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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Property owners living close to wilderness areas must remain vigilant; embers can travel large distances and ignite properties within housing tracts.",
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"title": "Fireproofing Homes in Fire-Prone Areas | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The race is on to win President Barack Obama’s attention as he puts some final touches on his environmental legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups, American Indian tribes and federal lawmakers are urging his administration to preserve millions of acres as national monuments. Such a designation often prevents new drilling and mining on public lands, or the construction of new roads and utility lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flurry of activity is creating enthusiasm — and tensions — in several parts of the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”YqGfzB4x5SkHSCnpVuCtBZgaRp0Uj3AS”]Efforts are underway in Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Maine and elsewhere to get Obama to designate new national monuments. Proponents aren’t just focused on land. They’re also looking to greater protections for vast swaths of ocean bottom off the coasts of New England, \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">California\u003c/span> and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has created or expanded 24 national monuments during his seven-and-a-half-year tenure, covering more acreage than any other president. Almost nobody thinks he’s done yet. Environmental groups are urging him to go big as he leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What he’s done in terms of protection has been good, but what he does next is how we measure whether his legacy is great or not,” said Sharon Buccino of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the various monument proposals know that the next administration will have other immediate priorities. Some presidents, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, never exercised their powers to designate national monuments through the 1906 Antiquities Act. The proponents recognize the window of opportunity could be closing for several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also aware that Obama’s immediate predecessors, Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, waited almost exclusively until their final months in office to designate national monuments, so there is a chance Obama will become even more active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s disconcerting for many members in Congress, particularly Republicans, who say the Antiquities Act wasn’t designed to bolster a president’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Presidents are starting to abuse this authority as they leave the office. If they actually tried to do this on the first day so that Congress had some ability to respond to it, and the people did, I’d be more comfortable about what their motives are,” said GOP Rep. Rob Bishop of Utah, chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christy Goldfuss, managing director of the White House Council on Environmental Quality, won’t discuss specific national monument possibilities, but said Obama “certainly feels we have more to do to protect this planet from climate change, so we’ll see how this plays out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop said lawmakers would work with the administration on additional protections for some public lands, but environmental groups and others are less willing to compromise knowing they can go to the president to get a national monument designation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually impedes the ability of bringing everyone together knowing the president has this power to create a monument whenever he wants to,” Bishop said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldfuss said the administration works to get extensive local feedback before making any monument determination. She and others such as Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack feed the president information, but in the end, it’s his decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about taking the long view here and recognizing there are things of importance to future generations, and the president is in a good spot to make that determination,” Goldfuss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop’s state is home to perhaps the most talked about effort, the proposed Bears Ears National Monument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utah’s Republican-dominated Legislature overwhelming voted for a resolution opposing the monument. Republican Gov. Gary Herbert said a monument designation would bring more visitors but not necessarily more resources, leading to an increase in vandalism and environmental degradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bishop wants instead additional protections for about 1.4 million acres of the Bears Ears area and opening up other lands for gas and oil exploration and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Keller, the national monuments campaign director for the Wilderness Society, said he believes the prospects for a monument designation in Bears Ears are promising. Jewell’s fact-finding trip to the region last month shows the administration is serious about protecting the thousands of artifacts and rock carvings documenting how Native Americans lived through the centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A big priority for them is protecting lands that are inclusive of diverse populations and tell the story of the American people a little more broadly,” Keller said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Parts of California Are Ditching Drought Rules",
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"content": "\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Don’t be too surprised if you see greener lawns in California these days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/california-may-abandon-state-imposed-water-conservation-quotas/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mandatory drought rules\u003c/a> in effect throughout the state over the last year have largely gone out the window.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, state officials set conservation standards between 4 to 36 percent for the 411 water districts in the state. Now, water districts are setting their own rules and the vast majority are ditching mandatory cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click on the dots to see water districts’ new mandatory conservation rules\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/viz/eb439d68-6406-11e6-9b06-0ecd1babdde5/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of the state’s water districts say they can handle a severe drought similar to the past three years. That’s the “stress test” the State Water Resources Control Board required them to do. The board is not vetting the stress test plans individually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty-six water districts said they’d experience a shortfall in another drought and have chosen to keep mandatory cutbacks. More than a third of districts are keeping voluntary cutbacks in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is appropriate to be able to relax because the situation changed,” says Felicia Marcus of the State Water Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups are criticizing the state, saying the weaker rules send a mixed message to Californians after three years of conservation outreach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If water conservation drops off, the water board says it’s prepared go back to mandatory cutbacks starting in January next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take water for granted,” says Marcus. “And the next drought may be just around the corner or the one we’re in may get worse again.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOWER LAKE — A Lake County man was arrested Monday on arson charges for allegedly starting a wildfire that exploded over the weekend, destroying more than 175 homes, businesses and other structures here, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\u003cfigcaption>Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/clayton-fire-lower-lake-arson-arrest/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Read More …\u003c/a>Source:: \u003ca title=\"Arson Arrest Announced in Devastating Lake County Fire\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/clayton-fire-lower-lake-arson-arrest/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\n\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How a Sheep Farmer Saves Water Using Shipping Containers",
"headTitle": "How a Sheep Farmer Saves Water Using Shipping Containers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Golden Valley Farm north of Madera, Mario Daccarett’s employees are milking 500 sheep in rounds of 12. As they hook up long clear suction cups to each animal’s teats, milk drains down tubes into a cold tank. This creamy milk eventually is turned into cheese and sold at places like Whole Foods or Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me that our Golden Ewe cheese is the best for grilled cheese sandwich ever,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daccarett says he gets about 800 pounds of milk a year from each ewe. To make that much milk it takes a lot of feed — like oats and hay — to satisfy this herd’s constant appetite. And to cut the cost of all that feed Daccarett says he has a secret ingredient that enriches his cheese while at the same time saves water: sprouted barley grown indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plant every day and we harvest every day and it takes six days to complete the cycle,” says Daccarett. “So whatever we plant today in six days will be ready to be fed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing barley as feed isn’t a new practice, but Daccarrett’s method of growing barley seeds is different. He sprouts the seeds inside shipping containers using hydroponic technology and indoor lighting. By doing so he says he only uses two percent of the water it would take to grow the crop using traditional farming methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg\" alt=\"Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he's feeding sprouts alone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"585\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-400x292.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-1180x862.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he’s feeding sprouts alone.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a big advantage if you don’t have a lot of land,” Daccarrett says. “You can produce a tremendous amount of feed in a very, very small area with a very little amount of water”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every hour black drip irrigation sprinklers mist the seeds for 20 seconds. That’s just long enough for the seeds to germinate. In a matter of days these sprouts will stand six inches tall and be ready for the sheep to eat. He’s producing 2,400 pounds of sprouts a day which feeds his flock of 1,100 sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We modify the temperature so that it is very consistent, we also control the ventilation,” says Curt Chittook, president of FodderWorks, the company that sold Daccarett the equipment. “What that does is it gives us a very consistent growth pattern so we have consistent output on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this sprouting technology isn’t new, it’s not widely used for growing feed for livestock. Chittook and farmers like Daccarett think that will change. But UC Davis Agronomy Professor Daniel Putnam says the cost doesn’t pencil out when you take into account that each hydroponic container costs about $100,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The margins are pretty slim, and if you’re looking at it from an animal production point of view, you want to minimize your costs,” Putnam says. “And if you really apply a little bit of economics to it and animal nutrition to it it doesn’t appear as quite as promising as one might think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Daccarett it seems to be working. He says his first two containers paid for themselves in just over a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more pressure we have from water limitations or the more pressure to become more efficient ourselves and more sustainable — you’re gonna see more people doing it,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Daccarett’s nephew, Jose Quiñonez, says their sheep are also flocking to the new sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they go crazy when they see it,” Quiñonez says. “They really like it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Golden Valley Farm north of Madera, Mario Daccarett’s employees are milking 500 sheep in rounds of 12. As they hook up long clear suction cups to each animal’s teats, milk drains down tubes into a cold tank. This creamy milk eventually is turned into cheese and sold at places like Whole Foods or Bi-Rite Market in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me that our Golden Ewe cheese is the best for grilled cheese sandwich ever,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daccarett says he gets about 800 pounds of milk a year from each ewe. To make that much milk it takes a lot of feed — like oats and hay — to satisfy this herd’s constant appetite. And to cut the cost of all that feed Daccarett says he has a secret ingredient that enriches his cheese while at the same time saves water: sprouted barley grown indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We plant every day and we harvest every day and it takes six days to complete the cycle,” says Daccarett. “So whatever we plant today in six days will be ready to be fed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing barley as feed isn’t a new practice, but Daccarrett’s method of growing barley seeds is different. He sprouts the seeds inside shipping containers using hydroponic technology and indoor lighting. By doing so he says he only uses two percent of the water it would take to grow the crop using traditional farming methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049437\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg\" alt=\"Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he's feeding sprouts alone.\" width=\"800\" height=\"585\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049437\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-800x585.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-400x292.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-1180x862.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BarleyFeeding-960x702.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Usually Jose Quiñonez feeds the sheep a blend of oats, hay and sprouts. But today he’s feeding sprouts alone.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s a big advantage if you don’t have a lot of land,” Daccarrett says. “You can produce a tremendous amount of feed in a very, very small area with a very little amount of water”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every hour black drip irrigation sprinklers mist the seeds for 20 seconds. That’s just long enough for the seeds to germinate. In a matter of days these sprouts will stand six inches tall and be ready for the sheep to eat. He’s producing 2,400 pounds of sprouts a day which feeds his flock of 1,100 sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We modify the temperature so that it is very consistent, we also control the ventilation,” says Curt Chittook, president of FodderWorks, the company that sold Daccarett the equipment. “What that does is it gives us a very consistent growth pattern so we have consistent output on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this sprouting technology isn’t new, it’s not widely used for growing feed for livestock. Chittook and farmers like Daccarett think that will change. But UC Davis Agronomy Professor Daniel Putnam says the cost doesn’t pencil out when you take into account that each hydroponic container costs about $100,000 each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049242\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20704_sheep_drought_6-qut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Quiñonez says every day, 2,400 pounds of sprouts are fed to about 1,100 sheep. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The margins are pretty slim, and if you’re looking at it from an animal production point of view, you want to minimize your costs,” Putnam says. “And if you really apply a little bit of economics to it and animal nutrition to it it doesn’t appear as quite as promising as one might think.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for Daccarett it seems to be working. He says his first two containers paid for themselves in just over a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more pressure we have from water limitations or the more pressure to become more efficient ourselves and more sustainable — you’re gonna see more people doing it,” Daccarett says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Daccarett’s nephew, Jose Quiñonez, says their sheep are also flocking to the new sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they go crazy when they see it,” Quiñonez says. “They really like it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
"title": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfire Roars Into Lake County Town, Destroying Homes and Businesses",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the fourth time in little more than a year, a wildfire is raging out of control in southern Lake County, reportedly destroying scores of homes and forcing widespread evacuations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a> started Saturday evening. The blaze intensified at midday Sunday and moved rapidly in the early \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Scores of Homes Reported Lost in New Lake County Wildfire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the fourth time in little more than a year, a wildfire is raging out of control in southern Lake County, reportedly destroying scores of homes and forcing widespread evacuations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1390\">Clayton Fire\u003c/a> started Saturday evening. The blaze intensified at midday Sunday and moved rapidly in the early \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/14/clayton-fire-update-lake-county/\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Scores of Homes Reported Lost in New Lake County Wildfire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
"title": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sb4NAxHvOzaqNPM7iqKkpgFL5NISRsw1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "DEA Rejects Attempt to Loosen Federal Restrictions on Marijuana",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration has denied a bid by two Democratic governors to reconsider how it treats marijuana under federal drug control laws, keeping the drug for now, at least, in the most restrictive category for U.S. law enforcement purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug Enforcement Administration chief Chuck Rosenberg said Thursday the decision is rooted in science. Rosenberg gave \"enormous weight\" to conclusions by the Food and Drug Administration that marijuana has \"no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States,\" and by some measures, it remains highly vulnerable to abuse as the most commonly used illicit drug across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This decision isn't based on danger. This decision is based on whether marijuana, as determined by the FDA, is a safe and effective medicine,\" he said. \"And it's not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marijuana is considered a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, alongside heroin and LSD, while other, highly addictive substances including oxycodone and methamphetamine are regulated differently under Schedule II of the law. But marijuana's designation has nothing to do with danger, Rosenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"qBtjdjCE6Fxm9Ye0B8rGvnM5mhqVhfnl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to the petitioners, Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee and New Mexico nurse practitioner Bryan Krumm, Rosenberg said doctors are responsible for treating patients, but the FDA makes decisions about drug safety: \"Simply put, evaluating the safety and effectiveness of drugs is a highly specialized endeavor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Angell, chairman of Marijuana Majority, said in a statement that the decision was disappointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"President Obama always said he would let science — and not ideology — dictate policy, but in this case his administration is upholding a failed drug war approach instead of looking at real, existing evidence that marijuana has medical value,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans support legalization, Angell wrote, and the federal government should at a minimum leave regulatory decisions to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug enforcers insist they are supportive of efforts to advance scientific research on marijuana. The DEA said it has \"never denied\" an application from a researcher to use lawfully produced marijuana in a rigorous medical study, and Rosenberg pointed out that research continues on a variety of subjects, including the effects of smoking marijuana in human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government hasn't taken that step.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11048060\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government hasn't taken that step. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, federal authorities said, they made it easier for researchers conducting clinical trials on cannabidiol, a component of marijuana. Some scientists are studying whether the substance can help treat childhood epilepsy. \"That would be a wonderful and welcome development,\" the DEA letter said, \"but we insist that CBD research, or any research, be sound, scientific and rigorous before a product can be authorized for medical use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, federal authorities said, they are increasing the amount of marijuana available for legitimate research. They said they will open up new avenues for more people and institutions to manufacture marijuana for scientific purposes. Currently, the University of Mississippi is the only such site in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As long as folks abide by the rules, and we're going to regulate that, we want to expand the availability, the variety, the type of marijuana available to legitimate researchers,\" Rosenberg said. \"If our understanding of the science changes, that could very well drive a new decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government has not taken that step despite prodding from federal lawmakers. Last month, the Democratic National Committee endorsed the idea of loosening federal restrictions on marijuana and \"providing a reasoned platform for future legalization\" in its platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, there remain two ways to change the federal government's classification of marijuana: for a host of federal agencies including the DEA and FDA to sign off; or for Congress to pass a law, and for the president to sign it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=DEA+Rejects+Attempt+To+Loosen+Federal+Restrictions+On+Marijuana+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Angell, chairman of Marijuana Majority, said in a statement that the decision was disappointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"President Obama always said he would let science — and not ideology — dictate policy, but in this case his administration is upholding a failed drug war approach instead of looking at real, existing evidence that marijuana has medical value,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans support legalization, Angell wrote, and the federal government should at a minimum leave regulatory decisions to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drug enforcers insist they are supportive of efforts to advance scientific research on marijuana. The DEA said it has \"never denied\" an application from a researcher to use lawfully produced marijuana in a rigorous medical study, and Rosenberg pointed out that research continues on a variety of subjects, including the effects of smoking marijuana in human subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048060\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government hasn't taken that step.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11048060\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/CAPot-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government hasn't taken that step. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In December 2015, federal authorities said, they made it easier for researchers conducting clinical trials on cannabidiol, a component of marijuana. Some scientists are studying whether the substance can help treat childhood epilepsy. \"That would be a wonderful and welcome development,\" the DEA letter said, \"but we insist that CBD research, or any research, be sound, scientific and rigorous before a product can be authorized for medical use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's more, federal authorities said, they are increasing the amount of marijuana available for legitimate research. They said they will open up new avenues for more people and institutions to manufacture marijuana for scientific purposes. Currently, the University of Mississippi is the only such site in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As long as folks abide by the rules, and we're going to regulate that, we want to expand the availability, the variety, the type of marijuana available to legitimate researchers,\" Rosenberg said. \"If our understanding of the science changes, that could very well drive a new decision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-two states and the District of Columbia allow some form of medical marijuana use, but the federal government has not taken that step despite prodding from federal lawmakers. Last month, the Democratic National Committee endorsed the idea of loosening federal restrictions on marijuana and \"providing a reasoned platform for future legalization\" in its platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, there remain two ways to change the federal government's classification of marijuana: for a host of federal agencies including the DEA and FDA to sign off; or for Congress to pass a law, and for the president to sign it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=DEA+Rejects+Attempt+To+Loosen+Federal+Restrictions+On+Marijuana+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Until recently, strolling through a California forest meant walking in dappled light along a path strewn with leaves or pine needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But across the state, once-towering pines have collapsed, their desiccated limbs sprawled across forest floors. Toppled oak and tanoak trees, their trunks bleeding, decomposing from the inside out, litter the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choked with the detritus of at least 70 million dead trees, vast tracts of the landscape have become a botanical emergency room, parched by drought, invaded by damaging insects and infected with a deadly organism that may have piggybacked its way to the state on rhododendron leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many communities of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, “80 percent of trees are dead,” said Ken Pimlott, the state’s top forester as director of Cal Fire, the state forestry and fire-protection agency. “There will be no conifers [there] when this is done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas.’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, Cal Fire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic tree loss has taken out 66 million pines and other conifers and more than 5 million oak trees and tanoaks, which are relatives in the beech family. Nearly 60 million more water-starved trees are teetering. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dead and distressed woodlands represent a small fraction of the state’s billions of trees. But the problem is acute because large concentrations of trees — hundreds of acres of forest — are being wiped out. And experts expect the situation to worsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that until they learn more about oak disease, or the drought eases, what is now a botanical calamity threatens to become an environmental disaster:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dead and dying trees are exceptionally flammable, amplifying an already severe wildfire threat after five years of drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Treeless slopes foster soil erosion, perilous landslides and a loss of essential watersheds. More than 60 percent of the state’s water originates in the hard-hit Sierra.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Forests absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and long-term tree loss could set back the state’s battle against climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When trees burn and decay, they release “black carbon,” a highly destructive emission many thousand times more polluting than other greenhouse gases. A wildfire around Yosemite National Park in 2013 discharged as much carbon as 2.3 million cars emit in a year, state officials say.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1440x927.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1920x1236.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-960x618.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out mostly along California’s edges. Coast-hugging oaks are dying from Monterey County north to Humboldt County. Pines and other conifers, dried by drought and attacked by bark beetles, are failing along the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B07BADv7t15JUGl5dVl2a2wtOHc/view\">eastern spine\u003c/a> from northern Los Angeles County to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never experienced a change and impact at this scale,” said Pimlott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State leaders are paying attention. Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency. More than 80 federal, state and local agencies, electric utilities and other organizations have formed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/treetaskforce/\">Tree Mortality Task Force\u003c/a>, co-chaired by Pimlott, to combat the problem. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">group\u003c/a> is grappling with what has been called “sudden oak death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some aspects of the problem are not new. Drought has ravaged the state before. Insects have been opportunistically attacking weakened trees for hundreds of years. Disease takes hold. Trees die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current convergence of drought, bark beetles and oak disease is changing ecosystems enough that scientists cannot say when the tree population might be restored. In addition to the millions of oaks that have died since the mid-2000s, an unknown number may have the disease, and infected oaks can take two to five years to exhibit signs of trouble. [contextly_sidebar id=”WznzxFbrnM2angWaEyL24Eecd4eB66vj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the disease is confined to 15 of California’s 58 counties, their nursery products quarantined to help prevent further spread. Scientists believe sudden oak death, or \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>, was brought to California on plants from commercial nurseries elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the die-off of pines and other conifers is occurring on a scale unprecedented in recent times, those trees evolved along with invasive insects, and healthy ones have the capacity to fight off attacks. When the drought eventually ends, pines are likely to come back, experts say, but even that is not fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees have no natural defense against the mold destroying them – it was identified in the state only about a decade ago — although not all infected oaks die. The question is whether, and how many, oaks can return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912268\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg\" alt='\"Bleeding\" bark is one sign of sudden oak death. ' width=\"800\" height=\"949\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-400x475.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-768x911.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1440x1708.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1920x2278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1180x1400.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-960x1139.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bleeding” bark is one sign of sudden oak death. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Already researchers are seeing diseased oak stands replaced by chaparral and other fast-growing flora. Tanoaks, scientists say, bear the brunt of the epidemic and may not come back at all or, like the chestnut trees that once flourished in the United States, may ultimately become shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseased oaks were first observed in the state in 1995, in Marin and Santa Cruz counties. Much of the damage didn’t show up until years later, and officials didn’t recognize the potential for the current epidemic. That may have allowed sudden oak death to gain a stranglehold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of state agencies, county crews and public utilities are removing dead and diseased trees around power lines, roads, bridges and other infrastructure where they might pose a hazard to public safety. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages much of California’s pine forest, has been cutting down dead trees, clearing debris from recreation sites and roads and taking other measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire and other agencies are carting away trees and limbs in places where thousands of dead pines and oaks still stand near homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas,” Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners and pest control specialists are spraying or injecting oaks with a chemical concoction aimed at helping them fight infection, hoping to keep the disease at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of labor-intensive work is not practical on a forest-wide scale, and aerial spraying of chemicals would likely be unacceptable and ineffective\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the pathogen’s spread is accelerating, despite California’s drought, because many of the affected oaks are in coastal areas with damper climates. Researchers are documenting the advancing destruction and looking for ways to protect still-healthy portions of California’s 32 million forested acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Until recently, strolling through a California forest meant walking in dappled light along a path strewn with leaves or pine needles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But across the state, once-towering pines have collapsed, their desiccated limbs sprawled across forest floors. Toppled oak and tanoak trees, their trunks bleeding, decomposing from the inside out, litter the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choked with the detritus of at least 70 million dead trees, vast tracts of the landscape have become a botanical emergency room, parched by drought, invaded by damaging insects and infected with a deadly organism that may have piggybacked its way to the state on rhododendron leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many communities of the central and southern Sierra Nevada range, “80 percent of trees are dead,” said Ken Pimlott, the state’s top forester as director of Cal Fire, the state forestry and fire-protection agency. “There will be no conifers [there] when this is done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas.’\u003ccite>Ken Pimlott, Cal Fire\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic tree loss has taken out 66 million pines and other conifers and more than 5 million oak trees and tanoaks, which are relatives in the beech family. Nearly 60 million more water-starved trees are teetering. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dead and distressed woodlands represent a small fraction of the state’s billions of trees. But the problem is acute because large concentrations of trees — hundreds of acres of forest — are being wiped out. And experts expect the situation to worsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say that until they learn more about oak disease, or the drought eases, what is now a botanical calamity threatens to become an environmental disaster:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dead and dying trees are exceptionally flammable, amplifying an already severe wildfire threat after five years of drought.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Treeless slopes foster soil erosion, perilous landslides and a loss of essential watersheds. More than 60 percent of the state’s water originates in the hard-hit Sierra.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Forests absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and long-term tree loss could set back the state’s battle against climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>When trees burn and decay, they release “black carbon,” a highly destructive emission many thousand times more polluting than other greenhouse gases. A wildfire around Yosemite National Park in 2013 discharged as much carbon as 2.3 million cars emit in a year, state officials say.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912265\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912265\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \" width=\"800\" height=\"515\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-400x257.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1440x927.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1920x1236.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Rizzo2-960x618.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Rizzo, a professor at UC Davis, walks through an area of trees dead from the effects of sudden oak death near Inverness, Calif. \u003ccite>( Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is playing out mostly along California’s edges. Coast-hugging oaks are dying from Monterey County north to Humboldt County. Pines and other conifers, dried by drought and attacked by bark beetles, are failing along the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B07BADv7t15JUGl5dVl2a2wtOHc/view\">eastern spine\u003c/a> from northern Los Angeles County to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never experienced a change and impact at this scale,” said Pimlott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State leaders are paying attention. Gov. Jerry Brown has declared a state of emergency. More than 80 federal, state and local agencies, electric utilities and other organizations have formed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/treetaskforce/\">Tree Mortality Task Force\u003c/a>, co-chaired by Pimlott, to combat the problem. Another \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">group\u003c/a> is grappling with what has been called “sudden oak death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some aspects of the problem are not new. Drought has ravaged the state before. Insects have been opportunistically attacking weakened trees for hundreds of years. Disease takes hold. Trees die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the current convergence of drought, bark beetles and oak disease is changing ecosystems enough that scientists cannot say when the tree population might be restored. In addition to the millions of oaks that have died since the mid-2000s, an unknown number may have the disease, and infected oaks can take two to five years to exhibit signs of trouble. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the disease is confined to 15 of California’s 58 counties, their nursery products quarantined to help prevent further spread. Scientists believe sudden oak death, or \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>, was brought to California on plants from commercial nurseries elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the die-off of pines and other conifers is occurring on a scale unprecedented in recent times, those trees evolved along with invasive insects, and healthy ones have the capacity to fight off attacks. When the drought eventually ends, pines are likely to come back, experts say, but even that is not fully understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oak trees have no natural defense against the mold destroying them – it was identified in the state only about a decade ago — although not all infected oaks die. The question is whether, and how many, oaks can return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-912268\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg\" alt='\"Bleeding\" bark is one sign of sudden oak death. ' width=\"800\" height=\"949\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-800x949.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-400x475.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-768x911.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1440x1708.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1920x2278.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-1180x1400.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/bleeding-bark-960x1139.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Bleeding” bark is one sign of sudden oak death. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Already researchers are seeing diseased oak stands replaced by chaparral and other fast-growing flora. Tanoaks, scientists say, bear the brunt of the epidemic and may not come back at all or, like the chestnut trees that once flourished in the United States, may ultimately become shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diseased oaks were first observed in the state in 1995, in Marin and Santa Cruz counties. Much of the damage didn’t show up until years later, and officials didn’t recognize the potential for the current epidemic. That may have allowed sudden oak death to gain a stranglehold in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of state agencies, county crews and public utilities are removing dead and diseased trees around power lines, roads, bridges and other infrastructure where they might pose a hazard to public safety. The U.S. Forest Service, which manages much of California’s pine forest, has been cutting down dead trees, clearing debris from recreation sites and roads and taking other measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire and other agencies are carting away trees and limbs in places where thousands of dead pines and oaks still stand near homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are literally one spark away from catastrophic fire in these tree mortality areas,” Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners and pest control specialists are spraying or injecting oaks with a chemical concoction aimed at helping them fight infection, hoping to keep the disease at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of labor-intensive work is not practical on a forest-wide scale, and aerial spraying of chemicals would likely be unacceptable and ineffective\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the pathogen’s spread is accelerating, despite California’s drought, because many of the affected oaks are in coastal areas with damper climates. Researchers are documenting the advancing destruction and looking for ways to protect still-healthy portions of California’s 32 million forested acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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