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"content": "\u003cp>Summertime is primetime for national parks. As snow melts, wildflowers bloom and waterfalls roar, generations of visitors have flocked to the natural wonders that dot the American landscape (to say nothing of all the amazing cultural sites the National Park Service protects).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service was created a century ago — August 25, 1916 to be exact — to keep an eye on the growing treasure trove of national parks. It’s been a good century as more and more land has been set aside and annual visitors now number more than 300 million, but it’s also not been without challenges. Chief among them is \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/director/\">climate change\u003c/a>, which will drastically \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/quiz/\">alter national park landscapes\u003c/a> in the coming decades including cranking up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/100-years-of-warming-at-the-national-parks\">heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As part of Climate Central’s ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> project, we analyzed just how much hotter parks are projected to get later this century. We looked at the future summer temperatures in all the parks in the Lower 48 states except Dry Tortugas National Park (sorry, Fort Jefferson lovers!) assuming greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could make you sweat. Parks are projected to have summers that are 8-12°F hotter by 2100. That means currently cool mountainous parks could be as hot as the plains. Parks in the Southeast, already a pretty hot place, will face even more extreme temperatures with a climate more like southern Texas. And otherworldly Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also analyzed how many more days with extreme heat the parks could face. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/extreme-heat\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is a hallmark of global warming, and its impact will be most arresting in the national parks where people go, by design, to be outside in the summer. Like the rest of the country, parks are going to be seeing more dangerously hot days above 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2100, the glaciers of Montana’s Glacier National Park \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">will be long gone\u003c/a> and rising temperatures will be one of the big reasons why. Visitors will not only have to contend with an ice-free landscape, but also hotter temperatures. Today the park sees an average of only one 90°F day each year. It could see 27 days with temperatures above 90°F by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park, high in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, currently sees about two weeks of 90°F weather every year. By 2050, it could see nearly a month of those temperatures, and by 2100 it could get nearly 50 such days each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Great Smoky Mountains, currently the most-visited National Park, could go from fewer than 10 days above 90°F each year, on average now, to three months with those scorching temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous other parks, the number of days above 100°F is projected to skyrocket. Big Bend National Park in Texas could see more than 110 days above 100°F each year, on average. And Great Basin National Park in Nevada, which currently doesn’t have any days above 100°F in a typical year, could see a month of those temperatures each year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely that parks on the more extreme end of the temperature scale will see a drop in summer visitation, but more visitors are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/national-parks-warm-temps-19123\">likely to show up in fall\u003c/a> and spring when it won’t be fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk hot. That may stretch park resources thin as most parks are set up to handle summer crowds and quieter shoulder seasons. How parks deal with the change in visitation season is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all this is to say nothing about the impacts extreme heat will have on the natural resources around which we created national parks in the first place. Joshua Tree could become too hot for its namesake trees and there’s evidence that extreme summer days could create more rockfalls in Yosemite, which could change the face of the stunning valley at the center of the park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">Wildfire risk\u003c/a> will also skyrocket across the West and could make summer park vacations not only more hot but \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-national-park-service-birthday-19371\">more smoky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are just the most visible changes. Whole ecosystems are likely to be disrupted and there are consequences scientists probably haven’t even uncovered yet (those are the ones that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/gradual-climate-changes-could-cause-sudden-impacts-16792\">could be the worst\u003c/a> since we’ll be least prepared).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the daunting situation facing the National Park Service in its second century, there are signs it’s up for the challenge. It’s already addressing climate change from \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/new-york-parks-sea-level-rise/\">the coast\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">high mountains\u003c/a> and has an \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">A-Team team of experts\u003c/a> to help parks answer the gnarly questions they face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no denying that national parks will look a lot different by the end of the century, but that won’t make them any less a part of the fabric of American identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by James Bronzan and Alyson Kenward, PhD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology:\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Future temperatures for 47 National Parks were calculated based on the median of 29 spatially downscaled climate models (CMIP5) at 1/8 degree scale, then averaged within park boundaries. National parks in Alaska and Hawaii, along with Dry Tortugas National Park, were excluded because projections at this resolution were unavailable. Temperatures for 2050 are based on the 20-year average of 2041-2060 and for 2100 are based on the period 2080-2099. Projected temperatures assume that greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate (RCP8.5). The interactive map features the average summer daily high temperature (June-August), while days over 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, 95\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, and 100\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F were counted annually. The current period values for parks and climate divisions are based on the 1991-2010 average calculated using a gridded observational dataset by Ed Maurer of Santa Clara University. \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Summertime is primetime for national parks. As snow melts, wildflowers bloom and waterfalls roar, generations of visitors have flocked to the natural wonders that dot the American landscape (to say nothing of all the amazing cultural sites the National Park Service protects).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service was created a century ago — August 25, 1916 to be exact — to keep an eye on the growing treasure trove of national parks. It’s been a good century as more and more land has been set aside and annual visitors now number more than 300 million, but it’s also not been without challenges. Chief among them is \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/director/\">climate change\u003c/a>, which will drastically \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/quiz/\">alter national park landscapes\u003c/a> in the coming decades including cranking up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/100-years-of-warming-at-the-national-parks\">heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As part of Climate Central’s ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> project, we analyzed just how much hotter parks are projected to get later this century. We looked at the future summer temperatures in all the parks in the Lower 48 states except Dry Tortugas National Park (sorry, Fort Jefferson lovers!) assuming greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could make you sweat. Parks are projected to have summers that are 8-12°F hotter by 2100. That means currently cool mountainous parks could be as hot as the plains. Parks in the Southeast, already a pretty hot place, will face even more extreme temperatures with a climate more like southern Texas. And otherworldly Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also analyzed how many more days with extreme heat the parks could face. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/extreme-heat\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is a hallmark of global warming, and its impact will be most arresting in the national parks where people go, by design, to be outside in the summer. Like the rest of the country, parks are going to be seeing more dangerously hot days above 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2100, the glaciers of Montana’s Glacier National Park \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">will be long gone\u003c/a> and rising temperatures will be one of the big reasons why. Visitors will not only have to contend with an ice-free landscape, but also hotter temperatures. Today the park sees an average of only one 90°F day each year. It could see 27 days with temperatures above 90°F by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park, high in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, currently sees about two weeks of 90°F weather every year. By 2050, it could see nearly a month of those temperatures, and by 2100 it could get nearly 50 such days each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Great Smoky Mountains, currently the most-visited National Park, could go from fewer than 10 days above 90°F each year, on average now, to three months with those scorching temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous other parks, the number of days above 100°F is projected to skyrocket. Big Bend National Park in Texas could see more than 110 days above 100°F each year, on average. And Great Basin National Park in Nevada, which currently doesn’t have any days above 100°F in a typical year, could see a month of those temperatures each year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely that parks on the more extreme end of the temperature scale will see a drop in summer visitation, but more visitors are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/national-parks-warm-temps-19123\">likely to show up in fall\u003c/a> and spring when it won’t be fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk hot. That may stretch park resources thin as most parks are set up to handle summer crowds and quieter shoulder seasons. How parks deal with the change in visitation season is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all this is to say nothing about the impacts extreme heat will have on the natural resources around which we created national parks in the first place. Joshua Tree could become too hot for its namesake trees and there’s evidence that extreme summer days could create more rockfalls in Yosemite, which could change the face of the stunning valley at the center of the park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">Wildfire risk\u003c/a> will also skyrocket across the West and could make summer park vacations not only more hot but \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-national-park-service-birthday-19371\">more smoky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are just the most visible changes. Whole ecosystems are likely to be disrupted and there are consequences scientists probably haven’t even uncovered yet (those are the ones that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/gradual-climate-changes-could-cause-sudden-impacts-16792\">could be the worst\u003c/a> since we’ll be least prepared).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the daunting situation facing the National Park Service in its second century, there are signs it’s up for the challenge. It’s already addressing climate change from \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/new-york-parks-sea-level-rise/\">the coast\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">high mountains\u003c/a> and has an \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">A-Team team of experts\u003c/a> to help parks answer the gnarly questions they face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no denying that national parks will look a lot different by the end of the century, but that won’t make them any less a part of the fabric of American identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by James Bronzan and Alyson Kenward, PhD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology:\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Future temperatures for 47 National Parks were calculated based on the median of 29 spatially downscaled climate models (CMIP5) at 1/8 degree scale, then averaged within park boundaries. National parks in Alaska and Hawaii, along with Dry Tortugas National Park, were excluded because projections at this resolution were unavailable. Temperatures for 2050 are based on the 20-year average of 2041-2060 and for 2100 are based on the period 2080-2099. Projected temperatures assume that greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate (RCP8.5). The interactive map features the average summer daily high temperature (June-August), while days over 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, 95\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, and 100\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F were counted annually. The current period values for parks and climate divisions are based on the 1991-2010 average calculated using a gridded observational dataset by Ed Maurer of Santa Clara University. \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nootropics are trending right now in Silicon Valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crop of new companies are selling these so-called productivity pills to “biohackers” looking to get an edge in work and life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you don’t consider yourself a biohacker or have never even heard the word before, chances are you already take a nootropic. Caffeine. That’s right. Your cup of coffee or tea isn’t just a hot beverage you drink because it tastes nice. It’s a vehicle for a productivity-increasing, brain-boosting substance some are now calling a nootropic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “nootropic” was coined in 1972 by a Romanian scientist. It refers to substances thought to improve cognitive function, like caffeine. But the term also includes things you probably haven’t heard of, like piracetam, a substance concocted in a lab, and Rhodiola rosea, an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/253567649″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”250″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a little-used piece of scientific jargon, the word “nootropic” has become a big-time marketing term. Companies are using it to sell all kinds of substances. There are claims of raised IQs and increased amounts of productive hours. Venture capitalist firms like \u003ca href=\"https://nootrobox.com/blog/2-million-financing-round-led-by-andreessen-horowitz/\">Andreessen Horowitz\u003c/a> are funding nootropics ventures. And business analysts are \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemontgomery/2016/01/19/better-strongerfaster-why-nootropics-will-be-big-business-in-2016/#17bd2d3976cd\">predicting the industry\u003c/a> is going to skyrocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avid internet subculture lies at the root of the movement. Nootropic users have a lively\u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/\"> subreddit\u003c/a> with around 75,000 readers. And to get advice you can watch any number of self-proclaimed experts on outlets like YouTube. Many, like this guy Steve Cronin, are psyched about nootropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/RxzloVYcA1I\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cronin lists all kinds of substances, including drugs like Adderall and Modafinil, which is prescribed for people suffering from sleep disorders. But for most nootropics you don’t need a prescription. You can buy the supplements online from a growing number of nootropic startups. Many have been founded by aspiring tech entrepreneurs like Eric Matzner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matzner has a company based in San Francisco called Nootroo that sells two pills — one gold, one silver. They both have caffeine, along with less-known substances like Noopept. KQED Future of You spoke with Matzner about his products and what’s in them for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/31/silicon-valleys-quest-for-mental-super-powers-in-a-pill/\">this story\u003c/a> on the science behind nootropics. Matzner is proud of his formulas. He wears one of each pill in a necklace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059399\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059399\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Matzner wants more people to take a daily nootropic pill.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Matzner, founder of Nootroo, wants more people to take a daily nootropic pill. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Research Purposes Only\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matzner encourages people to take his pills daily, but he says they are not dietary supplements. On the pill bottles, it says they are “for use in neuroscience research only.” Matzner says that’s to protect himself legally because there is not an FDA “category for substances that enhance the brains of healthy people.” The nootropics pills are not tested and reviewed by the FDA, and they wouldn’t be even if he sold them as supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA doesn’t regulate supplements the same way it does drugs. Back in the ’90s the supplement industry fought off moves for closer oversight. They ran TV ads like the one below. It shows a SWAT team breaking into a man’s house to arrest him and take away his vitamins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Spoiler alert: The man in the house is Mel Gibson. He delivers a line that became famous in the battle to deregulate supplements.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/FLGNm8_y6yU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, if a substance is generally recognized as safe, or GRAS, it’s relatively easy for a company to start selling it, says UC Berkeley nutritional scientist Marc Hellerstein. He thinks the brain-boosting benefits of most nootropics are totally unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All you got to do is make a claim, read a few rat studies, and you can market stuff on shelves and make a lot of money,” Hellerstein says. “There is almost never a proper study that anyone in real medicine would accept as showing efficacy or benefit in human beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Just for Biohackers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the nootropics community would dispute the assessment that there’s no science behind their supplements. They arm themselves with studies and anecdotal evidence about the substances they take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fledgling nootropics companies are spurring the charge for legitimization. One San Francisco company called Nootrobox says it’s planning to do some testing on its products with a university in Europe. It’s part of the company’s push to make its products mainstream and reach more customers outside Silicon Valley’s biohacking community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nootrobox doesn’t just make and sell pills. It now has consumer-friendly chewable cubes with a familiar coffee taste. They’ve got three flavors: latte, mocha and drip. Geoff Woo, one of Nootrobox’s co-founders, says he hopes the cubes will one day be on sale near the cash registers at convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woo and his co-founder, Michael Brandt, are both Stanford computer science grads. They have a few million dollars in venture funding and grand ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt says the company wants to rebrand work as something fun. Nootropics, Brandt says, can help people feel good on the job and make the daily grind more fulfilling and less grinding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you actually flip the frame and think about work being incredible and you’re writing the next great American novel or you’re designing some app,” Brandt says, “then it’s very fun. You want to dig in more to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most workers aren’t writing the next great American novel or developing world-changing apps. They’re working to earn a living. Still, Brandt thinks his company can help make work fun and that everyday folks will add nootropics to their vocabulary and daily routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Nootropics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Nootrobox and Nootroo draw many of their customers from Silicon Valley’s community of biohackers. This is a group of people that does far more than pop nootropics to achieve maximum productivity. Take the case of Dan Wiggins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059400\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Wiggins has done far more than drink coffee to try and increase his productivity levels.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-400x536.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Wiggins has done far more than drink coffee to try and increase his productivity levels. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Wiggins at a weekly meetup of biohackers at a cafe in San Francisco. They come to trade tips and find solidarity as they try to hack their bodies. Many are fasting, which they say helps improves focus. Others, like Stephanie Haughey, are taking dozens of daily supplements — between 50 or 60 a day in her case. That’s known as a “stack” in biohacker lingo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biohacking has a range of definitions and includes a variety of activities. There is a more extreme wing where people are actually trying to augment their body with hardware. Some have implanted magnets and LED lights under their skin, and these will probably be some of the first images to pop up if you type biohacking into a search engine. Be prepared for glowing human body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wiggins and the other self-described biohackers at this breakfast are not implanting hardware so they can glow in the dark or whatever it is that people want to do with magnets under their skin. No, people like Wiggins are trying to become more effective, especially at work. For Wiggins, the impetus to optimize came from the hypercompetitive tech startup world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started about nine months ago when I was working on my own startup,” says Wiggins. “I was trying to figure out how do I get 10, 12, 14, 16 hours of productivity per day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How it Begins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiggins started with some measures that might seem familiar to anyone wanting to make a life change. First he altered his diet, exercise and sleep routines. Then he began taking supplements and experimented with prescription drugs like Adderall and Modafinil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modafinil, by the way, has become a hot drug in the tech world. There’s a whole subsection of the nootropics subreddit where people share questions and experiences about this drug. See in the photo below. Also, notice the pill-shaped “i” in the nootropics subreddit title — it’s a little testament to the group’s interest in capsulated compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11058122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 547px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11058122\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM.png\" alt=\"Directions for posting on the nootropics Subreddit\" width=\"547\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM.png 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM-400x253.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Directions for posting on the nootropics Subreddit \u003ccite>(Screenshot)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biohacking can be a slippery slope. Just ask Dan Walsh. He works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago. “Then a heart rate monitor got involved,” Walsh says, “then different supplements started slipping in, and before you know it I was electrocuting myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He means that literally. He hooks up electrodes to his head and shocks his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we are not talking electroshock therapy here. It’s just a tiny 9-volt battery, very subtle. This is a thing. You can buy kits online to do it. Walsh says the kick is the same as eating a whole bar of dark chocolate. Although you aren’t eating chocolate. You’re jolting your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I approach it from a kind of kick in the pants kind of way,” Walsh says, “like I am really stuck on this creative problem and then zzzz, and let’s see what happens. Maybe it helps, maybe it doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Help With Hacking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For extra help sorting out their different body hacks, some go to doctors like Vinh Ngo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Vinh Ngo helps patients get prescription drugs to try and increase their productivity. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-400x536.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Vinh Ngo helps patients get prescription drugs to try and increase their productivity. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biohackers come to Ngo’s San Francisco office looking for an edge — an edge most doctors won’t give. “They’re coming in asking like, ‘Hey I am a CEO of this company, I sleep like 4 hours or less,’ ” Ngo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngo helps them get prescription drugs like Adderall and Albuterol, which is used for asthma. Ngo has some patients sign waivers acknowledging their behavior could be dangerous. Sometimes people lie to him to get drugs they think will make them more productive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I’ll be like, ‘Look, you can be honest with me,’ ” Ngo says. “You can say, ‘I’m here to get ‘X’ drug and I’m doing it for this purpose.’ Then I can say, ‘OK, I’ve worked with people like this. Let’s do this safely.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next-Generation Coffee\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who take nootropics aren’t going this far. Many, like Dawn Currin, just wanted to be a little more productive and feel a bit better at work. She’s a 33-year-old business analyst for an IT company in Washington, D.C. She doesn’t consider herself a biohacker, but she does takes nootropics every day. She thinks of them as her generation’s coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went as far as we could with caffeine,” Currin says. “Everyone was getting tired of Red Bull. And we started drinking yerba mate. And someone was like, ‘Hey, nootropics. Let’s check what that’s all about.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of insatiable quest for productivity-inducing substances that new nootropics companies are banking on. If all goes their way, in a not too distant future we’ll all be waking up in the morning and popping a few pills before we head off to work.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nootropics are trending right now in Silicon Valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crop of new companies are selling these so-called productivity pills to “biohackers” looking to get an edge in work and life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you don’t consider yourself a biohacker or have never even heard the word before, chances are you already take a nootropic. Caffeine. That’s right. Your cup of coffee or tea isn’t just a hot beverage you drink because it tastes nice. It’s a vehicle for a productivity-increasing, brain-boosting substance some are now calling a nootropic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word “nootropic” was coined in 1972 by a Romanian scientist. It refers to substances thought to improve cognitive function, like caffeine. But the term also includes things you probably haven’t heard of, like piracetam, a substance concocted in a lab, and Rhodiola rosea, an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”250″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/253567649″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/playlists/253567649″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a little-used piece of scientific jargon, the word “nootropic” has become a big-time marketing term. Companies are using it to sell all kinds of substances. There are claims of raised IQs and increased amounts of productive hours. Venture capitalist firms like \u003ca href=\"https://nootrobox.com/blog/2-million-financing-round-led-by-andreessen-horowitz/\">Andreessen Horowitz\u003c/a> are funding nootropics ventures. And business analysts are \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikemontgomery/2016/01/19/better-strongerfaster-why-nootropics-will-be-big-business-in-2016/#17bd2d3976cd\">predicting the industry\u003c/a> is going to skyrocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An avid internet subculture lies at the root of the movement. Nootropic users have a lively\u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/\"> subreddit\u003c/a> with around 75,000 readers. And to get advice you can watch any number of self-proclaimed experts on outlets like YouTube. Many, like this guy Steve Cronin, are psyched about nootropics.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/RxzloVYcA1I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/RxzloVYcA1I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Cronin lists all kinds of substances, including drugs like Adderall and Modafinil, which is prescribed for people suffering from sleep disorders. But for most nootropics you don’t need a prescription. You can buy the supplements online from a growing number of nootropic startups. Many have been founded by aspiring tech entrepreneurs like Eric Matzner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matzner has a company based in San Francisco called Nootroo that sells two pills — one gold, one silver. They both have caffeine, along with less-known substances like Noopept. KQED Future of You spoke with Matzner about his products and what’s in them for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/31/silicon-valleys-quest-for-mental-super-powers-in-a-pill/\">this story\u003c/a> on the science behind nootropics. Matzner is proud of his formulas. He wears one of each pill in a necklace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059399\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059399\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-800x598.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Matzner wants more people to take a daily nootropic pill.\" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-1920x1434.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Matzner-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Matzner, founder of Nootroo, wants more people to take a daily nootropic pill. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Research Purposes Only\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matzner encourages people to take his pills daily, but he says they are not dietary supplements. On the pill bottles, it says they are “for use in neuroscience research only.” Matzner says that’s to protect himself legally because there is not an FDA “category for substances that enhance the brains of healthy people.” The nootropics pills are not tested and reviewed by the FDA, and they wouldn’t be even if he sold them as supplements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA doesn’t regulate supplements the same way it does drugs. Back in the ’90s the supplement industry fought off moves for closer oversight. They ran TV ads like the one below. It shows a SWAT team breaking into a man’s house to arrest him and take away his vitamins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Spoiler alert: The man in the house is Mel Gibson. He delivers a line that became famous in the battle to deregulate supplements.]\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FLGNm8_y6yU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FLGNm8_y6yU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Today, if a substance is generally recognized as safe, or GRAS, it’s relatively easy for a company to start selling it, says UC Berkeley nutritional scientist Marc Hellerstein. He thinks the brain-boosting benefits of most nootropics are totally unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All you got to do is make a claim, read a few rat studies, and you can market stuff on shelves and make a lot of money,” Hellerstein says. “There is almost never a proper study that anyone in real medicine would accept as showing efficacy or benefit in human beings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not Just for Biohackers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the nootropics community would dispute the assessment that there’s no science behind their supplements. They arm themselves with studies and anecdotal evidence about the substances they take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fledgling nootropics companies are spurring the charge for legitimization. One San Francisco company called Nootrobox says it’s planning to do some testing on its products with a university in Europe. It’s part of the company’s push to make its products mainstream and reach more customers outside Silicon Valley’s biohacking community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nootrobox doesn’t just make and sell pills. It now has consumer-friendly chewable cubes with a familiar coffee taste. They’ve got three flavors: latte, mocha and drip. Geoff Woo, one of Nootrobox’s co-founders, says he hopes the cubes will one day be on sale near the cash registers at convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Woo and his co-founder, Michael Brandt, are both Stanford computer science grads. They have a few million dollars in venture funding and grand ambitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brandt says the company wants to rebrand work as something fun. Nootropics, Brandt says, can help people feel good on the job and make the daily grind more fulfilling and less grinding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you actually flip the frame and think about work being incredible and you’re writing the next great American novel or you’re designing some app,” Brandt says, “then it’s very fun. You want to dig in more to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most workers aren’t writing the next great American novel or developing world-changing apps. They’re working to earn a living. Still, Brandt thinks his company can help make work fun and that everyday folks will add nootropics to their vocabulary and daily routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond Nootropics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Nootrobox and Nootroo draw many of their customers from Silicon Valley’s community of biohackers. This is a group of people that does far more than pop nootropics to achieve maximum productivity. Take the case of Dan Wiggins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059400\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Wiggins has done far more than drink coffee to try and increase his productivity levels.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-400x536.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0559.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Wiggins has done far more than drink coffee to try and increase his productivity levels. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Wiggins at a weekly meetup of biohackers at a cafe in San Francisco. They come to trade tips and find solidarity as they try to hack their bodies. Many are fasting, which they say helps improves focus. Others, like Stephanie Haughey, are taking dozens of daily supplements — between 50 or 60 a day in her case. That’s known as a “stack” in biohacker lingo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biohacking has a range of definitions and includes a variety of activities. There is a more extreme wing where people are actually trying to augment their body with hardware. Some have implanted magnets and LED lights under their skin, and these will probably be some of the first images to pop up if you type biohacking into a search engine. Be prepared for glowing human body parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wiggins and the other self-described biohackers at this breakfast are not implanting hardware so they can glow in the dark or whatever it is that people want to do with magnets under their skin. No, people like Wiggins are trying to become more effective, especially at work. For Wiggins, the impetus to optimize came from the hypercompetitive tech startup world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started about nine months ago when I was working on my own startup,” says Wiggins. “I was trying to figure out how do I get 10, 12, 14, 16 hours of productivity per day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How it Begins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wiggins started with some measures that might seem familiar to anyone wanting to make a life change. First he altered his diet, exercise and sleep routines. Then he began taking supplements and experimented with prescription drugs like Adderall and Modafinil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modafinil, by the way, has become a hot drug in the tech world. There’s a whole subsection of the nootropics subreddit where people share questions and experiences about this drug. See in the photo below. Also, notice the pill-shaped “i” in the nootropics subreddit title — it’s a little testament to the group’s interest in capsulated compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11058122\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 547px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11058122\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM.png\" alt=\"Directions for posting on the nootropics Subreddit\" width=\"547\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM.png 547w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screen-Shot-2016-08-22-at-2.51.09-PM-400x253.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Directions for posting on the nootropics Subreddit \u003ccite>(Screenshot)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biohacking can be a slippery slope. Just ask Dan Walsh. He works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago. “Then a heart rate monitor got involved,” Walsh says, “then different supplements started slipping in, and before you know it I was electrocuting myself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He means that literally. He hooks up electrodes to his head and shocks his brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we are not talking electroshock therapy here. It’s just a tiny 9-volt battery, very subtle. This is a thing. You can buy kits online to do it. Walsh says the kick is the same as eating a whole bar of dark chocolate. Although you aren’t eating chocolate. You’re jolting your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I approach it from a kind of kick in the pants kind of way,” Walsh says, “like I am really stuck on this creative problem and then zzzz, and let’s see what happens. Maybe it helps, maybe it doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Help With Hacking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For extra help sorting out their different body hacks, some go to doctors like Vinh Ngo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059401\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Vinh Ngo helps patients get prescription drugs to try and increase their productivity. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-400x536.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-1920x2571.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-1180x1580.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380-960x1285.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_0380.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Vinh Ngo helps patients get prescription drugs to try and increase their productivity. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Biohackers come to Ngo’s San Francisco office looking for an edge — an edge most doctors won’t give. “They’re coming in asking like, ‘Hey I am a CEO of this company, I sleep like 4 hours or less,’ ” Ngo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngo helps them get prescription drugs like Adderall and Albuterol, which is used for asthma. Ngo has some patients sign waivers acknowledging their behavior could be dangerous. Sometimes people lie to him to get drugs they think will make them more productive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I’ll be like, ‘Look, you can be honest with me,’ ” Ngo says. “You can say, ‘I’m here to get ‘X’ drug and I’m doing it for this purpose.’ Then I can say, ‘OK, I’ve worked with people like this. Let’s do this safely.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next-Generation Coffee\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people who take nootropics aren’t going this far. Many, like Dawn Currin, just wanted to be a little more productive and feel a bit better at work. She’s a 33-year-old business analyst for an IT company in Washington, D.C. She doesn’t consider herself a biohacker, but she does takes nootropics every day. She thinks of them as her generation’s coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went as far as we could with caffeine,” Currin says. “Everyone was getting tired of Red Bull. And we started drinking yerba mate. And someone was like, ‘Hey, nootropics. Let’s check what that’s all about.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of insatiable quest for productivity-inducing substances that new nootropics companies are banking on. If all goes their way, in a not too distant future we’ll all be waking up in the morning and popping a few pills before we head off to work.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story includes \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators plan to fine the East Bay Municipal Utility District $426,000 for polluting a creek in Oakland’s Upper Rockridge neighborhood last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD crews were working on a major pipeline replacement project near Glen Echo Creek on April 8, 2015, when a worker accidentally opened an old out-of-service water pipe, dumping more than 34,000 gallons of cellular concrete into the waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/10/oakland-creek-cement-spill-could-take-a-year-to-clean-up/\">spill\u003c/a> violated state water law, prompting the proposed fine by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, which the local agency has agreed to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an expensive mistake and East Bay MUD has learned its lesson,” said EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. “For us as a water agency, stewardship of the environment is our main value and our main goal and it’s important to us that we fix this … and that it doesn’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative fine comes on the heels of an investigation by state fish and game officials that determined the water district accidentally polluted state waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creek is still suffering damage from the spill, and Pook says efforts to restore Glen Echo will take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11059900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png\" alt=\"The East Bay Municipal Utility District's map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png 792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The East Bay Municipal Utility District’s map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EBMUD’s latest restoration job will include placing 8 cubic yards of rocks in the creek to prevent erosion and improve wildlife habitat, Pook said. The agency plans to monitor the health of the creek for years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill also changed how the water district handles some of its major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last year’s pipeline replacement work, an employee thought a valve on the 24-inch water pipe was closed when it was actually open, leading to the spill of about a dozen truckloads of cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, EBMUD requires crews to conduct air-pressure tests on water pipes before placing any material in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We instituted a pressure-testing procedure which makes sure that this can’t occur again,” Pook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spill was judged to be an accident, state officials decided not to file criminal charges and instead agreed to a civil settlement, according to Andrew Hughan, a California Fish and Wildlife spokesman who said his department conducts investigations into hundreds of similar incidents yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed penalty is the result of an agreement between several state and local agencies, including Fish and Wildlife, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board and EBMUD. The public can comment on the tentative fine for the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agreement is adopted, the penalty would go to the regional water board for water pollution cleanup, the San Francisco Estuary Institute to study water quality and the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: We initially reported that the proposed fine was being issued by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The agency proposing the fine is actually the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story includes \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators plan to fine the East Bay Municipal Utility District $426,000 for polluting a creek in Oakland’s Upper Rockridge neighborhood last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD crews were working on a major pipeline replacement project near Glen Echo Creek on April 8, 2015, when a worker accidentally opened an old out-of-service water pipe, dumping more than 34,000 gallons of cellular concrete into the waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/10/oakland-creek-cement-spill-could-take-a-year-to-clean-up/\">spill\u003c/a> violated state water law, prompting the proposed fine by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, which the local agency has agreed to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an expensive mistake and East Bay MUD has learned its lesson,” said EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. “For us as a water agency, stewardship of the environment is our main value and our main goal and it’s important to us that we fix this … and that it doesn’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative fine comes on the heels of an investigation by state fish and game officials that determined the water district accidentally polluted state waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creek is still suffering damage from the spill, and Pook says efforts to restore Glen Echo will take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11059900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png\" alt=\"The East Bay Municipal Utility District's map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png 792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The East Bay Municipal Utility District’s map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EBMUD’s latest restoration job will include placing 8 cubic yards of rocks in the creek to prevent erosion and improve wildlife habitat, Pook said. The agency plans to monitor the health of the creek for years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill also changed how the water district handles some of its major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last year’s pipeline replacement work, an employee thought a valve on the 24-inch water pipe was closed when it was actually open, leading to the spill of about a dozen truckloads of cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, EBMUD requires crews to conduct air-pressure tests on water pipes before placing any material in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We instituted a pressure-testing procedure which makes sure that this can’t occur again,” Pook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spill was judged to be an accident, state officials decided not to file criminal charges and instead agreed to a civil settlement, according to Andrew Hughan, a California Fish and Wildlife spokesman who said his department conducts investigations into hundreds of similar incidents yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed penalty is the result of an agreement between several state and local agencies, including Fish and Wildlife, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board and EBMUD. The public can comment on the tentative fine for the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agreement is adopted, the penalty would go to the regional water board for water pollution cleanup, the San Francisco Estuary Institute to study water quality and the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: We initially reported that the proposed fine was being issued by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The agency proposing the fine is actually the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Inside the Tech Center That Keeps Firefighting at the Cutting Edge",
"title": "Inside the Tech Center That Keeps Firefighting at the Cutting Edge",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Here's a sobering idea during one of the most destructive fire seasons in memory: Over the next few decades, climate change is expected to supercharge fire risk in California. Researchers think summers will be hotter and drier, increasing the potential for big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">One study by the research group Climate Central\u003c/a> predicts that by 2050, the number of high-risk fire days in the state will jump by a fifth, from 120 a year to 145. Add that to the fact that right now, there are 11 million Californians living in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this looming threat ahead, what are firefighters doing to prepare?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing up hoses for starters, said Sam Wu, project leader with the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is a sprawling 18-acre campus owned by the U.S. Forest Service in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. It's where the future of firefighting is being developed and tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"Sam Wu holds out two samples of fire hose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-400x270.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-960x647.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Wu holds out two samples of firehose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team push trucks, pumps and hoses to their limits. On a typical day, they might pump a hose with as much as 1,200 pounds per square inch of water pressure, four times what your normal firehose experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they'll drop hot metal cubes on it to see how well the material withstands being struck by a burning ember.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty often the hoses explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last year we bought over 6,600 miles of firehose,\" he added. \"That's a lot of firehose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Jsm6yMVdwcJvzf2DdJSXwD9njlUMFmte\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all in service of making sure firefighters have the toughest, safest and most effective gear when battling blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Dimas Technology and Development Center was founded just after World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The government was looking at repurposing excess military equipment to use for domestic firefighting efforts,\" Wu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service took trucks, planes and even helicopters and turned them into tools for fighting fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, the center started designing better fire engines that could climb steep hills without tipping over. Today it's still tweaking the design, strengthening cabs so trucks that roll over won't crush passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-400x281.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-960x675.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also helped develop special filters that stop fire-causing sparks from flying out of the exhaust systems of motorcycles and chainsaws. And it pioneered standards for the use of planes that drop fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the center is working on helping the Forest Service switch its fleet of fire tankers from propeller planes to jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though jets are old hat to commercial airlines, converting them to firefighting safety standards has taken time. Making sure these new planes drop the right amount of retardant in the right place is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest models are piloting a newly developed tanker door system to evenly spread that signature orange goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth the effort, said test pilot Brent Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been flying and fighting fires for more than 30 years. One thing he likes about the new jets is the speed. Last year he was able to zip from a fire in Fairbanks, Alaska, to another fire in Wendover, Nevada, in roughly four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the older airplanes, depending on what that was, that could have been a six to 10-hour flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" link=\"file\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"11059836,11059835,11059840\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYssaDHN0nXDIpG\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big part of firefighting is dealing with, well, a lot of fire. How do you do that in a controlled setting to test crucial gear without accidentally burning down your lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center just recently purchased a new burn simulator. It's a machine that can create a large and controlled fire, perfect for seeing how much heat new equipment can take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first of its kind in the country and cost around $350,000. The simulator is capable of generating a wall of fire 47 feet long. The center plans to use it to evaluate the toughness of trucks and other firefighting equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment. \u003ccite>(SAN DIMAS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center also evaluates new firefighting tools developed elsewhere, like the Personal Alert and Tracking System (PATS) created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a combination monitor and communication device that can send alerts across several miles of wilderness, even when there’s no cell reception, said Ed Chow, project leader for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it can let firefighters know if a blaze is headed their way. It can also keeps tabs on where team members are. It monitors their vital signs and even senses if one falls down a slope and needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chow said the San Dimas Center tested the system and gave feedback on everything from the display to the batteries, which at first were fancy lithium ion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then firefighters say they only use AA-batteries ... all the equipment uses AA-batteries,\" he laughed. He switched to AA after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the system is just a prototype, but it could one day be a crucial tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-960x655.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, new technology alone won't be enough to curb the growing threat of wildfire, said Tom Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s some point where the concept that you have gear that’s going to save you is irrelevant,\" Scott said. \"That’s not going to happen because the fires are going to be too intense and people are going to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott thinks research and forest management are also a key part of reducing fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stresses the need to think critically about where homes are built since in Southern California, people are by far the number one cause of fire. At the same time, we continue to develop communities in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Wu with the San Dimas center knows that the threat of wildfire grows year by year. He tries not to let it stress him out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hope that we are putting ourselves in a position where we can handle that stuff,\" he said. \"We need to refine the things that we do and think of it on a bigger scale in terms of how we can help firefighters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team will keep looking for new ways to keep people safe, no matter how many exploded hoses it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "How are firefighters preparing for more frequent and intense wildfires? Switching to jet aircraft and trying to blow up firehoses, for starters.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here's a sobering idea during one of the most destructive fire seasons in memory: Over the next few decades, climate change is expected to supercharge fire risk in California. Researchers think summers will be hotter and drier, increasing the potential for big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">One study by the research group Climate Central\u003c/a> predicts that by 2050, the number of high-risk fire days in the state will jump by a fifth, from 120 a year to 145. Add that to the fact that right now, there are 11 million Californians living in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this looming threat ahead, what are firefighters doing to prepare?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing up hoses for starters, said Sam Wu, project leader with the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is a sprawling 18-acre campus owned by the U.S. Forest Service in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. It's where the future of firefighting is being developed and tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"Sam Wu holds out two samples of fire hose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-400x270.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-960x647.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Wu holds out two samples of firehose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team push trucks, pumps and hoses to their limits. On a typical day, they might pump a hose with as much as 1,200 pounds per square inch of water pressure, four times what your normal firehose experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they'll drop hot metal cubes on it to see how well the material withstands being struck by a burning ember.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty often the hoses explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last year we bought over 6,600 miles of firehose,\" he added. \"That's a lot of firehose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all in service of making sure firefighters have the toughest, safest and most effective gear when battling blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Dimas Technology and Development Center was founded just after World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The government was looking at repurposing excess military equipment to use for domestic firefighting efforts,\" Wu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service took trucks, planes and even helicopters and turned them into tools for fighting fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, the center started designing better fire engines that could climb steep hills without tipping over. Today it's still tweaking the design, strengthening cabs so trucks that roll over won't crush passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-400x281.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-960x675.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also helped develop special filters that stop fire-causing sparks from flying out of the exhaust systems of motorcycles and chainsaws. And it pioneered standards for the use of planes that drop fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the center is working on helping the Forest Service switch its fleet of fire tankers from propeller planes to jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though jets are old hat to commercial airlines, converting them to firefighting safety standards has taken time. Making sure these new planes drop the right amount of retardant in the right place is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest models are piloting a newly developed tanker door system to evenly spread that signature orange goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth the effort, said test pilot Brent Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been flying and fighting fires for more than 30 years. One thing he likes about the new jets is the speed. Last year he was able to zip from a fire in Fairbanks, Alaska, to another fire in Wendover, Nevada, in roughly four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the older airplanes, depending on what that was, that could have been a six to 10-hour flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYssaDHN0nXDIpG\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big part of firefighting is dealing with, well, a lot of fire. How do you do that in a controlled setting to test crucial gear without accidentally burning down your lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center just recently purchased a new burn simulator. It's a machine that can create a large and controlled fire, perfect for seeing how much heat new equipment can take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first of its kind in the country and cost around $350,000. The simulator is capable of generating a wall of fire 47 feet long. The center plans to use it to evaluate the toughness of trucks and other firefighting equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment. \u003ccite>(SAN DIMAS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center also evaluates new firefighting tools developed elsewhere, like the Personal Alert and Tracking System (PATS) created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a combination monitor and communication device that can send alerts across several miles of wilderness, even when there’s no cell reception, said Ed Chow, project leader for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it can let firefighters know if a blaze is headed their way. It can also keeps tabs on where team members are. It monitors their vital signs and even senses if one falls down a slope and needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chow said the San Dimas Center tested the system and gave feedback on everything from the display to the batteries, which at first were fancy lithium ion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then firefighters say they only use AA-batteries ... all the equipment uses AA-batteries,\" he laughed. He switched to AA after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the system is just a prototype, but it could one day be a crucial tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-960x655.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, new technology alone won't be enough to curb the growing threat of wildfire, said Tom Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s some point where the concept that you have gear that’s going to save you is irrelevant,\" Scott said. \"That’s not going to happen because the fires are going to be too intense and people are going to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott thinks research and forest management are also a key part of reducing fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stresses the need to think critically about where homes are built since in Southern California, people are by far the number one cause of fire. At the same time, we continue to develop communities in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Wu with the San Dimas center knows that the threat of wildfire grows year by year. He tries not to let it stress him out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hope that we are putting ourselves in a position where we can handle that stuff,\" he said. \"We need to refine the things that we do and think of it on a bigger scale in terms of how we can help firefighters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team will keep looking for new ways to keep people safe, no matter how many exploded hoses it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Poll Challenges Stereotypes About People of Color and National Parks",
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"content": "\u003cp>A recent poll challenges the stereotype that people of color aren’t interested in outdoor recreation or national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/\">New America Media\u003c/a> surveyed 900 African American, Latino and Asian Pacific-American voters nationwide about their recreation habits. Seventy percent of participants said they enjoy activities like picnicking, camping, fishing and hunting. And 57 percent of respondents said they’ve visited a national park — more than two-thirds of them in the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It really is as simple as providing people with a map. To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.’\u003ccite>Anthony Williams,\u003cbr>\nBendixen & Amandi International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The numbers do not surprise Rue Mapp, the founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which sponsors outdoor activities. She says she’s talked with lots of blacks who love spending time in wild places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been out in the field and I have been listening to the stories,” Mapp says. “I have been pushing back on the stereotypes and assumptions. My answer has been consistently that you’re not looking in the right places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to note that the poll surveyed \u003ci>voters\u003c/i>. The results reflect higher interest levels than one might deduce from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national visitation numbers\u003c/a>. The most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\">survey\u003c/a> of national parks in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet, the country is twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barriers to Entry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survey respondents cited long distances and costs as the main reasons they don’t visit national parks more frequently. People of color are more likely to choose a community park near their home than trek to an unknown destination that may be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re simply unaware, to a great extent, about the national public lands that are available around them whether it be parks, forests, historic sites, etcetera,” says Anthony Williams of Bendixen & Amandi International, the public opinion research firm which conducted the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several African-Americans I interviewed on the streets of San Francisco expressed a similar sentiment, for a recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\">story\u003c/a> about efforts to increase diversity in national parks. Besides not knowing which national parks are nearby, some people I talked to said they don’t feel welcome and think of national parks as playgrounds for white wealthy folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The National Parks Need Visitors of Color to Stay Relevant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says increased outreach efforts are needed to educate underrepresented groups that neither the location nor the cost of many national parks is prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-895961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Olive-Tambou-backpacking-at-point-reyes-annual-female-backpacking-trip-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Olive Tambou backpacking at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive Tambou backpacks at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really is as simple as providing people with a map,” he says. “To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of survey respondents support proposals to increase visitor access through urban parks, monuments, historic and cultural sites that focus on the contributions of minorities in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the National Park Service has not focused on marketing to communities of color because the the majority of the U.S. population has been of European descent. But demographics are changing. The Census Bureau predicts that by 2043, communities of color will be the national majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parks have to be reintroduced to more Americans in order to create a legacy of experience,” says Williams. “I would compare it to Disneyland. Disneyland has an enormous marketing budget and everybody knows where Disneyland is and what to expect when they get there. And so people budget for it, make the time for it and they go. The national public lands are really a secret that needs to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of the New America Media poll coincides with a national tour this week by federal officials who are commemorating the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Small Business Administrator Maria Contreras-Sweet will tour César E. Chávez National Monument in Southern California on Wednesday, August 24. They will then hold a town hall discussion addressing diversity and inclusion at national parks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A recent poll challenges the stereotype that people of color aren’t interested in outdoor recreation or national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/\">New America Media\u003c/a> surveyed 900 African American, Latino and Asian Pacific-American voters nationwide about their recreation habits. Seventy percent of participants said they enjoy activities like picnicking, camping, fishing and hunting. And 57 percent of respondents said they’ve visited a national park — more than two-thirds of them in the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It really is as simple as providing people with a map. To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.’\u003ccite>Anthony Williams,\u003cbr>\nBendixen & Amandi International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The numbers do not surprise Rue Mapp, the founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which sponsors outdoor activities. She says she’s talked with lots of blacks who love spending time in wild places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been out in the field and I have been listening to the stories,” Mapp says. “I have been pushing back on the stereotypes and assumptions. My answer has been consistently that you’re not looking in the right places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to note that the poll surveyed \u003ci>voters\u003c/i>. The results reflect higher interest levels than one might deduce from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national visitation numbers\u003c/a>. The most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\">survey\u003c/a> of national parks in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet, the country is twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barriers to Entry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survey respondents cited long distances and costs as the main reasons they don’t visit national parks more frequently. People of color are more likely to choose a community park near their home than trek to an unknown destination that may be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re simply unaware, to a great extent, about the national public lands that are available around them whether it be parks, forests, historic sites, etcetera,” says Anthony Williams of Bendixen & Amandi International, the public opinion research firm which conducted the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several African-Americans I interviewed on the streets of San Francisco expressed a similar sentiment, for a recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\">story\u003c/a> about efforts to increase diversity in national parks. Besides not knowing which national parks are nearby, some people I talked to said they don’t feel welcome and think of national parks as playgrounds for white wealthy folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The National Parks Need Visitors of Color to Stay Relevant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says increased outreach efforts are needed to educate underrepresented groups that neither the location nor the cost of many national parks is prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-895961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Olive-Tambou-backpacking-at-point-reyes-annual-female-backpacking-trip-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Olive Tambou backpacking at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive Tambou backpacks at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really is as simple as providing people with a map,” he says. “To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of survey respondents support proposals to increase visitor access through urban parks, monuments, historic and cultural sites that focus on the contributions of minorities in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the National Park Service has not focused on marketing to communities of color because the the majority of the U.S. population has been of European descent. But demographics are changing. The Census Bureau predicts that by 2043, communities of color will be the national majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parks have to be reintroduced to more Americans in order to create a legacy of experience,” says Williams. “I would compare it to Disneyland. Disneyland has an enormous marketing budget and everybody knows where Disneyland is and what to expect when they get there. And so people budget for it, make the time for it and they go. The national public lands are really a secret that needs to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of the New America Media poll coincides with a national tour this week by federal officials who are commemorating the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Small Business Administrator Maria Contreras-Sweet will tour César E. Chávez National Monument in Southern California on Wednesday, August 24. They will then hold a town hall discussion addressing diversity and inclusion at national parks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Firefighters have reached full containment of a blaze east of Los Angeles that forced tens of thousands to evacuate their homes. At the same time, multiple wildfires continued to challenge crews throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Department of Forestry and Fire Information declared \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4962/\">the Blue Cut Fire\u003c/a> 100 percent contained Tuesday — but not before the 36,000-acre fire destroyed nearly 100 homes and forced the evacuation of 80,000 people in San Bernardino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Saturday, crews had largely contained the blaze, allowing the lifting of evacuation orders \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/20/490739379/photos-firefighters-gain-ground-on-californias-blue-cut-wildfire\"> for many residents\u003c/a>. NPR's Nathan Rott says more than 300 crews were pulled off the fire as it dwindled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CALFIRE_PIO/status/768104511562932224\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Attention is turning from that fire ... toward others,\" Rott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 10,000 fire personnel are battling six major wildfires, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1389\">the Chimney Fire\u003c/a>, which is burning in San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CALFIRE_PIO/status/767519722778693632\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That inferno has already consumed 53 structures and 37,101 acres in Central California near Hearst Castle, built by publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst, now a tourist attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, the California Parks Department announced the property's closure owing to poor air quality. \u003ca href=\"http://hearstcastle.org/\">It remains closed\u003c/a> through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 4,000 fire personnel are working on that fire, which is considered 35 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, the long-burning \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1348\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> is 60 percent contained. The fire has been burning for a month and has consumed some 87,000 acres north of Big Sur. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">At least one death\u003c/a> has been attributed to the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just west of Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4971/\">the Rey Fire \u003c/a>is burning through wilderness in Santa Barbara County. So far, 27,000 acres have burned. That fire is 30 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Firefighters have reached full containment of a blaze east of Los Angeles that forced tens of thousands to evacuate their homes. At the same time, multiple wildfires continued to challenge crews throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Department of Forestry and Fire Information declared \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4962/\">the Blue Cut Fire\u003c/a> 100 percent contained Tuesday — but not before the 36,000-acre fire destroyed nearly 100 homes and forced the evacuation of 80,000 people in San Bernardino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Saturday, crews had largely contained the blaze, allowing the lifting of evacuation orders \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/20/490739379/photos-firefighters-gain-ground-on-californias-blue-cut-wildfire\"> for many residents\u003c/a>. NPR's Nathan Rott says more than 300 crews were pulled off the fire as it dwindled.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\"Attention is turning from that fire ... toward others,\" Rott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 10,000 fire personnel are battling six major wildfires, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1389\">the Chimney Fire\u003c/a>, which is burning in San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>That inferno has already consumed 53 structures and 37,101 acres in Central California near Hearst Castle, built by publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst, now a tourist attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, the California Parks Department announced the property's closure owing to poor air quality. \u003ca href=\"http://hearstcastle.org/\">It remains closed\u003c/a> through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 4,000 fire personnel are working on that fire, which is considered 35 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, the long-burning \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1348\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> is 60 percent contained. The fire has been burning for a month and has consumed some 87,000 acres north of Big Sur. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">At least one death\u003c/a> has been attributed to the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just west of Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4971/\">the Rey Fire \u003c/a>is burning through wilderness in Santa Barbara County. So far, 27,000 acres have burned. That fire is 30 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:15 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 24:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers on Wednesday sent Gov. Jerry Brown a package of climate change legislation that he vowed to sign into law, capping weeks of uncertainty over the future of an issue that both legislative leaders and the governor consider among their top priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a> would, together, set out much more ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goals, give lawmakers more oversight over the controversial California Air Resources Board and direct the board to prioritize disadvantaged communities when setting rules that help reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, California took another historic step forward to clean up our air and reduce harmful fuel emissions,” said state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León\u003c/span>, D-Los Angeles. “We showed, also, that we will not be intimidated. We carried out the will of the people of California who overwhelmingly want us to take action, and we are sending a very clear message to the state, the nation and the world that we are committed to our economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that we can grow and prosper without poisoning our communities or the lungs of our children. and we have proof beyond question that there is indeed a better way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The portion of AB 197 that attempts to help low-income, highly polluted regions is a response to complaints that past environmental measures have mostly benefited already wealthy communities. Its inclusion, along with the increased legislative oversight of regulators, helped convince moderate Democrats and even a few Republicans to support the bill package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In passing SB 32, we drew up a road map. AB 197 is the vehicle that gets us there,” said Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Los Angeles. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Assembly Bill 197 provides the mechanisms to make sure the goals we set in SB 32 are reached. Greater legislative oversight, as well as agency accountability and data transparency from the Air Resources Board, will only make our climate change efforts benefit all Californians.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11060153 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg\" alt='Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an “important milestone.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-400x279.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-1180x824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-960x671.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an ‘important milestone.’ \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AB 197 attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led to charges that supporters were trying to move away from the state’s cap-and-trade program, which lets big polluters buy the right to emit greenhouse gases, in favor of reducing emissions at their source, like at factories and in cars. While backers of the bills say that’s not the case, the legislation doesn’t specifically mention the state’s cap-and-trade program, which has an uncertain future in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown called the bills an “important milestone,” acknowledging the strong opposition to all of the state’s climate change policies and laws by the oil industry and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The passage of these bills gives legislative force to our goals for 2030. This is a real commitment backed up by real power as a result as the votes taken,” he said. “And in many ways the struggle of the last few days is actually quite helpful because often people talk about clean air and global warming in a very abstract way, but the effort to decarbonize our economy in California and throughout the world is a tall hill that we are climbing. And there is opposition, and it is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Republican Assemblywoman Kristin Olsen, of Modesto, said the legislation will only exacerbate the “tale of two Californians” by continuing to pit poorer inland areas against wealthier coastal communities and destroying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want cleaner air. My son has asthma, I get it — we all want to work on policies that will improve the environment, but the question is at what cost?” she said. “And we have already seen thousands upon thousands of Californians hurt, middle-class families, hurt by the policies we have already passed. And we will be driving more people into poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, Tuesday, August 23:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly on Tuesday approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a>, which would require California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030. That’s a step up from the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\">current law\u003c/a> that requires emissions meet 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get there, the state would focus on things like increasing the use of renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) cast the issue as a moral one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this context of climate change and global warming, you know we talk a lot about making sure we save polar bears,” he says. “Well, I want to talk about saving children and making sure they don’t have to live with dirty air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A broader version of the bill \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/10/lawmakers-rush-to-pass-bills-by-Friday-deadline/\">failed in the Assembly\u003c/a> last year, and the 2016 version still has many critics. Among them is Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Plumas Lake). He says the policy undercuts job-creating industries like trucking, construction and manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody just likes to just pile it on the oil and gas industry. Those are good-paying jobs that employ a whole lot of people in this state,” he says. “A heck of a lot more than any solar array company does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill faces a final vote in the Senate before it can go to Gov. Jerry Brown, who announced his support in a statement on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Yesterday, big oil bought a full-page ad in the capital city’s newspaper of record to halt action on climate. Today, the Assembly Speaker, most Democrats and one brave Republican passed SB 32, rejecting the brazen deception of the oil lobby and their Trump-inspired allies who deny science and fight every reasonable effort to curb global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look forward to signing this bill – and AB 197 – when they land on my desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these bills, California’s charting a clear path on climate beyond 2020 and we’ll continue to work to shore up the cap-and-trade program, reduce super pollutants and direct more investment to disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But SB 32 can take effect only if \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a>, which would regulate the California Air Resources Board, is approved as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED reporter Marisa Lagos contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:15 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 24:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers on Wednesday sent Gov. Jerry Brown a package of climate change legislation that he vowed to sign into law, capping weeks of uncertainty over the future of an issue that both legislative leaders and the governor consider among their top priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a> would, together, set out much more ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goals, give lawmakers more oversight over the controversial California Air Resources Board and direct the board to prioritize disadvantaged communities when setting rules that help reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, California took another historic step forward to clean up our air and reduce harmful fuel emissions,” said state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León\u003c/span>, D-Los Angeles. “We showed, also, that we will not be intimidated. We carried out the will of the people of California who overwhelmingly want us to take action, and we are sending a very clear message to the state, the nation and the world that we are committed to our economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that we can grow and prosper without poisoning our communities or the lungs of our children. and we have proof beyond question that there is indeed a better way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The portion of AB 197 that attempts to help low-income, highly polluted regions is a response to complaints that past environmental measures have mostly benefited already wealthy communities. Its inclusion, along with the increased legislative oversight of regulators, helped convince moderate Democrats and even a few Republicans to support the bill package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In passing SB 32, we drew up a road map. AB 197 is the vehicle that gets us there,” said Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Los Angeles. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Assembly Bill 197 provides the mechanisms to make sure the goals we set in SB 32 are reached. Greater legislative oversight, as well as agency accountability and data transparency from the Air Resources Board, will only make our climate change efforts benefit all Californians.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11060153 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg\" alt='Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an “important milestone.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-400x279.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-1180x824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-960x671.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an ‘important milestone.’ \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AB 197 attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led to charges that supporters were trying to move away from the state’s cap-and-trade program, which lets big polluters buy the right to emit greenhouse gases, in favor of reducing emissions at their source, like at factories and in cars. While backers of the bills say that’s not the case, the legislation doesn’t specifically mention the state’s cap-and-trade program, which has an uncertain future in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown called the bills an “important milestone,” acknowledging the strong opposition to all of the state’s climate change policies and laws by the oil industry and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The passage of these bills gives legislative force to our goals for 2030. This is a real commitment backed up by real power as a result as the votes taken,” he said. “And in many ways the struggle of the last few days is actually quite helpful because often people talk about clean air and global warming in a very abstract way, but the effort to decarbonize our economy in California and throughout the world is a tall hill that we are climbing. And there is opposition, and it is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Republican Assemblywoman Kristin Olsen, of Modesto, said the legislation will only exacerbate the “tale of two Californians” by continuing to pit poorer inland areas against wealthier coastal communities and destroying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want cleaner air. My son has asthma, I get it — we all want to work on policies that will improve the environment, but the question is at what cost?” she said. “And we have already seen thousands upon thousands of Californians hurt, middle-class families, hurt by the policies we have already passed. And we will be driving more people into poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, Tuesday, August 23:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly on Tuesday approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a>, which would require California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030. That’s a step up from the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\">current law\u003c/a> that requires emissions meet 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get there, the state would focus on things like increasing the use of renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) cast the issue as a moral one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this context of climate change and global warming, you know we talk a lot about making sure we save polar bears,” he says. “Well, I want to talk about saving children and making sure they don’t have to live with dirty air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A broader version of the bill \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/10/lawmakers-rush-to-pass-bills-by-Friday-deadline/\">failed in the Assembly\u003c/a> last year, and the 2016 version still has many critics. Among them is Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Plumas Lake). He says the policy undercuts job-creating industries like trucking, construction and manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody just likes to just pile it on the oil and gas industry. Those are good-paying jobs that employ a whole lot of people in this state,” he says. “A heck of a lot more than any solar array company does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill faces a final vote in the Senate before it can go to Gov. Jerry Brown, who announced his support in a statement on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Yesterday, big oil bought a full-page ad in the capital city’s newspaper of record to halt action on climate. Today, the Assembly Speaker, most Democrats and one brave Republican passed SB 32, rejecting the brazen deception of the oil lobby and their Trump-inspired allies who deny science and fight every reasonable effort to curb global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look forward to signing this bill – and AB 197 – when they land on my desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these bills, California’s charting a clear path on climate beyond 2020 and we’ll continue to work to shore up the cap-and-trade program, reduce super pollutants and direct more investment to disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But SB 32 can take effect only if \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a>, which would regulate the California Air Resources Board, is approved as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Every summer, millions of people head to the coast to soak up the sun and play in the waves. But they aren’t alone. Just beyond the crashing surf, hundreds of millions of tiny sea urchin larvae are also floating around, preparing for one of the most dramatic transformations in the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists along the Pacific coast are investigating how these microscopic ocean drifters, which look like tiny spaceships, find their way back home to the shoreline, where they attach themselves, grow into spiny creatures and live out a slow-moving life that often exceeds 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922991\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316_seaurchins_floatingpluteus_720.gif\" alt=\"The urchin pluteus drifts in the ocean currents for around a month before it lands on the rocky ocean floor.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The urchin pluteus drifts in the ocean currents for around a month before it lands on the rocky ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These sorts of studies are absolutely crucial if we want to not only maintain healthy fisheries but indeed a healthy ocean,” says\u003ca href=\"http://staff.washington.edu/hodin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jason Hodin\u003c/a>, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s\u003ca href=\"http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Friday Harbor Laboratories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins reproduce by sending clouds of eggs and sperm into the water. Millions of larvae are formed, but only a handful make it back to the shoreline to grow into adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A female purple urchin releases eggs into the water, in a reproductive strategy known as broadcast spawning. Males release sperm around the same time, and the eggs are fertilized in the open ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female purple urchin releases eggs into the water, in a reproductive strategy known as broadcast spawning. Males release sperm around the same time, and the eggs are fertilized in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It may sound like a risky life strategy. But in the ocean, it works. Nearly every animal that lives along the shore — from mussels to sea stars to some species of fish — sends its young on an open ocean journey before they return home to grow into adults along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big challenges in understanding marine life cycles is understanding how larvae do this,” says Hodin, who is working with a research team that is trying to learn how purple sea urchins find their way home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do they go from this vast open ocean and make their way back to very specific shoreline habitat?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922902\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-922902 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Millions of urchin embryos are formed in the water, where they develop as they drift in the plankton for around one month. Millions of urchin embryos are formed when clouds of sperm and eggs are mixed in the ocean. They will develop for around one month as they drift among the plankton.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millions of urchin embryos are formed when clouds of sperm and eggs are mixed in the ocean. They will develop for around one month as they drift among the plankton. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hodin said it is similar to a housing search. When you are looking for a place to live, the first step is to decide on a neighborhood. Hodin, along with\u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/brian-gaylord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brian Gaylord\u003c/a> of the UC Davis\u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay and\u003ca href=\"http://rtc.sfsu.edu/research/in_ferner.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Matthew Ferner\u003c/a> of the San Francisco State University\u003ca href=\"http://rtc.sfsu.edu/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> in Tiburon, recently found that that waves — specifically the strong, thrashing turbulence found in the urchin’s intertidal habitat — play a role in the larval urchin’s journey home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that turbulence is basically an indicator that they’re in a good neighborhood,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922990\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316_seaurchins_tidepoolwave_720.gif\" alt=\"The waves in the intertidal zone are among the most extreme forces found in the ocean. But to a larval urchin, the waves represent home.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waves in the intertidal zone are among the most extreme forces found in the ocean. But to a larval urchin, the waves represent home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, the team discovered that the crashing waves actually make the larval urchin — called a pluteus — \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6901.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">develop faster\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>The turbulence acts as a primer,” Gaylord says. “It sort of pushes them into this settlement process earlier than we knew they would do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the pluteus has found a neighborhood to settle in, it finds a home by using more local cues, like the presence of other adults or certain types of algae. It will then undergo a complete transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a look at these marine larvae, they look literally nothing like the adults,” says Hodin. “In a sea urchin or a sea star, they even have a totally different body symmetry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922989\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sea urchins completely abandon their body type when they transform from larva to adult. This pluteus has two equal halves just like humans, but as an adult urchin it will have fivefold radial symmetry — five equal slices.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea urchins completely abandon their body type when they transform from larva to adult. This pluteus has two equal halves just like humans, but as an adult urchin it will have fivefold radial symmetry — five equal slices. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The larval urchin drifts in the ocean currents as a member of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/from-drifter-to-dynamo-the-story-of-plankton/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plankton\u003c/a> for a month or longer. How does it change from a tiny drifter the size of a grain of sand to a bottom-dwelling ball of spines?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halfway through its voyage out to sea, “something very interesting happens,” Hodin says. “They do a little trick to try to make that transformation from being a larva to being a juvenile happen faster.” They begin to grow the juvenile urchin form — a miniature adult — inside of the larva’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it reaches the rocky shore, the juvenile urchin bursts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sticks its little tube feet out of the side of the little pluteus larva swimming around, and it grabs hold of the rocks or the bottom of the seafloor,” says\u003ca href=\"http://lowe.stanford.edu/nat-clarke-graduate-student/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Nat Clarke\u003c/a>, a graduate student in Chris Lowe’s \u003ca href=\"http://lowe.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory\u003c/a> at Stanford’s\u003ca href=\"http://hopkinsmarinestation.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922903\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tube feet enable adult urchins to grab food and hold on to the rocky seafloor. Juvenile urchins begin their lives on the bottom with just five tube feet.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tube feet enable adult urchins to grab food and hold on to the rocky seafloor. Juvenile urchins begin their lives on the bottom with just five tube feet. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within hours, it begins to resemble the purple, spiky sea urchin that beachgoers regularly see in tidepools and along the ocean bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchins commonly live for decades. Some can live for more than a century. Scientists know this because nuclear testing in the 1950s left trace amounts of radioactive material in red sea urchins’ shells, enabling researchers to\u003ca href=\"http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1014/19ebertf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> calculate the sea urchins’ age\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923262\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-923262\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"These purple urchins can live for 50 years or more. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These purple urchins can live for 50 years or more. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult urchins spawn throughout their lives, sending their young out to sea just as their own parents did. Somewhat like salmon, urchins may come back to the place they were born, although scientists aren’t sure yet how or why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research lately has been very, very strongly suggesting that most larvae come back to somewhere near the same shoreline that their parents came from,” Hodin says. “It’s something that people didn’t realize 15 to 20 years ago. There’s a lot more connectivity between the shoreline and the waters offshore where the babies are.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Conceived in the open sea, tiny spaceship-shaped sea urchin larvae search the vast ocean to find a home. After this incredible odyssey, they undergo one of the most remarkable transformations in nature. ",
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"title": "Sea Urchins Pull Themselves Inside Out to be Reborn | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Every summer, millions of people head to the coast to soak up the sun and play in the waves. But they aren’t alone. Just beyond the crashing surf, hundreds of millions of tiny sea urchin larvae are also floating around, preparing for one of the most dramatic transformations in the animal kingdom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists along the Pacific coast are investigating how these microscopic ocean drifters, which look like tiny spaceships, find their way back home to the shoreline, where they attach themselves, grow into spiny creatures and live out a slow-moving life that often exceeds 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922991\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922991\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316_seaurchins_floatingpluteus_720.gif\" alt=\"The urchin pluteus drifts in the ocean currents for around a month before it lands on the rocky ocean floor.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The urchin pluteus drifts in the ocean currents for around a month before it lands on the rocky ocean floor. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These sorts of studies are absolutely crucial if we want to not only maintain healthy fisheries but indeed a healthy ocean,” says\u003ca href=\"http://staff.washington.edu/hodin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Jason Hodin\u003c/a>, a research scientist at the University of Washington’s\u003ca href=\"http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Friday Harbor Laboratories\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea urchins reproduce by sending clouds of eggs and sperm into the water. Millions of larvae are formed, but only a handful make it back to the shoreline to grow into adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922901\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922901\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A female purple urchin releases eggs into the water, in a reproductive strategy known as broadcast spawning. Males release sperm around the same time, and the eggs are fertilized in the open ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-10-egg-release-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female purple urchin releases eggs into the water, in a reproductive strategy known as broadcast spawning. Males release sperm around the same time, and the eggs are fertilized in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It may sound like a risky life strategy. But in the ocean, it works. Nearly every animal that lives along the shore — from mussels to sea stars to some species of fish — sends its young on an open ocean journey before they return home to grow into adults along the shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big challenges in understanding marine life cycles is understanding how larvae do this,” says Hodin, who is working with a research team that is trying to learn how purple sea urchins find their way home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do they go from this vast open ocean and make their way back to very specific shoreline habitat?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922902\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-922902 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Millions of urchin embryos are formed in the water, where they develop as they drift in the plankton for around one month. Millions of urchin embryos are formed when clouds of sperm and eggs are mixed in the ocean. They will develop for around one month as they drift among the plankton.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-12-embryos-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millions of urchin embryos are formed when clouds of sperm and eggs are mixed in the ocean. They will develop for around one month as they drift among the plankton. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hodin said it is similar to a housing search. When you are looking for a place to live, the first step is to decide on a neighborhood. Hodin, along with\u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/brian-gaylord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Brian Gaylord\u003c/a> of the UC Davis\u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay and\u003ca href=\"http://rtc.sfsu.edu/research/in_ferner.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Matthew Ferner\u003c/a> of the San Francisco State University\u003ca href=\"http://rtc.sfsu.edu/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> in Tiburon, recently found that that waves — specifically the strong, thrashing turbulence found in the urchin’s intertidal habitat — play a role in the larval urchin’s journey home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that turbulence is basically an indicator that they’re in a good neighborhood,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922990\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-922990\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316_seaurchins_tidepoolwave_720.gif\" alt=\"The waves in the intertidal zone are among the most extreme forces found in the ocean. But to a larval urchin, the waves represent home.\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The waves in the intertidal zone are among the most extreme forces found in the ocean. But to a larval urchin, the waves represent home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, the team discovered that the crashing waves actually make the larval urchin — called a pluteus — \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/110/17/6901.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">develop faster\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>The turbulence acts as a primer,” Gaylord says. “It sort of pushes them into this settlement process earlier than we knew they would do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the pluteus has found a neighborhood to settle in, it finds a home by using more local cues, like the presence of other adults or certain types of algae. It will then undergo a complete transformation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a look at these marine larvae, they look literally nothing like the adults,” says Hodin. “In a sea urchin or a sea star, they even have a totally different body symmetry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922989\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sea urchins completely abandon their body type when they transform from larva to adult. This pluteus has two equal halves just like humans, but as an adult urchin it will have fivefold radial symmetry — five equal slices.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-05-pluteus4-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sea urchins completely abandon their body type when they transform from larva to adult. This pluteus has two equal halves just like humans, but as an adult urchin it will have fivefold radial symmetry — five equal slices. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The larval urchin drifts in the ocean currents as a member of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/03/from-drifter-to-dynamo-the-story-of-plankton/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plankton\u003c/a> for a month or longer. How does it change from a tiny drifter the size of a grain of sand to a bottom-dwelling ball of spines?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halfway through its voyage out to sea, “something very interesting happens,” Hodin says. “They do a little trick to try to make that transformation from being a larva to being a juvenile happen faster.” They begin to grow the juvenile urchin form — a miniature adult — inside of the larva’s body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it reaches the rocky shore, the juvenile urchin bursts out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sticks its little tube feet out of the side of the little pluteus larva swimming around, and it grabs hold of the rocks or the bottom of the seafloor,” says\u003ca href=\"http://lowe.stanford.edu/nat-clarke-graduate-student/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Nat Clarke\u003c/a>, a graduate student in Chris Lowe’s \u003ca href=\"http://lowe.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laboratory\u003c/a> at Stanford’s\u003ca href=\"http://hopkinsmarinestation.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a> in Pacific Grove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_922903\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-922903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Tube feet enable adult urchins to grab food and hold on to the rocky seafloor. Juvenile urchins begin their lives on the bottom with just five tube feet.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-07-tube-feet-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tube feet enable adult urchins to grab food and hold on to the rocky seafloor. Juvenile urchins begin their lives on the bottom with just five tube feet. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within hours, it begins to resemble the purple, spiky sea urchin that beachgoers regularly see in tidepools and along the ocean bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchins commonly live for decades. Some can live for more than a century. Scientists know this because nuclear testing in the 1950s left trace amounts of radioactive material in red sea urchins’ shells, enabling researchers to\u003ca href=\"http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1014/19ebertf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> calculate the sea urchins’ age\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923262\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-923262\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"These purple urchins can live for 50 years or more. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL316-16-AdultsInRocks-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These purple urchins can live for 50 years or more. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adult urchins spawn throughout their lives, sending their young out to sea just as their own parents did. Somewhat like salmon, urchins may come back to the place they were born, although scientists aren’t sure yet how or why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Research lately has been very, very strongly suggesting that most larvae come back to somewhere near the same shoreline that their parents came from,” Hodin says. “It’s something that people didn’t realize 15 to 20 years ago. There’s a lot more connectivity between the shoreline and the waters offshore where the babies are.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Watch Live As Underwater Cameras Uncover Ship's Post-Atomic Secrets",
"headTitle": "Watch Live As Underwater Cameras Uncover Ship’s Post-Atomic Secrets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: Tuesday August 23, 2016 11 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Live footage\u003c/a> of the sunken \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> near the Farallon Islands is still rolling! Scientists were up all night surveying the WWII-era aircraft carrier and will continue exploring until 2 p.m. PST today. So far, they’ve found a hellcat fighter aircraft, the wing of a second aircraft and sponges the size of doorways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew erupted into cheers when it found a “Christmas tree” gauge around 10:48 a.m. The device measures pressure and protects pressure instruments against surges and pulsations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_939751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-939751 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater.png\" alt=\"Nautilus_underwater\" width=\"635\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater.png 635w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater-400x223.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Underwater image of a “Christmas tree” gauge around aboard the USS Independence. The device measures pressure and protects pressure instruments against surges and pulsations.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finding recognizable items underwater has been a cause for celebration among the crew. To see what else they’ve discovered, check out these recent \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EVNautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@EVNautilus\u003c/a> tweets:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/EVNautilus/status/768036372968079360\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/EVNautilus/status/768017583614332928\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/EVNautilus/status/767948253145001984\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine researchers are plumbing the ocean depths of a long-buried aircraft carrier this week near San Francisco Bay, uncovering its atomic secrets and studying its second act as a haven for corals and other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/blog/2016/08/22/uss-independence-atomic-history-californias-blue-backyard\">\u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> has rested unseen under 2,600 feet of water off the Farallon Islands\u003c/a> for 65 years—until now. Researchers aboard the Exploration Vessel\u003cem> Nautilus\u003c/em> left Half Moon Bay Monday en route to the World War II aircraft carrier, and will explore its hidden chambers until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/\">watch it live\u003c/a> on a webcam that follows both the action above-decks and in the watery locker below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-931916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A crew member on the E/V Nautilus talks to passersby while the ship was docked at the Exploratorium.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew member on the E/V Nautilus talked to passersby while the ship was docked at the Exploratorium. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crew aboard the\u003cem> E/V Nautilus\u003c/em> recently brought us face-to-face with the diminutive purple \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-googly-eyes-20160816-snap-story.html\">googly-eyed squid\u003c/a> off the Southern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dive to explore the remains of the \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> will be the first visual survey of the ship since it was scuttled after being used in post-World War II nuclear bomb tests and as a weapon of war against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t know what you’re going to encounter. We run the ship somewhat like the emergency room of a hospital, not knowing what the ambulance is going to deliver.’\u003ccite>Robert Ballard, Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers will emerge with “a detailed, full-on visual map of the Independence,” enthuses \u003ca href=\"http://www.jamesdelgado.com/\">James Delgado\u003c/a>, chief scientist for the USS Independence mission on the \u003cem>Nautilus \u003c/em>and the director of the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries’ Maritime Heritage Program. “That has not been done with any big shipwreck other than the \u003cem>Titanic\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> joined the Pacific Fleet in 1943, helping marines and pilots lay waste to Japan and the Philippines until the war ended in the fall of 1945. It was strafed by Japanese aircraft, bombed and torpedoed, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.navyhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Herman-Brown.pdf\">this rather thrilling account by a sailor aboard the vessel at the time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was one of dozens of ships anchored off the Bikini Atoll in 1946 for a new duty: to act as a nuclear test subject. The ship survived two blasts before returning to Hunter’s Point in San Francisco to be used in decontamination studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battered, leaking ship was towed out to sea in 1951, exiting the Golden Gate to be scuttled, or intentionally sunk, about 30 miles offshore, near the Farallon Islands. There it joined a watery graveyard of more than 400 shipwrecks off the Farallon Islands, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rovers go where no one ever has\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research mission is not without its dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team will be bringing up samples of marine life growing on the wreck—but with extra caution, given the \u003cem>Independence’s \u003c/em>nuclear past. Although they do not expect high levels of radiation, scientists from UC Berkeley are on board to test the radioactivity of any samples and instruments brought up from the wreck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love working shipwrecks,” says \u003ca href=\"http://nautiluslive.org/people/robert-ballard\">Robert Ballard\u003c/a>, president of the Ocean Exploration Trust, which operates the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em> expeditions. “But they’re dangerous. We have to be careful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ballard, who discovered the remains of the R.M.S. \u003cem>Titanic\u003c/em>, does not hold back his excitement about exploring the \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>— which is roughly as long as the San Francisco Ferry Building. “We brought our A-team. Because they know when I get near a wreck, I get \u003cem>near\u003c/em> it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to get these guys very close,” he adds. “And you’ll see it live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-931914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-800x450.jpg\" alt='Chris Roman describes the instruments on the ROV Hercules. \"The number one rule of ocean engineering is to keep the water out,\" says Roman, an Associate Professor of University of Rhode Island who has been onboard for many Nautilus expeditions' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Roman describes the instruments on the ROV Hercules, which is used to capture real-time footage of the deep sea, feeding it back to the Nautilus via fiber-optic cables. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “guys” Ballard is referring to are the ship’s two remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\">Argus\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-hercules\">Hercules\u003c/a>, which shoot deep ocean footage and send it back to the ship’s control room and to millions of viewers on land. The two ROVs work in tandem as they hover above the seafloor, tied together with a bright yellow flexible tether. Argus is connected to the \u003cem>Nautilus \u003c/em>with a long cable made of steel, copper, and fiber-optic wires; its job is to provide stability, light, and an extra set of eyes for Hercules.[contextly_sidebar id=”EcbjB5FqDu81qJ4BxFb2va40eeK8qh55″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV technology like this gives us unprecedented views of the ocean. “And the best part is that you share it with everyone,” says Delgado. “That, for me, is the magic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That magic is made possible by the ship’s satellite, a giant golf ball-shaped dome which enables communication so that online viewers can write in with questions, students can watch from their classrooms, and scientists can call in with advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t know what you’re going to encounter,” says Ballard. “We run the ship somewhat like the emergency room of a hospital, not knowing what the ambulance is going to deliver.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corals, sponges and the unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those surprise encounters will be with marine life that have colonized the \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> in the years since its human inhabitants abandoned ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coral and sponge communities that exist in our deep, dark backyard provide important habitat in an otherwise flat, sandy underwater world. The corals in particular are impressively long-lived. Local species can live for over 100 years — and they have growth rings that can be analyzed just like tree rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-931917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals.jpg\" alt=\"Deep sea coral communities are home to a diverse group of organisms, and are largely unexplored.\" width=\"750\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep sea coral communities are home to a diverse group of organisms, and are largely unexplored. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the ROVs explore the wreck, the researchers on board the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em> will rely upon a network of experts around the world, or what they call “doctors on shore,” who will be watching the live stream and calling in with information and advice. “We can have people leading parts of the dive, or entire dives, or sometimes entire expeditions from shore,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/people/mike-brennan\">Mike Brennan\u003c/a>, the expedition leader of the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will have a coral expert from NOAA, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/people/peter-etnoyer\">Peter Etnoyer\u003c/a>, telling crew members what to sample and identifying species from a remote location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, scientists can monitor the health of corals and keep track of any changes, such as what might occur as the ocean becomes more acidic due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team may discover new species and even entire reefs on the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the planet is 95% unknown,” says Delgado. “We know more about the moon, Mars, and soon Saturn, than we do what’s right off the coast here in a National Marine Sanctuary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And ultimately, to really understand it, we have to go out there.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: Tuesday August 23, 2016 11 a.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Live footage\u003c/a> of the sunken \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> near the Farallon Islands is still rolling! Scientists were up all night surveying the WWII-era aircraft carrier and will continue exploring until 2 p.m. PST today. So far, they’ve found a hellcat fighter aircraft, the wing of a second aircraft and sponges the size of doorways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew erupted into cheers when it found a “Christmas tree” gauge around 10:48 a.m. The device measures pressure and protects pressure instruments against surges and pulsations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_939751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-939751 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater.png\" alt=\"Nautilus_underwater\" width=\"635\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater.png 635w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Nautilus_underwater-400x223.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Underwater image of a “Christmas tree” gauge around aboard the USS Independence. The device measures pressure and protects pressure instruments against surges and pulsations.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Finding recognizable items underwater has been a cause for celebration among the crew. To see what else they’ve discovered, check out these recent \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/EVNautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@EVNautilus\u003c/a> tweets:\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post: \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine researchers are plumbing the ocean depths of a long-buried aircraft carrier this week near San Francisco Bay, uncovering its atomic secrets and studying its second act as a haven for corals and other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/blog/2016/08/22/uss-independence-atomic-history-californias-blue-backyard\">\u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> has rested unseen under 2,600 feet of water off the Farallon Islands\u003c/a> for 65 years—until now. Researchers aboard the Exploration Vessel\u003cem> Nautilus\u003c/em> left Half Moon Bay Monday en route to the World War II aircraft carrier, and will explore its hidden chambers until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/\">watch it live\u003c/a> on a webcam that follows both the action above-decks and in the watery locker below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-931916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A crew member on the E/V Nautilus talks to passersby while the ship was docked at the Exploratorium.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-470-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crew member on the E/V Nautilus talked to passersby while the ship was docked at the Exploratorium. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crew aboard the\u003cem> E/V Nautilus\u003c/em> recently brought us face-to-face with the diminutive purple \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-googly-eyes-20160816-snap-story.html\">googly-eyed squid\u003c/a> off the Southern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dive to explore the remains of the \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> will be the first visual survey of the ship since it was scuttled after being used in post-World War II nuclear bomb tests and as a weapon of war against Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You don’t know what you’re going to encounter. We run the ship somewhat like the emergency room of a hospital, not knowing what the ambulance is going to deliver.’\u003ccite>Robert Ballard, Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers will emerge with “a detailed, full-on visual map of the Independence,” enthuses \u003ca href=\"http://www.jamesdelgado.com/\">James Delgado\u003c/a>, chief scientist for the USS Independence mission on the \u003cem>Nautilus \u003c/em>and the director of the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries’ Maritime Heritage Program. “That has not been done with any big shipwreck other than the \u003cem>Titanic\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> joined the Pacific Fleet in 1943, helping marines and pilots lay waste to Japan and the Philippines until the war ended in the fall of 1945. It was strafed by Japanese aircraft, bombed and torpedoed, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.navyhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Herman-Brown.pdf\">this rather thrilling account by a sailor aboard the vessel at the time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was one of dozens of ships anchored off the Bikini Atoll in 1946 for a new duty: to act as a nuclear test subject. The ship survived two blasts before returning to Hunter’s Point in San Francisco to be used in decontamination studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battered, leaking ship was towed out to sea in 1951, exiting the Golden Gate to be scuttled, or intentionally sunk, about 30 miles offshore, near the Farallon Islands. There it joined a watery graveyard of more than 400 shipwrecks off the Farallon Islands, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rovers go where no one ever has\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research mission is not without its dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team will be bringing up samples of marine life growing on the wreck—but with extra caution, given the \u003cem>Independence’s \u003c/em>nuclear past. Although they do not expect high levels of radiation, scientists from UC Berkeley are on board to test the radioactivity of any samples and instruments brought up from the wreck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I love working shipwrecks,” says \u003ca href=\"http://nautiluslive.org/people/robert-ballard\">Robert Ballard\u003c/a>, president of the Ocean Exploration Trust, which operates the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em> expeditions. “But they’re dangerous. We have to be careful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ballard, who discovered the remains of the R.M.S. \u003cem>Titanic\u003c/em>, does not hold back his excitement about exploring the \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>— which is roughly as long as the San Francisco Ferry Building. “We brought our A-team. Because they know when I get near a wreck, I get \u003cem>near\u003c/em> it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to get these guys very close,” he adds. “And you’ll see it live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-931914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-800x450.jpg\" alt='Chris Roman describes the instruments on the ROV Hercules. \"The number one rule of ocean engineering is to keep the water out,\" says Roman, an Associate Professor of University of Rhode Island who has been onboard for many Nautilus expeditions' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/urchins-453-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Roman describes the instruments on the ROV Hercules, which is used to capture real-time footage of the deep sea, feeding it back to the Nautilus via fiber-optic cables. \u003ccite>(Carrie Boyle/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “guys” Ballard is referring to are the ship’s two remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\">Argus\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-hercules\">Hercules\u003c/a>, which shoot deep ocean footage and send it back to the ship’s control room and to millions of viewers on land. The two ROVs work in tandem as they hover above the seafloor, tied together with a bright yellow flexible tether. Argus is connected to the \u003cem>Nautilus \u003c/em>with a long cable made of steel, copper, and fiber-optic wires; its job is to provide stability, light, and an extra set of eyes for Hercules.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV technology like this gives us unprecedented views of the ocean. “And the best part is that you share it with everyone,” says Delgado. “That, for me, is the magic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That magic is made possible by the ship’s satellite, a giant golf ball-shaped dome which enables communication so that online viewers can write in with questions, students can watch from their classrooms, and scientists can call in with advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t know what you’re going to encounter,” says Ballard. “We run the ship somewhat like the emergency room of a hospital, not knowing what the ambulance is going to deliver.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corals, sponges and the unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those surprise encounters will be with marine life that have colonized the \u003cem>USS Independence\u003c/em> in the years since its human inhabitants abandoned ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coral and sponge communities that exist in our deep, dark backyard provide important habitat in an otherwise flat, sandy underwater world. The corals in particular are impressively long-lived. Local species can live for over 100 years — and they have growth rings that can be analyzed just like tree rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_931917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-931917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals.jpg\" alt=\"Deep sea coral communities are home to a diverse group of organisms, and are largely unexplored.\" width=\"750\" height=\"464\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/corals-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep sea coral communities are home to a diverse group of organisms, and are largely unexplored. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the ROVs explore the wreck, the researchers on board the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em> will rely upon a network of experts around the world, or what they call “doctors on shore,” who will be watching the live stream and calling in with information and advice. “We can have people leading parts of the dive, or entire dives, or sometimes entire expeditions from shore,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/people/mike-brennan\">Mike Brennan\u003c/a>, the expedition leader of the \u003cem>Nautilus\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They will have a coral expert from NOAA, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/people/peter-etnoyer\">Peter Etnoyer\u003c/a>, telling crew members what to sample and identifying species from a remote location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, scientists can monitor the health of corals and keep track of any changes, such as what might occur as the ocean becomes more acidic due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team may discover new species and even entire reefs on the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the planet is 95% unknown,” says Delgado. “We know more about the moon, Mars, and soon Saturn, than we do what’s right off the coast here in a National Marine Sanctuary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Six scientists are close to wrapping up a year of near isolation in a Mars simulation on a Hawaii mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are housed in a dome on Mauna Loa and can go outside only in spacesuits, the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2b9NTgt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii Tribune-Herald reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They manage limited resources while conducting research and working to avoid personal conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communication is delayed the 20 minutes, the length it would take to relay messages from Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Binsted, principal investigator for the Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation, said this simulation is the second-longest of its kind after a mission that lasted 520 days in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing OK as far as we can tell,” Binsted said of the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous simulations in the Mauna Loa dome have lasted four to eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauna Loa soil is similar to what would be found on Mars. The area’s high elevation means almost no plant growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA funded the study run through the University of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will have access to fresh produce and other foods not available to them in the dome when the simulation ends Aug. 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are clamoring to get into the ocean,” Binsted said. “I think they will enjoy having a beer as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eight-month simulation starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Six scientists are close to wrapping up a year of near isolation in a Mars simulation on a Hawaii mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are housed in a dome on Mauna Loa and can go outside only in spacesuits, the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2b9NTgt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii Tribune-Herald reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They manage limited resources while conducting research and working to avoid personal conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communication is delayed the 20 minutes, the length it would take to relay messages from Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Binsted, principal investigator for the Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation, said this simulation is the second-longest of its kind after a mission that lasted 520 days in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing OK as far as we can tell,” Binsted said of the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous simulations in the Mauna Loa dome have lasted four to eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauna Loa soil is similar to what would be found on Mars. The area’s high elevation means almost no plant growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA funded the study run through the University of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will have access to fresh produce and other foods not available to them in the dome when the simulation ends Aug. 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are clamoring to get into the ocean,” Binsted said. “I think they will enjoy having a beer as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eight-month simulation starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Toxic Muck: California’s Algae Problem Is Worse Than Ever",
"headTitle": "Toxic Muck: California’s Algae Problem Is Worse Than Ever | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Algae blooms are a natural feature of summer, but the record levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/GeneralCyanobacteria.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cyanobacteria, \u003c/a>or blue-green algae, are rattling state officials this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s on edge,” says Bev Anderson\u003cb>, \u003c/b>a scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/cyanohab_network/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. “We are seeing more than we’ve ever seen before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her inbox overflows with reports of new algae sightings every morning. In some parts of the state, it looks like someone poured a giant can of green paint into the water. And the smell can be rank. When a bloom dies, it reeks of rotten eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this summer, the state has posted warning signs at 30 freshwater lakes and reservoirs — advising boaters and swimmers to stay out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting blooms all over the place this summer,” says Anderson. “We’ve got a massive bloom in Lake Elsinore, a lot of the East Bay Parks, Shasta Lake, Lake Oroville, Mountain Meadows Reservoir… and toxin levels are crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the number of outbreaks that’s worrying. It’s also the toxins blue-green algae can produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials get nervous when they detect microcystin, one of several toxins produced by algae, at 20 micrograms per liter. This year, they’re detecting levels of 150,000 micrograms per liter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929572\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790.jpg\" alt=\"The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But don’t worry — there have not been any reports of contaminated drinking water. Utility districts are screening for toxins to try and keep tap water safe. Plus, drinking water is usually drawn from levels far below where algal blooms tend to float in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Summer Recreation on Hold\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaters and swimmers are the ones who are suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Bay, a suburb east of Walnut Creek, is normally buzzing with boats and jet skis. But this year the waterfront has been eerily still for weeks. There isn’t a soul in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local resident Dave Holmes says he’s never seen anything like it. “We’ve been here since 2002. It is by far the worst we’ve ever seen,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With disgust, Holmes watches his white speedboat and blue kayak bob in mucky green water behind his home. \u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy and Alfred Gulizia cringe from their table at the Boardwalk Grill. Slime wraps around docks at Discovery Bay’s marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Search Toxic Green Goo Near You\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see more information about harmful algae blooms throughout the state\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/9339dcfa-63e2-11e6-a111-0e05a8b3e3d7/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll swim in our pool at the clubhouse where we live,” says Alfred Gulizia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wade Hensley regrets jumping in the water in mid-July. He ended up in the hospital because his body went numb from the waist down. His doctors can’t explain why he still can’t feel his legs and feet a month later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials did find \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a> in Discovery Bay. Common symptoms are dizziness, rashes, fever and vomiting — not numbness. But it can be lethal to dogs and livestock, since the animals are more likely to drink the water or lick the slime off their fur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty two states have had toxic algae outbreaks this summer. Florida declared a state of emergency in two counties, and a bloom sickened more than 100 swimmers in Utah in July. In 2014, 38 states and the District of Columbia reported harmful algal blooms in lakes or other freshwater bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Temperatures to Blame\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame a changing climate for the blooms — at least in part.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Everyone’s on edge. We are seeing more [blooms] than we’ve ever seen before.’\u003ccite>Bev Anderson, State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting higher temperatures than we’ve seen ever in the past,” says Anderson. “California had an unprecedented drought for the last five years, which have the water levels very low in a lot of areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shallow waters allow the sun to penetrate easily, and bacteria thrives in hot water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have created these massive bathtubs for them to be able to bloom in,” says Anderson. “Tubs are nice and warm, and that’s what these organisms need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add fertilizer runoff from farms, golf courses and lawns to the cocktail — nitrogen and phosphorus are the main culprits. This year is especially bad, because Northern California’s wet winter washed an unusually high concentration of these and other nutrients into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But toxic algae is not only showing up as a result of urban pollution. Scientists are starting to find blue-green algae in surprising places like pristine mountain lakes and alpine streams\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scarce Solutions Forebode a Scary Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst of all, scientists are just starting to understand a problem they expect to escalate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NmC21kc2oh7i01MYzHspoLdK57qhQtoT”]“Some areas have been monitoring and seeing blooms for decades, but they’ve never had toxins,” says Anderson. “And when these massive blooms die off, they can cause a rapid drop in dissolved oxygen levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less oxygen can lead to massive fish die-offs, leaving an ecosystem completely altered. In 2010, a microcystin outbreak killed sea otters off the coast of Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scrambling for solutions. Algaecides can help temporarily, but the chemicals can also backfire by promoting other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson’s advice is simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If in doubt, stay out!” she says. “Don’t go in, don’t let your dogs in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing to do now but wait for the green muck to disappear, and hope for a cold winter to kill it off.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Algae blooms are a natural feature of summer, but the record levels of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/publichealth/GeneralCyanobacteria.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cyanobacteria, \u003c/a>or blue-green algae, are rattling state officials this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone’s on edge,” says Bev Anderson\u003cb>, \u003c/b>a scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/monitoring_council/cyanohab_network/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a>. “We are seeing more than we’ve ever seen before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says her inbox overflows with reports of new algae sightings every morning. In some parts of the state, it looks like someone poured a giant can of green paint into the water. And the smell can be rank. When a bloom dies, it reeks of rotten eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this summer, the state has posted warning signs at 30 freshwater lakes and reservoirs — advising boaters and swimmers to stay out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting blooms all over the place this summer,” says Anderson. “We’ve got a massive bloom in Lake Elsinore, a lot of the East Bay Parks, Shasta Lake, Lake Oroville, Mountain Meadows Reservoir… and toxin levels are crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the number of outbreaks that’s worrying. It’s also the toxins blue-green algae can produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials get nervous when they detect microcystin, one of several toxins produced by algae, at 20 micrograms per liter. This year, they’re detecting levels of 150,000 micrograms per liter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 4032px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929572\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790.jpg\" alt=\"The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790.jpg 4032w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_0790-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4032px) 100vw, 4032px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The docks behind homes at Discovery Bay are quieter than usual due to fears of blue green algae toxins. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But don’t worry — there have not been any reports of contaminated drinking water. Utility districts are screening for toxins to try and keep tap water safe. Plus, drinking water is usually drawn from levels far below where algal blooms tend to float in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Summer Recreation on Hold\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boaters and swimmers are the ones who are suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Bay, a suburb east of Walnut Creek, is normally buzzing with boats and jet skis. But this year the waterfront has been eerily still for weeks. There isn’t a soul in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local resident Dave Holmes says he’s never seen anything like it. “We’ve been here since 2002. It is by far the worst we’ve ever seen,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With disgust, Holmes watches his white speedboat and blue kayak bob in mucky green water behind his home. \u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathy and Alfred Gulizia cringe from their table at the Boardwalk Grill. Slime wraps around docks at Discovery Bay’s marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Search Toxic Green Goo Near You\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see more information about harmful algae blooms throughout the state\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/9339dcfa-63e2-11e6-a111-0e05a8b3e3d7/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll swim in our pool at the clubhouse where we live,” says Alfred Gulizia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wade Hensley regrets jumping in the water in mid-July. He ended up in the hospital because his body went numb from the waist down. His doctors can’t explain why he still can’t feel his legs and feet a month later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials did find \u003ca href=\"https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/contaminant/contaminantOverview.do?contaminantId=-1336577584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microcystin\u003c/a> in Discovery Bay. Common symptoms are dizziness, rashes, fever and vomiting — not numbness. But it can be lethal to dogs and livestock, since the animals are more likely to drink the water or lick the slime off their fur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty two states have had toxic algae outbreaks this summer. Florida declared a state of emergency in two counties, and a bloom sickened more than 100 swimmers in Utah in July. In 2014, 38 states and the District of Columbia reported harmful algal blooms in lakes or other freshwater bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising Temperatures to Blame\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists blame a changing climate for the blooms — at least in part.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Everyone’s on edge. We are seeing more [blooms] than we’ve ever seen before.’\u003ccite>Bev Anderson, State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting higher temperatures than we’ve seen ever in the past,” says Anderson. “California had an unprecedented drought for the last five years, which have the water levels very low in a lot of areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shallow waters allow the sun to penetrate easily, and bacteria thrives in hot water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have created these massive bathtubs for them to be able to bloom in,” says Anderson. “Tubs are nice and warm, and that’s what these organisms need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add fertilizer runoff from farms, golf courses and lawns to the cocktail — nitrogen and phosphorus are the main culprits. This year is especially bad, because Northern California’s wet winter washed an unusually high concentration of these and other nutrients into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But toxic algae is not only showing up as a result of urban pollution. Scientists are starting to find blue-green algae in surprising places like pristine mountain lakes and alpine streams\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scarce Solutions Forebode a Scary Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worst of all, scientists are just starting to understand a problem they expect to escalate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“Some areas have been monitoring and seeing blooms for decades, but they’ve never had toxins,” says Anderson. “And when these massive blooms die off, they can cause a rapid drop in dissolved oxygen levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less oxygen can lead to massive fish die-offs, leaving an ecosystem completely altered. In 2010, a microcystin outbreak killed sea otters off the coast of Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are scrambling for solutions. Algaecides can help temporarily, but the chemicals can also backfire by promoting other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson’s advice is simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If in doubt, stay out!” she says. “Don’t go in, don’t let your dogs in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing to do now but wait for the green muck to disappear, and hope for a cold winter to kill it off.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Residents in Drought-Stricken Town Finally Start To Get Running Water",
"title": "Residents in Drought-Stricken Town Finally Start To Get Running Water",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CaWaterBoards/status/766747460551135232\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wells started going dry in the unincorporated Tulare County community of East Porterville two years ago, the area became a poster child for California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of homes were left without water as private wells dried up because of plummeting groundwater levels. Residents, many of them low-income, relied on 300-gallon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/20/california-county-still-relying-on-water-tanks-despite-rainfall/\" target=\"_blank\">water containers\u003c/a> on their front lawns, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/26/hot-showers-arent-a-luxury-in-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">portable showers\u003c/a> and cases of water delivered by volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small community surrounded in the county known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://water.ca.gov/waterconditions/porterville.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">ground zero\u003c/a>\" for California's drought, according to the state Water Board, got international media attention. Bottled water donations poured in, but what East Porterville residents needed most was a permanent source of water. Now they’re finally getting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"c4R3fhnAe9t77yUCt7REakYGjlAYesZM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, state and local officials have been trying to figure out a way to connect East Porterville homes to the water system in neighboring Porterville. Friday, officials began hooking up about 70 homes in the first phase of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Phillips, Development Manager for the City of Porterville, says it hasn’t been easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean we’re installing infrastructure on a scale that is larger than some of our smaller valley communities,” she says. “There’s a population of nearly 7,000. It takes time to plan it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the project plans to bring city hookups to all East Porterville homes that have wells by the end of next near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, emergency officials say about 2,000 wells remain dry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>When wells started going dry in the unincorporated Tulare County community of East Porterville two years ago, the area became a poster child for California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of homes were left without water as private wells dried up because of plummeting groundwater levels. Residents, many of them low-income, relied on 300-gallon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/20/california-county-still-relying-on-water-tanks-despite-rainfall/\" target=\"_blank\">water containers\u003c/a> on their front lawns, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/26/hot-showers-arent-a-luxury-in-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">portable showers\u003c/a> and cases of water delivered by volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small community surrounded in the county known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://water.ca.gov/waterconditions/porterville.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">ground zero\u003c/a>\" for California's drought, according to the state Water Board, got international media attention. Bottled water donations poured in, but what East Porterville residents needed most was a permanent source of water. Now they’re finally getting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, state and local officials have been trying to figure out a way to connect East Porterville homes to the water system in neighboring Porterville. Friday, officials began hooking up about 70 homes in the first phase of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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