639898/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increasingly large\u003c/a> swings between \u003ca href=\"http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00624.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry and wet\u003c/a> conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is fascinating that such large changes in the character of California precipitation are occurring despite little long-term change in average precipitation—which highlights the critical importance of considering changes in the most extreme years when planning for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Daniel Swain is an atmospheric scientist at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. A version of this post also appears on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Weather\u003c/a> blog. Other authors on the study published today are: \u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/faculty/horton-daniel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Horton\u003c/a>, Northwestern University; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/dsingh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deepti Singh\u003c/a>, Columbia University; and \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, Stanford University. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration on Wednesday announced a new partnership with 41 energy companies that have agreed to voluntarily reduce methane emissions from natural gas operations to help combat climate change.[contextly_sidebar id=”ZDIdOu7d1PC70kD2JpUdRtF4n11ZtRkq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> unveiled the \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/gasstar/methanechallenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge Program\u003c/a> at this week’s Global Methane Forum held in Washington. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, capable of trapping 25 times more heat in the atmosphere than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said the voluntary program is meant to protect public health and combat climate change while providing a platform for companies to report actions taken to reduce methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes after the worst methane leak in the nation’s history was finally plugged last month at an underground storage facility owned by Southern California Gas Co. The months-long disaster required the evacuation of 6,400 families and released the climate-warming equivalent of the annual pollution from more than a half million cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the massive California leak focused public attention of the issue, much smaller and more mundane leaks from natural gas operations in the United States have an even larger cumulative impact as a man-made cause of warming the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCal Gas is among those who’ve signed onto the voluntary emissions reduction program, along with major gas pipeline and distribution providers Duke Energy, Exelon, TransCanada, Xcel Energy and MidAmerican Energy Co.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-sej-canada-arctic-climate-20160310-story.html\">committed earlier this month\u003c/a> to reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sectors by at least 40 percent over the next decade, compared to 2012 levels. Such reductions are seen as essential to achieving national targets for greenhouse gas reductions agreed to in December as part of the landmark climate accord reached in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in Congress have opposed such measures, saying they will cost the U.S. economy jobs while doing little to reduce climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Obama administration on Wednesday announced a new partnership with 41 energy companies that have agreed to voluntarily reduce methane emissions from natural gas operations to help combat climate change.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> unveiled the \u003ca href=\"https://www3.epa.gov/gasstar/methanechallenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge Program\u003c/a> at this week’s Global Methane Forum held in Washington. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, capable of trapping 25 times more heat in the atmosphere than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said the voluntary program is meant to protect public health and combat climate change while providing a platform for companies to report actions taken to reduce methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes after the worst methane leak in the nation’s history was finally plugged last month at an underground storage facility owned by Southern California Gas Co. The months-long disaster required the evacuation of 6,400 families and released the climate-warming equivalent of the annual pollution from more than a half million cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the massive California leak focused public attention of the issue, much smaller and more mundane leaks from natural gas operations in the United States have an even larger cumulative impact as a man-made cause of warming the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low Peak, Again",
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"content": "\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been a winter for the books in the Arctic. Capping off a season of sustained, mind-boggling warm weather and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-again-20044\">stunted sea ice growth\u003c/a>, the annual Arctic sea ice maximum hit its lowest level ever recorded. That marks the second straight year that the winter maximum ice extent set a record low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen such a warm, crazy winter in the Arctic,” Mark Serreze, director of the \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Snow and Ice Data Center\u003c/a>, said in a statement. “The heat was relentless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with other indicators like global average temperature and sea level rise, the record-setting sea ice cover is a key example of how much climate change is affecting the planet. Diminished sea ice can impact the ability of Arctic species like polar bears and walruses to find food, and could \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/polar-vortex-whats-the-role-of-warming-18654\">impact the weather\u003c/a> across North America, Europe and Asia, though that connection is still contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Arctic is in crisis. Year by year, it’s slipping into a new state, and it’s hard to see how that won’t have an effect on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere,” Ted Scambos, an NSIDC lead scientist, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/news/newsroom/arctic-sets-yet-another-record-low-maximum-extent\">NSIDC announced on Monday\u003c/a> that Arctic sea ice hit its maximum extent for the winter on March 24, when it averaged 5.607 million square miles. That beat \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">last year’s record low\u003c/a> of 5.612 million square miles, set on Feb. 25, 2015, by 5,000 square miles or just a bit smaller than the area of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ferqrZi4WF4?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year’s peak came earlier than is typical, while this year’s was later than the average peak time. That late peak date sets up a shorter-than-normal ice melt season this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record low maximum doesn’t necessarily guarantee a record-low summer sea ice minimum, though, as ice melt depends heavily on Arctic weather patterns through the spring and summer months. Last year’s minimum was the\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-ice-4th-lowest-record-19455\">fourth lowest on record\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, though, Arctic sea ice has seen \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/video-old-arctic-sea-ice-20112\">a clear decline\u003c/a> since satellites first began monitoring it in 1979. Since that time, winter sea ice extent has dropped 3.2 percent per decade, while the summer minimum has seen an even steeper drop of 13.7 percent per decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decline is linked to the rapid warming of the region, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, that warmth reached astounding levels, with air temperatures over the Arctic Ocean ranging from 4°F to 11°F (2°C to 6°C) above average in nearly every region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incredible warmth helped contribute to January and February successively setting the record for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/february-winter-record-warm-for-planet-20150\">most anomalously warm months\u003c/a> globally in more than 130 years of record keeping.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pacific Ocean Pattern Could Predict U.S. Heat Waves",
"headTitle": "Pacific Ocean Pattern Could Predict U.S. Heat Waves | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the summer of 2012, a series of punishing heat waves roasted a large portion of the U.S. with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-heat-wave-rolls-on-as-July-warmest-month-on-record-14773\">record-breaking temperatures\u003c/a> that helped spawn one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-drought-inches-up-in-us-historical-rankings-14818\">most widespread and costliest droughts\u003c/a> to hit the country in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the blistering temperatures and drought cost some $31.5 billion and led to dozens of deaths. The heat was so intense that it melted roads and airport runways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”55yb5ocAOi72b5skbecQTqbNo12PsiS8″]In May of that year, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued its forecast for the summer, it had \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/lack-of-warning-on-2012-us-drought-reflects-flaws-in-forecasting-14823\">predicted normal temperatures\u003c/a> for the Midwest and Northeast — a forecast that clearly fell short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such seasonal forecasting is notoriously difficult, but a new study detailed Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ngeo2687\">Nature Geoscience\u003c/a> points to a way to potentially better predict the type of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">extreme heat\u003c/a> that engulfed the country that summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying a pattern of Pacific Ocean temperatures that seems to precede major heat events in the eastern U.S., the study could help forecasters give farmers, cities and utilities more time to prepare. Such early warnings will become more and more critical as the world continues to warm and heat waves become more frequent and more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been very hard to get accurate, long lead-time prediction,” \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Stanford University who wasn’t involved with the research, said. “This paper is kind of extending our potential to have this longer time-scale predictability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ocean Pattern Pops Up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/mckinnon\">Karen McKinnon\u003c/a> and her colleagues found the connection to Pacific Ocean temperatures by first looking at daily temperature data for the period from late June to late August from 1,613 weather stations across the U.S. going back to 1982. They divided the country into broad regions that tend to experience extreme heat at the same time. (A day with extreme heat was defined as one where the warmest 5 percent of weather stations in the region had temperatures at least 11.7°F, or 6.5°C, above average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They focused on the largest grouping to emerge, which spanned from the Midwest down into the Southeast and up the coast to the Northeast. That area coincides with major population centers, as well as key farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked to see if those days of extreme heat tended to correspond with any particular patterns of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific. One pattern “just popped up super clearly,” McKinnon, a postdoctoral researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said. In an area spanning the breadth of the ocean basin and roughly the same latitudes as the U.S., they found cooler-than-normal waters to the north butted up against warmer-than-normal waters to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only did the pattern show up at the same time as the extreme heat in the eastern U.S., the team could trace it back in time to before the heat wave hit and use it to predict the likelihood of the extreme hot weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found the ocean pattern could be used to predict increased odds for extreme heat in the broad region up to 50 days out, with the skill of the predictions increasing closer to the event as the ocean pattern evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the pattern to do a “hindcast” of the punishing summer of 2012, and were able to predict increased odds of extreme heat for the end of June as early as mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern could also be used to predict extreme heat for some individual stations, the team found, mostly in a region in the middle of the country. The clearer connection there is likely due to the fact that the domes of hot air associated with heat waves tend to be centered on that area, McKinnon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly why the ocean pattern and extreme eastern U.S. heat are connected isn’t yet clear. The two main ideas, McKinnon said, are that the ocean pattern is influencing the atmosphere in a way that leads to the eventual heat dome buildup, or that both the ocean pattern and the heat dome are caused by some other third factor. McKinnon and her colleagues are working now with computer models to “try and tease apart a little bit more” what’s happening, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Good Case Study’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the clearest implications of the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/global-temperature\">overall warming of the planet\u003c/a> as greenhouse gases trap more and more heat in the atmosphere is that heat waves will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/searing-heat-waves-could-become-annual-threat-20066\">become more common and more intense\u003c/a>, raising concerns about future impacts to agriculture, infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Such concerns could make long-term predictions particularly valuable in the future because “we can make decisions about how to manage risk,” Diffenbaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hurdle to jump, though, is to try to use this ocean pattern to make forecasts in real-time “to see if it really works,”\u003ca href=\"http://mikeventrice.weebly.com/\">Michael Ventrice\u003c/a>, an operational meteorologist with the Weather Company, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKinnon and her team are planning to do just that this year, possibly starting sometime in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the models that Ventrice and other seasonal forecasters use are predicting one of the hottest summers in recent years. The ocean pattern that McKinnon and her colleagues identified, though, is flipped, which would tend to suggest cooler summer weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good case study,” Ventrice, who was not involved with the research, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously it’s a little bit scary,” McKinnon said of doing real-time forecasts, because even if their forecast track record is good across many years, it could be off for a particular year. Other myriad climate factors play a role in the weather, and any one of them could overwhelm the Pacific Ocean connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s still work to do to understand and firm up the link between extreme heat and Pacific Ocean temperature patterns, the possibility is intriguing because “we’re always looking for better ways” to extend seasonal predictions, Ventrice said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "In the summer of 2012, a series of punishing heat waves roasted a large portion of the U.S. with record-breaking temperatures that helped spawn one of the most widespread and costliest droughts to hit the country in decades. Combined, the blistering temperatures and drought cost some $31.5 billion and led to dozens of deaths. The",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/andrea-thompson\">Andrea Thompson\u003c/a>, Climate Central",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2012, a series of punishing heat waves roasted a large portion of the U.S. with \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-heat-wave-rolls-on-as-July-warmest-month-on-record-14773\">record-breaking temperatures\u003c/a> that helped spawn one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2012-drought-inches-up-in-us-historical-rankings-14818\">most widespread and costliest droughts\u003c/a> to hit the country in decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combined, the blistering temperatures and drought cost some $31.5 billion and led to dozens of deaths. The heat was so intense that it melted roads and airport runways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In May of that year, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued its forecast for the summer, it had \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/lack-of-warning-on-2012-us-drought-reflects-flaws-in-forecasting-14823\">predicted normal temperatures\u003c/a> for the Midwest and Northeast — a forecast that clearly fell short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such seasonal forecasting is notoriously difficult, but a new study detailed Monday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ngeo2687\">Nature Geoscience\u003c/a> points to a way to potentially better predict the type of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">extreme heat\u003c/a> that engulfed the country that summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By identifying a pattern of Pacific Ocean temperatures that seems to precede major heat events in the eastern U.S., the study could help forecasters give farmers, cities and utilities more time to prepare. Such early warnings will become more and more critical as the world continues to warm and heat waves become more frequent and more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been very hard to get accurate, long lead-time prediction,” \u003ca href=\"https://earth.stanford.edu/noah-diffenbaugh\">Noah Diffenbaugh\u003c/a>, a climate scientist at Stanford University who wasn’t involved with the research, said. “This paper is kind of extending our potential to have this longer time-scale predictability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ocean Pattern Pops Up\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://staff.ucar.edu/users/mckinnon\">Karen McKinnon\u003c/a> and her colleagues found the connection to Pacific Ocean temperatures by first looking at daily temperature data for the period from late June to late August from 1,613 weather stations across the U.S. going back to 1982. They divided the country into broad regions that tend to experience extreme heat at the same time. (A day with extreme heat was defined as one where the warmest 5 percent of weather stations in the region had temperatures at least 11.7°F, or 6.5°C, above average.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They focused on the largest grouping to emerge, which spanned from the Midwest down into the Southeast and up the coast to the Northeast. That area coincides with major population centers, as well as key farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then looked to see if those days of extreme heat tended to correspond with any particular patterns of sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific. One pattern “just popped up super clearly,” McKinnon, a postdoctoral researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., said. In an area spanning the breadth of the ocean basin and roughly the same latitudes as the U.S., they found cooler-than-normal waters to the north butted up against warmer-than-normal waters to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not only did the pattern show up at the same time as the extreme heat in the eastern U.S., the team could trace it back in time to before the heat wave hit and use it to predict the likelihood of the extreme hot weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found the ocean pattern could be used to predict increased odds for extreme heat in the broad region up to 50 days out, with the skill of the predictions increasing closer to the event as the ocean pattern evolved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the pattern to do a “hindcast” of the punishing summer of 2012, and were able to predict increased odds of extreme heat for the end of June as early as mid-May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern could also be used to predict extreme heat for some individual stations, the team found, mostly in a region in the middle of the country. The clearer connection there is likely due to the fact that the domes of hot air associated with heat waves tend to be centered on that area, McKinnon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly why the ocean pattern and extreme eastern U.S. heat are connected isn’t yet clear. The two main ideas, McKinnon said, are that the ocean pattern is influencing the atmosphere in a way that leads to the eventual heat dome buildup, or that both the ocean pattern and the heat dome are caused by some other third factor. McKinnon and her colleagues are working now with computer models to “try and tease apart a little bit more” what’s happening, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘Good Case Study’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the clearest implications of the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/global-temperature\">overall warming of the planet\u003c/a> as greenhouse gases trap more and more heat in the atmosphere is that heat waves will \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/searing-heat-waves-could-become-annual-threat-20066\">become more common and more intense\u003c/a>, raising concerns about future impacts to agriculture, infrastructure and vulnerable populations. Such concerns could make long-term predictions particularly valuable in the future because “we can make decisions about how to manage risk,” Diffenbaugh said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hurdle to jump, though, is to try to use this ocean pattern to make forecasts in real-time “to see if it really works,”\u003ca href=\"http://mikeventrice.weebly.com/\">Michael Ventrice\u003c/a>, an operational meteorologist with the Weather Company, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McKinnon and her team are planning to do just that this year, possibly starting sometime in April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the models that Ventrice and other seasonal forecasters use are predicting one of the hottest summers in recent years. The ocean pattern that McKinnon and her colleagues identified, though, is flipped, which would tend to suggest cooler summer weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a good case study,” Ventrice, who was not involved with the research, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obviously it’s a little bit scary,” McKinnon said of doing real-time forecasts, because even if their forecast track record is good across many years, it could be off for a particular year. Other myriad climate factors play a role in the weather, and any one of them could overwhelm the Pacific Ocean connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there’s still work to do to understand and firm up the link between extreme heat and Pacific Ocean temperature patterns, the possibility is intriguing because “we’re always looking for better ways” to extend seasonal predictions, Ventrice said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Was March the Rainfall Miracle We'd Hoped For?",
"headTitle": "Was March the Rainfall Miracle We’d Hoped For? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yes, the Bay Area got a lot of rain this winter. But was it enough to end the drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, no. But there’s good news—this winter was the best we’ve had in five years in terms of precipitation. Rainfall in most Bay Area cities is about 100 percent of normal. San Francisco has received \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">21 inches of rain this winter\u003c/a>, up from \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 inches last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought.’\u003ccite>Paul Rogers,\u003cbr>KQED and the San Jose Mercury News\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And the state’s two biggest reservoirs, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oroville and Shasta, are now more than \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 percent full\u003c/a>. Last March, they hovered between \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/50-percent-of-average_reservoirs.jpg\">50 and 59 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really been kind of a wonderful last few months,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulRogersSJMN?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Rogers\u003c/a>, San Jose Mercury News Environment Reporter and KQED Science Managing Editor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño’s warm ocean waters fueled storms across the state, and northern California got most of the benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’re not in an emergency in northern California anymore in terms of drought,” Rogers says. “The soaking storms that we got in March really delivered their biggest punch in the most important watersheds in the state.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to Oroville and Shasta, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pardee reservoir, the biggest reservoir that serves the East Bay, is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ebmud.com/water-and-drought/about-your-water/water-supply/water-supply-reports/daily-water-supply-report/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent full\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_596537\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-596537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg\" alt=\"This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \" width=\"1006\" height=\"1392\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-400x553.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-800x1107.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-768x1063.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/CA-map_drought-960x1328.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows precipitation as a percentage of average for March. Areas in maroon are at less than 5 percent of average for this time of year while magenta areas are at more than 300 percent of average. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Rogers says southern California wasn’t as lucky. Some cities, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like Los Angeles, are only at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50 percent of normal rainfall\u003c/a> for this time of year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farther south, say in Long Beach and Riverside, rainfall totals are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/cnrfc/rsa_getprod.php?prod=RNORR4RSA&wfo=cnrfc&version=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">44 percent of average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is a tale of two droughts,” Rogers says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory water cutbacks Governor Jerry Brown enacted last April have been extended \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/conservation_portal/emergency_regulation.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through October\u003c/a>, but some of those restrictions may be lifted in parts of northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Felicia Marcus, who chairs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>, has already \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article66078267.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hinted at this\u003c/a>, Rogers noted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“What you’re going to probably see,” he says, “is that, in northern California, particularly the further north you go, where we had a lot of rain, they’re going to have few or no mandatory rules. The further south you go, their rules are going to look pretty similar to what they had this past summer.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although relaxed restriction are a positive sign—\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/01/11/when-will-californias-drought-end/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the drought isn’t legally over\u003c/a> until Brown says so and lifts his executive order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That probably won’t happen this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Feinstein, House Republicans Urge Obama to Rev Up Delta Pumps",
"title": "Feinstein, House Republicans Urge Obama to Rev Up Delta Pumps",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated, 7:15 p.m. Thursday. This post contains \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Dianne Feinstein wants President Obama to order an increase in water exports from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to farms and cities to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter released Thursday, Feinstein expressed frustration that more water isn't being pumped south from the Delta despite an increase in flows down the Sacramento River triggered by recent storms. She blamed the agencies in charge of overseeing court-ordered actions to protect the Delta smelt and other imperiled fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decried \"a dogmatic adherence to a rigid set of operating criteria that continues to handcuff our ability to rebuild\" the state's water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta. ... That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.'\u003ccite>Sen. Dianne Feinstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A dozen Republican members of California's House delegation sent \u003ca href=\"https://kevinmccarthy.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/california-republicans-call-on-white-house-to-act-on-drought\" target=\"_blank\">a separate letter\u003c/a> calling on Obama to act. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We ... need specific leadership from our chief executive,\" said the letter released by House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, R-Bakersfield. \"That specific leadership is simple: a clear message to the relevant federal agencies to increase – not decrease – pumping over and above\" levels that have prevailed in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exports from a federal pumping facility near Tracy are managed by three agencies -- the Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service -- responsible for ensuring exports adhere to limits set in court-ordered plans to protect several endangered and threatened fish species. Those species include Delta smelt, Sacramento River winter- and spring-run chinook salmon and green sturgeon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressional push to ship more water south is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.agalert.com/story/?id=9443\" target=\"_blank\">tide of criticism\u003c/a> from San Joaquin Valley farm interests that more water isn't being intercepted for human use after years of drought. Among \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/editorials/article65069552.html\" target=\"_blank\">the loudest voices\u003c/a> is the powerful Westlands Water District, a longtime Feinstein ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve watched ... the outrage with the government action that put the population of Flint [Michigan] at risk,\" said Westlands General Manager Tom Birmingham at \u003ca href=\"http://www.capitalpress.com/California/20160225/california-water-districts-appeal-to-fractured-congress-for-drought-relief\" target=\"_blank\">a House committee hearing in February\u003c/a>. \"But where’s the outrage with government policies that have created zero water supplies for communities in the San Joaquin Valley?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=5121D013-CB60-4245-84F1-5142093BDE03\" target=\"_blank\">appealed directly\u003c/a> to the responsible agencies to increase pumping, saying there was little evidence that the affected species, including nearly extinct Delta smelt and endangered winter-run chinook salmon, would be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9853/rain-falls-tensions-rise-water/\" target=\"_blank\">agencies responded\u003c/a> that pumping was \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kpoole/californias_water_projects_are.html\" target=\"_blank\">already at the limit\u003c/a> allowed under court-approved biological opinions developed under the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her letter to the president, Feinstein largely repeated her earlier criticism of Delta pumping operations, which she suggested are allowing massive quantities of water to flow out to sea that should be captured. She called for development of more flexible rules for deciding when pumping can be ramped up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta,\" Feinstein wrote. \"Sixty-nine communities in the southern San Joaquin Valley reported significant water supply and quality issues. And land is caving, bridges collapsing, as a result of overdrawn ground wells and subsidence. That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand a little of how the pumping limits work, it's necessary to consider how water flows in river channels near the twin pumping facilities -- state and federal -- in the southern Delta. Most of the water the facilities move is lifted into canals headed for San Luis Reservoir near Los Banos and points beyond. The pumps are so powerful they reverse the natural flow in a pair of channels called Old River and Middle River. That reverse flow, measured in negative cubic feet per second (cfs), can draw fish toward the pumps, cause them to get lost in the maze of Delta water channels and make them more vulnerable to predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'When the senator ... calls on the president to order increased water exports from the Delta, she's really denying the science that's there and the agency expertise that's determined how much water could be exported in this year.'\u003ccite>Jon Rosenfield,\u003cbr>The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past six weeks, the pumps have been pulling water at a rate that, while well below capacity, has resulted in an Old Middle River flow of -5,000 cubic feet per second. Now, enter concerns about the Delta smelt, a species that biologists say is \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2015/03/18/prepare-for-extinction-of-delta-smelt/\" target=\"_blank\">close to extinction\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Smelt Working Group, which includes scientists from a half dozen state and federal agencies, says the presence of smelt larvae in the Delta now may necessitate slowing down the pumps to reduce the negative flow to -2,500 cfs or less. A formal determination from the Fish and Wildlife Service is expected Friday morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with The Bay Institute, a San Francisco-based environmental group, said Thursday that Feinstein's letter virtually ignores the close, ongoing scientific scrutiny being brought to bear on Delta pumping operations and their impact on threatened species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The senator has a long record of calling for the management of California resource to follow the science and to protect endangered species and our San Francisco Bay estuary,\" Rosenfield said. \"But when she calls on the president to order increased water exports from the Delta, she's really denying the science that's there and the agency expertise that's determined how much water could be exported in this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield also challenges the often-repeated claim that California is allowing massive volumes of water to \"waste\" through the Delta to the Pacific Ocean. He says state and federal statistics show the lion's share of runoff from major storms through the end of February was captured for human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between storage in upstream reservoirs, diversions, and exports from the Delta, people have captured between 65 and 75 percent of the runoff from the three major storm events that occurred between October and the end of February,\" Rosenfield said in a water season update earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield noted that just 25 percent of the natural flow of the San Joaquin River had made it to the Delta during the current water year, the rest having been dammed or diverted by water-rights holders upstream. He said the low flows in the San Joaquin -- which has also been affected by lower-than-average rain and snow in the river's watershed -- have played a central role in limiting exports from the Delta pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below: The full text of Sen. Feinstein's letter to President Obama:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Honorable Barack Obama\u003cbr>\nThe White House\u003cbr>\n1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.\u003cbr>\nWashington, D.C. 20500\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dear Mr. President:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask you to direct the Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service to maximize pumping in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to the maximum extent allowed under the Endangered Species Act and biological opinions. Water flows in the Sacramento River are the highest they have been in four years. Just last week, flows in the Sacramento were as high as 76,000 cubic feet per second. We’ve only seen flows that high twice in the past ten years, and not once during this drought. Yet the Bureau of Reclamation and Fish and Wildlife Service are now considering reducing pumping due to concerns about larval smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these high flows, rather than pumping as much water as possible without undue harm to the smelt, pumping levels remained constant for the past month (see Chart B below). Coupled with the fact that only three individual smelt were caught at the pumps this year, and that the most recent trawls revealed no Delta smelt in the south Delta, it seems to me that the agencies operate the system in a manner that may be contrary to the available data, culled from what is already a limited monitoring regime. I understand that the biological opinions impose a ceiling of -5,000 cubic feet per second, but the agencies have the discretion to exercise at least some flexibility to pump above that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this all in context, between January 1 and March 6 last year, 1.5 million acre feet of water flowed through the Delta and 745,000 acre feet were pumped out. During the same period this year, 5.5 million acre feet of water flowed through the Delta, but only 852,000 acre feet were pumped out (see Chart A below). If we can’t increase pumping during an El Niño year, then when else can we?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies have also put California and the communities that depend on this water in a catch-22: Pumping is reduced when there are concerns about the presence of smelt caught as far away as 17 miles from the pumps. Yet agencies will also reduce pumping due to the absence of smelt, based on the idea that historically low smelt populations make detection difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe that this year’s El Niño has highlighted a fundamental problem with our water system: A dogmatic adherence to a rigid set of operating criteria that continues to handcuff our ability to rebuild our reserves. We need a more nimble system. That’s why I included $150 million the past two years in the Energy and Water budget—so that decisions would be based on real-time data, rather than relying on intuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta. 69 communities in the Southern San Joaquin Valley reported significant water supply and quality issues. And land is caving, bridges collapsing, as a result of overdrawn ground wells and subsidence. That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sincerely,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dianne Feinstein\u003cbr>\nUnited States Senator\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Correction: The original post incorrectly referred to the names of channels that experience negative flows during Delta pumping operations. The correct names are Old and Middle rivers, not Old Middle River. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated, 7:15 p.m. Thursday. This post contains \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Sen. Dianne Feinstein wants President Obama to order an increase in water exports from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to farms and cities to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter released Thursday, Feinstein expressed frustration that more water isn't being pumped south from the Delta despite an increase in flows down the Sacramento River triggered by recent storms. She blamed the agencies in charge of overseeing court-ordered actions to protect the Delta smelt and other imperiled fish species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She decried \"a dogmatic adherence to a rigid set of operating criteria that continues to handcuff our ability to rebuild\" the state's water reserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta. ... That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.'\u003ccite>Sen. Dianne Feinstein\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A dozen Republican members of California's House delegation sent \u003ca href=\"https://kevinmccarthy.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/california-republicans-call-on-white-house-to-act-on-drought\" target=\"_blank\">a separate letter\u003c/a> calling on Obama to act. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We ... need specific leadership from our chief executive,\" said the letter released by House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, R-Bakersfield. \"That specific leadership is simple: a clear message to the relevant federal agencies to increase – not decrease – pumping over and above\" levels that have prevailed in recent weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exports from a federal pumping facility near Tracy are managed by three agencies -- the Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service -- responsible for ensuring exports adhere to limits set in court-ordered plans to protect several endangered and threatened fish species. Those species include Delta smelt, Sacramento River winter- and spring-run chinook salmon and green sturgeon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The congressional push to ship more water south is part of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.agalert.com/story/?id=9443\" target=\"_blank\">tide of criticism\u003c/a> from San Joaquin Valley farm interests that more water isn't being intercepted for human use after years of drought. Among \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/editorials/article65069552.html\" target=\"_blank\">the loudest voices\u003c/a> is the powerful Westlands Water District, a longtime Feinstein ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve watched ... the outrage with the government action that put the population of Flint [Michigan] at risk,\" said Westlands General Manager Tom Birmingham at \u003ca href=\"http://www.capitalpress.com/California/20160225/california-water-districts-appeal-to-fractured-congress-for-drought-relief\" target=\"_blank\">a House committee hearing in February\u003c/a>. \"But where’s the outrage with government policies that have created zero water supplies for communities in the San Joaquin Valley?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Feinstein \u003ca href=\"http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=5121D013-CB60-4245-84F1-5142093BDE03\" target=\"_blank\">appealed directly\u003c/a> to the responsible agencies to increase pumping, saying there was little evidence that the affected species, including nearly extinct Delta smelt and endangered winter-run chinook salmon, would be harmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterdeeply.org/articles/2016/03/9853/rain-falls-tensions-rise-water/\" target=\"_blank\">agencies responded\u003c/a> that pumping was \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/kpoole/californias_water_projects_are.html\" target=\"_blank\">already at the limit\u003c/a> allowed under court-approved biological opinions developed under the Endangered Species Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her letter to the president, Feinstein largely repeated her earlier criticism of Delta pumping operations, which she suggested are allowing massive quantities of water to flow out to sea that should be captured. She called for development of more flexible rules for deciding when pumping can be ramped up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta,\" Feinstein wrote. \"Sixty-nine communities in the southern San Joaquin Valley reported significant water supply and quality issues. And land is caving, bridges collapsing, as a result of overdrawn ground wells and subsidence. That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand a little of how the pumping limits work, it's necessary to consider how water flows in river channels near the twin pumping facilities -- state and federal -- in the southern Delta. Most of the water the facilities move is lifted into canals headed for San Luis Reservoir near Los Banos and points beyond. The pumps are so powerful they reverse the natural flow in a pair of channels called Old River and Middle River. That reverse flow, measured in negative cubic feet per second (cfs), can draw fish toward the pumps, cause them to get lost in the maze of Delta water channels and make them more vulnerable to predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'When the senator ... calls on the president to order increased water exports from the Delta, she's really denying the science that's there and the agency expertise that's determined how much water could be exported in this year.'\u003ccite>Jon Rosenfield,\u003cbr>The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For the past six weeks, the pumps have been pulling water at a rate that, while well below capacity, has resulted in an Old Middle River flow of -5,000 cubic feet per second. Now, enter concerns about the Delta smelt, a species that biologists say is \u003ca href=\"https://californiawaterblog.com/2015/03/18/prepare-for-extinction-of-delta-smelt/\" target=\"_blank\">close to extinction\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Smelt Working Group, which includes scientists from a half dozen state and federal agencies, says the presence of smelt larvae in the Delta now may necessitate slowing down the pumps to reduce the negative flow to -2,500 cfs or less. A formal determination from the Fish and Wildlife Service is expected Friday morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Rosenfield, a conservation biologist with The Bay Institute, a San Francisco-based environmental group, said Thursday that Feinstein's letter virtually ignores the close, ongoing scientific scrutiny being brought to bear on Delta pumping operations and their impact on threatened species. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The senator has a long record of calling for the management of California resource to follow the science and to protect endangered species and our San Francisco Bay estuary,\" Rosenfield said. \"But when she calls on the president to order increased water exports from the Delta, she's really denying the science that's there and the agency expertise that's determined how much water could be exported in this year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield also challenges the often-repeated claim that California is allowing massive volumes of water to \"waste\" through the Delta to the Pacific Ocean. He says state and federal statistics show the lion's share of runoff from major storms through the end of February was captured for human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Between storage in upstream reservoirs, diversions, and exports from the Delta, people have captured between 65 and 75 percent of the runoff from the three major storm events that occurred between October and the end of February,\" Rosenfield said in a water season update earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenfield noted that just 25 percent of the natural flow of the San Joaquin River had made it to the Delta during the current water year, the rest having been dammed or diverted by water-rights holders upstream. He said the low flows in the San Joaquin -- which has also been affected by lower-than-average rain and snow in the river's watershed -- have played a central role in limiting exports from the Delta pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below: The full text of Sen. Feinstein's letter to President Obama:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Honorable Barack Obama\u003cbr>\nThe White House\u003cbr>\n1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.\u003cbr>\nWashington, D.C. 20500\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dear Mr. President:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask you to direct the Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service to maximize pumping in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to the maximum extent allowed under the Endangered Species Act and biological opinions. Water flows in the Sacramento River are the highest they have been in four years. Just last week, flows in the Sacramento were as high as 76,000 cubic feet per second. We’ve only seen flows that high twice in the past ten years, and not once during this drought. Yet the Bureau of Reclamation and Fish and Wildlife Service are now considering reducing pumping due to concerns about larval smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these high flows, rather than pumping as much water as possible without undue harm to the smelt, pumping levels remained constant for the past month (see Chart B below). Coupled with the fact that only three individual smelt were caught at the pumps this year, and that the most recent trawls revealed no Delta smelt in the south Delta, it seems to me that the agencies operate the system in a manner that may be contrary to the available data, culled from what is already a limited monitoring regime. I understand that the biological opinions impose a ceiling of -5,000 cubic feet per second, but the agencies have the discretion to exercise at least some flexibility to pump above that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put this all in context, between January 1 and March 6 last year, 1.5 million acre feet of water flowed through the Delta and 745,000 acre feet were pumped out. During the same period this year, 5.5 million acre feet of water flowed through the Delta, but only 852,000 acre feet were pumped out (see Chart A below). If we can’t increase pumping during an El Niño year, then when else can we?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies have also put California and the communities that depend on this water in a catch-22: Pumping is reduced when there are concerns about the presence of smelt caught as far away as 17 miles from the pumps. Yet agencies will also reduce pumping due to the absence of smelt, based on the idea that historically low smelt populations make detection difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe that this year’s El Niño has highlighted a fundamental problem with our water system: A dogmatic adherence to a rigid set of operating criteria that continues to handcuff our ability to rebuild our reserves. We need a more nimble system. That’s why I included $150 million the past two years in the Energy and Water budget—so that decisions would be based on real-time data, rather than relying on intuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are real-world consequences to the decisions being made in the Delta. 69 communities in the Southern San Joaquin Valley reported significant water supply and quality issues. And land is caving, bridges collapsing, as a result of overdrawn ground wells and subsidence. That’s why we need to make sure we’re using every possible tool to make the right choices. Basing pumping decisions on better science and real-time monitoring is the least we can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sincerely,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dianne Feinstein\u003cbr>\nUnited States Senator\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Correction: The original post incorrectly referred to the names of channels that experience negative flows during Delta pumping operations. The correct names are Old and Middle rivers, not Old Middle River. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don't Need 'Em",
"headTitle": "With Bees in Trouble, Almond Farmers Try Trees That Don’t Need ‘Em | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Beekeepers flock from all over the country to California every February and March to watch billions of honeybees buzz around the state’s almond trees. Eighty percent of the country’s commercial bees visit the Golden State each spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I went to check out the scene at an almond orchard at \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnostate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fresno State\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Really, the key is to stay calm around bees, because if you’re afraid, then your body physiologically changes and they can sense that,” beekeeper Brian Hiatt tells me. “They literally can smell fear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know: In this orchard alone, Hiatt has about 1.5 million bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring is usually a really busy time for beekeepers. But this year, Hiatt says he’s worried that a relatively new variety of almonds called \u003ca href=\"http://www.davewilson.com/commercial-orchards/featured-products/independence-almond\">Independence\u003c/a> could harm the longevity of his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independence almond trees are easy to harvest, and they make tasty almonds. But what really sets them apart is the fact that they’re self-fertile — meaning they technically don’t need bees to pollinate their flowers because they’re pollinating themselves (though some farmers say if you use just a few bees, you’ll get an even bigger crop.) That’s a boon for farmers, who spend lots of money hiring bees to pollinate their crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of these old almonds that still need bees,” Hiatt notes. But as Independence almonds become more popular, he thinks he’d lose profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_594083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-594083\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg\" alt=\"Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/almond-bee-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ben Barra guesses there are a couple thousand acres of the Independence almond variety in California. He says there is a growing waiting list for new sprigs of the tree. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Others in the industry — including Gene Brandi with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.abfnet.org/\">American Beekeeping Federation\u003c/a> — see things differently, especially since a colony collapse disorder has killed as much as 40 percent of the honeybees in the West. “I know how difficult it has been for our industry to supply the bees that are needed,” Brandi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And farmers like \u003ca href=\"http://pitiglianofarms.com/\">Josh Pitgliano\u003c/a> from Tulare County are loving Independence almonds. Pitgliano has several hundred acres of the self-fertile variety — he first started planting Independence trees six years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he likes that with Independence almond trees, he has to use less than half the number of bees. Whereas most farmers place two hives per acre, Pitgliano scrapes by with half a hive per acre on his orchards of Independence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That translates to big savings: An average hive of bees costs around $180 to hire for the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Independence almond trees comes with another perk — easy harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I come in here once and I harvest all the nuts, all at one time,” Pitgliano says. In contrast, traditional almond orchards have several varieties of the tree planted in each field and are harvested multiple times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the nuts these trees make are just as good, says farmer Ben Barra. When he realized he didn’t have to hire any bees at all with the Independence variety, he was hooked. (When I visited his farm, there were some wild bees buzzing around.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barra has farmed everything from sugar beets to eggplant to potatoes. He tore out his peaches and plums after he had a really bad season, losing over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he latched onto the idea of a crop that didn’t require many bees, that he’d only have to harvest once. And it seems to be working out: Barra says the Independence trees have produced more than he originally expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t believe it,” Barra says. “The first year we did 6,000 [pounds], and then we did 17,000 [pounds]. Last year we did 31,000 [pounds].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year he’s hopes the acreage’s yield is over 40,000 pounds, but he realizes he’s taking a chance on new tree variety that hasn’t stood the test of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I gambled with this,” Barra says, “this was the last shot that I was making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=With+Bees+In+Trouble%2C+Almond+Farmers+Try+Trees+That+Don%27t+Need+%27Em&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Utah Governor Signs Bill to Advance Oakland Coal Plan",
"title": "Utah Governor Signs Bill to Advance Oakland Coal Plan",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Utah Gov. Gary Herbert has signed a bill that approves $53 million in state funds to aid construction of a new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/oakland-moves-to-block-coal-at-new-terminal\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland cargo terminal\u003c/a> that backers hope to use to export coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert on Tuesday signed \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2016/03/10/utah-lawmakers-voting-to-spend-public-funds-on-oakland-coal-terminal-took-29000-from-company-that-stands-to-profit\" target=\"_blank\">legislation\u003c/a> authored by Republican state Sen. J. Stuart Adams that would help finance the project so Utah coal and other products reach overseas markets more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert's spokesman linked the governor's support for the bill to the national political debate over the future of the coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gov. Herbert is alarmed to hear the comments from presidential candidate Hillary Clinton when she said 'We're going to put a lot of coal miners and coal companies out of business,'\" the spokesman, Jon Cox, said in a statement to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox was referencing remarks Clinton made earlier this month when \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/255ab210cd0c4229bf4036cb3f6cb715/facing-backlash-clinton-says-coal-still-has-future\" target=\"_blank\">she emphasized her commitment to policies that promote renewable energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Utah will continue to pursue an all-of-the-above approach to energy development including one of, if not the largest, growth of solar development in America over the past two years,\" Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terminal and Utah's role in financing it has outraged local environmentalists who have been working to stop the project. They say it will increase air pollution in West Oakland, which already has high asthma rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're already experiencing a lot of health effects, so to bring a project that can worsen the effects of residents and potentially the workers -- we're opposed to that,\" said Brittany King, a conservation program coordinator at the Sierra Club's Bay Area chapter, in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics also say the project perpetuates dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that scientists have identified as a key driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm deeply disappointed in the decision by Utah's lawmakers to use public funds to prop up a dying industry that will only pollute our planet and contribute to global warming,\" East Bay State Senator Loni Hancock said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adams said the project will help in the global environmental battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Utah has the cleanest coal on the planet,\" Adams said in an interview earlier this month. \"You actually may be improving the environment by allowing this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said if India and China burned more clean coal from Utah, the earth's environment could get better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As long as the rest of the world is using it, you ought to use a better product than dirty coal,\" Adams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the Bay Area's top energy experts disagrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no such thing as clean coal,\" said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor of energy and co-director of the Berkeley Institute of the Environment, in an email. \"When you burn coal you get carbon dioxide, no getting around that. Poison is poison. Adams is wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Burning coal with less trace toxin elements in it is better than injecting it into a vein, but far worse than the many clean energy options that are available,\" Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said California should return favors that Utah has done for the Golden State in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When there were power generation lines that needed to be run through Utah from Wyoming to California, we allowed those lines to be run through,\" he said. \"Most of the goods that come from the rest of the world come into California and travel through Utah through our freeways, with trucks and whatever else may pollute our air. And we've actually tried to accommodate California, tried to be neighborly.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Utah Gov. Gary Herbert has signed a bill that approves $53 million in state funds to aid construction of a new \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/oakland-moves-to-block-coal-at-new-terminal\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland cargo terminal\u003c/a> that backers hope to use to export coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert on Tuesday signed \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2016/03/10/utah-lawmakers-voting-to-spend-public-funds-on-oakland-coal-terminal-took-29000-from-company-that-stands-to-profit\" target=\"_blank\">legislation\u003c/a> authored by Republican state Sen. J. Stuart Adams that would help finance the project so Utah coal and other products reach overseas markets more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert's spokesman linked the governor's support for the bill to the national political debate over the future of the coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gov. Herbert is alarmed to hear the comments from presidential candidate Hillary Clinton when she said 'We're going to put a lot of coal miners and coal companies out of business,'\" the spokesman, Jon Cox, said in a statement to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox was referencing remarks Clinton made earlier this month when \u003ca href=\"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/255ab210cd0c4229bf4036cb3f6cb715/facing-backlash-clinton-says-coal-still-has-future\" target=\"_blank\">she emphasized her commitment to policies that promote renewable energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Utah will continue to pursue an all-of-the-above approach to energy development including one of, if not the largest, growth of solar development in America over the past two years,\" Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The terminal and Utah's role in financing it has outraged local environmentalists who have been working to stop the project. They say it will increase air pollution in West Oakland, which already has high asthma rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're already experiencing a lot of health effects, so to bring a project that can worsen the effects of residents and potentially the workers -- we're opposed to that,\" said Brittany King, a conservation program coordinator at the Sierra Club's Bay Area chapter, in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics also say the project perpetuates dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that scientists have identified as a key driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm deeply disappointed in the decision by Utah's lawmakers to use public funds to prop up a dying industry that will only pollute our planet and contribute to global warming,\" East Bay State Senator Loni Hancock said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Adams said the project will help in the global environmental battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Utah has the cleanest coal on the planet,\" Adams said in an interview earlier this month. \"You actually may be improving the environment by allowing this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said if India and China burned more clean coal from Utah, the earth's environment could get better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As long as the rest of the world is using it, you ought to use a better product than dirty coal,\" Adams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the Bay Area's top energy experts disagrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is no such thing as clean coal,\" said Daniel Kammen, a UC Berkeley professor of energy and co-director of the Berkeley Institute of the Environment, in an email. \"When you burn coal you get carbon dioxide, no getting around that. Poison is poison. Adams is wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Burning coal with less trace toxin elements in it is better than injecting it into a vein, but far worse than the many clean energy options that are available,\" Kammen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said California should return favors that Utah has done for the Golden State in years past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When there were power generation lines that needed to be run through Utah from Wyoming to California, we allowed those lines to be run through,\" he said. \"Most of the goods that come from the rest of the world come into California and travel through Utah through our freeways, with trucks and whatever else may pollute our air. And we've actually tried to accommodate California, tried to be neighborly.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "State Water Project Eases Water Cutbacks After March Rains",
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"content": "\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Drought Monitor said Thursday that almost all of California—99.5 percent—remains in some level of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with a rainy March for the northern half and center of the state, the weekly drought monitor found 74 percent of the state was in severe drought or worse, down from 83 percent a week earlier.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California further \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2016/031716.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eased some water cutbacks Thursday\u003c/a> as a rainy March lessens the state’s five-year drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources announced it would be able to give its client water agencies 45 percent of their water allocations this year. That’s up from as low as 5 percent in 2014, in the middle of California’s driest four-year stretch on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January and again in March, winter storms have been bringing vital snowpack to the Sierra Nevada and rain to Northern and Central California reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third such increase in recent months. The easing of cutbacks could affect up to two-thirds of California’s nearly 40 million people, and just under a million acres of irrigated farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_585462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2321px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg\" alt=\"California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST.\" width=\"2321\" height=\"2620\" class=\"size-full wp-image-585462\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels.jpg 2321w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-400x452.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-800x903.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-768x867.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1440x1626.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1920x2167.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-1180x1332.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/03/march18_reservoir-levels-960x1084.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2321px) 100vw, 2321px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California reservoir levels on March 18, 2016 12:45 p.m. PST. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Thursday’s easing, the state’s cities and towns will remain under a mandatory conservation order of 20 percent and up, for now, state water officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It comes as no surprise to anyone living in Southern California that the drought is still going strong in the region, and forecasters with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said that will likely continue through the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA's annual spring outlook predicts above-average precipitation in parts of California, like the Central Valley, but not in the south. Overall, temperatures are expected to be warmer than average as El Niño's effects wane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"nHkgHfvX7IyuEwYlxQIAzTDW1IgJ4LyI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the wet winter in parts of the state has helped ease drought conditions to the north and left water resources more \"favorable\" than they have been since 2011, said Rob Hartman, the hydrologist in charge of NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The last two weeks have really gone a long ways towards brightening that picture with some significant winter storms that have arrived,\" he said of recent rains in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large reservoirs like Lakes Shasta and Oroville \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/14/california-reservoir-levels-spring-2016\">are currently above their historical average\u003c/a> for this time of year. That's in stark contrast to Southern California, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/03/14/58478/nocal-reservoirs-fill-up-while-socal-s-lag-behind/\">reservoirs are still quite low\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2016/03/17/58643/drought-eases-in-northern-california-still-severe/\">Read the full story via KPCC.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It comes as no surprise to anyone living in Southern California that the drought is still going strong in the region, and forecasters with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said that will likely continue through the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA's annual spring outlook predicts above-average precipitation in parts of California, like the Central Valley, but not in the south. Overall, temperatures are expected to be warmer than average as El Niño's effects wane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the wet winter in parts of the state has helped ease drought conditions to the north and left water resources more \"favorable\" than they have been since 2011, said Rob Hartman, the hydrologist in charge of NOAA's California Nevada River Forecast Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The last two weeks have really gone a long ways towards brightening that picture with some significant winter storms that have arrived,\" he said of recent rains in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>ORLANDO, Fla. — Bowing to years of public pressure, SeaWorld announced Thursday that it will immediately stop breeding killer whales and making them perform crowd-pleasing tricks at its theme parks in San Diego, San Antonio and Orlando.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld’s remaining killer whales, or orcas, will still be on display, but in “new, inspiring natural orca encounters,” rather than theatrical programs, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attendance at SeaWorld’s parks dropped after the 2013 release of the documentary “Blackfish,” which was highly critical of the orca program. SeaWorld reported a fourth-quarter loss of $11 million in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society’s attitudes have shifted,” said Joel Manby, president and chief executive officer of SeaWorld Entertainment Inc., during a telephone news conference. “It wasn’t worth fighting that. We needed to move to where society was moving. That’s why it’s now and not two years in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new shows will begin next year at SeaWorld Entertainment Inc.’s San Diego park, before expanding to its San Antonio park and then to the Orlando, Florida, park in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas have long been a centerpiece of the SeaWorld parks. Shows at the Shamu stadium in San Diego became the main draw in the 1970s and helped make SeaWorld a top tourist attraction. San Diego was the original home of Shamu, SeaWorld’s first orca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”EWbbi2UhHMS0H1TXKoqoFFRfmyv1hKtn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld officials said they were also forming a partnership with the Humane Society to help educate guests on animal welfare and conservation issues through interpretive programs at the parks and by expanded advocacy for wild whales, seals and other marine creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humane Society CEO Wayne Pacelle said his organization and SeaWorld had been longtime foes, but he said it was time to turn criticism into collaboration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t come to this discussion with any naivete about the operations at SeaWorld,” Pacelle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Criticism over keeping killer whales in captivity increased in 2010 after an orca named Tilikum grabbed trainer Dawn Brancheau after a “Dine with Shamu” show and pulled her into the pool, killing her. The death was highlighted in “Blackfish.” Tilikum, who was also involved in the deaths of two others, is now very sick. He has been at SeaWorld Orlando for 23 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, SeaWorld acknowledged sending workers to infiltrate the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. At the time, Manby said the employees had been sent to PETA to protect the safety of its employees and customers, but he vowed to end the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETA, which has been especially critical of SeaWorld, said the company needs to do more for the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SeaWorld must open its tanks to the oceans to allow the orcas it now holds captive to have some semblance of a life outside these prison tanks,” PETA spokeswoman Colleen O’Brien said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By August 2014, SeaWorld said it would build new, larger environments for its marine mammals and fund additional research and conservation efforts. The project has yet to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, the California Coastal Commission approved a $100 million expansion of SeaWorld’s tanks for its orcas in San Diego but also banned breeding of the captive animals. SeaWorld said it would end the orca shows in San Diego by 2017, and the company also filed a lawsuit saying the California commission had overreached when it banned breeding at that park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld hasn’t been alone in dealing with the public outrage that followed “Blackfish” and the 2009 documentary “The Cove,” which showed the killing of dolphins in Japan. The National Aquarium in Baltimore announced in 2014 that it would explore retiring its eight dolphins to an oceanside sanctuary, and elected officials in some California cities passed resolutions stating that whales and dolphins have the right to freedom from captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Adam Schiff, a Democrat from Los Angeles County who introduced the Orca Responsibility and Care Advancement Act in 2015, applauded SeaWorld’s announcement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are something that advocates have been urging for years, and I think SeaWorld will find that visitors will reward their actions with a renewed interest in the parks,” Schiff said in a statement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Jennifer Kay in Miami contributed this report.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>ORLANDO, Fla. — Bowing to years of public pressure, SeaWorld announced Thursday that it will immediately stop breeding killer whales and making them perform crowd-pleasing tricks at its theme parks in San Diego, San Antonio and Orlando.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld’s remaining killer whales, or orcas, will still be on display, but in “new, inspiring natural orca encounters,” rather than theatrical programs, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attendance at SeaWorld’s parks dropped after the 2013 release of the documentary “Blackfish,” which was highly critical of the orca program. SeaWorld reported a fourth-quarter loss of $11 million in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society’s attitudes have shifted,” said Joel Manby, president and chief executive officer of SeaWorld Entertainment Inc., during a telephone news conference. “It wasn’t worth fighting that. We needed to move to where society was moving. That’s why it’s now and not two years in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new shows will begin next year at SeaWorld Entertainment Inc.’s San Diego park, before expanding to its San Antonio park and then to the Orlando, Florida, park in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orcas have long been a centerpiece of the SeaWorld parks. Shows at the Shamu stadium in San Diego became the main draw in the 1970s and helped make SeaWorld a top tourist attraction. San Diego was the original home of Shamu, SeaWorld’s first orca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld officials said they were also forming a partnership with the Humane Society to help educate guests on animal welfare and conservation issues through interpretive programs at the parks and by expanded advocacy for wild whales, seals and other marine creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humane Society CEO Wayne Pacelle said his organization and SeaWorld had been longtime foes, but he said it was time to turn criticism into collaboration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t come to this discussion with any naivete about the operations at SeaWorld,” Pacelle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Criticism over keeping killer whales in captivity increased in 2010 after an orca named Tilikum grabbed trainer Dawn Brancheau after a “Dine with Shamu” show and pulled her into the pool, killing her. The death was highlighted in “Blackfish.” Tilikum, who was also involved in the deaths of two others, is now very sick. He has been at SeaWorld Orlando for 23 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, SeaWorld acknowledged sending workers to infiltrate the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. At the time, Manby said the employees had been sent to PETA to protect the safety of its employees and customers, but he vowed to end the practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETA, which has been especially critical of SeaWorld, said the company needs to do more for the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“SeaWorld must open its tanks to the oceans to allow the orcas it now holds captive to have some semblance of a life outside these prison tanks,” PETA spokeswoman Colleen O’Brien said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By August 2014, SeaWorld said it would build new, larger environments for its marine mammals and fund additional research and conservation efforts. The project has yet to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last October, the California Coastal Commission approved a $100 million expansion of SeaWorld’s tanks for its orcas in San Diego but also banned breeding of the captive animals. SeaWorld said it would end the orca shows in San Diego by 2017, and the company also filed a lawsuit saying the California commission had overreached when it banned breeding at that park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SeaWorld hasn’t been alone in dealing with the public outrage that followed “Blackfish” and the 2009 documentary “The Cove,” which showed the killing of dolphins in Japan. The National Aquarium in Baltimore announced in 2014 that it would explore retiring its eight dolphins to an oceanside sanctuary, and elected officials in some California cities passed resolutions stating that whales and dolphins have the right to freedom from captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Adam Schiff, a Democrat from Los Angeles County who introduced the Orca Responsibility and Care Advancement Act in 2015, applauded SeaWorld’s announcement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are something that advocates have been urging for years, and I think SeaWorld will find that visitors will reward their actions with a renewed interest in the parks,” Schiff said in a statement Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Jennifer Kay in Miami contributed this report.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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