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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.[contextly_sidebar id=”CLtze1ldR9e4PnYovsqnrijpsSZOdmkP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Obama announced new funding for wildfire prevention efforts in the Lake Tahoe area, Salton Sea restoration, and geothermal energy development.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler",
"headTitle": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As drought-stricken residents of Los Angeles’s hottest neighborhoods replace thirsty lawns with native plants, pavers and bare soil, new research has shown how their local climates could begin tipping back in the direction of their desert-like origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-heat-wave-temperature-records-los-angeles-20160619-snap-story.html\">region beset this year\u003c/a> by drought and powerful heat waves, the widespread adoption of drought-proof landscaping is expected to bring warmer days — and much cooler nights. Overall, experts say the changes would help to protect residents from heat waves, which are being made worse by global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, naturally prone to drought, is enduring the fifth year of a historically bad one. Droughts are projected to intensify in California as temperatures rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">reducing mountain snowpacks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">soil moisture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-drought-heatwave-and-warming-20513\">potentially altering weather patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cut water use, utilities and agencies have been helping Californians swap out their lawns for drought-hardy native landscapes. The L.A. Department of Water and Power says more than 24,000 of its water customers have worked to make the switch since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the beginnings of some real change in landscaping practices,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/alex-hall\">Alex Hall\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA who studies regional and global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done at a large enough scale, University of Southern California research \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069658/abstract\">published in Geographical Research Letters\u003c/a> this month shows how the landscaping changes could affect the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\" alt=\"Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s.\" width=\"720\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps-400x236.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worsening heat waves are among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">clearest and deadliest effects\u003c/a> of climate change. The research focused on July temperatures, when heat waves in southern California can be oppressive, taking their heaviest tolls on the elderly, the sick and the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in understanding these impacts on a summer month,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.usc.edu/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/georgeban-weiss.htm\">George Ban-Weiss\u003c/a>, who researches relationships between local and global climate and who led the new study. “One of our concerns is the health consequences of extreme heat, so we wanted to be sure to study a hot baseline period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hotter Days, But Much Cooler Nights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using models, Ban-Weiss and a colleague found that replacing lawns and grassy parks with native bushes and other drought-hardy landscapes would increase daytime temperatures throughout the metropolitan area by 1.3°F on average. That’s largely because irrigation water acts like sweat, cooling down landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study helps to inform a ‘what if’ thought experiment, in which a future L.A. morphs back toward its original state, free of irrigation, driven by worsening Western droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also be relevant to other cities where soils are wettened during summer more by sprinklers and hoses than by rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pwCrebyEW6F5MuCRM6WDVi6bVHjjmJKt”]In the suburban San Fernando Valley, where temperatures are among the highest, and where the natural environment was described in the 1880s as resembling \u003ca href=\"http://www.boomcalifornia.com/2013/10/myth-of-a-desert-metropolis/\">that of a desert\u003c/a>, daytime temperatures were projected to rise the most — by 3.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would seem to be bad news. Greenhouse gas pollution has warmed the planet’s surface \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">nearly 2°F\u003c/a> on average, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural weather cycles\u003c/a> have caused the West to warm faster than most other places in recent decades. Compounding the problem is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/urban-heat-islands-threaten-us-health-17919\">urban heat island effect\u003c/a>, with concrete causing L.A. and other cities to warm faster than rural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was a nocturnal twist to the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop irrigating, you’re making the system go back to the arid system that it really is,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~aswann/Main.html\">Abigail Swann\u003c/a>, a University of Washington ecoclimate researcher. “If you’ve spent any time in arid places, you know that they cool very quickly at night and they also heat very quickly during the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nighttime Lows Help People Recover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At night, the modeling projected a cooling effect from the changing landscapes that would be exceed the daytime warming effect. Across L.A., nighttime lows were projected to fall by an average of nearly 6°F if irrigation suddenly ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key finding, because nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist. From a public health perspective, the findings point to a “net positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/plk3\">Patrick Kinney\u003c/a>, a professor who directs Columbia University’s climate and health program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s generally thought that nighttime minimum temperatures are more important for health risks than daytime highs during extreme heat events,” Kinney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water used in Los Angeles is piped in from other counties and regions, and most of that is used to water lawns and gardens. The new findings show that cutting back on irrigation in the low-rainfall metropolis could do more than just save water and the energy needed to transport it — it could save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cooler nights are more important than lower daytime temperatures for helping people recover from heat waves, say health scientists.",
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"title": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler | KQED",
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"headline": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>John Upton\u003cbr>Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As drought-stricken residents of Los Angeles’s hottest neighborhoods replace thirsty lawns with native plants, pavers and bare soil, new research has shown how their local climates could begin tipping back in the direction of their desert-like origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-heat-wave-temperature-records-los-angeles-20160619-snap-story.html\">region beset this year\u003c/a> by drought and powerful heat waves, the widespread adoption of drought-proof landscaping is expected to bring warmer days — and much cooler nights. Overall, experts say the changes would help to protect residents from heat waves, which are being made worse by global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, naturally prone to drought, is enduring the fifth year of a historically bad one. Droughts are projected to intensify in California as temperatures rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">reducing mountain snowpacks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">soil moisture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-drought-heatwave-and-warming-20513\">potentially altering weather patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cut water use, utilities and agencies have been helping Californians swap out their lawns for drought-hardy native landscapes. The L.A. Department of Water and Power says more than 24,000 of its water customers have worked to make the switch since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the beginnings of some real change in landscaping practices,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/alex-hall\">Alex Hall\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA who studies regional and global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done at a large enough scale, University of Southern California research \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069658/abstract\">published in Geographical Research Letters\u003c/a> this month shows how the landscaping changes could affect the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\" alt=\"Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s.\" width=\"720\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps-400x236.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worsening heat waves are among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">clearest and deadliest effects\u003c/a> of climate change. The research focused on July temperatures, when heat waves in southern California can be oppressive, taking their heaviest tolls on the elderly, the sick and the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in understanding these impacts on a summer month,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.usc.edu/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/georgeban-weiss.htm\">George Ban-Weiss\u003c/a>, who researches relationships between local and global climate and who led the new study. “One of our concerns is the health consequences of extreme heat, so we wanted to be sure to study a hot baseline period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hotter Days, But Much Cooler Nights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using models, Ban-Weiss and a colleague found that replacing lawns and grassy parks with native bushes and other drought-hardy landscapes would increase daytime temperatures throughout the metropolitan area by 1.3°F on average. That’s largely because irrigation water acts like sweat, cooling down landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study helps to inform a ‘what if’ thought experiment, in which a future L.A. morphs back toward its original state, free of irrigation, driven by worsening Western droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also be relevant to other cities where soils are wettened during summer more by sprinklers and hoses than by rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the suburban San Fernando Valley, where temperatures are among the highest, and where the natural environment was described in the 1880s as resembling \u003ca href=\"http://www.boomcalifornia.com/2013/10/myth-of-a-desert-metropolis/\">that of a desert\u003c/a>, daytime temperatures were projected to rise the most — by 3.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would seem to be bad news. Greenhouse gas pollution has warmed the planet’s surface \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">nearly 2°F\u003c/a> on average, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural weather cycles\u003c/a> have caused the West to warm faster than most other places in recent decades. Compounding the problem is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/urban-heat-islands-threaten-us-health-17919\">urban heat island effect\u003c/a>, with concrete causing L.A. and other cities to warm faster than rural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was a nocturnal twist to the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop irrigating, you’re making the system go back to the arid system that it really is,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~aswann/Main.html\">Abigail Swann\u003c/a>, a University of Washington ecoclimate researcher. “If you’ve spent any time in arid places, you know that they cool very quickly at night and they also heat very quickly during the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nighttime Lows Help People Recover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At night, the modeling projected a cooling effect from the changing landscapes that would be exceed the daytime warming effect. Across L.A., nighttime lows were projected to fall by an average of nearly 6°F if irrigation suddenly ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key finding, because nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist. From a public health perspective, the findings point to a “net positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/plk3\">Patrick Kinney\u003c/a>, a professor who directs Columbia University’s climate and health program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s generally thought that nighttime minimum temperatures are more important for health risks than daytime highs during extreme heat events,” Kinney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water used in Los Angeles is piped in from other counties and regions, and most of that is used to water lawns and gardens. The new findings show that cutting back on irrigation in the low-rainfall metropolis could do more than just save water and the energy needed to transport it — it could save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Climate Change Could Mean More Explosive Southern California Fires",
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"content": "\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Looking for Alien Life Investigate 'Interesting' Signal From Space",
"title": "Scientists Looking for Alien Life Investigate 'Interesting' Signal From Space",
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"content": "\u003cp>They aren't saying it's alien. But they are saying it's \"interesting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mountain View-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> — the private organization that looks for signals of extraterrestrial life — has announced that it is investigating reports of an unusual radio signal picked up by Russian astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal was detected on a much wider bandwidth than the SETI Institute uses in its searches, and the strength of the received signal was \"weak,\" SETI Institute astronomer Seth Shostak \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">wrote in a blog post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was unusual, both in its design and its \"beam shape,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal \u003cem>might\u003c/em> be coming from a solar system called HD 164595, some 94 light-years away from us, Shostak wrote. It seems to be coming from that direction, at any rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That system has a star similar to ours. There's one known planet circling that star, about the size of Neptune and very close to the star. That planet doesn't seem like a good candidate for hosting life, but other planets might also be in the system, Shostak wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's no guarantee that the signal is, in fact, coming from the system. And even if it is, that doesn't mean it's definitely coming from intelligent life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Nick Suntzeff \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/08/seti-has-observed-a-strong-signal-that-may-originate-from-a-sun-like-star/\">told Ars Technica\u003c/a> that there's a \"significant chance\" it could be military — that is, coming from covert satellite communications instead of beaming to us from HD 164595.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are \"natural sources\" that could conceivably cause a wide-band signal like the one detected, Shostak \u003ca href=\"http://www.geekwire.com/2016/signal-seti-interest-hd164595/\">told GeekWire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the astronomers who first detected the signal, in May 2015, didn't immediately alert the scientific community and ask for help confirming the signal. That suggests they were not persuaded this was extraterrestrial life reaching out, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Shostak wrote on SETI's site that it's \"not terribly promising\" that this is a message from alien life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11065885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11065885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"The Russian RATAN-600 radio telescope, which detected the signal in May, 2015. \" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian RATAN-600 radio telescope, which detected the signal in May 2015. \u003ccite>(SAO RAS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To put things in perspective, Eric Korpela, an astronomer at UC Berkeley who is a project scientist for the SETI@home project, notes that there are millions of \"potential signals\" that have been detected from space, and that this signal was detected only once out of 39 scans. \"I was unimpressed,\" he wrote \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/forum_thread.php?nowrap=true&id=80193\">on a SETI forum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now is not the time for either delight or panic, depending on your feelings about encountering alien life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it \u003cem>is \u003c/em>time for more investigation, Shostak says. The SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array in California has been turned toward HD 164595 since Sunday evening, looking for a repeat of the signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://meti.org/optical-seti\">METI International\u003c/a> is also using a Panama-based observatory to investigate in that direction, \u003ca href=\"http://www.geekwire.com/2016/signal-seti-interest-hd164595/\">GeekWire reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might remember that in 1977, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2010/05/28/126510251/aliens-found-in-ohio-the-wow-signal\">astronomers detected the \"Wow\" signal\u003c/a>, an odd burst that might, possibly, have been sent by alien life-forms. But it has never been detected again, leaving scientists with little to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If things are different this time around and one of the arrays finds a repeat of the new signal, that would \"immediately spur\" follow-up research, Shostak writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it has prompted speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, astronomers are cautioning that this might easily be a false alarm. But if the signal \u003cem>were \u003c/em>sent from alien life in the HD 164595 system, what would that mean? There are two primary options, Shostak says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scenario is that the life-forms sent a powerful signal in all directions — a \"here I am\" sent to the universe in general. To reach us at its current strength, that would mean the planet had access to 100 billion watts of energy, \"hundreds of times more energy than all the sunlight falling on Earth,\" Shostak wrote, indicating a very advanced alien society, with capabilities far beyond ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternately, the message could have been directed at us. That's a lower energy requirement — about equal to \"the total energy consumption of all mankind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that case, they'd have to know we're here. The system is too far away to have picked up any TV or radar from humans on Earth, \"and it's hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system,\" Shostak says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Russian astronomers detected an unusual radio signal last year. The SETI Institute says it's too soon to say where the signal came from -- but researchers are checking it out.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They aren't saying it's alien. But they are saying it's \"interesting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mountain View-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> — the private organization that looks for signals of extraterrestrial life — has announced that it is investigating reports of an unusual radio signal picked up by Russian astronomers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal was detected on a much wider bandwidth than the SETI Institute uses in its searches, and the strength of the received signal was \"weak,\" SETI Institute astronomer Seth Shostak \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">wrote in a blog post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was unusual, both in its design and its \"beam shape,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal \u003cem>might\u003c/em> be coming from a solar system called HD 164595, some 94 light-years away from us, Shostak wrote. It seems to be coming from that direction, at any rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That system has a star similar to ours. There's one known planet circling that star, about the size of Neptune and very close to the star. That planet doesn't seem like a good candidate for hosting life, but other planets might also be in the system, Shostak wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's no guarantee that the signal is, in fact, coming from the system. And even if it is, that doesn't mean it's definitely coming from intelligent life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Nick Suntzeff \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/08/seti-has-observed-a-strong-signal-that-may-originate-from-a-sun-like-star/\">told Ars Technica\u003c/a> that there's a \"significant chance\" it could be military — that is, coming from covert satellite communications instead of beaming to us from HD 164595.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are \"natural sources\" that could conceivably cause a wide-band signal like the one detected, Shostak \u003ca href=\"http://www.geekwire.com/2016/signal-seti-interest-hd164595/\">told GeekWire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the astronomers who first detected the signal, in May 2015, didn't immediately alert the scientific community and ask for help confirming the signal. That suggests they were not persuaded this was extraterrestrial life reaching out, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Shostak wrote on SETI's site that it's \"not terribly promising\" that this is a message from alien life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11065885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11065885\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600-800x550.jpg\" alt=\"The Russian RATAN-600 radio telescope, which detected the signal in May, 2015. \" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Ratan600-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Russian RATAN-600 radio telescope, which detected the signal in May 2015. \u003ccite>(SAO RAS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To put things in perspective, Eric Korpela, an astronomer at UC Berkeley who is a project scientist for the SETI@home project, notes that there are millions of \"potential signals\" that have been detected from space, and that this signal was detected only once out of 39 scans. \"I was unimpressed,\" he wrote \u003ca href=\"http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/forum_thread.php?nowrap=true&id=80193\">on a SETI forum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now is not the time for either delight or panic, depending on your feelings about encountering alien life-forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it \u003cem>is \u003c/em>time for more investigation, Shostak says. The SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array in California has been turned toward HD 164595 since Sunday evening, looking for a repeat of the signal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://meti.org/optical-seti\">METI International\u003c/a> is also using a Panama-based observatory to investigate in that direction, \u003ca href=\"http://www.geekwire.com/2016/signal-seti-interest-hd164595/\">GeekWire reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might remember that in 1977, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2010/05/28/126510251/aliens-found-in-ohio-the-wow-signal\">astronomers detected the \"Wow\" signal\u003c/a>, an odd burst that might, possibly, have been sent by alien life-forms. But it has never been detected again, leaving scientists with little to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If things are different this time around and one of the arrays finds a repeat of the new signal, that would \"immediately spur\" follow-up research, Shostak writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it has prompted speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, astronomers are cautioning that this might easily be a false alarm. But if the signal \u003cem>were \u003c/em>sent from alien life in the HD 164595 system, what would that mean? There are two primary options, Shostak says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scenario is that the life-forms sent a powerful signal in all directions — a \"here I am\" sent to the universe in general. To reach us at its current strength, that would mean the planet had access to 100 billion watts of energy, \"hundreds of times more energy than all the sunlight falling on Earth,\" Shostak wrote, indicating a very advanced alien society, with capabilities far beyond ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alternately, the message could have been directed at us. That's a lower energy requirement — about equal to \"the total energy consumption of all mankind.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that case, they'd have to know we're here. The system is too far away to have picked up any TV or radar from humans on Earth, \"and it's hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system,\" Shostak says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Historic Shipwrecks Along California's Redwood Coast",
"title": "Exploring Historic Shipwrecks Along California's Redwood Coast",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Traveling along the seafloor, 2,600 feet beneath the surface, a remotely operated vessel approaches a shipwreck that’s not been seen in 65 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming through the jellyfish and \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophores.html\">ctenophore\u003c/a>-flecked waters, the ROV’s cameras focus on a ship, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvl-22.com/\" target=\"_blank\">USS Independence\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. It’s encrusted with sea life -- nature quickly colonizes all in its domain -- yet many features are still intact on the deck of this World War II-era aircraft carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> was part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and in October 1944 was part of\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.public.navy.mil/surflant/cg55/Pages/Battle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Battle of Leyte Gulf\u003c/a>, the largest naval battle in modern history. Fought to support the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese occupation, the battle was a decisive victory for the Allies against the Japanese Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, the ship was used as a target in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/operation-crossroads\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Crossroads\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> to test the impacts of nuclear weapons at Bikini Atoll. The U.S. Navy scuttled the heavily damaged carrier in 1951, not far from the Farallon Islands. It has been there ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/qZLNKc84YA4\">[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZLNKc84YA4&w=800&h=349]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding and exploring \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>was a joint project between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/a>, a Connecticut organization founded by famed underwater explorer Robert Ballard, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/local/navhist/\" target=\"_blank\">Naval History and Heritage Command\u003c/a>. The remotely operated vehicles \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/hercules/hercules.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Hercules\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Argus\u003c/em>\u003c/a> were both \u003ca href=\"http://ojhstreasure.weebly.com/the-rovs.html\" target=\"_blank\">part of the Titanic exploration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this fresh look at \u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> has just been one part of the search for maritime artifacts along the Northern Californian coast this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early August, James Delgado, director of the NOAA's Maritime Heritage Program, stands on a bluff at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=449\">Fort Ross Historic State Park\u003c/a>, about a three-hour drive north of San Francisco. It's an area that has long attracted people to the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For thousands of years this environment has nurtured people,\" says Delgado. \"Its rich offshore nutrients have made the marine mammals thrive, along with fish. And so, for the Kashia (band of Pomo) and their ancestors, they certainly have used these waters. The Russians came by sea and settled here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, Russian settlers hunted marine mammals at Fort Ross, primarily selling otter pelts. By the middle of the century, though, otter populations crashed, and most Russians returned to their homeland. So, t\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he main industry became timber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062465\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg\" alt=\"A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1075\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-400x537.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-1180x1585.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-960x1290.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries. \u003ccite>(Robert Schwemmer, NOAA ONMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know if the average person realizes what an active area this was back in the 19th century and turn of the century,\" says Deborah Marx, a maritime archaeologist with NOAA. \"Schooners were traveling up and down the coast, shipping this lumber, mainly to San Francisco.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma and Mendocino redwood ended up around the globe, attractive because it is so resistant to rot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was moved onto larger vessels and shipped all over the world,\" says Marx. \"They shipped it to Hong Kong, China, Australia, South America. And so our lumber industry here really fueled the development of lots of these countries. It was essential for the building of the railroads. You wanted a very durable hardwood that would last especially in the hot humid conditions, in places like South America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support that industry, tiny ports known as \"doghole ports\" (so named because a dog could barely turn around in them) popped up along the coast: Duncans Mills, Timber Cove and Salt Point Landing are a few of the places still known today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ports, loggers and mariners set up elaborate timber chutes to transfer cargo from the shore directly to the deck of a ship anchored near the coast at a mooring. It was easy for things to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"large\" ids=\"11062459,11062461\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're anchored in and a storm comes up, then you're going to get pushed into the rocks. And in that way a lot of these ships were lost,\" says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists searched the national archive, old news clippings and historical accounts to find sites of shipwrecks along the coast. Their underwater and land survey of ports this month searched for both old shipwrecks and old port infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Divers searched the waters at four ports: Fort Ross, Gerstle Cove, Fisk Mill Cove and Duncan's Landing. They found old port infrastructure at Fort Ross and Gerstle, visited the remains of the steamship \u003ci>Pomona, \u003c/i>which sank in 1908 near Fort Ross and made exploratory dives to locate the schooner \u003ci>J. Eppinger\u003c/i>, bark \u003ci>Windermere\u003c/i> and steamship \u003ci>Whitelaw\u003c/i>. It seems that \u003cem>Eppinger\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Windermere\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Whitelaw \u003c/em>may be lost to time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg\" alt=\"A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-1180x733.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo. \u003ccite>(Fort Ross Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for old shipwrecks, especially the ones that have been battered by storms and waves, isn’t like in the movies, explains Ken Kramer, diving safety officer for\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> California State Parks\u003c/a> and one of the searchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually when you see these things, they're so encrusted with marine life and plant life that sometimes it's hard to tell submerged features just from parts of the reef,\" says Kramer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could simply be a piece of wood or a piece of iron or some other feature that now is almost unrecognizable until you do the homework and doing the investigation. You know, with the ruggedness of the coast, and the exposure to waves, it's very unlikely that you find anything fully intact or even partially intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Footage from the dives and maps made with new uncovered information will be available to the public through the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html\" target=\"_blank\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> website in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traveling along the seafloor, 2,600 feet beneath the surface, a remotely operated vessel approaches a shipwreck that’s not been seen in 65 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming through the jellyfish and \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophores.html\">ctenophore\u003c/a>-flecked waters, the ROV’s cameras focus on a ship, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvl-22.com/\" target=\"_blank\">USS Independence\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. It’s encrusted with sea life -- nature quickly colonizes all in its domain -- yet many features are still intact on the deck of this World War II-era aircraft carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> was part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and in October 1944 was part of\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.public.navy.mil/surflant/cg55/Pages/Battle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Battle of Leyte Gulf\u003c/a>, the largest naval battle in modern history. Fought to support the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese occupation, the battle was a decisive victory for the Allies against the Japanese Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, the ship was used as a target in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/operation-crossroads\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Crossroads\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> to test the impacts of nuclear weapons at Bikini Atoll. The U.S. Navy scuttled the heavily damaged carrier in 1951, not far from the Farallon Islands. It has been there ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/qZLNKc84YA4\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qZLNKc84YA4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qZLNKc84YA4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding and exploring \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>was a joint project between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/a>, a Connecticut organization founded by famed underwater explorer Robert Ballard, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/local/navhist/\" target=\"_blank\">Naval History and Heritage Command\u003c/a>. The remotely operated vehicles \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/hercules/hercules.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Hercules\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Argus\u003c/em>\u003c/a> were both \u003ca href=\"http://ojhstreasure.weebly.com/the-rovs.html\" target=\"_blank\">part of the Titanic exploration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this fresh look at \u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> has just been one part of the search for maritime artifacts along the Northern Californian coast this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early August, James Delgado, director of the NOAA's Maritime Heritage Program, stands on a bluff at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=449\">Fort Ross Historic State Park\u003c/a>, about a three-hour drive north of San Francisco. It's an area that has long attracted people to the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For thousands of years this environment has nurtured people,\" says Delgado. \"Its rich offshore nutrients have made the marine mammals thrive, along with fish. And so, for the Kashia (band of Pomo) and their ancestors, they certainly have used these waters. The Russians came by sea and settled here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, Russian settlers hunted marine mammals at Fort Ross, primarily selling otter pelts. By the middle of the century, though, otter populations crashed, and most Russians returned to their homeland. So, t\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he main industry became timber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062465\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg\" alt=\"A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1075\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-400x537.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-1180x1585.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-960x1290.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries. \u003ccite>(Robert Schwemmer, NOAA ONMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know if the average person realizes what an active area this was back in the 19th century and turn of the century,\" says Deborah Marx, a maritime archaeologist with NOAA. \"Schooners were traveling up and down the coast, shipping this lumber, mainly to San Francisco.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma and Mendocino redwood ended up around the globe, attractive because it is so resistant to rot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was moved onto larger vessels and shipped all over the world,\" says Marx. \"They shipped it to Hong Kong, China, Australia, South America. And so our lumber industry here really fueled the development of lots of these countries. It was essential for the building of the railroads. You wanted a very durable hardwood that would last especially in the hot humid conditions, in places like South America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support that industry, tiny ports known as \"doghole ports\" (so named because a dog could barely turn around in them) popped up along the coast: Duncans Mills, Timber Cove and Salt Point Landing are a few of the places still known today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ports, loggers and mariners set up elaborate timber chutes to transfer cargo from the shore directly to the deck of a ship anchored near the coast at a mooring. It was easy for things to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're anchored in and a storm comes up, then you're going to get pushed into the rocks. And in that way a lot of these ships were lost,\" says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists searched the national archive, old news clippings and historical accounts to find sites of shipwrecks along the coast. Their underwater and land survey of ports this month searched for both old shipwrecks and old port infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Divers searched the waters at four ports: Fort Ross, Gerstle Cove, Fisk Mill Cove and Duncan's Landing. They found old port infrastructure at Fort Ross and Gerstle, visited the remains of the steamship \u003ci>Pomona, \u003c/i>which sank in 1908 near Fort Ross and made exploratory dives to locate the schooner \u003ci>J. Eppinger\u003c/i>, bark \u003ci>Windermere\u003c/i> and steamship \u003ci>Whitelaw\u003c/i>. It seems that \u003cem>Eppinger\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Windermere\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Whitelaw \u003c/em>may be lost to time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg\" alt=\"A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-1180x733.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo. \u003ccite>(Fort Ross Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for old shipwrecks, especially the ones that have been battered by storms and waves, isn’t like in the movies, explains Ken Kramer, diving safety officer for\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> California State Parks\u003c/a> and one of the searchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually when you see these things, they're so encrusted with marine life and plant life that sometimes it's hard to tell submerged features just from parts of the reef,\" says Kramer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could simply be a piece of wood or a piece of iron or some other feature that now is almost unrecognizable until you do the homework and doing the investigation. You know, with the ruggedness of the coast, and the exposure to waves, it's very unlikely that you find anything fully intact or even partially intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Footage from the dives and maps made with new uncovered information will be available to the public through the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html\" target=\"_blank\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> website in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In California's Burn Zones, 'Resilience' Is More Than a Buzzword",
"title": "In California's Burn Zones, 'Resilience' Is More Than a Buzzword",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>LOWER LAKE, Lake County -- We hear a lot about “resilience” these days -- in the face of climate change, social injustice and, of course, it’s the common currency of official post-disaster sound bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a resilient community,\" declared Mark Ghilarducci, the head of California’s Office of Emergency Services, last week, after he'd surveyed the streets of Lower Lake, a tiny town in Lake County savaged by the recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a>. \"And collectively, we’re gonna work together to make it as good as it ever was in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resiliency bite seems like low-hanging fruit for an official surrounded by reporters — until you actually meet some of the people who embody this resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280100933\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I met the Skidmore family, fire crews were still hosing down hot spots on what remained of their property on Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Welcome to Lower Lake!” was the first thing Michael Skidmore said to me. \"You’re about a week late. It was much nicer last week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His sense of humor wasn’t the only thing intact. Surrounded by gray ruins after the Clayton Fire \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">swept through his town\u003c/a> of about 1,300 people, his 4 Starr Auto Repair shop somehow remained standing with what looked like minor damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But up in back, the family home was simply gone, with little left among the ashes to even indicate \"home:\" the remains of a water heater, some metal chair frames and the skeleton of a pickup truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut.jpg\" alt=\"All that remained of the Skidmores' home and eight rental cabins after the Clayton Fire in mid-August.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All that remained of the Skidmores' home and eight rental cabins after the Clayton Fire in mid-August. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also gone: eight cabins they rented out to other Lower Lake residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We worked really hard for five years to restore those cabins,\" reflected Michael’s wife, Starr. \"They were white with blue trim to match the shop and white picket fences around each one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’ve been here for about 100 years,\" added Michael. \"But dry cedar, boy howdy. I was running out the front door and these were popping into flames. It was scary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next door, both the home and business were a total loss. Formerly the local VW shop, the property was littered with the charred husks of cars, many trailing solidified silver puddles of melted aluminum wheels and engine blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667.jpg\" alt='The Clayton Fire was so intense in Lower Lake, firefighters say they had to \"cut and run\" from some locations.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Clayton Fire was so intense in Lower Lake, firefighters say they had to \"cut and run\" from some locations. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hours earlier, I had seen some firefighters sifting through the ashes next door. Joe Morrison and his Sonoma County team were among those who tried to save this block of Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This happened super-fast,\" said Morrison. \"We did our best to make a stand here and then, the heat was so intense, so fast -- we had to cut and run.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking around, Michael estimated that perhaps 70 percent of Lower Lake's commercial core was lost. Two doors down, even the local Habitat for Humanity office was gutted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody was trying to assure us that, no, it would not get down into Lower Lake,\" recalled the Skidmores' granddaughter, Grace, who lives with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were gonna take control of it and the next thing you know, there’s a tree in the back that burst into flame, dropped on the ground and the fire was coming down the hill at us and we were running out of there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060949\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679.jpg\" alt=\"Even the local Habitat for Humanity office was destroyed when the Clayton Fire swept through Lower Lake, in Lake County.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even the local Habitat for Humanity office was destroyed when the Clayton Fire swept through Lower Lake, in Lake County. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, they were back, with the ruins still smoking, and Grace was looking for her three cats with a 15-year-old's optimism that no one wanted to dash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not gonna cry,\" said Michael, tapping a seemingly bottomless reservoir of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No,\" he insisted. \"Gotta move on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn't mean that literally. For this family, “moving on” means staying put. It wasn’t even up for discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’ve got my job and I’m gonna keep working,\" Michael vowed, \"but ... where’s my customer base, you know? They’re ashes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">Scenes From Lake County After the Clayton Fire\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireAside.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And then, doubling down on his resolve: \"I gotta rebuild, and the funds gotta come from somewhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be challenging; the Skidmores say the insurance on the home and cabins might have lapsed. The shop survived, but it’s all they’ve got now. Michael said the shorts and brown tank top he had on were all that remained of his wardrobe. To even ask people like this where they get their pluck is to trivialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, it’s gonna take a lot of polishing to get that silver lining out of this — but it’s in there somewhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found a thread: the nearby Wal-Mart was about to reopen, which meant he could buy some new clothes. It’s not hard to see where Grace, who has been raised by her grandparents since the age of 3, gets her buoyancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is just gonna bring Lower Lake closer together,\" she insisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, we were already pretty close from the Rocky Fire and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-what-happened-fire-20150920-story.html\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> [last year], but this is just another step to closeness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of a week after the fire, no cats had turned up. The three were still looking for long-term housing. But Grace was already readying her audition for the school play. And Starr, who appears on the brink of tears much of the time, said, “God’s got this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/16/clayton-fire-how-to-help/\">How to help\u003c/a> victims of the Clayton Fire in Lake County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When wildfire takes nearly everything that you have -- as the Clayton Fire recently did to the Skidmore family -- that's when you find out what resilience really means.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOWER LAKE, Lake County -- We hear a lot about “resilience” these days -- in the face of climate change, social injustice and, of course, it’s the common currency of official post-disaster sound bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a resilient community,\" declared Mark Ghilarducci, the head of California’s Office of Emergency Services, last week, after he'd surveyed the streets of Lower Lake, a tiny town in Lake County savaged by the recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a>. \"And collectively, we’re gonna work together to make it as good as it ever was in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resiliency bite seems like low-hanging fruit for an official surrounded by reporters — until you actually meet some of the people who embody this resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280100933&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280100933'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I met the Skidmore family, fire crews were still hosing down hot spots on what remained of their property on Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Welcome to Lower Lake!” was the first thing Michael Skidmore said to me. \"You’re about a week late. It was much nicer last week.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His sense of humor wasn’t the only thing intact. Surrounded by gray ruins after the Clayton Fire \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">swept through his town\u003c/a> of about 1,300 people, his 4 Starr Auto Repair shop somehow remained standing with what looked like minor damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But up in back, the family home was simply gone, with little left among the ashes to even indicate \"home:\" the remains of a water heater, some metal chair frames and the skeleton of a pickup truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut.jpg\" alt=\"All that remained of the Skidmores' home and eight rental cabins after the Clayton Fire in mid-August.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20770_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs27-qut-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All that remained of the Skidmores' home and eight rental cabins after the Clayton Fire in mid-August. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also gone: eight cabins they rented out to other Lower Lake residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We worked really hard for five years to restore those cabins,\" reflected Michael’s wife, Starr. \"They were white with blue trim to match the shop and white picket fences around each one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’ve been here for about 100 years,\" added Michael. \"But dry cedar, boy howdy. I was running out the front door and these were popping into flames. It was scary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next door, both the home and business were a total loss. Formerly the local VW shop, the property was littered with the charred husks of cars, many trailing solidified silver puddles of melted aluminum wheels and engine blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060957\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060957\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667.jpg\" alt='The Clayton Fire was so intense in Lower Lake, firefighters say they had to \"cut and run\" from some locations.' width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5667-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Clayton Fire was so intense in Lower Lake, firefighters say they had to \"cut and run\" from some locations. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hours earlier, I had seen some firefighters sifting through the ashes next door. Joe Morrison and his Sonoma County team were among those who tried to save this block of Main Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This happened super-fast,\" said Morrison. \"We did our best to make a stand here and then, the heat was so intense, so fast -- we had to cut and run.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking around, Michael estimated that perhaps 70 percent of Lower Lake's commercial core was lost. Two doors down, even the local Habitat for Humanity office was gutted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody was trying to assure us that, no, it would not get down into Lower Lake,\" recalled the Skidmores' granddaughter, Grace, who lives with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were gonna take control of it and the next thing you know, there’s a tree in the back that burst into flame, dropped on the ground and the fire was coming down the hill at us and we were running out of there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060949\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3264px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11060949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679.jpg\" alt=\"Even the local Habitat for Humanity office was destroyed when the Clayton Fire swept through Lower Lake, in Lake County.\" width=\"3264\" height=\"2448\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/IMG_5679-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3264px) 100vw, 3264px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even the local Habitat for Humanity office was destroyed when the Clayton Fire swept through Lower Lake, in Lake County. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, they were back, with the ruins still smoking, and Grace was looking for her three cats with a 15-year-old's optimism that no one wanted to dash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not gonna cry,\" said Michael, tapping a seemingly bottomless reservoir of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No,\" he insisted. \"Gotta move on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doesn't mean that literally. For this family, “moving on” means staying put. It wasn’t even up for discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’ve got my job and I’m gonna keep working,\" Michael vowed, \"but ... where’s my customer base, you know? They’re ashes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">Scenes From Lake County After the Clayton Fire\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/scenes-from-lake-county-after-the-clayton-fire/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireAside.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And then, doubling down on his resolve: \"I gotta rebuild, and the funds gotta come from somewhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That will be challenging; the Skidmores say the insurance on the home and cabins might have lapsed. The shop survived, but it’s all they’ve got now. Michael said the shorts and brown tank top he had on were all that remained of his wardrobe. To even ask people like this where they get their pluck is to trivialize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hey, it’s gonna take a lot of polishing to get that silver lining out of this — but it’s in there somewhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He found a thread: the nearby Wal-Mart was about to reopen, which meant he could buy some new clothes. It’s not hard to see where Grace, who has been raised by her grandparents since the age of 3, gets her buoyancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is just gonna bring Lower Lake closer together,\" she insisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I mean, we were already pretty close from the Rocky Fire and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-what-happened-fire-20150920-story.html\">Valley Fire\u003c/a> [last year], but this is just another step to closeness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of a week after the fire, no cats had turned up. The three were still looking for long-term housing. But Grace was already readying her audition for the school play. And Starr, who appears on the brink of tears much of the time, said, “God’s got this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/16/clayton-fire-how-to-help/\">How to help\u003c/a> victims of the Clayton Fire in Lake County.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California’s New Climate Rules, Explained",
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"content": "\u003cp>Following more than a year of legislative toing and froing, California’s leaders agreed this week on how ambitious the state will be in the fight against climate change after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: very.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A progressive culture and Silicon Valley-style innovation a decade ago thrust California toward the head of the worldwide pack when it comes to shifting away from polluting fossil fuels in favor of cleaner alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the state Assembly and Senate ensured the state’s leadership will be strengthened when lawmakers approved two key bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation will require Californian agencies take steps needed to reduce greenhouse gas pollution by 40 percent in 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Gov. Jerry Brown plans to sign it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do California’s Goals Stack Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new climate goals are far more ambitious than those of the U.S. overall, and they’re in line with ambitions in Europe, which is a world leader on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the European Union and California are shooting for 40 percent pollution reductions in 2030 compared with 1990 levels. The Europeans got off to an earlier start, setting a more ambitious target for 2020 than California. That means California will have to work harder to reach its goals for 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly the right goal for California,” said \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/team-member/chris-busch/\">Chris Busch\u003c/a>, director of research at Energy Innovation, a policy think tank in California. “It’s strong but undeniably achievable and beneficial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are any countries or states more ambitious than California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as California is the star of climate action in the U.S., the European Union has its own big shot — Germany. Germany aims to reduce its climate impacts by 40 percent by 2020 compared with 1990 levels, which is something California and the EU aim to achieve a decade later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, per person, Californians and Germans continue to be heavier polluters than most Europeans, releasing the equivalent of about \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=740\">12 tons each\u003c/a> of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in 2013. That’s a third more than the \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_rd300&plugin=1\">European Union average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, the \u003ca href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC\">average Indian\u003c/a> releases less than 2 tons a year, a figure that is rising as the country’s economy grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will California hit its goals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California runs a number of programs that help it reduce its climate pollution, including financial support for electric vehicle purchases, mandates on biofuels and requirements that utilities source a substantial amount of their power from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation requires the California Air Resources Board to strengthen these programs, or roll out new ones, to ensure that the new targets are met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California also was among the first in the world to set up a cap-and-trade program, which imposes a limit on the amount of pollution that industry can release each year. By selling tradeable allowances needed to pollute, the state raises money that reduces electricity bills and that funds programs that can reduce climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the cap-and-trade program faring?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program is withering like a Californian tomato left out in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that California’s notoriously dysfunctional legislature can’t agree on how to spend more than $1 billion in cap-and-trade funds, meaning the money is just sitting around instead of being put to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a savings account that we put in the bank and wait for retirement,” a frustrated Sen. Fran Pavley \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-cash-businesses-20160817-snap-htmlstory.html\">recently opined\u003c/a> to the L.A. Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final legislative sessions for the year are planned for next week, ahead of elections scheduled for November. Many hope the spending will be approved before the break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a few more days,” the Environmental Defense Fund’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a> optimistically pointed out\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is that the biggest problem for cap-and-trade?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger problem is that the cap-and-trade program expires at the end of 2020. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">Legal experts have concluded\u003c/a> that a two-thirds vote from the Assembly and Senate may be needed to extend the program after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could see the program destroyed just when it’s needed the most — to help achieve increasingly ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing to recognize about the post-2020 market in California is that the level of effort fundamentally changes,” Stanford expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unlikelihood of supermajority lawmaker support for cap-and-trade may help to explain why just a small portion of pollution allowances were sold during California’s last two quarterly auctions, reducing anticipated funds flowing into California by nearly $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can California’s cap-and-trade program be saved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have been reluctant to even admit that the legal conundrum exists, perhaps wary of weakening their position in a future court battle. This week, though, senior Brown advisor \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/program-in-doubt-as-california-climate-bill-approved--20628\">Nancy McFadden\u003c/a> suggested a ballot measure might help circumvent the need for supermajority lawmaker support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter asked Brown about the future of cap-and-trade on Wednesday, he said he expects California’s business community will eventually demand that lawmakers support it, because it would provide an efficient way of helping to comply with the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of it’s going to be driven by the business interests themselves,” Brown said. “They’re going to plead for a market system called cap-and-trade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independent experts also point out the program could probably continue operating after 2020 under current law, but only if it hands out the pollution allowances for free. Such an idea is likely be opposed as a handout by Californian lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Following more than a year of legislative toing and froing, California’s leaders agreed this week on how ambitious the state will be in the fight against climate change after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: very.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A progressive culture and Silicon Valley-style innovation a decade ago thrust California toward the head of the worldwide pack when it comes to shifting away from polluting fossil fuels in favor of cleaner alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the state Assembly and Senate ensured the state’s leadership will be strengthened when lawmakers approved two key bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation will require Californian agencies take steps needed to reduce greenhouse gas pollution by 40 percent in 2030, compared with 1990 levels. Gov. Jerry Brown plans to sign it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do California’s Goals Stack Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s new climate goals are far more ambitious than those of the U.S. overall, and they’re in line with ambitions in Europe, which is a world leader on climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the European Union and California are shooting for 40 percent pollution reductions in 2030 compared with 1990 levels. The Europeans got off to an earlier start, setting a more ambitious target for 2020 than California. That means California will have to work harder to reach its goals for 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is exactly the right goal for California,” said \u003ca href=\"http://energyinnovation.org/team-member/chris-busch/\">Chris Busch\u003c/a>, director of research at Energy Innovation, a policy think tank in California. “It’s strong but undeniably achievable and beneficial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are any countries or states more ambitious than California?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as California is the star of climate action in the U.S., the European Union has its own big shot — Germany. Germany aims to reduce its climate impacts by 40 percent by 2020 compared with 1990 levels, which is something California and the EU aim to achieve a decade later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, per person, Californians and Germans continue to be heavier polluters than most Europeans, releasing the equivalent of about \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=740\">12 tons each\u003c/a> of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in 2013. That’s a third more than the \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_rd300&plugin=1\">European Union average\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, the \u003ca href=\"http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC\">average Indian\u003c/a> releases less than 2 tons a year, a figure that is rising as the country’s economy grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will California hit its goals?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California runs a number of programs that help it reduce its climate pollution, including financial support for electric vehicle purchases, mandates on biofuels and requirements that utilities source a substantial amount of their power from renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new legislation requires the California Air Resources Board to strengthen these programs, or roll out new ones, to ensure that the new targets are met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California also was among the first in the world to set up a cap-and-trade program, which imposes a limit on the amount of pollution that industry can release each year. By selling tradeable allowances needed to pollute, the state raises money that reduces electricity bills and that funds programs that can reduce climate pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How is the cap-and-trade program faring?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cap-and-trade program is withering like a Californian tomato left out in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is that California’s notoriously dysfunctional legislature can’t agree on how to spend more than $1 billion in cap-and-trade funds, meaning the money is just sitting around instead of being put to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like a savings account that we put in the bank and wait for retirement,” a frustrated Sen. Fran Pavley \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-cap-trade-cash-businesses-20160817-snap-htmlstory.html\">recently opined\u003c/a> to the L.A. Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final legislative sessions for the year are planned for next week, ahead of elections scheduled for November. Many hope the spending will be approved before the break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still have a few more days,” the Environmental Defense Fund’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/people/erica-morehouse\">Erica Morehouse\u003c/a> optimistically pointed out\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is that the biggest problem for cap-and-trade?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not even close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bigger problem is that the cap-and-trade program expires at the end of 2020. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/legal-doubts-over-californias-cap-and-trade-20607\">Legal experts have concluded\u003c/a> that a two-thirds vote from the Assembly and Senate may be needed to extend the program after 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could see the program destroyed just when it’s needed the most — to help achieve increasingly ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing to recognize about the post-2020 market in California is that the level of effort fundamentally changes,” Stanford expert \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unlikelihood of supermajority lawmaker support for cap-and-trade may help to explain why just a small portion of pollution allowances were sold during California’s last two quarterly auctions, reducing anticipated funds flowing into California by nearly $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can California’s cap-and-trade program be saved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California officials have been reluctant to even admit that the legal conundrum exists, perhaps wary of weakening their position in a future court battle. This week, though, senior Brown advisor \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/program-in-doubt-as-california-climate-bill-approved--20628\">Nancy McFadden\u003c/a> suggested a ballot measure might help circumvent the need for supermajority lawmaker support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a reporter asked Brown about the future of cap-and-trade on Wednesday, he said he expects California’s business community will eventually demand that lawmakers support it, because it would provide an efficient way of helping to comply with the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of it’s going to be driven by the business interests themselves,” Brown said. “They’re going to plead for a market system called cap-and-trade.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Independent experts also point out the program could probably continue operating after 2020 under current law, but only if it hands out the pollution allowances for free. Such an idea is likely be opposed as a handout by Californian lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Jose, Oakland and Berkeley plan to refile water pollution lawsuits against Monsanto that a federal judge dismissed earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the St. Louis-based company over the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls -- more commonly known as PCBs -- that continue to pollute San Francisco Bay through storm runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was the only U.S. manufacturer of PCBs from the 1930s until the late 1970s, when \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal ban\u003c/a> took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs, a group of toxic chemicals that pose \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=30&po=10\" target=\"_blank\">a wide array of health hazards\u003c/a>, were used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area cities each sued Monsanto, which now focuses on biotech and chemicals for the agricultural market, arguing the company should share in the cost they're required to pay to clean up PCB-polluted stormwater flowing into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, the cities' complaints alleged that Monsanto was responsible for a public nuisance -- a claim that under California law would require the cities to own the stormwater passing through their pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_30283980/judge-dismisses-bay-area-cities-suit-against-monsanto\">dismissed the cities' suits\u003c/a>, agreeing with Monsanto that California law makes stormwater the property of the state, not its municipalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cities do not take ownership of stormwater merely because it flows through municipal pipes on its way to the bay,\" Davila wrote..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Davila is allowing the cities to amend and refile their lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three cities plan to take the judge up on that offer. They will try to prove that because the cities are tasked with various tasks related to stormwater -- including pollution control -- they do have a property right and should be able to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is unfair to the cities to say, 'You are being required to clean up all of this stormwater, but we're not going to let you bring a lawsuit when there's a third party responsible for polluting that stormwater,' \" said John Fiske, one of the attorneys representing the cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fiske said there is a \"logical gap\" in state law that requires cities to clean up the stormwater but doesn't give them property rights to that same stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to show Judge Davila why that gap should not exist in the law and why the cities do have standing to bring stormwater cases,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case comes as the usefulness of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Word-change-will-help-California-capture-storm-9174021.php\">stormwater is getting a closer look\u003c/a> as California continues to deal with a prolonged drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cities and towns have traditionally treated stormwater as an annoyance,\" said Dave Owen, a professor at UC Hastings College of the Law who specializes in water law. \"A lot of the water that floods out of our cities, especially during heavy rainstorms, is a problem when we send it off as stormwater, but it could be really useful if we could somehow hold onto it and make use of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owen said it's unclear whether cities own the stormwater that flows through their pipes or whether it belongs to the state and cities merely might have permission to use it, like a tenant who uses an apartment that a landlord actually owns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities have until Sept. 13 to file their amended complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto did not respond to requests for comment. But in a statement issued after Davila delivered his ruling, the company was critical of the cities' litigation. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The court's ruling confirms that there is no legal basis of the cities' claims,\" Scott Partridge, vice president of global strategy at Monsanto, said in a statement. \"The cities of San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have been ill-served by the overly aggressive tactics of their contingency fee counsel, and we hope this ruling will conclude this matter.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Jose, Oakland and Berkeley plan to refile water pollution lawsuits against Monsanto that a federal judge dismissed earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the St. Louis-based company over the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls -- more commonly known as PCBs -- that continue to pollute San Francisco Bay through storm runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was the only U.S. manufacturer of PCBs from the 1930s until the late 1970s, when \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal ban\u003c/a> took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs, a group of toxic chemicals that pose \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=30&po=10\" target=\"_blank\">a wide array of health hazards\u003c/a>, were used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area cities each sued Monsanto, which now focuses on biotech and chemicals for the agricultural market, arguing the company should share in the cost they're required to pay to clean up PCB-polluted stormwater flowing into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, the cities' complaints alleged that Monsanto was responsible for a public nuisance -- a claim that under California law would require the cities to own the stormwater passing through their pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_30283980/judge-dismisses-bay-area-cities-suit-against-monsanto\">dismissed the cities' suits\u003c/a>, agreeing with Monsanto that California law makes stormwater the property of the state, not its municipalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cities do not take ownership of stormwater merely because it flows through municipal pipes on its way to the bay,\" Davila wrote..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Davila is allowing the cities to amend and refile their lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three cities plan to take the judge up on that offer. They will try to prove that because the cities are tasked with various tasks related to stormwater -- including pollution control -- they do have a property right and should be able to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is unfair to the cities to say, 'You are being required to clean up all of this stormwater, but we're not going to let you bring a lawsuit when there's a third party responsible for polluting that stormwater,' \" said John Fiske, one of the attorneys representing the cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fiske said there is a \"logical gap\" in state law that requires cities to clean up the stormwater but doesn't give them property rights to that same stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to show Judge Davila why that gap should not exist in the law and why the cities do have standing to bring stormwater cases,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case comes as the usefulness of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Word-change-will-help-California-capture-storm-9174021.php\">stormwater is getting a closer look\u003c/a> as California continues to deal with a prolonged drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cities and towns have traditionally treated stormwater as an annoyance,\" said Dave Owen, a professor at UC Hastings College of the Law who specializes in water law. \"A lot of the water that floods out of our cities, especially during heavy rainstorms, is a problem when we send it off as stormwater, but it could be really useful if we could somehow hold onto it and make use of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owen said it's unclear whether cities own the stormwater that flows through their pipes or whether it belongs to the state and cities merely might have permission to use it, like a tenant who uses an apartment that a landlord actually owns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities have until Sept. 13 to file their amended complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto did not respond to requests for comment. But in a statement issued after Davila delivered his ruling, the company was critical of the cities' litigation. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The court's ruling confirms that there is no legal basis of the cities' claims,\" Scott Partridge, vice president of global strategy at Monsanto, said in a statement. \"The cities of San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have been ill-served by the overly aggressive tactics of their contingency fee counsel, and we hope this ruling will conclude this matter.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The White House says that President Barack Obama will expand a national monument off the coast of Hawaii, creating the world’s largest marine protected area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">With the announcement, Obama will have created or expanded 26 national monuments.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Obama’s proclamation will quadruple in size a monument originally created by President George W. Bush in 2006. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a> will contain some 582,578 square miles, more than twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama will travel to the monument next week to mark the designation and cite the need to protect public lands and waters from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designation bans commercial fishing and any new mining, as is the case within the existing monument. Recreational fishing will be allowed through a permit, as will be scientific research and the removal of fish and other resources for Native Hawaiian cultural practices. Some fishing groups have voiced concerns about what an expansion of the marine national monument would mean for their industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Martin, the president of the Hawaii Longline Association, said he was “disappointed” by Hawaii Gov. David Ige’s decision to support expanding the monument. He said the monument’s expansion would be based on political and not scientific reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s longline fishing fleet supplies a large portion of the fresh tuna and other fish consumed in Hawaii. Martin has previously estimated the fleet catches about 2 million pounds of fish annually from the proposed expansion area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House is describing the expansion as helping to protect more than 7,000 species and improving the resiliency of an ecosystem dealing with ocean acidification and warming. A fact sheet previewing the announcement states that the expanded area is considered a sacred place for Native Hawaiians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipwrecks and downed aircraft from the Battle of Midway in World War II dot the expansion area. The battle marked a major shift in the war. Obama will travel to the Midway Atoll to discuss the expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the announcement, Obama will have created or expanded 26 national monuments. The administration said Obama has protected more acreage through national monument designations than any other president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House said the expansion is a response to a proposal from Democratic Sen. Brian Schatz and prominent Native Hawaiian leaders. The federal government will also give Hawaii’s Department of Natural Resources and Office of Hawaiian Affairs a greater role in managing the monument, an arrangement requested by Schatz and Gov. David Ige.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The White House says that President Barack Obama will expand a national monument off the coast of Hawaii, creating the world’s largest marine protected area.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">With the announcement, Obama will have created or expanded 26 national monuments.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Obama’s proclamation will quadruple in size a monument originally created by President George W. Bush in 2006. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a> will contain some 582,578 square miles, more than twice the size of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama will travel to the monument next week to mark the designation and cite the need to protect public lands and waters from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The designation bans commercial fishing and any new mining, as is the case within the existing monument. Recreational fishing will be allowed through a permit, as will be scientific research and the removal of fish and other resources for Native Hawaiian cultural practices. Some fishing groups have voiced concerns about what an expansion of the marine national monument would mean for their industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sean Martin, the president of the Hawaii Longline Association, said he was “disappointed” by Hawaii Gov. David Ige’s decision to support expanding the monument. He said the monument’s expansion would be based on political and not scientific reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii’s longline fishing fleet supplies a large portion of the fresh tuna and other fish consumed in Hawaii. Martin has previously estimated the fleet catches about 2 million pounds of fish annually from the proposed expansion area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House is describing the expansion as helping to protect more than 7,000 species and improving the resiliency of an ecosystem dealing with ocean acidification and warming. A fact sheet previewing the announcement states that the expanded area is considered a sacred place for Native Hawaiians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shipwrecks and downed aircraft from the Battle of Midway in World War II dot the expansion area. The battle marked a major shift in the war. Obama will travel to the Midway Atoll to discuss the expansion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the announcement, Obama will have created or expanded 26 national monuments. The administration said Obama has protected more acreage through national monument designations than any other president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House said the expansion is a response to a proposal from Democratic Sen. Brian Schatz and prominent Native Hawaiian leaders. The federal government will also give Hawaii’s Department of Natural Resources and Office of Hawaiian Affairs a greater role in managing the monument, an arrangement requested by Schatz and Gov. David Ige.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Silicon Valley there’s a growing community of biohackers — people who are trying to “upgrade” their bodies and minds. We asked biohacker Eric Matzner if we could film what he does every morning to increase his productivity. Here’s what he showed us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Uh2DhcjrScs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matzner is the founder of a company in San Francisco that sells nootropics — supplements that are marketed as “productivity” or “smart” pills. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/24/nootropics-biohacking-and-silicon-valleys-pursuit-of-productivity/\">You can read and listen to our two-part series on nootropics and Silicon Valley biohackers here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While working on these stories, I talked with biohackers who are trying different ways to up their productivity. The conversations often started off with basic things that most people have probably addressed at some point in their lives — like diet, exercise and sleep routines. But the list doesn’t stop there. Here are 10 tactics I heard about from biohackers. Which ones would you be comfortable trying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10 Things Biohackers Do in Search of Productivity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003cstrong>Hack Sleep:\u003c/strong> Biohackers talk a lot about how to sleep more efficiently and productively, often with the goal of getting by with sleeping less. Some use devices that gather data on your sleep. Others wear amber-tinted glasses before bed, which are supposed to help if you’re staring at your computer screens late into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8y4lkwp9qSEsaTfxOHTezWNyMgDow7jg”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003cstrong>Become “Ketogenic”:\u003c/strong> This is the diet fad I heard about most often from biohackers. It’s a low-carb, high-fat regimen that’s supposed to make your body burn fat instead of sugar. Many biohackers boasted about having reached a total “ketosis,” where their body is running on fat. This diet is actually not new. It was invented in the 1920s and has come into fashion several times since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003cstrong>Meditate With Apps:\u003c/strong> There are a number of smartphone apps that promise to reduce stress through short, guided meditations. I spoke with a number of biohackers who did quick meditations to calm down or focus. You can see how Matzner meditates in the video above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cstrong>Fast:\u003c/strong> The idea is that fasting periodically will increase your ability to focus. I met a group that fasted once a week for 24 or even 36 hours. Others fast for most of the day and eat their meals in the span of a few hours. It’s thought that the hunger and lack of digestion make you mentally sharper and more aware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003cstrong>Drink High-fat Coffee:\u003c/strong> Instead of mixing cream into their coffee, biohackers add things like butter, coconut oil, dark chocolate and collagen hydrosolate. The idea is that starting your day with the fat will make you more ketogenic. Some drink this in place of breakfast altogether, which many nutritionists have derided as a bad idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003cstrong>Take Nootropics and Other Supplements:\u003c/strong> The word “nootropic” is used to describe everything from caffeine and herbal supplements to chemicals concocted in a lab. The hope with nootropic blends is that they will make you sharper in the short run and have long-term brain benefits. The science on most of these substances is far from comprehensive or conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cstrong>Use Prescription Drugs:\u003c/strong> Things like Adderall, Albuterol and Modafinil are popular in the biohacking world. Some doctors, like Vinh Ngo in San Francisco, will help patients get drugs that they want to use as a stimulant instead of for medical purposes. As someone who took Albuterol for asthma as a kid, I can attest that it does stimulate you. But I also know that my mother wouldn’t let me take Albuterol whenever I wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYH0XrdystEmfU4?html5=true\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cstrong>Drink Your Food:\u003c/strong> Companies like Soylent are making meals in a bottle, and the pitch is that you can save time by drinking instead of eating your food. The liquid-food approach to nourishment has become a bit of a trope to describe a productivity-obsessed atmosphere in Silicon Valley. Many biohackers I met had tried it. Some, at points, even relied solely on drinkable food for nourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cstrong>Microdose LSD:\u003c/strong> I did not meet anyone who had tried microdosing, but there’s a whole subreddit where people discuss it. The thought is that small doses of LSD make you more creative and productive. How many people are actually doing this is hard to say. You can hear the hosts of Reply All who gave it a shot in \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/episode/44-shine-on-you-crazy-goldman/\">this episode\u003c/a> of their podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003cstrong>Stimulate the Brain With Electricity:\u003c/strong> Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, or tDCS, is the technical term. You basically hook electrodes up to your head and give your brain a little jolt. Now the voltage is super low, usually just a 9-volt battery. There are a bunch of companies that sell the devices direct to consumers. The idea is that it changes your brain state, and maybe makes you more creative or stimulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Walsh, who works in marketing, sometimes uses tDCS, and he compared the buzz he got with eating a bar of dark chocolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I approach it from a kind of kick in the pants kind of way,” Walsh says, “like I am really stuck on this creative problem and then zzzz, and let’s see what happens. Maybe it helps, maybe it doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Walsh also mixes a bunch of biohacking techniques into his life. The following is Walsh’s self-described productivity regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daily\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11061021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11061021\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Walsh works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Walsh works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the morning, he takes 500 mg Choline and 5 grams piracetam and 200 mg L-Theanine.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He also drinks high-fat coffee (16 ounces coffee, 2 tablespoons grass-fed butter, 1.25 ounces of 90 percent dark chocolate, 1 tablespoon coconut oil, and 12 grams collagen hydrolysate).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He takes 5 grams of creatine. If work has been really busy, he will start the day with 15 minutes of meditation to “get my head straight.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He has a no-prep lunch of raw almonds, cheese, olives, 1.25 oz dark chocolate and black tea.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For dinner he makes a large batch of meats and vegetables to last from Monday through Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Before bed he takes a cold shower to help quickly fall asleep and sleep well.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weekly\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Three times a week he runs 5 kilometers at 60 to 70 percent maximum heart rate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One or two times per week he has a heavy weightlifting session followed by long meditations of one to two hours.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He typically augments his workout with 200 mg L-Theanine and 600 mg St. John’s Wort, and sometimes uses HeartMath and/or the Binaural Beats app.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Silicon Valley there’s a growing community of biohackers — people who are trying to “upgrade” their bodies and minds. We asked biohacker Eric Matzner if we could film what he does every morning to increase his productivity. Here’s what he showed us.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Uh2DhcjrScs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Uh2DhcjrScs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Matzner is the founder of a company in San Francisco that sells nootropics — supplements that are marketed as “productivity” or “smart” pills. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/24/nootropics-biohacking-and-silicon-valleys-pursuit-of-productivity/\">You can read and listen to our two-part series on nootropics and Silicon Valley biohackers here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While working on these stories, I talked with biohackers who are trying different ways to up their productivity. The conversations often started off with basic things that most people have probably addressed at some point in their lives — like diet, exercise and sleep routines. But the list doesn’t stop there. Here are 10 tactics I heard about from biohackers. Which ones would you be comfortable trying?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>10 Things Biohackers Do in Search of Productivity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. \u003cstrong>Hack Sleep:\u003c/strong> Biohackers talk a lot about how to sleep more efficiently and productively, often with the goal of getting by with sleeping less. Some use devices that gather data on your sleep. Others wear amber-tinted glasses before bed, which are supposed to help if you’re staring at your computer screens late into the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. \u003cstrong>Become “Ketogenic”:\u003c/strong> This is the diet fad I heard about most often from biohackers. It’s a low-carb, high-fat regimen that’s supposed to make your body burn fat instead of sugar. Many biohackers boasted about having reached a total “ketosis,” where their body is running on fat. This diet is actually not new. It was invented in the 1920s and has come into fashion several times since then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. \u003cstrong>Meditate With Apps:\u003c/strong> There are a number of smartphone apps that promise to reduce stress through short, guided meditations. I spoke with a number of biohackers who did quick meditations to calm down or focus. You can see how Matzner meditates in the video above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003cstrong>Fast:\u003c/strong> The idea is that fasting periodically will increase your ability to focus. I met a group that fasted once a week for 24 or even 36 hours. Others fast for most of the day and eat their meals in the span of a few hours. It’s thought that the hunger and lack of digestion make you mentally sharper and more aware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. \u003cstrong>Drink High-fat Coffee:\u003c/strong> Instead of mixing cream into their coffee, biohackers add things like butter, coconut oil, dark chocolate and collagen hydrosolate. The idea is that starting your day with the fat will make you more ketogenic. Some drink this in place of breakfast altogether, which many nutritionists have derided as a bad idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. \u003cstrong>Take Nootropics and Other Supplements:\u003c/strong> The word “nootropic” is used to describe everything from caffeine and herbal supplements to chemicals concocted in a lab. The hope with nootropic blends is that they will make you sharper in the short run and have long-term brain benefits. The science on most of these substances is far from comprehensive or conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. \u003cstrong>Use Prescription Drugs:\u003c/strong> Things like Adderall, Albuterol and Modafinil are popular in the biohacking world. Some doctors, like Vinh Ngo in San Francisco, will help patients get drugs that they want to use as a stimulant instead of for medical purposes. As someone who took Albuterol for asthma as a kid, I can attest that it does stimulate you. But I also know that my mother wouldn’t let me take Albuterol whenever I wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright noborder\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYH0XrdystEmfU4?html5=true\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>8. \u003cstrong>Drink Your Food:\u003c/strong> Companies like Soylent are making meals in a bottle, and the pitch is that you can save time by drinking instead of eating your food. The liquid-food approach to nourishment has become a bit of a trope to describe a productivity-obsessed atmosphere in Silicon Valley. Many biohackers I met had tried it. Some, at points, even relied solely on drinkable food for nourishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. \u003cstrong>Microdose LSD:\u003c/strong> I did not meet anyone who had tried microdosing, but there’s a whole subreddit where people discuss it. The thought is that small doses of LSD make you more creative and productive. How many people are actually doing this is hard to say. You can hear the hosts of Reply All who gave it a shot in \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/episode/44-shine-on-you-crazy-goldman/\">this episode\u003c/a> of their podcast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. \u003cstrong>Stimulate the Brain With Electricity:\u003c/strong> Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, or tDCS, is the technical term. You basically hook electrodes up to your head and give your brain a little jolt. Now the voltage is super low, usually just a 9-volt battery. There are a bunch of companies that sell the devices direct to consumers. The idea is that it changes your brain state, and maybe makes you more creative or stimulated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Walsh, who works in marketing, sometimes uses tDCS, and he compared the buzz he got with eating a bar of dark chocolate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I approach it from a kind of kick in the pants kind of way,” Walsh says, “like I am really stuck on this creative problem and then zzzz, and let’s see what happens. Maybe it helps, maybe it doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Walsh also mixes a bunch of biohacking techniques into his life. The following is Walsh’s self-described productivity regimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daily\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11061021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11061021\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Walsh works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/nootropics-1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Walsh works in marketing and started taking some nootropics in the morning a few years ago. \u003ccite>(Sam Harnett/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>In the morning, he takes 500 mg Choline and 5 grams piracetam and 200 mg L-Theanine.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He also drinks high-fat coffee (16 ounces coffee, 2 tablespoons grass-fed butter, 1.25 ounces of 90 percent dark chocolate, 1 tablespoon coconut oil, and 12 grams collagen hydrolysate).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He takes 5 grams of creatine. If work has been really busy, he will start the day with 15 minutes of meditation to “get my head straight.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He has a no-prep lunch of raw almonds, cheese, olives, 1.25 oz dark chocolate and black tea.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For dinner he makes a large batch of meats and vegetables to last from Monday through Friday.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Before bed he takes a cold shower to help quickly fall asleep and sleep well.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weekly\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Three times a week he runs 5 kilometers at 60 to 70 percent maximum heart rate.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One or two times per week he has a heavy weightlifting session followed by long meditations of one to two hours.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>He typically augments his workout with 200 mg L-Theanine and 600 mg St. John’s Wort, and sometimes uses HeartMath and/or the Binaural Beats app.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesla Motors moved a step closer in its bid to buy SolarCity after federal regulators said the $2.6 billion deal doesn't present antitrust concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla announced plans to purchase the solar panel installer earlier this month, and Reuters says the Federal Trade Commission quickly signed off \"because the merging companies have few or no overlaps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Jeff Brady has more on the deal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Tesla is pursing the acquisition because on top of building cars, the company says it wants to produce the renewable energy that could power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deal comes as rooftop solar companies face pressure from competition and a changing regulatory landscape. Utility regulators across the country have begun reducing the subsidies designed to encourage new solar panel installations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.solarcity.com/tesla-and-solarcity-to-combine/\">SolarCity agreed to the deal\u003c/a> amid decreased expectations of growth for the company. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-09/solarcity-earnings-the-ultimate-tesla-takeover-pitch\">As Bloomberg Gadfly\u003c/a> columnist Liam Denning wrote shortly after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"SolarCity's cash balance at the end of June was less than a third the level of a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SolarCity blamed the rapid burn in the second quarter in part on Tesla's initial takeover announcement, saying it complicated getting some financing in the door by the end of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that takeover offer is a lifeline, albeit a qualified one. Until Tesla made its announcement, SolarCity's stock had joined its peers in a downhill run this year.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In January, Brady reported that the company would \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462883585/solar-firms-stop-selling-panels-in-nevada-to-protest-state-rule-change\">cut more than 500 jobs\u003c/a> after Nevada regulators \"increased a fee for solar customers and reduced how much utilities pay for excess power sold back to the grid.\" And just this week, SolarCity announced layoffs for 108 employees at two of its California offices in anticipation of the Tesla deal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_30280720/solarcity-lay-off-108-workers-san-mateo-san\">the Mercury News\u003c/a> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That report came a day after Tesla CEO Elon Musk — who is SolarCity's chairman, its largest shareholder and a cousin of founders Lyndon and Peter Rive — announced his plan to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-solarcity-debt-idUSKCN10Y2G6\">purchase $65 million in bonds\u003c/a> from SolarCity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Federal Trade Commission signed off on Tesla's plan to buy the solar panel installer. CEO Elon Musk is SolarCity's chairman and its largest shareholder.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesla Motors moved a step closer in its bid to buy SolarCity after federal regulators said the $2.6 billion deal doesn't present antitrust concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla announced plans to purchase the solar panel installer earlier this month, and Reuters says the Federal Trade Commission quickly signed off \"because the merging companies have few or no overlaps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Jeff Brady has more on the deal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Tesla is pursing the acquisition because on top of building cars, the company says it wants to produce the renewable energy that could power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deal comes as rooftop solar companies face pressure from competition and a changing regulatory landscape. Utility regulators across the country have begun reducing the subsidies designed to encourage new solar panel installations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.solarcity.com/tesla-and-solarcity-to-combine/\">SolarCity agreed to the deal\u003c/a> amid decreased expectations of growth for the company. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-09/solarcity-earnings-the-ultimate-tesla-takeover-pitch\">As Bloomberg Gadfly\u003c/a> columnist Liam Denning wrote shortly after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"SolarCity's cash balance at the end of June was less than a third the level of a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SolarCity blamed the rapid burn in the second quarter in part on Tesla's initial takeover announcement, saying it complicated getting some financing in the door by the end of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that takeover offer is a lifeline, albeit a qualified one. Until Tesla made its announcement, SolarCity's stock had joined its peers in a downhill run this year.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In January, Brady reported that the company would \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462883585/solar-firms-stop-selling-panels-in-nevada-to-protest-state-rule-change\">cut more than 500 jobs\u003c/a> after Nevada regulators \"increased a fee for solar customers and reduced how much utilities pay for excess power sold back to the grid.\" And just this week, SolarCity announced layoffs for 108 employees at two of its California offices in anticipation of the Tesla deal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_30280720/solarcity-lay-off-108-workers-san-mateo-san\">the Mercury News\u003c/a> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That report came a day after Tesla CEO Elon Musk — who is SolarCity's chairman, its largest shareholder and a cousin of founders Lyndon and Peter Rive — announced his plan to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-solarcity-debt-idUSKCN10Y2G6\">purchase $65 million in bonds\u003c/a> from SolarCity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Human-Driven Global Warming Started as Early as the 1830s: Study",
"headTitle": "Human-Driven Global Warming Started as Early as the 1830s: Study | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>To fully understand the warming of the planet that is being driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, scientists need to examine the history of climate changes on Earth. Hampering this effort is the fact that direct measurements of temperature and other climate data only go back to about the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by using records kept by the Earth itself, that history can be extended back hundreds or even thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature, a group of researchers has knitted together such natural records — found, for example, in coral reefs, ice sheets and caves. They used those records to trace the thread of human-driven warming back to what they say is its beginning, nearly 200 years ago, when the coal-burning that took off with the Industrial Revolution was still revving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the impact then on temperatures was small, it is measurable in certain regions, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists not involved in the research quibble with just how much of that early signal can actually be attributed to greenhouse gases. However, there is broad agreement that the study reinforces the importance of the starting point that is used when evaluating how much the Earth has already warmed and how close we are to breaching international climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-944019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/8_24_16_Andrea_CC_icecore_400_533_s_c1_c_c.jpg\" alt=\"An ice core still sits inside a drill.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ice core still sits inside a drill. \u003ccite>(Nerilie Abram )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This early warming does mean that our instrumental records (which typically only begin in the 1880s) don’t allow us to see the picture of how humans have changed the climate,” study co-author Nerilie Abram, a paleoclimatologist at Australian National University, said in an email. “So when we are talking about targets of trying to limit climate warming to less than 1.5˚C, we are actually closer to that limit than what we would calculate from instrumental records alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What Is Pre-Industrial?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When international negotiators forged an agreement last year on limiting temperature rise this century, they settled on a threshold of 2˚C from pre-industrial times (with some talk of tightening that limit to 1.5˚C). But exactly what period is picked to represent the pre-industrial era is key. Comparing temperatures today to the beginning of the instrumental record is problematic because at best that record goes back only to the 1880s, when some warming had likely already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Earth itself keeps records of how climate has changed over millennia, in the growth of coral reefs, the layers of ice laid down in glaciers, and the rings added each year to trees. The study authors worked with a consortium that has brought together records from different sources from spots all over the world and worked to put them together into a coherent picture of past climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record includes new reconstructions of sea surface temperatures, something often left out of such projects because of the difficulty of obtaining ocean records, Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reconstruction allowed the group to examine global and regional temperature records going back 500 years. With that extended record, they picked the period 1622 to 1799 as their preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That period is “definitely before we really started burning any significant amount of fossil fuels,” NASA climate scientist Kate Marvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century.’\u003ccite>Nerilie Abram, Australian National University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using statistical analyses, the team picked out a small, but measureable, increase in temperatures as early as the 1830s for some regions, including the tropical oceans, as well as the Northern Hemisphere more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “further evidence that the climate has already changed significantly since the pre-industrial period,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading in England, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Regional Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>These changes wouldn’t have been noticeable to people at the time. It was only in the 20th century that warming pushed the climate outside of what would be seen from natural variations. That natural variability also explains why the warming signal emerged first in the tropics — year-to-year variability in that region is very low, which means the signal is easier to tease out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that the rate of warming of the tropical oceans was about the same as that of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Unsurprisingly, the Arctic showed the highest rate of warming.[contextly_sidebar id=”O7Ih1x43marWKs782O7VHmOuQ1dELSBB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however, was delayed compared to the Northern Hemisphere in the reconstruction, though the researchers aren’t sure why, particularly as climate models don’t show that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some possible explanations include a higher variability of the Southern Hemisphere climate, as well as some unappreciated aspects of how sea ice might regulate the climate. There is also a relative dearth of data compared to the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, a clear warming signal has yet to emerge for Antarctica, which could be because the continent is somewhat isolated from broader climate changes by both atmospheric and oceanic currents that encircle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica sort of does its own thing,” study co-author Nicholas McKay, a climatologist at Northern Arizona University, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Baseline Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised that they found such an early onset of warming, both Abram and McKay said. At first they suspected that the initial warming was actually the climate rebounding from the cooling impact of two major volcanic eruptions in the early 1800s, and that greenhouse warming took over later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But by testing our methods, and by looking at when warming develops in climate model simulations where only greenhouse gases are changed, we were able to show that the early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century,” Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mann, a Penn State climatologist, who put together the famous “Hockey Stick” climate reconstruction, still thinks that more of that early warming is due to the rebound from volcanic cooling and that a more rigorous analysis is needed to tease out just how much warming can be attributed to greenhouse gas-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-944020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg\" alt='The so-called \"hockey stick\" graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data.' width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The so-called “hockey stick” graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data. \u003ccite>(IPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In particular, Mann takes issue with a statement in the study that their findings indicate the Earth’s temperature may respond faster to changes in greenhouse gases levels than previously thought, which he says is “a really basic error in interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann does agree, however, that warming goes back further than instrumental records can show and that today’s temperature rise should be compared to an earlier baseline than it currently is, or we risk underestimating warming. This was the point that other climate scientists said was the main contribution of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To fully understand the warming of the planet that is being driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, scientists need to examine the history of climate changes on Earth. Hampering this effort is the fact that direct measurements of temperature and other climate data only go back to about the late 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by using records kept by the Earth itself, that history can be extended back hundreds or even thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study published Wednesday in the journal Nature, a group of researchers has knitted together such natural records — found, for example, in coral reefs, ice sheets and caves. They used those records to trace the thread of human-driven warming back to what they say is its beginning, nearly 200 years ago, when the coal-burning that took off with the Industrial Revolution was still revving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the impact then on temperatures was small, it is measurable in certain regions, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some climate scientists not involved in the research quibble with just how much of that early signal can actually be attributed to greenhouse gases. However, there is broad agreement that the study reinforces the importance of the starting point that is used when evaluating how much the Earth has already warmed and how close we are to breaching international climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944019\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-944019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/8_24_16_Andrea_CC_icecore_400_533_s_c1_c_c.jpg\" alt=\"An ice core still sits inside a drill.\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ice core still sits inside a drill. \u003ccite>(Nerilie Abram )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This early warming does mean that our instrumental records (which typically only begin in the 1880s) don’t allow us to see the picture of how humans have changed the climate,” study co-author Nerilie Abram, a paleoclimatologist at Australian National University, said in an email. “So when we are talking about targets of trying to limit climate warming to less than 1.5˚C, we are actually closer to that limit than what we would calculate from instrumental records alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>What Is Pre-Industrial?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>When international negotiators forged an agreement last year on limiting temperature rise this century, they settled on a threshold of 2˚C from pre-industrial times (with some talk of tightening that limit to 1.5˚C). But exactly what period is picked to represent the pre-industrial era is key. Comparing temperatures today to the beginning of the instrumental record is problematic because at best that record goes back only to the 1880s, when some warming had likely already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Earth itself keeps records of how climate has changed over millennia, in the growth of coral reefs, the layers of ice laid down in glaciers, and the rings added each year to trees. The study authors worked with a consortium that has brought together records from different sources from spots all over the world and worked to put them together into a coherent picture of past climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record includes new reconstructions of sea surface temperatures, something often left out of such projects because of the difficulty of obtaining ocean records, Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reconstruction allowed the group to examine global and regional temperature records going back 500 years. With that extended record, they picked the period 1622 to 1799 as their preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That period is “definitely before we really started burning any significant amount of fossil fuels,” NASA climate scientist Kate Marvel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century.’\u003ccite>Nerilie Abram, Australian National University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Using statistical analyses, the team picked out a small, but measureable, increase in temperatures as early as the 1830s for some regions, including the tropical oceans, as well as the Northern Hemisphere more broadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “further evidence that the climate has already changed significantly since the pre-industrial period,” Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading in England, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Regional Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>These changes wouldn’t have been noticeable to people at the time. It was only in the 20th century that warming pushed the climate outside of what would be seen from natural variations. That natural variability also explains why the warming signal emerged first in the tropics — year-to-year variability in that region is very low, which means the signal is easier to tease out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that the rate of warming of the tropical oceans was about the same as that of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Unsurprisingly, the Arctic showed the highest rate of warming.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however, was delayed compared to the Northern Hemisphere in the reconstruction, though the researchers aren’t sure why, particularly as climate models don’t show that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some possible explanations include a higher variability of the Southern Hemisphere climate, as well as some unappreciated aspects of how sea ice might regulate the climate. There is also a relative dearth of data compared to the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, a clear warming signal has yet to emerge for Antarctica, which could be because the continent is somewhat isolated from broader climate changes by both atmospheric and oceanic currents that encircle it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Antarctica sort of does its own thing,” study co-author Nicholas McKay, a climatologist at Northern Arizona University, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Baseline Matters\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised that they found such an early onset of warming, both Abram and McKay said. At first they suspected that the initial warming was actually the climate rebounding from the cooling impact of two major volcanic eruptions in the early 1800s, and that greenhouse warming took over later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But by testing our methods, and by looking at when warming develops in climate model simulations where only greenhouse gases are changed, we were able to show that the early warming is a small but detectable signal that can be explained by the small increases in greenhouse gases that were already happening in the mid 19th century,” Abram said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Mann, a Penn State climatologist, who put together the famous “Hockey Stick” climate reconstruction, still thinks that more of that early warming is due to the rebound from volcanic cooling and that a more rigorous analysis is needed to tease out just how much warming can be attributed to greenhouse gas-driven warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_944020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-944020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg\" alt='The so-called \"hockey stick\" graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data.' width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-400x277.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CC-hockeystickcurve_1050_727_s_c1_c_c.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The so-called “hockey stick” graph, which shows temperatures both from the instrumental record (in red) and paleoclimate data. \u003ccite>(IPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In particular, Mann takes issue with a statement in the study that their findings indicate the Earth’s temperature may respond faster to changes in greenhouse gases levels than previously thought, which he says is “a really basic error in interpretation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mann does agree, however, that warming goes back further than instrumental records can show and that today’s temperature rise should be compared to an earlier baseline than it currently is, or we risk underestimating warming. This was the point that other climate scientists said was the main contribution of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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