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"content": "\u003cp>Many of California’s farmers, facing severe water cutbacks yet again this year, are blaming the hand they’ve been dealt on environmental protections for endangered fish. The protections limit how much water can be taken up by the huge pumps that serve much of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another root of the problem, often overlooked, that controls both the state’s water supply and the fate of endangered fish: the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, state officials will make a pivotal decision about how much water should flow down that river each year and the decision will stick for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be the most revolutionary change in decades for the West’s largest estuary and the site of California’s fiercest water battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin is arguably the most heavily tapped river in the state, sometimes going completely dry before it reaches the hub of the state’s water supply, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the State Water Resources Control Board will release a draft of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/water_quality_control_planning/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an obscure water quality plan\u003c/a> that could dramatically increase the flow of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem.’\u003ccite> Jon Rosenfield, The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the process, the board will have to answer a fundamental question: how much water do Californians need and how much should be left for endangered fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s decision could have cascading effects across the water system, even for farmers and water suppliers with some of the oldest and most secure water rights in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Players\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With salmon and Delta smelt populations driven to the brink of extinction during the drought, the water quality plan comes at a vital moment for some because the water board has the authority to restore freshwater flows that scientists say are sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem,” says Jon Rosenfield, biologist at The Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To boost the flow of the San Joaquin River, state officials could reallocate water from upstream agricultural water districts with “senior” rights, long-considered untouchable. San Francisco and other parts of the Bay Area, which tap into a water source more than 100 miles away, could also be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an odd and unintended twist, cutbacks in one place could benefit farms and cities elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914708 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg\" alt=\"San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Central Valley farms and cities from San Jose to San Diego rely on water that’s delivered by huge pumping plants in the Delta. When endangered salmon and steelhead are at risk, those pumps must slow down and pump less water\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a higher flow from the San Joaquin River generally improves the environmental conditions that trigger the pumping limits. With fewer limits, the Delta pumps could run more of the time, providing more water to those cities and to farmers who have fallowed thousands of acres in recent years.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced, were dammed a century ago, turning the southern Central Valley into one of the most productive farming areas in the country. But the dams had a huge impact on California’s second-largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Characterizing it as a river is a misnomer,” says Rosenfield. “It goes dry for many, many miles – a completely dry sand bed. It’s been destroyed as a river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some spring months, as much as 90 percent of the water is diverted to Central Valley farms and cities. Salmon and steelhead that depend on the river to reproduce often run into a dry riverbed and lack the cool, winding flows they need for their young to survive.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River used to support some of the largest Chinook salmon populations in the world,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something officials at the State Water Resources Control Board have to take into consideration, as they update the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan. Federal law requires the plan, under the the Clean Water Act, to safeguard drinking water quality and protect local ecosystems. Its last substantial revision was in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914712 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg\" alt=\"This past year, the most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted.\" width=\"1006\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-960x627.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This past year, most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted. \u003ccite>(Source: The Bay Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, as part of that update, the water board must decide how much freshwater should flow down the San Joaquin River tributaries. In a later step, the water board will write another plan for the Sacramento River and the rest of the Delta\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a state report found that restoring native fish like salmon and steelhead would \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/draft_report072010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require 60 percent\u003c/a> of the San Joaquin River’s unimpaired flow, or the flow that would come down the river in the absence of human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board says it’s required to consider human needs for water, in addition to the needs of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re interested in protecting the agricultural economy, you come up with a different number than 60 percent,” says Les Grober, Assistant Deputy Director for Water Rights at the water board. “This is when the board revisits that fundamental question about how we balance these uses of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the water board released its first draft of the water quality control plan update, recommending 35 percent unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River between February and June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction was swift from both environmental groups and agricultural water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water rights holders of the state.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The 35 percent number was pathetic,” says Rosenfield. “By some measures, it was just maintaining the status quo. Nothing less than 50 percent of the flow is going to restore that river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State wildlife officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/hearings/baydelta_pdsed/docs/comments032913/scott_cantrell.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found it wouldn’t be enough water\u003c/a> to restore salmon to the river. The federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/sfdelta-epa-comments-swrcb-wqcp-phase1-sed3-28-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agreed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upstream water districts saw the 35 percent proposal as far too high, since they’d likely have to give up some of their water. Many hold “senior” water rights, meaning they have first priority to water because their rights are some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really all the point of this is,” says Steve Knell, manager of Oakdale Irrigation District. “It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water-rights holders of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914715 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg\" alt=\"California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts estimate that requiring 40 percent unimpaired flow would cost $167 million in lost farm revenue. They speculate it would mean giving up as much as a third of their water. That would be determined by the water board according to the seniority of the water rights of all the districts involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our communities, we’re looking at major economic impacts,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Farmer’s Gain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from helping struggling fish, a higher flowing San Joaquin River could actually help other farmers and cities, a side effect of the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason has to do with geography: the San Joaquin flows right past the gaping mouths of the Delta water pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two huge pumping plants draw millions of gallons of water per minute from the Delta and send it into aqueducts that reach all the way to the Bay Area, Central Valley and cities in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps have long been the focus of the fiercest battles over water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/KQED_Delta.gif\" alt=\"text\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive water pumps create huge changes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s water flow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they were built, there was little understanding of their effect on the ecosystem. But their sheer power reverses the flow of water in the Delta, drawing endangered salmon and Delta smelt towards the pumps, interfering with their migration and even sucking them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal wildlife officials have put limits on water pumping. During the spring, if the pull is too strong, pumping is limited or shut down to protect the fish. But that reduces the amount of water that reaches the water districts where people depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meager flow of the San Joaquin River makes the backward pull of the pumps worse. If the river ran more fully, it would push against the backward flows, potentially allowing the pumps to run more of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could help some water district fill their reservoirs, says Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District, the water wholesaler for major Southern California cities like Los Angeles. “The fact that there isn’t much flow there definitely limits our ability to move water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts that rely on the water pumps are more skeptical of a potential water windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would think that the response would be ‘that’s great for us’,” says Johnny Amaral of Westlands Water District. “But just because there would be increased flow doesn’t mean they would pump more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands and other water districts, who usually watch the San Joaquin River with a hawk’s eye, aren’t likely to advocate publicly for higher flows on the river, even though they could benefit. In dry years, many buy water from the “senior” districts upstream and, politically, can’t afford to strain those relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior water districts facing cutbacks would likely try to ensure that their water wasn’t just handed out to water districts with junior rights, which would be contrary to the state’s water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups might say the same. They’d like to see any extra water coming down the San Joaquin earmarked for endangered species in the Delta itself, instead of being diverted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge for not just the San Joaquin River, but for the entire Delta,” says Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg\" alt=\"The Banks Pumping plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1066\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1440x800.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1180x655.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Banks Pumping Plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s far from city limits, the Hetch Hetchy reservoir high in the Sierra Nevada supplies water to San Francisco and more than a million people in the Bay Area. The Hetch Hetchy water system taps into the Tuolumne River, which joins with the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the water board decided that the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) would be excluded from its plan for San Joaquin River flows, even though the other water users on the same tributary, Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s looking like that decision has reversed and the city could be told to share its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk,” says Steve Ritchie, Assistant General Manager at SFPUC. “There’s no doubt about that. Hopefully we would minimize the effect on San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFPUC has more junior water rights than Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, which means it would be first in line to give up water. Ritchie says the city would make the case that the water is necessary for health and human safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Appeals for Leeway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other San Joaquin River water districts with senior rights, on the three tributaries that feed the river, are hoping to escape water cutbacks through habitat restoration for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be making more habitat that breeds more fish,” says Knell of Oakdale Irrigation District. “We should focus on habitat improvement and widening our rivers out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several districts are arguing that they deserve more time to bring salmon populations back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to see the salmon numbers come up,” says Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District. “If we’re not hitting them, then we’ll deal with flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg\" alt=\"A dry channel of the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry channel of the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No matter what the water board ultimately decides, its likely go the way that most controversial water decisions in the state go: to a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can bet it’s going to end up in court, if it’s a one-size-fits-all solution,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fate of the Tunnels \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that wasn’t enough, the water board’s decision on water Delta flow could also determine the fate of Governor Jerry Brown’s headline water project: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/25/about-that-17-billion-water-project-delta-tunnels-101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$17 billion Delta water tunnels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown Administration says the tunnels, dubbed California WaterFix, would relieve some of the problems at the Delta water pumps. The idea is that the tunnels would draw water from elsewhere in the Delta, so the pumps would be used less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Districts from the Bay Area to Los Angeles that receive that water would be responsible for the tunnels’ hefty price tag. But many want guarantees that they’ll receive more water than they do today. Otherwise, the project is too expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the water board requires more water to flow out of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in order to restore the ecosystem, the Delta tunnels would have to follow those rules, likely meaning that less water would be delivered to the water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, the water board could deliver a lethal blow to the Delta tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, water board staff will release a new recommendation for unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River. The board expects to vote on it later this year or early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Why an obscure plan for one California river could be a game changer for farmers, fish and millions of Californians.",
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"description": "Why an obscure plan for one California river could be a game changer for farmers, fish and millions of Californians.",
"title": "The Biggest California Water Decision You’ve Never Heard Of | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many of California’s farmers, facing severe water cutbacks yet again this year, are blaming the hand they’ve been dealt on environmental protections for endangered fish. The protections limit how much water can be taken up by the huge pumps that serve much of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another root of the problem, often overlooked, that controls both the state’s water supply and the fate of endangered fish: the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon, state officials will make a pivotal decision about how much water should flow down that river each year and the decision will stick for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say it could be the most revolutionary change in decades for the West’s largest estuary and the site of California’s fiercest water battles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin is arguably the most heavily tapped river in the state, sometimes going completely dry before it reaches the hub of the state’s water supply, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, the State Water Resources Control Board will release a draft of \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/bay_delta_plan/water_quality_control_planning/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an obscure water quality plan\u003c/a> that could dramatically increase the flow of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem.’\u003ccite> Jon Rosenfield, The Bay Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the process, the board will have to answer a fundamental question: how much water do Californians need and how much should be left for endangered fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s decision could have cascading effects across the water system, even for farmers and water suppliers with some of the oldest and most secure water rights in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Players\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With salmon and Delta smelt populations driven to the brink of extinction during the drought, the water quality plan comes at a vital moment for some because the water board has the authority to restore freshwater flows that scientists say are sorely lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a once-in-a-generation chance to manage the Delta ecosystem,” says Jon Rosenfield, biologist at The Bay Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To boost the flow of the San Joaquin River, state officials could reallocate water from upstream agricultural water districts with “senior” rights, long-considered untouchable. San Francisco and other parts of the Bay Area, which tap into a water source more than 100 miles away, could also be facing cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an odd and unintended twist, cutbacks in one place could benefit farms and cities elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914708\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914708 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg\" alt=\"San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SanLuis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Luis Reservoir, which serves the Central Valley and Bay Area, is filled entirely by water from the Delta pumping plants. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many Central Valley farms and cities from San Jose to San Diego rely on water that’s delivered by huge pumping plants in the Delta. When endangered salmon and steelhead are at risk, those pumps must slow down and pump less water\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a higher flow from the San Joaquin River generally improves the environmental conditions that trigger the pumping limits. With fewer limits, the Delta pumps could run more of the time, providing more water to those cities and to farmers who have fallowed thousands of acres in recent years.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s at Stake\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, the Stanislaus, Tuolumne and Merced, were dammed a century ago, turning the southern Central Valley into one of the most productive farming areas in the country. But the dams had a huge impact on California’s second-largest river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Characterizing it as a river is a misnomer,” says Rosenfield. “It goes dry for many, many miles – a completely dry sand bed. It’s been destroyed as a river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some spring months, as much as 90 percent of the water is diverted to Central Valley farms and cities. Salmon and steelhead that depend on the river to reproduce often run into a dry riverbed and lack the cool, winding flows they need for their young to survive.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The San Joaquin River used to support some of the largest Chinook salmon populations in the world,” Rosenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something officials at the State Water Resources Control Board have to take into consideration, as they update the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan. Federal law requires the plan, under the the Clean Water Act, to safeguard drinking water quality and protect local ecosystems. Its last substantial revision was in 1995.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1006px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914712 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg\" alt=\"This past year, the most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted.\" width=\"1006\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web.jpg 1006w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-400x261.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/UIFSJinflow-web-960x627.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This past year, most of the water from the San Joaquin River has been diverted. \u003ccite>(Source: The Bay Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, as part of that update, the water board must decide how much freshwater should flow down the San Joaquin River tributaries. In a later step, the water board will write another plan for the Sacramento River and the rest of the Delta\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, a state report found that restoring native fish like salmon and steelhead would \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/deltaflow/docs/draft_report072010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">require 60 percent\u003c/a> of the San Joaquin River’s unimpaired flow, or the flow that would come down the river in the absence of human use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the water board says it’s required to consider human needs for water, in addition to the needs of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re interested in protecting the agricultural economy, you come up with a different number than 60 percent,” says Les Grober, Assistant Deputy Director for Water Rights at the water board. “This is when the board revisits that fundamental question about how we balance these uses of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, the water board released its first draft of the water quality control plan update, recommending 35 percent unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River between February and June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaction was swift from both environmental groups and agricultural water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water rights holders of the state.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite> Steve Knell, Oakdale Irrigation District\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The 35 percent number was pathetic,” says Rosenfield. “By some measures, it was just maintaining the status quo. Nothing less than 50 percent of the flow is going to restore that river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State wildlife officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/hearings/baydelta_pdsed/docs/comments032913/scott_cantrell.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found it wouldn’t be enough water\u003c/a> to restore salmon to the river. The federal Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/sfdelta-epa-comments-swrcb-wqcp-phase1-sed3-28-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agreed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upstream water districts saw the 35 percent proposal as far too high, since they’d likely have to give up some of their water. Many hold “senior” water rights, meaning they have first priority to water because their rights are some of the oldest in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s really all the point of this is,” says Steve Knell, manager of Oakdale Irrigation District. “It’s a contrived plan to get at the senior water-rights holders of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-914715 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg\" alt=\"California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/salmonSJR-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California wildlife agencies are slowly returning Chinook salmon to the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts estimate that requiring 40 percent unimpaired flow would cost $167 million in lost farm revenue. They speculate it would mean giving up as much as a third of their water. That would be determined by the water board according to the seniority of the water rights of all the districts involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For our communities, we’re looking at major economic impacts,” says Jake Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another Farmer’s Gain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apart from helping struggling fish, a higher flowing San Joaquin River could actually help other farmers and cities, a side effect of the water board’s plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason has to do with geography: the San Joaquin flows right past the gaping mouths of the Delta water pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two huge pumping plants draw millions of gallons of water per minute from the Delta and send it into aqueducts that reach all the way to the Bay Area, Central Valley and cities in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps have long been the focus of the fiercest battles over water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929467\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/KQED_Delta.gif\" alt=\"text\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive water pumps create huge changes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s water flow.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they were built, there was little understanding of their effect on the ecosystem. But their sheer power reverses the flow of water in the Delta, drawing endangered salmon and Delta smelt towards the pumps, interfering with their migration and even sucking them in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, federal wildlife officials have put limits on water pumping. During the spring, if the pull is too strong, pumping is limited or shut down to protect the fish. But that reduces the amount of water that reaches the water districts where people depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meager flow of the San Joaquin River makes the backward pull of the pumps worse. If the river ran more fully, it would push against the backward flows, potentially allowing the pumps to run more of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could help some water district fill their reservoirs, says Jeffrey Kightlinger, general manager of the Metropolitan Water District, the water wholesaler for major Southern California cities like Los Angeles. “The fact that there isn’t much flow there definitely limits our ability to move water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other districts that rely on the water pumps are more skeptical of a potential water windfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would think that the response would be ‘that’s great for us’,” says Johnny Amaral of Westlands Water District. “But just because there would be increased flow doesn’t mean they would pump more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westlands and other water districts, who usually watch the San Joaquin River with a hawk’s eye, aren’t likely to advocate publicly for higher flows on the river, even though they could benefit. In dry years, many buy water from the “senior” districts upstream and, politically, can’t afford to strain those relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The senior water districts facing cutbacks would likely try to ensure that their water wasn’t just handed out to water districts with junior rights, which would be contrary to the state’s water rights system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups might say the same. They’d like to see any extra water coming down the San Joaquin earmarked for endangered species in the Delta itself, instead of being diverted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge for not just the San Joaquin River, but for the entire Delta,” says Doug Obegi of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg\" alt=\"The Banks Pumping plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1066\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-400x222.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1440x800.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1180x655.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Banks2-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Banks Pumping Plant draws water out of the Delta and sends it hundreds of miles south. \u003ccite>(California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What About San Francisco?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it’s far from city limits, the Hetch Hetchy reservoir high in the Sierra Nevada supplies water to San Francisco and more than a million people in the Bay Area. The Hetch Hetchy water system taps into the Tuolumne River, which joins with the San Joaquin River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the water board decided that the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) would be excluded from its plan for San Joaquin River flows, even though the other water users on the same tributary, Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, are included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, it’s looking like that decision has reversed and the city could be told to share its water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a risk,” says Steve Ritchie, Assistant General Manager at SFPUC. “There’s no doubt about that. Hopefully we would minimize the effect on San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SFPUC has more junior water rights than Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, which means it would be first in line to give up water. Ritchie says the city would make the case that the water is necessary for health and human safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Appeals for Leeway\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other San Joaquin River water districts with senior rights, on the three tributaries that feed the river, are hoping to escape water cutbacks through habitat restoration for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be making more habitat that breeds more fish,” says Knell of Oakdale Irrigation District. “We should focus on habitat improvement and widening our rivers out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several districts are arguing that they deserve more time to bring salmon populations back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal is to see the salmon numbers come up,” says Wenger of Modesto Irrigation District. “If we’re not hitting them, then we’ll deal with flow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914724\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg\" alt=\"A dry channel of the San Joaquin River.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SJR2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dry channel of the San Joaquin River. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No matter what the water board ultimately decides, its likely go the way that most controversial water decisions in the state go: to a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can bet it’s going to end up in court, if it’s a one-size-fits-all solution,” says Wenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fate of the Tunnels \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that wasn’t enough, the water board’s decision on water Delta flow could also determine the fate of Governor Jerry Brown’s headline water project: the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/07/25/about-that-17-billion-water-project-delta-tunnels-101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$17 billion Delta water tunnels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Brown Administration says the tunnels, dubbed California WaterFix, would relieve some of the problems at the Delta water pumps. The idea is that the tunnels would draw water from elsewhere in the Delta, so the pumps would be used less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Districts from the Bay Area to Los Angeles that receive that water would be responsible for the tunnels’ hefty price tag. But many want guarantees that they’ll receive more water than they do today. Otherwise, the project is too expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the water board requires more water to flow out of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in order to restore the ecosystem, the Delta tunnels would have to follow those rules, likely meaning that less water would be delivered to the water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s the case, the water board could deliver a lethal blow to the Delta tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few weeks, water board staff will release a new recommendation for unimpaired flow on the San Joaquin River. The board expects to vote on it later this year or early next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Climate Program Faces Uncertain Future Beyond 2020",
"headTitle": "California Climate Program Faces Uncertain Future Beyond 2020 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The opinion of lawyers working for California’s lawmakers became clear in the spring. Without new laws, the state’s prominent cap-and-trade program would be dead after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a legal reality could put an end to the pollution reduction program, and with it billions in anticipated revenues and some of the Golden State’s vaunted global leadership on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”GcfCjQQ8BZLuU22X1BlTnXqsfQx2AtKu”]Four months after the legislators’ law office \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/August2016_Upton_CapAndTradeLaw.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> “the plain language” of state law dictates that the state’s cap-and-trade program “may not be applied or used” after 2020, officials in Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration are publicly ignoring the vexing legal questions affecting the flagship program’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/isor.pdf\">proposal prepared this month\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board, the cap-and-trade program that it oversees would simply continue operating beyond 2020 — without lawmaker blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will absolutely be sued,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer who researches climate policies at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Silicon Valley. “This is not a secret what they’re doing. The opponents of the system are well aware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program was launched in late 2012, immediately becoming one of the world’s highest-profile efforts to cap the amount of climate pollution released by an economy. Permits to release some of the allowed pollution are called allowances, and they’re auctioned off, then traded among large polluters and speculators, raising funds for state programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of California’s biggest cap-and-trade auction yet, which was held electronically Tuesday following the flop of a May auction that fell hundreds of millions of dollars short of expectations, may provide clues as to whether polluters expect the program to survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as California officials are outwardly nonchalant about the profound legal challenges, behind the scenes they are scrambling to find solutions, quietly consulting outside experts as they attempt to unearth a regulatory fix that could bypass lawmakers without falling afoul of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article95752577.html\">Sacramento Bee reported Monday\u003c/a> that Brown’s office may amend high-profile climate legislation to extend cap-and-trade. For now, though, state officials are simply denying to the public that a legal problem even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program was created by a 2006 climate law, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf\">AB32\u003c/a>, which stated that the “market-based” system for achieving pollution cuts was “applicable” until the end of 2020. The law requires that state officials “make recommendations” to lawmakers for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/26_11_2010.aspx\">proposition passed\u003c/a> by state voters in 2010 regarding fees and taxes, lawmaker approval of a new or extended cap-and-trade program may require a two-thirds majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The legal crisis is, ‘How do we fix that problem?’” Cullenward said. “The Air Resources Board is saying, ‘Oh, we don’t need any new authority, because we’ve got it — we just won’t really tell you what it is.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/appa.pdf\">334-page proposal\u003c/a> this month to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020. It will be debated by the board’s directors next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t provide anything resembling a detailed legal defense. Instead, it notes that “the intent” of the legislature was stated in AB32 as being to “maintain and continue reductions” in climate pollution after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that under AB32 we have the legal authority to move forward,” Stanley Young, a spokesman for the board, said. “Climate change will not end in 2020, and AB32 explicitly states the intent to ‘maintain and continue reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases beyond 2020.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said the board’s legal position was “developed following a thorough review of the law by our lawyers.” Requests to interview lawyers or review detailed legal briefs were declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubts over cap-and-trade’s future are coinciding with \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2016/08/15/stories/1060041591\">long-running legislative battles\u003c/a> in Sacramento over efforts to enact California climate laws affecting the period after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers are pushing to require greenhouse gas emissions in the state be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — similar to plans adopted last year in the European Union. The legislation is strongly supported by Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over cap-and-trade, though, is more confounding than the battle over California’s climate targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s climate targets would require simple majority support from lawmakers, extending cap-and-trade may require supermajority support. That’s because the cap-and-trade program charges fees, meaning it may be subject to the requirements of an anti-tax proposition endorsed by state voters in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another shortfall during Tuesday’s allowance auction could indicate that the entities that are regulated by cap-and-trade in California — fuel refineries, factories, power plants and the like — have little confidence that the program will survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have another very poor auction, I think what it tells you is that compliance entities lack certainty about what’s going on,” said Dan McGraw, an expert on U.S. carbon markets at \u003ca href=\"http://www.icis.com/\">ICIS Tschach Solutions\u003c/a>, which provides market intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various theories explain why most of the pollution allowances went unsold during the last auction, which was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be many more allowances on the market than industry needs. Key legal victories in the spring by opponents of cap-and-trade and by opponents of EPA climate change rules could have given bidders the jitters. The poor results may have reflected profound uncertainty about the future of cap-and-trade in California after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be a week before the results of Tuesday’s online auction are known. “The results from this week are going to be very important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, a law expert at Stanford whose research focuses on climate and electricity policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said that California could continue to pursue aggressive reductions in greenhouse gas pollution even without cap-and-trade. That would make such accomplishments harder, though — at a time of rapidly escalating ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like others, Wara has been calling on the Air Resource Board to lay out its legal rationale for extending cap-and-trade without the support of lawmakers. He believes a public conversation could help, such as by restoring confidence in the allowance market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ARB is effectively the market regulator, and credibility with the market is incredibly important for it being effective,” Wara said. “It needs to more clearly explain itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The opinion of lawyers working for California’s lawmakers became clear in the spring. Without new laws, the state’s prominent cap-and-trade program would be dead after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a legal reality could put an end to the pollution reduction program, and with it billions in anticipated revenues and some of the Golden State’s vaunted global leadership on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Four months after the legislators’ law office \u003ca href=\"http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/August2016_Upton_CapAndTradeLaw.pdf\">concluded\u003c/a> “the plain language” of state law dictates that the state’s cap-and-trade program “may not be applied or used” after 2020, officials in Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration are publicly ignoring the vexing legal questions affecting the flagship program’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/isor.pdf\">proposal prepared this month\u003c/a> by the California Air Resources Board, the cap-and-trade program that it oversees would simply continue operating beyond 2020 — without lawmaker blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will absolutely be sued,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer who researches climate policies at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Silicon Valley. “This is not a secret what they’re doing. The opponents of the system are well aware.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade program was launched in late 2012, immediately becoming one of the world’s highest-profile efforts to cap the amount of climate pollution released by an economy. Permits to release some of the allowed pollution are called allowances, and they’re auctioned off, then traded among large polluters and speculators, raising funds for state programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results of California’s biggest cap-and-trade auction yet, which was held electronically Tuesday following the flop of a May auction that fell hundreds of millions of dollars short of expectations, may provide clues as to whether polluters expect the program to survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as California officials are outwardly nonchalant about the profound legal challenges, behind the scenes they are scrambling to find solutions, quietly consulting outside experts as they attempt to unearth a regulatory fix that could bypass lawmakers without falling afoul of existing law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article95752577.html\">Sacramento Bee reported Monday\u003c/a> that Brown’s office may amend high-profile climate legislation to extend cap-and-trade. For now, though, state officials are simply denying to the public that a legal problem even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program was created by a 2006 climate law, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf\">AB32\u003c/a>, which stated that the “market-based” system for achieving pollution cuts was “applicable” until the end of 2020. The law requires that state officials “make recommendations” to lawmakers for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/26_11_2010.aspx\">proposition passed\u003c/a> by state voters in 2010 regarding fees and taxes, lawmaker approval of a new or extended cap-and-trade program may require a two-thirds majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The legal crisis is, ‘How do we fix that problem?’” Cullenward said. “The Air Resources Board is saying, ‘Oh, we don’t need any new authority, because we’ve got it — we just won’t really tell you what it is.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2016/capandtrade16/appa.pdf\">334-page proposal\u003c/a> this month to extend cap-and-trade beyond 2020. It will be debated by the board’s directors next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal doesn’t provide anything resembling a detailed legal defense. Instead, it notes that “the intent” of the legislature was stated in AB32 as being to “maintain and continue reductions” in climate pollution after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that under AB32 we have the legal authority to move forward,” Stanley Young, a spokesman for the board, said. “Climate change will not end in 2020, and AB32 explicitly states the intent to ‘maintain and continue reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases beyond 2020.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young said the board’s legal position was “developed following a thorough review of the law by our lawyers.” Requests to interview lawyers or review detailed legal briefs were declined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doubts over cap-and-trade’s future are coinciding with \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/2016/08/15/stories/1060041591\">long-running legislative battles\u003c/a> in Sacramento over efforts to enact California climate laws affecting the period after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers are pushing to require greenhouse gas emissions in the state be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 — similar to plans adopted last year in the European Union. The legislation is strongly supported by Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over cap-and-trade, though, is more confounding than the battle over California’s climate targets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California’s climate targets would require simple majority support from lawmakers, extending cap-and-trade may require supermajority support. That’s because the cap-and-trade program charges fees, meaning it may be subject to the requirements of an anti-tax proposition endorsed by state voters in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another shortfall during Tuesday’s allowance auction could indicate that the entities that are regulated by cap-and-trade in California — fuel refineries, factories, power plants and the like — have little confidence that the program will survive into 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have another very poor auction, I think what it tells you is that compliance entities lack certainty about what’s going on,” said Dan McGraw, an expert on U.S. carbon markets at \u003ca href=\"http://www.icis.com/\">ICIS Tschach Solutions\u003c/a>, which provides market intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various theories explain why most of the pollution allowances went unsold during the last auction, which was held in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may be many more allowances on the market than industry needs. Key legal victories in the spring by opponents of cap-and-trade and by opponents of EPA climate change rules could have given bidders the jitters. The poor results may have reflected profound uncertainty about the future of cap-and-trade in California after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be a week before the results of Tuesday’s online auction are known. “The results from this week are going to be very important,” said \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, a law expert at Stanford whose research focuses on climate and electricity policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wara said that California could continue to pursue aggressive reductions in greenhouse gas pollution even without cap-and-trade. That would make such accomplishments harder, though — at a time of rapidly escalating ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like others, Wara has been calling on the Air Resource Board to lay out its legal rationale for extending cap-and-trade without the support of lawmakers. He believes a public conversation could help, such as by restoring confidence in the allowance market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ARB is effectively the market regulator, and credibility with the market is incredibly important for it being effective,” Wara said. “It needs to more clearly explain itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Obama's Environmental Legacy Includes 24 National Monuments",
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"content": "\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YqGfzB4x5SkHSCnpVuCtBZgaRp0Uj3AS”]Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules",
"headTitle": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After a year of mandatory drought cutbacks, many California water districts are switching to voluntary water conservation goals -- of zero.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOWER LAKE — A Lake County man was arrested Monday on arson charges for allegedly starting a wildfire that exploded over the weekend, destroying more than 175 homes, businesses and other structures here, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cfigcaption>Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/clayton-fire-lower-lake-arson-arrest/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Read More …\u003c/a>Source:: \u003ca title=\"Arson Arrest Announced in Devastating Lake County Fire\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/clayton-fire-lower-lake-arson-arrest/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\n\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "LOWER LAKE — A Lake County man was arrested Monday on arson charges for allegedly starting a wildfire that exploded over the weekend, destroying more than 175 homes, businesses and other structures here, authorities said. Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in Read More ...Source:: Newsfix",
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"title": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story",
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"content": "\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Sheep Farmer Saves Water Using Shipping Containers",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Golden Valley Farm north of Madera, Mario Daccarett’s employees are milking 500 sheep in rounds of 12. As they hook up long clear suction cups to each animal’s teats, milk drains down tubes into a cold tank. This creamy milk eventually is turned into cheese and sold at places like Whole Foods or Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me that our Golden Ewe cheese is the best for grilled cheese sandwich ever,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daccarett says he gets about 800 pounds of milk a year from each ewe. To make that much milk it takes a lot of feed — like oats and hay — to satisfy this herd’s constant appetite. And to cut the cost of all that feed Daccarett says he has a secret ingredient that enriches his cheese while at the same time saves water: sprouted barley grown indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plant every day and we harvest every day and it takes six days to complete the cycle,” says Daccarett. “So whatever we plant today in six days will be ready to be fed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing barley as feed isn’t a new practice, but Daccarrett’s method of growing barley seeds is different. He sprouts the seeds inside shipping containers using hydroponic technology and indoor lighting. By doing so he says he only uses two percent of the water it would take to grow the crop using traditional farming methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg\" alt=\"Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he's feeding sprouts alone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"585\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-400x292.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-1180x862.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he’s feeding sprouts alone.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a big advantage if you don’t have a lot of land,” Daccarrett says. “You can produce a tremendous amount of feed in a very, very small area with a very little amount of water”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every hour black drip irrigation sprinklers mist the seeds for 20 seconds. That’s just long enough for the seeds to germinate. In a matter of days these sprouts will stand six inches tall and be ready for the sheep to eat. He’s producing 2,400 pounds of sprouts a day which feeds his flock of 1,100 sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We modify the temperature so that it is very consistent, we also control the ventilation,” says Curt Chittook, president of FodderWorks, the company that sold Daccarett the equipment. “What that does is it gives us a very consistent growth pattern so we have consistent output on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this sprouting technology isn’t new, it’s not widely used for growing feed for livestock. Chittook and farmers like Daccarett think that will change. But UC Davis Agronomy Professor Daniel Putnam says the cost doesn’t pencil out when you take into account that each hydroponic container costs about $100,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The margins are pretty slim, and if you’re looking at it from an animal production point of view, you want to minimize your costs,” Putnam says. “And if you really apply a little bit of economics to it and animal nutrition to it it doesn’t appear as quite as promising as one might think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Daccarett it seems to be working. He says his first two containers paid for themselves in just over a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more pressure we have from water limitations or the more pressure to become more efficient ourselves and more sustainable — you’re gonna see more people doing it,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Daccarett’s nephew, Jose Quiñonez, says their sheep are also flocking to the new sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they go crazy when they see it,” Quiñonez says. “They really like it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Madera sheep farmer says he uses just 2 percent of the water it would take to grow barley seeds for feed using traditional farming methods.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Golden Valley Farm north of Madera, Mario Daccarett’s employees are milking 500 sheep in rounds of 12. As they hook up long clear suction cups to each animal’s teats, milk drains down tubes into a cold tank. This creamy milk eventually is turned into cheese and sold at places like Whole Foods or Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me that our Golden Ewe cheese is the best for grilled cheese sandwich ever,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daccarett says he gets about 800 pounds of milk a year from each ewe. To make that much milk it takes a lot of feed — like oats and hay — to satisfy this herd’s constant appetite. And to cut the cost of all that feed Daccarett says he has a secret ingredient that enriches his cheese while at the same time saves water: sprouted barley grown indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plant every day and we harvest every day and it takes six days to complete the cycle,” says Daccarett. “So whatever we plant today in six days will be ready to be fed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing barley as feed isn’t a new practice, but Daccarrett’s method of growing barley seeds is different. He sprouts the seeds inside shipping containers using hydroponic technology and indoor lighting. By doing so he says he only uses two percent of the water it would take to grow the crop using traditional farming methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg\" alt=\"Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he's feeding sprouts alone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"585\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-400x292.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-1180x862.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he’s feeding sprouts alone.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a big advantage if you don’t have a lot of land,” Daccarrett says. “You can produce a tremendous amount of feed in a very, very small area with a very little amount of water”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every hour black drip irrigation sprinklers mist the seeds for 20 seconds. That’s just long enough for the seeds to germinate. In a matter of days these sprouts will stand six inches tall and be ready for the sheep to eat. He’s producing 2,400 pounds of sprouts a day which feeds his flock of 1,100 sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We modify the temperature so that it is very consistent, we also control the ventilation,” says Curt Chittook, president of FodderWorks, the company that sold Daccarett the equipment. “What that does is it gives us a very consistent growth pattern so we have consistent output on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this sprouting technology isn’t new, it’s not widely used for growing feed for livestock. Chittook and farmers like Daccarett think that will change. But UC Davis Agronomy Professor Daniel Putnam says the cost doesn’t pencil out when you take into account that each hydroponic container costs about $100,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The margins are pretty slim, and if you’re looking at it from an animal production point of view, you want to minimize your costs,” Putnam says. “And if you really apply a little bit of economics to it and animal nutrition to it it doesn’t appear as quite as promising as one might think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Daccarett it seems to be working. He says his first two containers paid for themselves in just over a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more pressure we have from water limitations or the more pressure to become more efficient ourselves and more sustainable — you’re gonna see more people doing it,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Daccarett’s nephew, Jose Quiñonez, says their sheep are also flocking to the new sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they go crazy when they see it,” Quiñonez says. “They really like it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
"title": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/sharon-mcnary\">Sharon McNary\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Roars Into Lake County Town, Destroying Homes and Businesses",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the fourth time in little more than a year, a wildfire is raging out of control in southern Lake County, reportedly destroying scores of homes and forcing widespread evacuations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a> started Saturday evening. The blaze intensified at midday Sunday and moved rapidly in the early \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Scores of Homes Reported Lost in New Lake County Wildfire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the fourth time in little more than a year, a wildfire is raging out of control in southern Lake County, reportedly destroying scores of homes and forcing widespread evacuations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a> started Saturday evening. The blaze intensified at midday Sunday and moved rapidly in the early \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Scores of Homes Reported Lost in New Lake County Wildfire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
"title": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sb4NAxHvOzaqNPM7iqKkpgFL5NISRsw1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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