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"content": "\u003cp>Get ready science geeks. For ten days (starting this Thursday) you can participate in more than 50 events during the 6th annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MMZBDQWFzonDlocylxFJBUvPSE5KnKlu”]The UCSF-sponsored fete brings together Bay Area science institutions that provide activities — from hands-on workshops to concerts — at multiple locations throughout San Francisco, the East Bay, the North Bay and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this year’s festival, we’re bringing science to baseball stadiums and movie theaters — places people naturally go — to showcase that science is an important part of Bay Area culture,” says Bay Area Science Festival director Kishore Hari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The activities all take place at different times and some sell out quickly so check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">full schedule online.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The festival’s free finale event, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/discovery-days-at-att-park/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Discovery Days\u003c/a>, takes place at AT&T Park on Saturday November 5. From 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. the stadium becomes an outdoor science museum with hands-on demonstrations like Life Science Alley, where you can extract your own DNA or the Robot Zoo where you can test out machines built by students, startups and local research organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t live in San Francisco, Discovery Days also happen at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.northbayscience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/discovery-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal State East Bay campus\u003c/a> on Saturday, October 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more ideas about what to attend, check out our recommendations:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Three Must-See Events \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Alamo_edited\" width=\"206\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-160x147.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-240x221.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-375x345.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\">1. Nerd Nite at the Alamo Draft House\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of San Francisco’s favorite things come together when \u003ca href=\"https://sf.nerdnite.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerd Nite\u003c/a> — the weekly after-hours science event — comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alamo Drafthouse\u003c/a>. The Mission movie theater serves food while you watch and during Nerd Nite, the cocktail waitresses are robots! View films about mosquitoes, grizzly bears and wild bulls that are suitable for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday November 2 at 8 p.m. at the \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alamo Drafthouse\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/2550+Mission+St,+San+Francisco,+CA+94110/@37.7562163,-122.4213798,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808f7e3ec5076afb:0xa4197f45ba380a57!8m2!3d37.7562163!4d-122.4191911\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2550 Mission St, San Francisco 94110\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nCost: $15.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf/show/nerd-nite-science-meets-cinema\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buy tickets online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Mt Diablo Hike_edited\" width=\"214\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited.jpg 505w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-375x356.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\">2. Explore Mt. Diablo\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know Mt. Diablo is home to ancient volcanoes and Mercury mines? Hear more about them during this guided two-hour hike. The 3-mile, relatively flat, excursion offers opportunities to see rare plants, unique geology and Instagram-worthy views. Be sure to wear sunscreen and sturdy shoes, bring water, a snack, and dress in layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSaturday \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">October 29 from 9 a.m. –\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">11 a.m. at \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Marsh+Creek+Rd+%26+Morgan+Territory+Rd,+Clayton,+CA+94517/@37.9060507,-121.8763478,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808ff65c6db30f23:0xdc1494f1b041caf3!8m2!3d37.9060507!4d-121.8741591?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"tribe-street-address\">Marsh Creek Rd. and Morgan Territory Rd. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-locality\">Clayton \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-postal-code\">94517\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCost: Free.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/explorer-days-save-mount-diablo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online description\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104623\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones.png\" alt=\"UC Bekeley museum_bones\" width=\"216\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-240x238.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-375x372.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-520x516.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\">3. East Bay Science Cafe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travel back in time as curators from UC Berkeley’s six natural history museums share stories about the animal bones they care for. The event is at Albany’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.restaurantvalparaiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Valparaiso\u003c/a> so you can satisfy your hunger and curiosity at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday November 2 from 7 p.m. – 9 p.m. \u003ca href=\"http://www.restaurantvalparaiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Valparaiso\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Restaurant+Cafe+Valparaiso/@37.890937,-122.2921788,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x80857e7f53d0eb5d:0xce1ea5d76c5374b5!8m2!3d37.890937!4d-122.2899847\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1403 Solano Ave Albany 94706\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nCost: Free.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/east-bay-science-cafe-collection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Details online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Get ready science geeks. For ten days (starting this Thursday) you can participate in more than 50 events during the 6th annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The UCSF-sponsored fete brings together Bay Area science institutions that provide activities — from hands-on workshops to concerts — at multiple locations throughout San Francisco, the East Bay, the North Bay and on the Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For this year’s festival, we’re bringing science to baseball stadiums and movie theaters — places people naturally go — to showcase that science is an important part of Bay Area culture,” says Bay Area Science Festival director Kishore Hari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The activities all take place at different times and some sell out quickly so check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">full schedule online.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The festival’s free finale event, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/festival/discovery-days-at-att-park/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Discovery Days\u003c/a>, takes place at AT&T Park on Saturday November 5. From 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. the stadium becomes an outdoor science museum with hands-on demonstrations like Life Science Alley, where you can extract your own DNA or the Robot Zoo where you can test out machines built by students, startups and local research organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t live in San Francisco, Discovery Days also happen at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.northbayscience.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/discovery-days/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal State East Bay campus\u003c/a> on Saturday, October 29.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more ideas about what to attend, check out our recommendations:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Three Must-See Events \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104617\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Alamo_edited\" width=\"206\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-160x147.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-240x221.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Alamo_edited-375x345.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\">1. Nerd Nite at the Alamo Draft House\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of San Francisco’s favorite things come together when \u003ca href=\"https://sf.nerdnite.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nerd Nite\u003c/a> — the weekly after-hours science event — comes to the \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alamo Drafthouse\u003c/a>. The Mission movie theater serves food while you watch and during Nerd Nite, the cocktail waitresses are robots! View films about mosquitoes, grizzly bears and wild bulls that are suitable for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday November 2 at 8 p.m. at the \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alamo Drafthouse\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/2550+Mission+St,+San+Francisco,+CA+94110/@37.7562163,-122.4213798,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808f7e3ec5076afb:0xa4197f45ba380a57!8m2!3d37.7562163!4d-122.4191911\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2550 Mission St, San Francisco 94110\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nCost: $15.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: \u003ca href=\"https://drafthouse.com/sf/show/nerd-nite-science-meets-cinema\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buy tickets online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited.jpg\" alt=\"Mt Diablo Hike_edited\" width=\"214\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited.jpg 505w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-160x152.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-240x228.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Mt-Diablo-Hike_edited-375x356.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\">2. Explore Mt. Diablo\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you know Mt. Diablo is home to ancient volcanoes and Mercury mines? Hear more about them during this guided two-hour hike. The 3-mile, relatively flat, excursion offers opportunities to see rare plants, unique geology and Instagram-worthy views. Be sure to wear sunscreen and sturdy shoes, bring water, a snack, and dress in layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSaturday \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">October 29 from 9 a.m. –\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">11 a.m. at \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Marsh+Creek+Rd+%26+Morgan+Territory+Rd,+Clayton,+CA+94517/@37.9060507,-121.8763478,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808ff65c6db30f23:0xdc1494f1b041caf3!8m2!3d37.9060507!4d-121.8741591?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"tribe-street-address\">Marsh Creek Rd. and Morgan Territory Rd. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-locality\">Clayton \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-postal-code\">94517\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCost: Free.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/explorer-days-save-mount-diablo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online description\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1104623\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones.png\" alt=\"UC Bekeley museum_bones\" width=\"216\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-160x159.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-240x238.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-375x372.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-520x516.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-50x50.png 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-64x64.png 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-96x96.png 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-128x128.png 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/UC-Bekeley-museum_bones-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\">3. East Bay Science Cafe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travel back in time as curators from UC Berkeley’s six natural history museums share stories about the animal bones they care for. The event is at Albany’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.restaurantvalparaiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Valparaiso\u003c/a> so you can satisfy your hunger and curiosity at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Details:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWednesday November 2 from 7 p.m. – 9 p.m. \u003ca href=\"http://www.restaurantvalparaiso.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Restaurant Valparaiso\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Restaurant+Cafe+Valparaiso/@37.890937,-122.2921788,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x80857e7f53d0eb5d:0xce1ea5d76c5374b5!8m2!3d37.890937!4d-122.2899847\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1403 Solano Ave Albany 94706\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nCost: Free.\u003cbr>\nMore Information: \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/event/east-bay-science-cafe-collection/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Details online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qHvFWkEdISjffdiNsa2BZpl5IRSp1ksh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What's In It for the Corpse Flower to Smell Like Death?",
"headTitle": "What’s In It for the Corpse Flower to Smell Like Death? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003cem>Amorphophallus titanum \u003c/em>is a striking plant even before you get close enough to smell it. Its scientific name means \u003ca href=\"http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/amorphophallus-titanum-titan-arum\">giant, misshapen phallus\u003c/a> and it is not hard to see why. A giant column called a spadix rises 7 feet into the air from the center of a pleated funnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the plant blooms (every decade or so), that spadix actually heats up to about 90 degrees. The stench that inspires its common name — the corpse flower — comes from a putrid blend of chemicals the bloom sends into the air. The odor has notes of old fish, unwashed feet and rotting cabbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1106687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1106687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ari Novy, the U.S. Botanic Garden's executive director, watches Bill McLaughlin, the garden's curator of plants, blow pollen into the base of the D.C. bloom. The pollen was express mailed from the keepers of an Indiana corpse flower named Wally.\" width=\"1917\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1.jpg 1917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1917px) 100vw, 1917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ari Novy, the U.S. Botanic Garden’s executive director, watches Bill McLaughlin, the garden’s curator of plants, blow pollen into the base of the D.C. bloom. The pollen was express mailed from the keepers of an Indiana corpse flower named Wally. \u003ccite>(Adam Cole/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This plant is pretending to be a dead animal. Why? In the wild, when insects searching for carrion are tricked into entering the corpse flower, they become unwitting aides in the plant’s reproduction, carrying pollen from one corpse plant to another corpse plant nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the corpse flower’s deceit has attracted another pollinator: humans. Botanical conservatories from Denver to Sydney want the stinky \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/08/03/488568411/corpse-flower-creates-monster-stench-in-washington-d-c\">crowd-pleasers\u003c/a> in their collections. And to keep the domesticated corpse flowers going, botanists must take the place of insects. They carefully collect corpse flower pollen and send it in the mail to the next garden down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want to learn more about the corpse flower? Check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbKOVv5GII0\">Skunk Bear’s latest video\u003c/a>. Got your own science question for us? Send it our way \u003ca href=\"http://skunkbear.tumblr.com/ask/\">here\u003c/a>. We’ll be answering questions from NPR’s Skunk Bear community every other Tuesday.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What%27s+In+It+For+The+Corpse+Flower+To+Smell+Like+Death%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The corpse flower is a botanical rock star — prized by botanic gardens around the globe. In a new video, NPR's Skunk Bear explores the biology of the stinky giant, which thrives by playing dead.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003cem>Amorphophallus titanum \u003c/em>is a striking plant even before you get close enough to smell it. Its scientific name means \u003ca href=\"http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/amorphophallus-titanum-titan-arum\">giant, misshapen phallus\u003c/a> and it is not hard to see why. A giant column called a spadix rises 7 feet into the air from the center of a pleated funnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the plant blooms (every decade or so), that spadix actually heats up to about 90 degrees. The stench that inspires its common name — the corpse flower — comes from a putrid blend of chemicals the bloom sends into the air. The odor has notes of old fish, unwashed feet and rotting cabbage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1106687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1106687\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ari Novy, the U.S. Botanic Garden's executive director, watches Bill McLaughlin, the garden's curator of plants, blow pollen into the base of the D.C. bloom. The pollen was express mailed from the keepers of an Indiana corpse flower named Wally.\" width=\"1917\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1.jpg 1917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/pollination_wide-eb4af14503b636ad85330cdfa74e55c50c0c3116-1-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1917px) 100vw, 1917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ari Novy, the U.S. Botanic Garden’s executive director, watches Bill McLaughlin, the garden’s curator of plants, blow pollen into the base of the D.C. bloom. The pollen was express mailed from the keepers of an Indiana corpse flower named Wally. \u003ccite>(Adam Cole/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This plant is pretending to be a dead animal. Why? In the wild, when insects searching for carrion are tricked into entering the corpse flower, they become unwitting aides in the plant’s reproduction, carrying pollen from one corpse plant to another corpse plant nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the corpse flower’s deceit has attracted another pollinator: humans. Botanical conservatories from Denver to Sydney want the stinky \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/08/03/488568411/corpse-flower-creates-monster-stench-in-washington-d-c\">crowd-pleasers\u003c/a> in their collections. And to keep the domesticated corpse flowers going, botanists must take the place of insects. They carefully collect corpse flower pollen and send it in the mail to the next garden down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want to learn more about the corpse flower? Check out \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbKOVv5GII0\">Skunk Bear’s latest video\u003c/a>. Got your own science question for us? Send it our way \u003ca href=\"http://skunkbear.tumblr.com/ask/\">here\u003c/a>. We’ll be answering questions from NPR’s Skunk Bear community every other Tuesday.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=What%27s+In+It+For+The+Corpse+Flower+To+Smell+Like+Death%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cspan class=\"\">\u003cem class=\"\">NOTE: \u003c/em>\u003ci class=\"\">One year ago I reported this retrospective of the deadly East Bay Hills Fire. Almost exactly one year later, a fire struck my home region which entirely eclipses the 1991 Bay Area fire for loss of life, structures and affected land. \u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci class=\"\">Reporting on the collection of North Bay Fires that blazed through Sonoma, Napa and Mendocino last week was nothing like covering the 25th anniversary of the East Bay Hills. While I walked around the embers of homes, I didn’t know if my own street and my own loved ones were safe. When I spoke to evacuees, I worried I was keeping them from whatever action they needed to take. I worried speaking to me would make them feel more distressed, rather than heard. As the death toll slowly and then steadily rose (and continues to rise) my stomach would drop with each uptick in the numbers. In reporting on the North Bay wildfires of 2017, there was no distance of years to offer perspective: neither lessons learned nor semi-nostalgic archival news footage. I was collecting, I realize now, what may become sound and images another reporter will use in a quarter of a century looking back.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week marked the 25th anniversary of the devastating East Bay Hills (or Tunnel) fire. The blistering firestorm reached 2,000 degrees and was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/10/17/oakland-firestorm-anniversary-video-photos-original-kqed-news-broadcast/\">hot enough to boil asphalt\u003c/a>, melt bronze and turn houses to ash almost instantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What had seemed like an easy-to-handle grass fire at first quickly overwhelmed fire crews and, in the end, destroyed 3,000 homes and took 25 lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass fire began around noon on Saturday, Oct. 19, in the backyard of a house at the end of Temescal Canyon, a steep residential area in the Oakland hills that’s surrounded by woods. The cause of ignition is still unknown. Soon after the fire was reported, however, fire crews arrived and quickly declared it under control. Then they worked in the steep canyon until dark to secure a perimeter around the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390131″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-060.pdf\">report on the fire\u003c/a>, a battalion chief checked the area for any visible signs of hot spots and told fighters to leave hose lines in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning the hot, dry seasonal winds known as Diablo Winds suddenly picked up. Fire crews returned to the site of the fire at 8:50 in the morning, when hot spots were already smoking. About an hour later, the fires crews thought the fire was under control. Yet the winds soon intensified, further drying the already drought-parched landscape. By 10:45 a.m. crews were battling several major flare-ups that sent smoke down the residential canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about this time that Margaret Schaefer was going for a walk with her brother-in-law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At about 10 in the morning, and we walk and we do see the smoke in the background,” she recalls. “And I say, ‘Hey Ray, what’s going on here?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told her not to worry since wildfire was common in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we keep walking! And pretty soon I say, ‘Ray, this is not looking very good! And he says, ‘Maybe we should turn back.’ And then suddenly we saw people running.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 11:30 a.m. the fire was completely out of control and residents were evacuating. It was in the next half hour, between 11:30 and 12:00, that the majority of lives were lost and homes burned as the fire swept down the face of Temescal Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaefer had only a few moments to grab the family pets and a handful of items. She, like so many others, lost her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Margaret Schaefer holds a news clipping saved from the day after the East Bay Hills Fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Margaret Schaefer holds a news clipping saved from the day after the East Bay Hills Fire. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually didn’t think the house was going to burn down,” she says. “I thought, well, it won’t come this far, but we should still evacuate. You don’t believe this sort of thing when it happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaefer and her husband were able to buy again in the area. Many people rebuilt on their lots. Oakland was generous with permits and encouraged the regrowth. Many houses now in the area are larger than the previous homes, though rules are tighter about building with fire-resistant materials and clearing dried brush around yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fanning the Flames\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the dried vegetation in the hills that day certainly contributed to the fire, it was the hot seasonal Diablo winds that literally fanned the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\">Fire Weather Research Laboratory\u003c/a> at San Jose State, fire science graduate student Carrie Bowers has made the Diablo Winds her specialty. Bowers is already a bit of a fire expert, having worked nine years as a wildlands firefighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowers’ project is studying these unique local winds and how they fueled the East Bay Hills fire. She hopes to develop a way to warn fire authorities when the winds are about to get dangerous. She has discovered that the winds that day in 1991 were not as strong as they could have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The East Bay Hills fire was actually not a severe event as far as Diablo events go,” says Bowers. “It was more a moderate-type event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through computer modeling Bowers is able to pinpoint the movement and effects of those Diablo Winds 25 years ago nearly down to the hour. Between 10 and 11 a.m., she says, there was a huge drop in moisture in the air. That’s when the Diablo Winds, coming down from the Central Valley — warming, drying and accelerating as they came — hit the East Bay Hills, sucking out the moisture of the already parched hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each October, when Diablo Winds whip through dried vegetation, neighborhood residents like Jon Kaufman grow watchful. His house came close to burning in 1991, but escaped with minor smoke damage. Kaufman is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.claremontcanyon.org/\">Claremont Canyon Conservancy,\u003c/a> a nonprofit that works to improve fire safety in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Kaufman took me for a drive through the area that burned, pointing out eucalyptus groves and dry brush undergrowth that make it more likely another serious fire will strike the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139512\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A memorial to fire victims known as the Gateway Emergency Preparedness Exhibit Center \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A memorial to fire victims known as the Gateway Emergency Preparedness Exhibit Center \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We drove along Hiller Drive where, by the side of the road, there’s a memorial. It’s built to look like a burned-out house where just a scorched wooden frame remains. It was built by neighbors, Kaufman says, to honor those who lost their lives and to educate those who visit about fire safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diablo Winds might be out of our control, he says, but local residents can ensure that their homes are ready to be defended from fire by clearing away highly flammable trees and plants. As a model, the gardens of the memorial are planted with California native, fire-resistant plants.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cspan class=\"\">\u003cem class=\"\">NOTE: \u003c/em>\u003ci class=\"\">One year ago I reported this retrospective of the deadly East Bay Hills Fire. Almost exactly one year later, a fire struck my home region which entirely eclipses the 1991 Bay Area fire for loss of life, structures and affected land. \u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ci class=\"\">Reporting on the collection of North Bay Fires that blazed through Sonoma, Napa and Mendocino last week was nothing like covering the 25th anniversary of the East Bay Hills. While I walked around the embers of homes, I didn’t know if my own street and my own loved ones were safe. When I spoke to evacuees, I worried I was keeping them from whatever action they needed to take. I worried speaking to me would make them feel more distressed, rather than heard. As the death toll slowly and then steadily rose (and continues to rise) my stomach would drop with each uptick in the numbers. In reporting on the North Bay wildfires of 2017, there was no distance of years to offer perspective: neither lessons learned nor semi-nostalgic archival news footage. I was collecting, I realize now, what may become sound and images another reporter will use in a quarter of a century looking back.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week marked the 25th anniversary of the devastating East Bay Hills (or Tunnel) fire. The blistering firestorm reached 2,000 degrees and was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/10/17/oakland-firestorm-anniversary-video-photos-original-kqed-news-broadcast/\">hot enough to boil asphalt\u003c/a>, melt bronze and turn houses to ash almost instantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What had seemed like an easy-to-handle grass fire at first quickly overwhelmed fire crews and, in the end, destroyed 3,000 homes and took 25 lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass fire began around noon on Saturday, Oct. 19, in the backyard of a house at the end of Temescal Canyon, a steep residential area in the Oakland hills that’s surrounded by woods. The cause of ignition is still unknown. Soon after the fire was reported, however, fire crews arrived and quickly declared it under control. Then they worked in the steep canyon until dark to secure a perimeter around the burned area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390131″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390131″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-060.pdf\">report on the fire\u003c/a>, a battalion chief checked the area for any visible signs of hot spots and told fighters to leave hose lines in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning the hot, dry seasonal winds known as Diablo Winds suddenly picked up. Fire crews returned to the site of the fire at 8:50 in the morning, when hot spots were already smoking. About an hour later, the fires crews thought the fire was under control. Yet the winds soon intensified, further drying the already drought-parched landscape. By 10:45 a.m. crews were battling several major flare-ups that sent smoke down the residential canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was about this time that Margaret Schaefer was going for a walk with her brother-in-law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At about 10 in the morning, and we walk and we do see the smoke in the background,” she recalls. “And I say, ‘Hey Ray, what’s going on here?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He told her not to worry since wildfire was common in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we keep walking! And pretty soon I say, ‘Ray, this is not looking very good! And he says, ‘Maybe we should turn back.’ And then suddenly we saw people running.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 11:30 a.m. the fire was completely out of control and residents were evacuating. It was in the next half hour, between 11:30 and 12:00, that the majority of lives were lost and homes burned as the fire swept down the face of Temescal Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaefer had only a few moments to grab the family pets and a handful of items. She, like so many others, lost her home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139511\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139511\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Margaret Schaefer holds a news clipping saved from the day after the East Bay Hills Fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/margaret-schaefer-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Margaret Schaefer holds a news clipping saved from the day after the East Bay Hills Fire. \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually didn’t think the house was going to burn down,” she says. “I thought, well, it won’t come this far, but we should still evacuate. You don’t believe this sort of thing when it happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schaefer and her husband were able to buy again in the area. Many people rebuilt on their lots. Oakland was generous with permits and encouraged the regrowth. Many houses now in the area are larger than the previous homes, though rules are tighter about building with fire-resistant materials and clearing dried brush around yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Fanning the Flames\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the dried vegetation in the hills that day certainly contributed to the fire, it was the hot seasonal Diablo winds that literally fanned the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fireweather.org/\">Fire Weather Research Laboratory\u003c/a> at San Jose State, fire science graduate student Carrie Bowers has made the Diablo Winds her specialty. Bowers is already a bit of a fire expert, having worked nine years as a wildlands firefighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowers’ project is studying these unique local winds and how they fueled the East Bay Hills fire. She hopes to develop a way to warn fire authorities when the winds are about to get dangerous. She has discovered that the winds that day in 1991 were not as strong as they could have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The East Bay Hills fire was actually not a severe event as far as Diablo events go,” says Bowers. “It was more a moderate-type event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through computer modeling Bowers is able to pinpoint the movement and effects of those Diablo Winds 25 years ago nearly down to the hour. Between 10 and 11 a.m., she says, there was a huge drop in moisture in the air. That’s when the Diablo Winds, coming down from the Central Valley — warming, drying and accelerating as they came — hit the East Bay Hills, sucking out the moisture of the already parched hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each October, when Diablo Winds whip through dried vegetation, neighborhood residents like Jon Kaufman grow watchful. His house came close to burning in 1991, but escaped with minor smoke damage. Kaufman is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.claremontcanyon.org/\">Claremont Canyon Conservancy,\u003c/a> a nonprofit that works to improve fire safety in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">Kaufman took me for a drive through the area that burned, pointing out eucalyptus groves and dry brush undergrowth that make it more likely another serious fire will strike the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139512\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A memorial to fire victims known as the Gateway Emergency Preparedness Exhibit Center \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Memorial-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A memorial to fire victims known as the Gateway Emergency Preparedness Exhibit Center \u003ccite>(Danielle Venton/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We drove along Hiller Drive where, by the side of the road, there’s a memorial. It’s built to look like a burned-out house where just a scorched wooden frame remains. It was built by neighbors, Kaufman says, to honor those who lost their lives and to educate those who visit about fire safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diablo Winds might be out of our control, he says, but local residents can ensure that their homes are ready to be defended from fire by clearing away highly flammable trees and plants. As a model, the gardens of the memorial are planted with California native, fire-resistant plants.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History",
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"content": "\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"B7vjPY9z0gkmCpeO9b2sWbASyVCchQev\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If regulators approve dam decommissioning, hundreds of miles of river would open up for fish and people. Copco 1 and the other three dams would go silent in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If regulators approve dam decommissioning, hundreds of miles of river would open up for fish and people. Copco 1 and the other three dams would go silent in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply",
"headTitle": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When California officials got serious about building two giant tunnels to divert freshwater out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, it didn’t take critics long to propose alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first was a grassroots scheme that, at first, seemed radical and counterintuitive: Let winter floods retake vast parts of the San Joaquin Valley – the very farmland that needs those Delta water diversions. The floods would recharge depleted groundwater that could then be used to irrigate the farms, preventing the need for Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came in 2007 from Tom Zuckerman, then an attorney for the Central Delta Water Agency, one of many groups still battling the tunnel project. Zuckerman drafted it in the form of a 26-page “white paper” that he presented to the Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force, a panel appointed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was later incorporated by Restore the Delta, another group opposing the tunnels, into its broader “\u003ca href=\"http://ewccalifornia.org/reports/ewcwaterplan9-1-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Water Plan for California\u003c/a>.” And then it largely faded from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been kind of a voice in the wilderness on this subject,” said Zuckerman, who is now retired. “I talk about it constantly. And to this day I haven’t had any person or any entity say this is not a feasible approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, other developments have focused fresh attention on California’s serious groundwater problems: The state’s ongoing drought, passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014 and new scientific research into floodplain restoration and groundwater recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Zuckerman’s idea no longer seems outlandish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will not solve everything. There will be no silver bullet,” said David Gutierrez, executive manager of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Program at the California Department of Water Resources. “But it’s a combination of these ideas together that will help us do better than we’ve been doing in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman’s proposal centers on reviving the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tularebasinwildlifepartners.org/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic Tulare Lake\u003c/a>, located in the Southern San Joaquin Valley between Fresno and Bakersfield. Before California was settled, it was the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River, fed by snowmelt from numerous streams pouring out of the Southern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1103323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1103323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg\" alt=\"The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. D\" width=\"640\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-375x203.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-520x281.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ccite>(avid Rumsey/Historical Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He proposes to bring the lake back by strategically breaching levees and directing winter snowmelt back into the Tulare Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process could be used further north in the San Joaquin Valley to recharge other aquifers, Zuckerman said. In this way, over time, the region could become self-reliant for its water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start adding up these opportunities throughout the state, and you could drive the diversions from the Delta down, probably, to a quarter of what they are now,” he says. “Historically, diversions at that level have not proven injurious to the Delta environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez agrees the idea has merit. But he said it will never displace a significant amount of Delta water diversions. That’s because groundwater depletion in the San Joaquin Valley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-groundwater-20150318-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so severe\u003c/a> that it will take a very long time to bring back. And flood-producing storms are actually somewhat rare in the San Joaquin Valley – on the order of once every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the region needs Delta water exports for a long time to come. Which is where the $15 billion tunnel project comes in. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, it proposes improved infrastructure to divert Delta water to the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to recharge the groundwater without some support from northern water,” Gutierrez said. “Both WaterFix and groundwater recharge are two tools that are going to have to be instituted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many areas, the flooding Zuckerman proposes would not require any changes in land use, and would not harm existing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a University of California team published a \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/cav6902p75-157800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on groundwater recharge potential throughout the state. It was based on an analysis of soil conditions capable of absorbing large amounts of floodwaters, and crop types that could withstand flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found there are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6\u003c/span> million acres (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> million hectares) of suitable soils with “excellent” or “good” potential for groundwater recharge. Crops identified as being tolerant of flooding include wine grapes, pears, prunes, walnuts and some types of almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the study concluded these lands could absorb as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.2\u003c/span>million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters) of water per day. Five days of recharge at that rate would exceed a year’s worth of Delta water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team subsequently made their findings available in a web-based \u003ca href=\"http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sagbi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping tool\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think it’s doable – politically and economically – to do this as soon as people catch on that water on the floodplain is not a bad thing for agriculture,” said John Cain, director of conservation for California flood management at the environmental group American Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This stuff is not theoretical,” he said. “People are jumping on board, and there are multiple projects to breach levees and create floodplains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such project will reroute levees on Paradise Cut in the south Delta to create a new floodplain for the San Joaquin River near Lathrop. It was recently \u003ca href=\"http://deltaconservancy.ca.gov/active-prop-1-grants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.1\u003c/span> million in grants by the Delta Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Wildlife Conservation Board also recently funded two other floodplain restoration projects along the San Joaquin River near Firebaugh and at Great Valley Grasslands State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivation for these projects, Cain says, is flood protection. As old levees age, they become increasingly expensive to maintain, and the demand for state and federal funds to help with these projects increases. So local governments and levee agencies are looking for alternatives – including restoring floodplains to absorb the water instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obligation to restore endangered fish species is another motivation. By refilling aquifers, rivers can remain wet longer through the year because their surface flow is naturally connected to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many California rivers today are considered “losing” streams: Groundwater is so depleted that rivers flowing on the surface are constantly losing huge volumes of water to the aquifer. Yet it’s not enough to refill those aquifers, because groundwater is still getting pumped out too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is poised to change this game. As the law takes effect over the next two decades, many water agencies will be required to find ways to recharge groundwater, especially in the San Joaquin Valley, where most aquifers are known to be in critical condition. He’s certain the solution in many cases will be floodplain restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it won’t work for all aquifers, because a century of land development has cut off their connection to floodwaters. For aquifers near levees, the solution is simple: Open the levee where water can spill onto the most porous soil. In other cases, new water diversion channels may have to be built. These costs will be passed on to water users, which could make the recharged groundwater very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cain is a leading advocate for such projects, he said there probably aren’t enough groundwater recharge opportunities to offset a significant share of Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s hard to believe you’re going to meet large fractions of their demand,” he said. “I think it could be really quite good for some basins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/24/delta-tunnel-alternative-embracing-flooding-for-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some critics of California’s Delta water tunnel project say allowing flooding to occur again in the San Joaquin Valley is a better alternative to the costly and controversial water infrastructure plan.",
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"description": "Some critics of California’s Delta water tunnel project say allowing flooding to occur again in the San Joaquin Valley is a better alternative to the costly and controversial water infrastructure plan.",
"title": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply | KQED",
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"headline": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When California officials got serious about building two giant tunnels to divert freshwater out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, it didn’t take critics long to propose alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first was a grassroots scheme that, at first, seemed radical and counterintuitive: Let winter floods retake vast parts of the San Joaquin Valley – the very farmland that needs those Delta water diversions. The floods would recharge depleted groundwater that could then be used to irrigate the farms, preventing the need for Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came in 2007 from Tom Zuckerman, then an attorney for the Central Delta Water Agency, one of many groups still battling the tunnel project. Zuckerman drafted it in the form of a 26-page “white paper” that he presented to the Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force, a panel appointed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was later incorporated by Restore the Delta, another group opposing the tunnels, into its broader “\u003ca href=\"http://ewccalifornia.org/reports/ewcwaterplan9-1-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Water Plan for California\u003c/a>.” And then it largely faded from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been kind of a voice in the wilderness on this subject,” said Zuckerman, who is now retired. “I talk about it constantly. And to this day I haven’t had any person or any entity say this is not a feasible approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, other developments have focused fresh attention on California’s serious groundwater problems: The state’s ongoing drought, passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014 and new scientific research into floodplain restoration and groundwater recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Zuckerman’s idea no longer seems outlandish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will not solve everything. There will be no silver bullet,” said David Gutierrez, executive manager of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Program at the California Department of Water Resources. “But it’s a combination of these ideas together that will help us do better than we’ve been doing in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman’s proposal centers on reviving the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tularebasinwildlifepartners.org/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic Tulare Lake\u003c/a>, located in the Southern San Joaquin Valley between Fresno and Bakersfield. Before California was settled, it was the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River, fed by snowmelt from numerous streams pouring out of the Southern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1103323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1103323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg\" alt=\"The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. D\" width=\"640\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-375x203.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-520x281.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ccite>(avid Rumsey/Historical Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He proposes to bring the lake back by strategically breaching levees and directing winter snowmelt back into the Tulare Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process could be used further north in the San Joaquin Valley to recharge other aquifers, Zuckerman said. In this way, over time, the region could become self-reliant for its water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start adding up these opportunities throughout the state, and you could drive the diversions from the Delta down, probably, to a quarter of what they are now,” he says. “Historically, diversions at that level have not proven injurious to the Delta environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez agrees the idea has merit. But he said it will never displace a significant amount of Delta water diversions. That’s because groundwater depletion in the San Joaquin Valley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-groundwater-20150318-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so severe\u003c/a> that it will take a very long time to bring back. And flood-producing storms are actually somewhat rare in the San Joaquin Valley – on the order of once every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the region needs Delta water exports for a long time to come. Which is where the $15 billion tunnel project comes in. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, it proposes improved infrastructure to divert Delta water to the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to recharge the groundwater without some support from northern water,” Gutierrez said. “Both WaterFix and groundwater recharge are two tools that are going to have to be instituted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many areas, the flooding Zuckerman proposes would not require any changes in land use, and would not harm existing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a University of California team published a \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/cav6902p75-157800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on groundwater recharge potential throughout the state. It was based on an analysis of soil conditions capable of absorbing large amounts of floodwaters, and crop types that could withstand flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found there are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6\u003c/span> million acres (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> million hectares) of suitable soils with “excellent” or “good” potential for groundwater recharge. Crops identified as being tolerant of flooding include wine grapes, pears, prunes, walnuts and some types of almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the study concluded these lands could absorb as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.2\u003c/span>million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters) of water per day. Five days of recharge at that rate would exceed a year’s worth of Delta water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team subsequently made their findings available in a web-based \u003ca href=\"http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sagbi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping tool\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think it’s doable – politically and economically – to do this as soon as people catch on that water on the floodplain is not a bad thing for agriculture,” said John Cain, director of conservation for California flood management at the environmental group American Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This stuff is not theoretical,” he said. “People are jumping on board, and there are multiple projects to breach levees and create floodplains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such project will reroute levees on Paradise Cut in the south Delta to create a new floodplain for the San Joaquin River near Lathrop. It was recently \u003ca href=\"http://deltaconservancy.ca.gov/active-prop-1-grants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.1\u003c/span> million in grants by the Delta Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Wildlife Conservation Board also recently funded two other floodplain restoration projects along the San Joaquin River near Firebaugh and at Great Valley Grasslands State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivation for these projects, Cain says, is flood protection. As old levees age, they become increasingly expensive to maintain, and the demand for state and federal funds to help with these projects increases. So local governments and levee agencies are looking for alternatives – including restoring floodplains to absorb the water instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obligation to restore endangered fish species is another motivation. By refilling aquifers, rivers can remain wet longer through the year because their surface flow is naturally connected to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many California rivers today are considered “losing” streams: Groundwater is so depleted that rivers flowing on the surface are constantly losing huge volumes of water to the aquifer. Yet it’s not enough to refill those aquifers, because groundwater is still getting pumped out too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is poised to change this game. As the law takes effect over the next two decades, many water agencies will be required to find ways to recharge groundwater, especially in the San Joaquin Valley, where most aquifers are known to be in critical condition. He’s certain the solution in many cases will be floodplain restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it won’t work for all aquifers, because a century of land development has cut off their connection to floodwaters. For aquifers near levees, the solution is simple: Open the levee where water can spill onto the most porous soil. In other cases, new water diversion channels may have to be built. These costs will be passed on to water users, which could make the recharged groundwater very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cain is a leading advocate for such projects, he said there probably aren’t enough groundwater recharge opportunities to offset a significant share of Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s hard to believe you’re going to meet large fractions of their demand,” he said. “I think it could be really quite good for some basins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/24/delta-tunnel-alternative-embracing-flooding-for-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Refinery, Shipping Firm Dispute Finding They're Responsible for Oil Spill",
"title": "Refinery, Shipping Firm Dispute Finding They're Responsible for Oil Spill",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Refinery operator Phillips 66 is rejecting a finding by the Coast Guard that a marine terminal at its Rodeo facility played a role in an oil spill in San Pablo Bay last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard announced late Thursday that it has completed its investigation into two oil sheens that appeared in waters near the refinery on Sept. 20. The agency's probe was unable to determine whether the oil came from the Phillips 66 refinery terminal or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there -- but said both would be responsible for the cost of responding to the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did an extremely thorough investigation,\" said Coast Guard spokeswoman Lt. Megan Mervar in an interview on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says its analysis of the substance found in the water matched the light Arabian crude that was being transferred from the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, to the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement came two days after state officials said the chemical in the water was crude oil from the Middle East and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/18/tests-show-substance-in-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill-was-crude-more-clues-point-to-refinery-tanker-as-source/\">local health official said the oil originated from the ship.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 says tests of equipment at the refinery dock showed no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the oil sheen was discovered, the refinery told the operators of the Yamuna Spirit to stop transfer operations, according to company spokesman Paul Adler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 subsequently tested the refinery's dock transfer piping,\" Adler said. \"The tests were observed by several federal, state and local government agencies and there was no evidence of leakage from Phillips 66 piping and connections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal at the beginning of the investigation. A week later, it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">reopened the facility\u003c/a> and allowed the Yamuna Spirit to depart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teekay Shipping, the Yamuna Spirit's owner, also disputes the suggestion its ship was responsible for the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After extensive investigation and a successful completion of discharge, there is no evidence that the oil sheen originated from the Yamuna Spirit,\" said company officials in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As part of the investigation, we conducted a full underwater survey of the hull, which confirmed complete integrity of the hull and not a source of any leak,\" the company said. \"Additionally, we fully pressure-tested the cargo lines as well as other systems and found no leaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmentalists say there should have been better oil transfer procedures in place at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether or not the oil spill that took place during oil transfer operations at Phillips 66 was the fault of refinery staff or the shipping company hired to transport its oil is irrelevant,\" said Ian Wren, a staff scientist at Baykeeper, an organization that works to stop pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 should be expected to take full responsibility for this spill and any others that take place under its authority,\" Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard is in the process of tallying up the cost of responding to the spill, Lt. Mervar said. That information will be submitted to the agency's National Pollution Funds Center, which will then issue a \"notice of liability\" to Phillips 66 and Teekay Shipping with the amount of money each is expected to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state officials have not determined how much oil spilled in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard investigation did not conclude whether the spill caused an odor that sickened dozens of Vallejo residents at around the same time the oil was discovered in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A state probe is still ongoing, according to Aubrey Henry, spokesman for the Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, Randy Sawyer, the chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa Health Services, said his office plans to discuss the incident with the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will follow up with Phillips 66 on what they are doing to prevent an incident such as this from occurring in the future,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Refinery operator Phillips 66 is rejecting a finding by the Coast Guard that a marine terminal at its Rodeo facility played a role in an oil spill in San Pablo Bay last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard announced late Thursday that it has completed its investigation into two oil sheens that appeared in waters near the refinery on Sept. 20. The agency's probe was unable to determine whether the oil came from the Phillips 66 refinery terminal or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there -- but said both would be responsible for the cost of responding to the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did an extremely thorough investigation,\" said Coast Guard spokeswoman Lt. Megan Mervar in an interview on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says its analysis of the substance found in the water matched the light Arabian crude that was being transferred from the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, to the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement came two days after state officials said the chemical in the water was crude oil from the Middle East and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/18/tests-show-substance-in-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill-was-crude-more-clues-point-to-refinery-tanker-as-source/\">local health official said the oil originated from the ship.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 says tests of equipment at the refinery dock showed no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the oil sheen was discovered, the refinery told the operators of the Yamuna Spirit to stop transfer operations, according to company spokesman Paul Adler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 subsequently tested the refinery's dock transfer piping,\" Adler said. \"The tests were observed by several federal, state and local government agencies and there was no evidence of leakage from Phillips 66 piping and connections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal at the beginning of the investigation. A week later, it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">reopened the facility\u003c/a> and allowed the Yamuna Spirit to depart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teekay Shipping, the Yamuna Spirit's owner, also disputes the suggestion its ship was responsible for the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After extensive investigation and a successful completion of discharge, there is no evidence that the oil sheen originated from the Yamuna Spirit,\" said company officials in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As part of the investigation, we conducted a full underwater survey of the hull, which confirmed complete integrity of the hull and not a source of any leak,\" the company said. \"Additionally, we fully pressure-tested the cargo lines as well as other systems and found no leaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmentalists say there should have been better oil transfer procedures in place at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether or not the oil spill that took place during oil transfer operations at Phillips 66 was the fault of refinery staff or the shipping company hired to transport its oil is irrelevant,\" said Ian Wren, a staff scientist at Baykeeper, an organization that works to stop pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 should be expected to take full responsibility for this spill and any others that take place under its authority,\" Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard is in the process of tallying up the cost of responding to the spill, Lt. Mervar said. That information will be submitted to the agency's National Pollution Funds Center, which will then issue a \"notice of liability\" to Phillips 66 and Teekay Shipping with the amount of money each is expected to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state officials have not determined how much oil spilled in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard investigation did not conclude whether the spill caused an odor that sickened dozens of Vallejo residents at around the same time the oil was discovered in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A state probe is still ongoing, according to Aubrey Henry, spokesman for the Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, Randy Sawyer, the chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa Health Services, said his office plans to discuss the incident with the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will follow up with Phillips 66 on what they are doing to prevent an incident such as this from occurring in the future,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This year is proving to be a momentous one for the climate. There have been both wildly depressing and wildly hopeful milestones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qFy5NF7SNPef5Xq9AORU7qwZfEVeEASZ”]On the downside, carbon dioxide passed the symbolic \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">400 parts per million threshold permanently\u003c/a> (in our lifetimes anyways), the planet is going to have its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">hottest year on record\u003c/a> for the third year in a row and a rash of extreme weather events shook the world this summer. More positively, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-fast-tracks-paris-climate-deal-20750\">Paris Agreement was ratified\u003c/a>, a new treaty was put in place to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/senate-could-block-landmark-hfc-climate-treaty-20795\">ban a potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a> and renewable energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/if-a-power-plant-is-built-in-us-chances-are-its-renewable-20175\">continues to surge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an interesting time to be alive, but perhaps an even more interesting time to join the climate science field. We’re at a crucial turning point for both the field and humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists entering the field now are standing on the shoulders of more than 150 years of climate change research. Our scientific knowledge of climate change has expanded tremendously since John Tyndall’s work on greenhouse gases starting in the 1850s (and even since James Hansen’s 1988 testimony before Congress for that matter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there are still questions to be answered about climate change, in particular pinning down what comes next for the world and the people, plants and animals that call it home. To get a sense of what comes next for field and how it feels to start a career at a time when so much is clearly at stake, Climate Central talked with a handful of early career researchers on how they view the field. Below are some of their answers, lightly edited for clarity and brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it feel to start your career working on climate at a time when the impacts of climate change are becoming clearer and clearer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://earth.usc.edu/~sdee/Contact.html\">Sylvia Dee\u003c/a>, postdoctoral researcher at Brown studying climate over the past millennium:\u003c/strong> It’s an exciting time to be in this field for many reasons, not least of which is a relatively new interest from the community for public lectures and teaching. We have more and more students taking classes in atmospheric and ocean science, and many of us are increasingly being asked to give outreach lectures to organizations (in my case) like the Girl Scouts of America or the United Methodist Women. Public interest is an incredibly valuable tool for improving climate education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a research perspective, I think many of us early career climate scientists feel the same: there are so many questions to answer, and so little time! Whether we like it or not, humans are performing an active experiment on the earth through the continued emission of greenhouse gases. I think (and hope) we are poised to make some major breakthroughs in our understanding of complex climate system feedbacks that could shape our high-greenhouse-gas future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.uci.edu/zlabe/\">Zack Labe\u003c/a>, PhD student at University of California, Irvine studying Arctic climate change:\u003c/strong> There is a mixture of emotions. On one hand, OK, we are doing something right. The climate models are not clueless. On the other hand, human carbon emissions are amplifying societal and environmental impacts signaling the call to act. Nevertheless, it is an exciting time to enter this field as technological advancements are rapidly changing our understanding of both natural and anthropogenic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/kmarvel.html\">Kate Marvel\u003c/a>, associate research scientist at NASA studying climate modeling:\u003c/strong> On a scientific level, there’s a certain satisfaction in seeing physical theory reflected in the real world. It’s amazing that we understand and can make predictions about the way the world works. And as a scientist working to understand the specifics of what climate change actually looks like, it’s gratifying to see wide interest in the field. But on a personal level, I find it deeply unsettling. I worry about the mess we’re leaving our kids, and it upsets me that the people most affected by climate change are the ones least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sarahmyhre.com/\">Sarah Myhre\u003c/a>, postdoc at the University of Washington studying abrupt ocean changes:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard. Weird. Complex. Lots of cognitive dissonance. Some existential crisis. I’m not going to lie, it’s a gritty place when you are staring down at data and probabilities for how your favorite places in the world will change during your kid’s life span. Honestly, being a parent has also really changed my approach to my career. Having a kid and seeing how much my parents love my kid has made me feel so connected to people in the future. It’s a hard question because I love my career. I am supremely privileged to get to do the work that I do. But there is a big part of shouldering the knowledge of this global crisis that has been challenging for me. It’s caused me some grief and it’s really forced me to grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did you get into climate research in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> I was your pretty stereotypical weather nerd growing up, staying up way too late to watch a Northeast snowstorm, running outside in a thunderstorm (do not do this) and so on. I expected to take an operational weather forecasting career path. About midway through undergrad, I contacted a new professor in the department to try something different: research. During the rest of my time in undergrad, I spent a lot of time looking at climate models and reading the literature on this very dynamic field. The problems and impacts of climate change seemed outlined right there, yet, the term ”climate change” is almost taboo in some social settings. This missing link really seemed to strike an interest with me in continuing research while still having an interest in weather and the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I studied theoretical physics because I wanted to know how the universe worked. But during my PhD I realized that my favorite place in the cosmos is Earth, and that there was still lots to learn about it. I don’t regret my physics training — it taught me great problem-solving skills — but I prefer working on more applied problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> To go scuba diving. Actually, no. That’s not true. I got into research because I wanted to work underwater. I spent about 1,000 hours working as a seafloor ecologist with NOAA out of Hawaii, diving in some of the most remote marine ecosystems in the world. Then I went on a marine geology research cruise when I was just starting graduate school. That cruise changed my life, because I got to work with some of the most brilliant paleoceanographers. That cruise showed me that I could use all of my experiences in the modern ocean to understand ocean environments in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, postdoc at UCLA studying extreme weather events:\u003c/strong> I’ve always been fascinated by the atmosphere. I grew up watching clouds and reading weather maps. As an undergraduate studying atmospheric science, it became apparent to me that despite our solid understanding regarding the “big picture” surrounding global warming, there was still quite a bit of uncertainty surrounding the details. How is regional climate changing, and how does global warming affect extreme weather? It seemed to me that the answers to these kinds of questions are critical in making practical adaptations in a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you hope your research can help the field (or world for that matter) understand the challenges climate change poses and how to address them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> We know that changes in the Arctic are one of the key indicators of climate change, but the effects on the rest of the Earth system remain very uncertain. For instance, it is not only the fact that sea ice is melting, but the rate of change at which it is occurring. What does this mean for the balance of the rest of the climate system? I hope my research can better evaluate these questions and further communicate the issues to a broader audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I hope that the work I do is useful and meaningful, both for my scientific peers and for society. I am working to make a contribution to the field of abrupt climate change, by looking at marine sediment records of past events of climate warming. As they say, “the past is the key to the future,” so if we can come to a more direct understanding of how oceans changed during past events of warming, we are equipping ourselves with the tools to interpret the changes we see in the modern world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> Given my longstanding interest weather and short-timescale atmospheric phenomena, I approach climate research from a slightly different perspective than some scientists. I think it’s helpful to view climate as “weather in aggregate,” and since it’s ultimately extreme events like storms, floods, and droughts that cause the most harm in a societal context, it makes sense to focus on how global warming is affecting the character and causes of these sorts of high-impact conditions. Ideally, this work will yield scientific insights into underlying atmospheric processes while simultaneously informing real world decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do you see the field of climate science going in the next 10 years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> The earth is, for lack of a better term, very large. We have a ton of data and we have massive super computers constantly running coupled model simulations that can take months and yield terabytes of output. In the next 10 years, we’re going to have to learn how to effectively use this massive body of data we have access to and filter out the robust signals from the noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I’m actually really excited for the future of the field. My peers are amazing — there is so much talent among early-career scientists. I think we’ll have a better understanding of the climate feedbacks that can speed up or slow down warming, particularly what clouds will do. We’re getting better at quantifying and communicating uncertainty. I also think we’ll get better at understanding and projecting regional climate and talking to more people — not just policymakers, but ordinary people who are going to be affected by climate change. I do think we need to get even more serious about diversity. If scientists don’t reflect society, how can we be sure we’re not missing important questions? We waste an awful lot of potential brilliance right now, and I’m optimistic that we’ll take steps to stop that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain: \u003c/strong>There are two avenues that seem especially promising to me at the moment. The first is the ever-increasing capacity and sophistication of global climate models. I’m particularly intrigued by the prospect of large “ensembles” of high-resolution climate simulations, which may help us constrain the still relatively large uncertainties regarding regional climate change and will hopefully also yield better information regarding changes in extreme events in the climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the rapidly spreading recognition that climate science communication is a critically important endeavor. Increasingly many institutions are recognizing that the obligations of the modern scientist extend beyond the generation of novel research, and that there is a real need for practicing scientists to engage with the wider world. Actively connecting with decision makers, journalists, and the public will be key in building a resilient society in the face of rapid environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you hopeful or does climate change get you down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> I would say that I’m cautiously hopeful. I find the rate at which policy accepts and moves on scientific consensus to be frustrating, but I think I’m not unique in my attempts to be proactive instead of throw in the towel, so to speak. I certainly never feel defeated or upset about it the way I do about a few other political issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel: \u003c/strong>Whisky. (\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em> Marvel received a different version of this question framed as how to stay positive in the face of seemingly continual bad climate news. Her response was too good not to include.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> The answer to that question is yes. It is such a huge problem and I feel the gnawing pain of it in my day-to-day life. I definitely carry my work around with me wherever I go. But I also have to feed my heart with other things. I am living my life while doing this hard work, and I think every moment that I despair at these data must be compensated by a moment where I experience joy and connection. The world is still beautiful and I’m lucky to be here, that’s what I tell myself. I also remember that I signed up for this and that everyone needs to serve someone, and this is what my service looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How concerned are you about the political polarization of climate change and possible solutions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee: \u003c/strong>I’m mostly concerned about the problem from an education perspective. Earth science puts educators in a unique position: we have suddenly been tasked with teaching a politically charged topic, in a field highly underrepresented in K-12 education. Students often enter our courses with erroneous preconceived notions about earth science. I have a strong desire to address the widespread confusion about climate change, and the best way I know how is to teach and to do more outreach. The recent media circus surrounding global warming has highlighted an urgent need for policymakers and the public to understand very basic principles of geoscience, and my teaching experience has alerted me to profound knowledge gaps at the undergraduate level. High school science curricula focus on biology, physics, and chemistry, but a basic understanding of geoscience is also crucial for a society accelerating into a future with a human-altered atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> Science requires discussion. It requires skepticism. And it requires revisions. But we are in an era where political drivers are leading to poor discourse and public communication concerning the state of our understanding of climate change. We need a common voice and one that emphasizes our certainties and uncertainties. How do we go about doing this? I think this is a critical question looking ahead in removing the political and agenda-driven divide. Most importantly, let’s keep science . . . science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I am honestly sickened by it. We need basic science in our public lives and in our leadership. This is the 21st century. I have a computer in my back pocket. We have an instrument driving around Mars. We landed another instrument on a damn comet. Science works and it shouldn’t be on the table to debate any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> It is very frustrating to see just how decoupled the national political conversation surrounding climate change has become from the physical reality of the world we live in. Recognition of basic factual information shouldn’t be a partisan issue and yet one of the two major political parties in the U.S. currently rejects the overwhelming factual evidence demonstrating that humans are largely responsible for global warming. But it doesn’t have to be this way. It’s possible to envision a future where scientific consensus forms the basis of a political common ground, in which there there are legitimate ideological disagreements regarding what should be done about climate change but a shared reality regarding its existence and causes. I’m hopeful we can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year is proving to be a momentous one for the climate. There have been both wildly depressing and wildly hopeful milestones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the downside, carbon dioxide passed the symbolic \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">400 parts per million threshold permanently\u003c/a> (in our lifetimes anyways), the planet is going to have its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">hottest year on record\u003c/a> for the third year in a row and a rash of extreme weather events shook the world this summer. More positively, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-fast-tracks-paris-climate-deal-20750\">Paris Agreement was ratified\u003c/a>, a new treaty was put in place to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/senate-could-block-landmark-hfc-climate-treaty-20795\">ban a potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a> and renewable energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/if-a-power-plant-is-built-in-us-chances-are-its-renewable-20175\">continues to surge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an interesting time to be alive, but perhaps an even more interesting time to join the climate science field. We’re at a crucial turning point for both the field and humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists entering the field now are standing on the shoulders of more than 150 years of climate change research. Our scientific knowledge of climate change has expanded tremendously since John Tyndall’s work on greenhouse gases starting in the 1850s (and even since James Hansen’s 1988 testimony before Congress for that matter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there are still questions to be answered about climate change, in particular pinning down what comes next for the world and the people, plants and animals that call it home. To get a sense of what comes next for field and how it feels to start a career at a time when so much is clearly at stake, Climate Central talked with a handful of early career researchers on how they view the field. Below are some of their answers, lightly edited for clarity and brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it feel to start your career working on climate at a time when the impacts of climate change are becoming clearer and clearer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://earth.usc.edu/~sdee/Contact.html\">Sylvia Dee\u003c/a>, postdoctoral researcher at Brown studying climate over the past millennium:\u003c/strong> It’s an exciting time to be in this field for many reasons, not least of which is a relatively new interest from the community for public lectures and teaching. We have more and more students taking classes in atmospheric and ocean science, and many of us are increasingly being asked to give outreach lectures to organizations (in my case) like the Girl Scouts of America or the United Methodist Women. Public interest is an incredibly valuable tool for improving climate education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a research perspective, I think many of us early career climate scientists feel the same: there are so many questions to answer, and so little time! Whether we like it or not, humans are performing an active experiment on the earth through the continued emission of greenhouse gases. I think (and hope) we are poised to make some major breakthroughs in our understanding of complex climate system feedbacks that could shape our high-greenhouse-gas future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.uci.edu/zlabe/\">Zack Labe\u003c/a>, PhD student at University of California, Irvine studying Arctic climate change:\u003c/strong> There is a mixture of emotions. On one hand, OK, we are doing something right. The climate models are not clueless. On the other hand, human carbon emissions are amplifying societal and environmental impacts signaling the call to act. Nevertheless, it is an exciting time to enter this field as technological advancements are rapidly changing our understanding of both natural and anthropogenic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/kmarvel.html\">Kate Marvel\u003c/a>, associate research scientist at NASA studying climate modeling:\u003c/strong> On a scientific level, there’s a certain satisfaction in seeing physical theory reflected in the real world. It’s amazing that we understand and can make predictions about the way the world works. And as a scientist working to understand the specifics of what climate change actually looks like, it’s gratifying to see wide interest in the field. But on a personal level, I find it deeply unsettling. I worry about the mess we’re leaving our kids, and it upsets me that the people most affected by climate change are the ones least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sarahmyhre.com/\">Sarah Myhre\u003c/a>, postdoc at the University of Washington studying abrupt ocean changes:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard. Weird. Complex. Lots of cognitive dissonance. Some existential crisis. I’m not going to lie, it’s a gritty place when you are staring down at data and probabilities for how your favorite places in the world will change during your kid’s life span. Honestly, being a parent has also really changed my approach to my career. Having a kid and seeing how much my parents love my kid has made me feel so connected to people in the future. It’s a hard question because I love my career. I am supremely privileged to get to do the work that I do. But there is a big part of shouldering the knowledge of this global crisis that has been challenging for me. It’s caused me some grief and it’s really forced me to grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did you get into climate research in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> I was your pretty stereotypical weather nerd growing up, staying up way too late to watch a Northeast snowstorm, running outside in a thunderstorm (do not do this) and so on. I expected to take an operational weather forecasting career path. About midway through undergrad, I contacted a new professor in the department to try something different: research. During the rest of my time in undergrad, I spent a lot of time looking at climate models and reading the literature on this very dynamic field. The problems and impacts of climate change seemed outlined right there, yet, the term ”climate change” is almost taboo in some social settings. This missing link really seemed to strike an interest with me in continuing research while still having an interest in weather and the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I studied theoretical physics because I wanted to know how the universe worked. But during my PhD I realized that my favorite place in the cosmos is Earth, and that there was still lots to learn about it. I don’t regret my physics training — it taught me great problem-solving skills — but I prefer working on more applied problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> To go scuba diving. Actually, no. That’s not true. I got into research because I wanted to work underwater. I spent about 1,000 hours working as a seafloor ecologist with NOAA out of Hawaii, diving in some of the most remote marine ecosystems in the world. Then I went on a marine geology research cruise when I was just starting graduate school. That cruise changed my life, because I got to work with some of the most brilliant paleoceanographers. That cruise showed me that I could use all of my experiences in the modern ocean to understand ocean environments in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, postdoc at UCLA studying extreme weather events:\u003c/strong> I’ve always been fascinated by the atmosphere. I grew up watching clouds and reading weather maps. As an undergraduate studying atmospheric science, it became apparent to me that despite our solid understanding regarding the “big picture” surrounding global warming, there was still quite a bit of uncertainty surrounding the details. How is regional climate changing, and how does global warming affect extreme weather? It seemed to me that the answers to these kinds of questions are critical in making practical adaptations in a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you hope your research can help the field (or world for that matter) understand the challenges climate change poses and how to address them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> We know that changes in the Arctic are one of the key indicators of climate change, but the effects on the rest of the Earth system remain very uncertain. For instance, it is not only the fact that sea ice is melting, but the rate of change at which it is occurring. What does this mean for the balance of the rest of the climate system? I hope my research can better evaluate these questions and further communicate the issues to a broader audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I hope that the work I do is useful and meaningful, both for my scientific peers and for society. I am working to make a contribution to the field of abrupt climate change, by looking at marine sediment records of past events of climate warming. As they say, “the past is the key to the future,” so if we can come to a more direct understanding of how oceans changed during past events of warming, we are equipping ourselves with the tools to interpret the changes we see in the modern world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> Given my longstanding interest weather and short-timescale atmospheric phenomena, I approach climate research from a slightly different perspective than some scientists. I think it’s helpful to view climate as “weather in aggregate,” and since it’s ultimately extreme events like storms, floods, and droughts that cause the most harm in a societal context, it makes sense to focus on how global warming is affecting the character and causes of these sorts of high-impact conditions. Ideally, this work will yield scientific insights into underlying atmospheric processes while simultaneously informing real world decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do you see the field of climate science going in the next 10 years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> The earth is, for lack of a better term, very large. We have a ton of data and we have massive super computers constantly running coupled model simulations that can take months and yield terabytes of output. In the next 10 years, we’re going to have to learn how to effectively use this massive body of data we have access to and filter out the robust signals from the noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I’m actually really excited for the future of the field. My peers are amazing — there is so much talent among early-career scientists. I think we’ll have a better understanding of the climate feedbacks that can speed up or slow down warming, particularly what clouds will do. We’re getting better at quantifying and communicating uncertainty. I also think we’ll get better at understanding and projecting regional climate and talking to more people — not just policymakers, but ordinary people who are going to be affected by climate change. I do think we need to get even more serious about diversity. If scientists don’t reflect society, how can we be sure we’re not missing important questions? We waste an awful lot of potential brilliance right now, and I’m optimistic that we’ll take steps to stop that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain: \u003c/strong>There are two avenues that seem especially promising to me at the moment. The first is the ever-increasing capacity and sophistication of global climate models. I’m particularly intrigued by the prospect of large “ensembles” of high-resolution climate simulations, which may help us constrain the still relatively large uncertainties regarding regional climate change and will hopefully also yield better information regarding changes in extreme events in the climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the rapidly spreading recognition that climate science communication is a critically important endeavor. Increasingly many institutions are recognizing that the obligations of the modern scientist extend beyond the generation of novel research, and that there is a real need for practicing scientists to engage with the wider world. Actively connecting with decision makers, journalists, and the public will be key in building a resilient society in the face of rapid environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you hopeful or does climate change get you down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> I would say that I’m cautiously hopeful. I find the rate at which policy accepts and moves on scientific consensus to be frustrating, but I think I’m not unique in my attempts to be proactive instead of throw in the towel, so to speak. I certainly never feel defeated or upset about it the way I do about a few other political issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel: \u003c/strong>Whisky. (\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em> Marvel received a different version of this question framed as how to stay positive in the face of seemingly continual bad climate news. Her response was too good not to include.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> The answer to that question is yes. It is such a huge problem and I feel the gnawing pain of it in my day-to-day life. I definitely carry my work around with me wherever I go. But I also have to feed my heart with other things. I am living my life while doing this hard work, and I think every moment that I despair at these data must be compensated by a moment where I experience joy and connection. The world is still beautiful and I’m lucky to be here, that’s what I tell myself. I also remember that I signed up for this and that everyone needs to serve someone, and this is what my service looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How concerned are you about the political polarization of climate change and possible solutions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee: \u003c/strong>I’m mostly concerned about the problem from an education perspective. Earth science puts educators in a unique position: we have suddenly been tasked with teaching a politically charged topic, in a field highly underrepresented in K-12 education. Students often enter our courses with erroneous preconceived notions about earth science. I have a strong desire to address the widespread confusion about climate change, and the best way I know how is to teach and to do more outreach. The recent media circus surrounding global warming has highlighted an urgent need for policymakers and the public to understand very basic principles of geoscience, and my teaching experience has alerted me to profound knowledge gaps at the undergraduate level. High school science curricula focus on biology, physics, and chemistry, but a basic understanding of geoscience is also crucial for a society accelerating into a future with a human-altered atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> Science requires discussion. It requires skepticism. And it requires revisions. But we are in an era where political drivers are leading to poor discourse and public communication concerning the state of our understanding of climate change. We need a common voice and one that emphasizes our certainties and uncertainties. How do we go about doing this? I think this is a critical question looking ahead in removing the political and agenda-driven divide. Most importantly, let’s keep science . . . science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I am honestly sickened by it. We need basic science in our public lives and in our leadership. This is the 21st century. I have a computer in my back pocket. We have an instrument driving around Mars. We landed another instrument on a damn comet. Science works and it shouldn’t be on the table to debate any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> It is very frustrating to see just how decoupled the national political conversation surrounding climate change has become from the physical reality of the world we live in. Recognition of basic factual information shouldn’t be a partisan issue and yet one of the two major political parties in the U.S. currently rejects the overwhelming factual evidence demonstrating that humans are largely responsible for global warming. But it doesn’t have to be this way. It’s possible to envision a future where scientific consensus forms the basis of a political common ground, in which there there are legitimate ideological disagreements regarding what should be done about climate change but a shared reality regarding its existence and causes. I’m hopeful we can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Oh, to be a plastic bag. Helpful, ubiquitous and ever useful. Carefree, wafting on the wind, and alive for a thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, you are cheap and trashy. Discarded, your presence mars beautiful landscapes. You and your trillions of clones clog sewers, accumulate in the worlds’ oceans, and entangle and choke wildlife and sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California banned your flimsy presence in the Golden State, consigning you to an environmentally-sensitive death by recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as shoppers know all too well, getting rid of plastic bags isn’t that easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “paper-or-plastic?” checkout query was supposed to be a relic of our unenlightened past. After reviewing the scientific evidence of persistent environmental harm, California legislators in 2014 banned thin plastic carryout bags, authorizing stores to charge customers 10 cents for heavier-duty plastic sacks or paper bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ban inflamed the nation’s bag makers, who intervened before the law could take effect. They wielded two ballot measures to poke a stick in the eye of the Legislature and the grocery industry, whom they haven’t forgiven for switching sides to support the ban after the Legislature allowed the grocers to keep the 10 cent fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the confounding manner of direct democracy, California voters in November will ponder two opposing initiatives, each sponsored by the plastic bag industry—which has spent more than $6 million to put them on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 67\u003c/a>, is a referendum—an attempt to block the bag ban by asking voters whether they agree with the new law. The plastic bag industry is hoping to convince enough Californians to vote no, thereby preempting the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, would redirect the 10 cent bag fee consumers pay, so that rather than stores reaping the benefit, it would instead go to an environmental fund administered by the state Wildlife Conservation Board. The plastics industry is backing this one, a smack-down to the grocery industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bags at checkout.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags at checkout. \u003ccite>(Day Donaldson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the bag ban survives at the polls, Californians would say goodbye to one of the world’s most utilitarian products. Thus would the plastic bag, a humble object engineered to be of long and useful service, become undone by its very design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It already has been exiled from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">150 cities and counties\u003c/a>, primarily along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the environmental facts have been misconstrued,” said Phil Rozenski, policy chair of the American Progressive Bag Alliance, and a senior director at Novolex. Its subsidiary, Hilex Poly Co., has contributed to the ballot propositions. “This is all about politics and emotional debate. Science left the building years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of plastic’s durability, even when exposed to constant wave action and degraded by a relentless sun, it doesn’t disappear, but breaks down into tiny particles called microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a survey of existing research estimated that as many as 51 trillion particles of microplastics are floating around the planet’s oceans, weighing as much as 236,000 metric tons. Closer to home, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/documents/microplastic-contamination-san-francisco-bay\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that eight wastewater treatment plants discharge nearly half a million microplastic particles into the San Francisco Bay each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking into consideration that bags represent only a portion of all plastics found in marine debris, researchers say 80 percent of trash floating in the ocean is plastic. “The problems with plastics are well-documented,” said Eben Schwartz, who oversees the California Coastal Commission’s Marine Debris Program. “Sea animals ingest plastic and it not only gives the sense of being full, so they starve, but it can also get caught in the esophagus, and keep food from getting down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1963px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1092840 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png\" alt=\"PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean\" width=\"1963\" height=\"1098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png 1963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1020x571.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1920x1074.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1180x660.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-960x537.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-240x134.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-375x210.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-520x291.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1963px) 100vw, 1963px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plastic accumulated in the stomach of a marine mammal, renders the animals more buoyant and makes it more difficult to dive for food. Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic bags for their favorite meal, jellyfish. Offshore and onshore, animals become entangled with plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Californians use about 15 million single-use plastic bags a year—as the Legislative Analyst \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">notes\u003c/a>, that’s more than 400 bags per Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic is marvelous. Few modern inventions have so quickly shoved aside the competition and staked a spot smack in the middle of American culture, industrial design and manufacturing. Plastics emerged in the late 1940s full of promise and vigor. Then, as now, plastic begins life as a petrochemical. Manufacturing processes convert chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules into a polymer resin that is then heated, shaped and cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap and versatile, it can become just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic formulation prevents it from bio-degrading along with other garbage. Scientists sifting through landfills of the future will dredge up diapers—and Safeway bags. Even the industry’s “biodegradable” bags don’t completely break down, and these green plastic bags account for less than 1 per cent of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This description of a plastic bag’s afterlife, from an \u003ca href=\"http://plasticbaglaws.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/MEA_green-cities-CA.pdf\">environmental assessment\u003c/a> prepared for California local governments: “The majority of bags end up as litter or in the landfill, and even those in the landfill may be blown away as litter due to their light weight. Although some recycling facilities will handle plastic bags, most reject them because they can get caught in the machinery and cause malfunctioning, or are contaminated after use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1653px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg\" alt=\"Credit:\" width=\"1653\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg 1653w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-960x607.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-375x237.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1653px) 100vw, 1653px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bags snag on tree limbs, blow around on vacant lots and loiter in gutters. But don’t blame the bag, says the industry, blame a populace ridden with litterbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s marine debris or litter—it shouldn’t be there,” said Rozenski. “We have to work on it as a society. Approaching it on a product-by-product basis is not the way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others oppose the ban on philosophical grounds. “The government shouldn’t be telling stores what kind of bags to offer. That’s between the store and the customer,” said Ted Brown, chairman of the state Libertarian Party, which opposes both propositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do bag bans really make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since San Francisco’s ban has been in place, plastic bag refuse found on the Bay Area’s inland and coastal beaches has fallen 34 per cent, according to Schwartz of the coastal commission. He cited data gathered at annual Bay Area cleanups showing that in 2008, plastic bags accounted for about 9 percent of all debris removed from beaches. By 2012, they were only 6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never see drops like that,” he said. “The bans are effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart, go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oh, to be a plastic bag. Helpful, ubiquitous and ever useful. Carefree, wafting on the wind, and alive for a thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, you are cheap and trashy. Discarded, your presence mars beautiful landscapes. You and your trillions of clones clog sewers, accumulate in the worlds’ oceans, and entangle and choke wildlife and sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California banned your flimsy presence in the Golden State, consigning you to an environmentally-sensitive death by recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as shoppers know all too well, getting rid of plastic bags isn’t that easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “paper-or-plastic?” checkout query was supposed to be a relic of our unenlightened past. After reviewing the scientific evidence of persistent environmental harm, California legislators in 2014 banned thin plastic carryout bags, authorizing stores to charge customers 10 cents for heavier-duty plastic sacks or paper bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ban inflamed the nation’s bag makers, who intervened before the law could take effect. They wielded two ballot measures to poke a stick in the eye of the Legislature and the grocery industry, whom they haven’t forgiven for switching sides to support the ban after the Legislature allowed the grocers to keep the 10 cent fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the confounding manner of direct democracy, California voters in November will ponder two opposing initiatives, each sponsored by the plastic bag industry—which has spent more than $6 million to put them on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 67\u003c/a>, is a referendum—an attempt to block the bag ban by asking voters whether they agree with the new law. The plastic bag industry is hoping to convince enough Californians to vote no, thereby preempting the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, would redirect the 10 cent bag fee consumers pay, so that rather than stores reaping the benefit, it would instead go to an environmental fund administered by the state Wildlife Conservation Board. The plastics industry is backing this one, a smack-down to the grocery industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bags at checkout.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags at checkout. \u003ccite>(Day Donaldson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the bag ban survives at the polls, Californians would say goodbye to one of the world’s most utilitarian products. Thus would the plastic bag, a humble object engineered to be of long and useful service, become undone by its very design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It already has been exiled from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">150 cities and counties\u003c/a>, primarily along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the environmental facts have been misconstrued,” said Phil Rozenski, policy chair of the American Progressive Bag Alliance, and a senior director at Novolex. Its subsidiary, Hilex Poly Co., has contributed to the ballot propositions. “This is all about politics and emotional debate. Science left the building years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of plastic’s durability, even when exposed to constant wave action and degraded by a relentless sun, it doesn’t disappear, but breaks down into tiny particles called microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a survey of existing research estimated that as many as 51 trillion particles of microplastics are floating around the planet’s oceans, weighing as much as 236,000 metric tons. Closer to home, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/documents/microplastic-contamination-san-francisco-bay\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that eight wastewater treatment plants discharge nearly half a million microplastic particles into the San Francisco Bay each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking into consideration that bags represent only a portion of all plastics found in marine debris, researchers say 80 percent of trash floating in the ocean is plastic. “The problems with plastics are well-documented,” said Eben Schwartz, who oversees the California Coastal Commission’s Marine Debris Program. “Sea animals ingest plastic and it not only gives the sense of being full, so they starve, but it can also get caught in the esophagus, and keep food from getting down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1963px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1092840 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png\" alt=\"PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean\" width=\"1963\" height=\"1098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png 1963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1020x571.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1920x1074.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1180x660.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-960x537.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-240x134.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-375x210.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-520x291.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1963px) 100vw, 1963px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plastic accumulated in the stomach of a marine mammal, renders the animals more buoyant and makes it more difficult to dive for food. Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic bags for their favorite meal, jellyfish. Offshore and onshore, animals become entangled with plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Californians use about 15 million single-use plastic bags a year—as the Legislative Analyst \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">notes\u003c/a>, that’s more than 400 bags per Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic is marvelous. Few modern inventions have so quickly shoved aside the competition and staked a spot smack in the middle of American culture, industrial design and manufacturing. Plastics emerged in the late 1940s full of promise and vigor. Then, as now, plastic begins life as a petrochemical. Manufacturing processes convert chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules into a polymer resin that is then heated, shaped and cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap and versatile, it can become just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic formulation prevents it from bio-degrading along with other garbage. Scientists sifting through landfills of the future will dredge up diapers—and Safeway bags. Even the industry’s “biodegradable” bags don’t completely break down, and these green plastic bags account for less than 1 per cent of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This description of a plastic bag’s afterlife, from an \u003ca href=\"http://plasticbaglaws.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/MEA_green-cities-CA.pdf\">environmental assessment\u003c/a> prepared for California local governments: “The majority of bags end up as litter or in the landfill, and even those in the landfill may be blown away as litter due to their light weight. Although some recycling facilities will handle plastic bags, most reject them because they can get caught in the machinery and cause malfunctioning, or are contaminated after use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1653px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg\" alt=\"Credit:\" width=\"1653\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg 1653w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-960x607.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-375x237.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1653px) 100vw, 1653px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bags snag on tree limbs, blow around on vacant lots and loiter in gutters. But don’t blame the bag, says the industry, blame a populace ridden with litterbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s marine debris or litter—it shouldn’t be there,” said Rozenski. “We have to work on it as a society. Approaching it on a product-by-product basis is not the way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others oppose the ban on philosophical grounds. “The government shouldn’t be telling stores what kind of bags to offer. That’s between the store and the customer,” said Ted Brown, chairman of the state Libertarian Party, which opposes both propositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do bag bans really make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since San Francisco’s ban has been in place, plastic bag refuse found on the Bay Area’s inland and coastal beaches has fallen 34 per cent, according to Schwartz of the coastal commission. He cited data gathered at annual Bay Area cleanups showing that in 2008, plastic bags accounted for about 9 percent of all debris removed from beaches. By 2012, they were only 6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never see drops like that,” he said. “The bans are effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart, go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life",
"headTitle": "The One-Minute Drill That Could Save Your Life | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You’ve probably run through multiple fire drills, but do you know how to prepare for an earthquake?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday at 10:20 a.m. local time, millions of people around the world will join the annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great ShakeOut\u003c/a>, where participants practice taking cover during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey say nearly half of Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/nearly-half-of-americans-exposed-to-potentially-damaging-earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exposed to potentially damaging earthquakes\u003c/a> based on where they work and live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, there’s a two-in-three chance of a major, magnitude 6.7 quake striking during the next 30 years, according to USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s ShakeOut\u003c/a>, ask your employer if the company is planning to practice during the drill. If it’s not, you can still join and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/register/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">register online\u003c/a>. Then at 10:20 a.m., follow these three actions: drop, cover and hold on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter where you are you’ll immediately want to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1092600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/drop_cover_hold.jpg\" alt=\"drop_cover_hold\" width=\"108\" height=\"347\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Drop\u003c/strong> to the ground. The shaking during an earthquake can take your feet out from under you, so it’s important to stay low.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Crouch down and \u003cstrong>cover\u003c/strong> your neck and head with your arms to prevent injury from flying objects or debris.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, \u003cstrong>hold on\u003c/strong>. If you’re able to take shelter under a table or desk, grab onto one of the legs and stay there. Stay in this position for an at least 60 seconds when you practice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>It may seem like an eternity but the shaking from a major event can last a minute or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And forget the timeworn advice to stand in a doorway. That worked when people lived in older homes of unreinforced masonry. Doorways in modern homes are no stronger than any other part of the house and experts say you’re actually safer under a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re outside in an open area you’re better off than in a building, but watch out for falling debris and power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For information about what to do if you’re driving or are in a wheelchair, check out the guide from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1421937886237-e683b4975c2c324b18967ead20336b2f/FEMAB526_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earthquake safety checklist\u003c/a> and the Department of Homeland Security has \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/kit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed list\u003c/a> of items to include in an earthquake kit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chances of a ‘Big One’ in NorCal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s ShakeOut comes (perhaps not by accident) just a day after USGS scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1601441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> highlighting the linkage between two of the Bay Area’s more menacing faults, the Hayward, which runs along the East Bay Hills, and the Rodgers Creek Fault, which cuts a similar angle through the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1090260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1090260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists say a newly-confirmed connection between the two faults affirms that a joint event could result in an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 — significantly more intense the the Loma Prieta quake of 1989. That October temblor remains the most devastating to hit the Bay Area since the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say four California faults, including the Hayward Fault and Calaveras Fault which directly underly cities, have built up enough seismic strain to \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/48274-fault-creep-california-earthquake-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause destructive quakes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 magnitude South Napa quake which struck two years ago was the largest earthquake in over 25 years to hit the San Francisco Bay Area, causing significant damage in Napa, American Canyon and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve probably run through multiple fire drills, but do you know how to prepare for an earthquake?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday at 10:20 a.m. local time, millions of people around the world will join the annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great ShakeOut\u003c/a>, where participants practice taking cover during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey say nearly half of Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/nearly-half-of-americans-exposed-to-potentially-damaging-earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exposed to potentially damaging earthquakes\u003c/a> based on where they work and live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, there’s a two-in-three chance of a major, magnitude 6.7 quake striking during the next 30 years, according to USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s ShakeOut\u003c/a>, ask your employer if the company is planning to practice during the drill. If it’s not, you can still join and \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/register/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">register online\u003c/a>. Then at 10:20 a.m., follow these three actions: drop, cover and hold on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter where you are you’ll immediately want to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1092600\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/drop_cover_hold.jpg\" alt=\"drop_cover_hold\" width=\"108\" height=\"347\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Drop\u003c/strong> to the ground. The shaking during an earthquake can take your feet out from under you, so it’s important to stay low.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Crouch down and \u003cstrong>cover\u003c/strong> your neck and head with your arms to prevent injury from flying objects or debris.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, \u003cstrong>hold on\u003c/strong>. If you’re able to take shelter under a table or desk, grab onto one of the legs and stay there. Stay in this position for an at least 60 seconds when you practice.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>It may seem like an eternity but the shaking from a major event can last a minute or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And forget the timeworn advice to stand in a doorway. That worked when people lived in older homes of unreinforced masonry. Doorways in modern homes are no stronger than any other part of the house and experts say you’re actually safer under a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re outside in an open area you’re better off than in a building, but watch out for falling debris and power lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For information about what to do if you’re driving or are in a wheelchair, check out the guide from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/\">Earthquake Country Alliance\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FEMA has an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1421937886237-e683b4975c2c324b18967ead20336b2f/FEMAB526_2014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earthquake safety checklist\u003c/a> and the Department of Homeland Security has \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/kit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed list\u003c/a> of items to include in an earthquake kit.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Chances of a ‘Big One’ in NorCal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s ShakeOut comes (perhaps not by accident) just a day after USGS scientists published \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1601441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study\u003c/a> highlighting the linkage between two of the Bay Area’s more menacing faults, the Hayward, which runs along the East Bay Hills, and the Rodgers Creek Fault, which cuts a similar angle through the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1090260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1090260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/RS14567_NapaQuake-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 2014 earthquake in Napa injured about 200 people and damaged nearly two thousand buildings. Scientists say it should ring the alarm for owners of older buildings to retrofit before the next earthquake hits. \u003ccite>(Erol Kalkan / USGS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists say a newly-confirmed connection between the two faults affirms that a joint event could result in an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 — significantly more intense the the Loma Prieta quake of 1989. That October temblor remains the most devastating to hit the Bay Area since the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say four California faults, including the Hayward Fault and Calaveras Fault which directly underly cities, have built up enough seismic strain to \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/48274-fault-creep-california-earthquake-risk.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause destructive quakes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 6.0 magnitude South Napa quake which struck two years ago was the largest earthquake in over 25 years to hit the San Francisco Bay Area, causing significant damage in Napa, American Canyon and Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mt. Tam Health Report Yields Hope — And a Warning",
"headTitle": "Mt. Tam Health Report Yields Hope — And a Warning | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Fitbits, heart rate monitors and digital thermometers can gauge a person’s health, but measuring a mountain’s health is a little trickier. More than 60 scientists set out to do just that for Mount Tamalpais, the revered hiking and biking mecca in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situated north of the Golden Gate, Mt. Tam is a biodiversity hotspot. It’s home to 770 native plants and 250 native animal species, including 95 threatened, endangered and rare species. Six plant species appear nowhere else in the world but on Mt. Tam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087473\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3456px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087473\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees.jpg\" alt=\"Second-growth redwood forests on Mt. Tam.\" width=\"3456\" height=\"4608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees.jpg 3456w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3456px) 100vw, 3456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second-growth redwood forests on Mt. Tam. \u003ccite>(MMWD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first comprehensive health report of Mt. Tam’s natural resources \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reveals most wildlife are doing well, while some fish species and plant communities are suffering from environmental and human stressors. There’s also the risk of catastrophic damage after a fire \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">since the mountain hasn’t seen a large wildfire in almost 75 years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/tamalpais-lands-collaborative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tamalpais Lands Collaborative\u003c/a> — a partnership between the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy and the four agencies that manage the mountain’s 41,000 acres of protected open space — \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">looked at 18 types of flora and fauna.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From redwood trees to foothill yellow-legged frogs, they studied how healthy the mountain is compared to the past. In some cases, no historical data exists, leaving knowledge gaps the scientists hope to fill in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> An Ecosystem Under Stress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the biggest negative impact on plant communities has been from climate change, invasive species and plant pathogens. Oak woodlands, for example, are in fair and declining condition and are significantly stressed, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 years of fire suppression on Mt. Tam means the shrub layer is thicker, providing fuel for a high-intensity fire with the potential to kill mature oaks and other native trees. And wild turkeys, which were introduced for sport hunting in the 80s, gobble up oak acorns so they don’t germinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5312px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality.jpg\" alt=\"On Mt. Tam, a prescribed burn decreases fuel loads in chaparral and scrub oak communities. \" width=\"5312\" height=\"2988\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality.jpg 5312w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5312px) 100vw, 5312px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Mt. Tam, a prescribed burn decreases fuel loads in chaparral and scrub oak communities. \u003ccite>(Carl Sanders/Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another culprit is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/12/tiny-parasite-threatens-native-plants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sudden Oak Death,\u003c/a> a forest disease caused by the plant pathogen \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum \u003c/em>that can lead to mortality in some hardwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Much of our vegetation has been stressed by invasive plants and Sudden Oak Death is really changing some of the structure of the forest,” says Bill Merkle, Golden Gate National Recreation Area wildlife ecologist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2014 Marin Municipal Water District survey found more than 90 percent of oak woodlands were impacted by Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since eradicating Sudden Oak Death isn’t likely, the decline and death of tanoaks, coast live oak, and black oaks in Marin County is expected to continue into the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disappearing Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last century, more than 60 plant species have disappeared from Mt. Tam and some animal species, like Coho salmon, could vanish from the mountain by 2100, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2816px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026.jpg\" alt=\"Adult male coho salmon on Olema Creek in Point Reyes National Seashore. \" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026.jpg 2816w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2816px) 100vw, 2816px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult male coho salmon on Olema Creek in Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Casey del Real/NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federally endangered fish live in Lagunitas and Redwood Creeks, which run down off Mt. Tam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Coho are in desperate straits,” says Eric Ettlinger, Marin Municipal Water District’s aquatic ecologist & fisheries biologist.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Most streams that used to have Coho have lost them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logging during the 20th century sent sediment into streams that smothered fish eggs. Today, Coho are blocked from half the watershed by dams that provide drinking water for Marin residents. And ocean over-fishing means fewer adult salmon survive to return and spawn in the streams where they hatched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer temperatures and less rainfall, fueled by climate change, are also impacting the Coho, which rely on a continuous flow of cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As things warm up, [Coho] are particularly vulnerable because they’re already at their temperature tolerance” says Ettlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho salmon aren’t the only species that are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087836\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita.jpg\" alt=\"Marin manzanita which grow on Mt. Tam bloom from January through March.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-400x262.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-960x629.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marin manzanita which grow on Mt. Tam bloom from January through March. \u003ccite>(Miwok/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a handful of rare plant species that in the absence of active intervention soon, I think we could lose in the next 50 years” says Janet Klein, vegetation ecologist for the Marin Municipal Water District.\u003cb> \u003c/b>This includes \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Ceanothus+masonii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceanothus masonii\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> a native shrub that displays a purple flower in the spring and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=627\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Arctostaphylos virgata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a native shrub with bell-shaped flowers that’s known as Marin manzanita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mt. Tam, the flowering shrubs are now restricted to a narrow band along a service road. Their seeds require fire in order to germinate and seedlings have not been observed in the Mt. Tam survey area in the last two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Good News: Some Species Are Thriving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all species are dwindling. Scientists rate the mountain’s overall condition as fair, meaning \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">some natural resources are doing exceptionally well, others are in significant distress \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">many resources are in a transitional state but\u003c/span> could greatly improve with active conservation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087349\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1087349\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey.jpg\" alt=\"Ospreys are raptors that breed in the lakes and reservoirs in the Mt.Tam area.\" width=\"334\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey-400x533.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ospreys are raptors that breed in the lakes and reservoirs in the Mt.Tam area. \u003ccite>(Sandy and Chuck Harris)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Birds like the northern spotted owl and many raptors are doing well in the Mt. Tam region. The California red-legged frog, whose numbers plummeted as a result of human harvesting, habitat loss, and invasive species have made a comeback in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found the single biggest long-term threat facing Mt. Tam is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to projections from the \u003ca href=\"http://climate.calcommons.org/crnb/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Ready North Bay Project\u003c/a>, the climate on the mountain is expected to warm by 7 to 11 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 50 to 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, agencies are taking protective measures. The Marin Municipal Water District, for example, has thinned Douglas-fir saplings that encroach upon oak habitat and volunteers have been removing invasive plants like Scotch broom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service created the Coho “headstart” program, which removes\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> juvenile fish from the water. They are then raised in a hatchery, protected from the perilous ocean and re-released into Redwood Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who want to help Mt. Tam, the Tamalpais Lands Collaborative recommends staying on designated trails, using native plants for home landscaping where feasible and cleaning hiking shoes when passing through areas with Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors will share findings of their 350 page report on October 28 and 29 during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/science-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Tam Science Summit\u003c/a> at the Sausalito Portuguese Cultural Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientists from the Tamalpais Lands Collaborative — a partnership between Marin Municipal Water District, California State Parks, the National Park Service, Marin County Parks and Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy — \u003c/em>\u003cem>completed the report which is available at \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/peak-health\">www.onetam.org/peak-health\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fitbits, heart rate monitors and digital thermometers can gauge a person’s health, but measuring a mountain’s health is a little trickier. More than 60 scientists set out to do just that for Mount Tamalpais, the revered hiking and biking mecca in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Situated north of the Golden Gate, Mt. Tam is a biodiversity hotspot. It’s home to 770 native plants and 250 native animal species, including 95 threatened, endangered and rare species. Six plant species appear nowhere else in the world but on Mt. Tam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087473\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 3456px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087473\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees.jpg\" alt=\"Second-growth redwood forests on Mt. Tam.\" width=\"3456\" height=\"4608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees.jpg 3456w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-400x533.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Redwood-trees-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3456px) 100vw, 3456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second-growth redwood forests on Mt. Tam. \u003ccite>(MMWD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first comprehensive health report of Mt. Tam’s natural resources \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">reveals most wildlife are doing well, while some fish species and plant communities are suffering from environmental and human stressors. There’s also the risk of catastrophic damage after a fire \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">since the mountain hasn’t seen a large wildfire in almost 75 years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/tamalpais-lands-collaborative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tamalpais Lands Collaborative\u003c/a> — a partnership between the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy and the four agencies that manage the mountain’s 41,000 acres of protected open space — \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">looked at 18 types of flora and fauna.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From redwood trees to foothill yellow-legged frogs, they studied how healthy the mountain is compared to the past. In some cases, no historical data exists, leaving knowledge gaps the scientists hope to fill in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> An Ecosystem Under Stress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the biggest negative impact on plant communities has been from climate change, invasive species and plant pathogens. Oak woodlands, for example, are in fair and declining condition and are significantly stressed, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 years of fire suppression on Mt. Tam means the shrub layer is thicker, providing fuel for a high-intensity fire with the potential to kill mature oaks and other native trees. And wild turkeys, which were introduced for sport hunting in the 80s, gobble up oak acorns so they don’t germinate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087468\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5312px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality.jpg\" alt=\"On Mt. Tam, a prescribed burn decreases fuel loads in chaparral and scrub oak communities. \" width=\"5312\" height=\"2988\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality.jpg 5312w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/MMWD_fire_low_quality-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5312px) 100vw, 5312px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On Mt. Tam, a prescribed burn decreases fuel loads in chaparral and scrub oak communities. \u003ccite>(Carl Sanders/Marin Municipal Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another culprit is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/01/12/tiny-parasite-threatens-native-plants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sudden Oak Death,\u003c/a> a forest disease caused by the plant pathogen \u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum \u003c/em>that can lead to mortality in some hardwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Much of our vegetation has been stressed by invasive plants and Sudden Oak Death is really changing some of the structure of the forest,” says Bill Merkle, Golden Gate National Recreation Area wildlife ecologist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2014 Marin Municipal Water District survey found more than 90 percent of oak woodlands were impacted by Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since eradicating Sudden Oak Death isn’t likely, the decline and death of tanoaks, coast live oak, and black oaks in Marin County is expected to continue into the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disappearing Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last century, more than 60 plant species have disappeared from Mt. Tam and some animal species, like Coho salmon, could vanish from the mountain by 2100, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087469\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2816px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026.jpg\" alt=\"Adult male coho salmon on Olema Creek in Point Reyes National Seashore. \" width=\"2816\" height=\"2112\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026.jpg 2816w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/OLMspawnersurvey1206PhotobyCDR026-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2816px) 100vw, 2816px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adult male coho salmon on Olema Creek in Point Reyes National Seashore. \u003ccite>(Casey del Real/NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federally endangered fish live in Lagunitas and Redwood Creeks, which run down off Mt. Tam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The Coho are in desperate straits,” says Eric Ettlinger, Marin Municipal Water District’s aquatic ecologist & fisheries biologist.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “Most streams that used to have Coho have lost them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Logging during the 20th century sent sediment into streams that smothered fish eggs. Today, Coho are blocked from half the watershed by dams that provide drinking water for Marin residents. And ocean over-fishing means fewer adult salmon survive to return and spawn in the streams where they hatched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer temperatures and less rainfall, fueled by climate change, are also impacting the Coho, which rely on a continuous flow of cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As things warm up, [Coho] are particularly vulnerable because they’re already at their temperature tolerance” says Ettlinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho salmon aren’t the only species that are threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087836\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1087836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita.jpg\" alt=\"Marin manzanita which grow on Mt. Tam bloom from January through March.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-400x262.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-800x524.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-768x503.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Marin-Manzanita-960x629.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marin manzanita which grow on Mt. Tam bloom from January through March. \u003ccite>(Miwok/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a handful of rare plant species that in the absence of active intervention soon, I think we could lose in the next 50 years” says Janet Klein, vegetation ecologist for the Marin Municipal Water District.\u003cb> \u003c/b>This includes \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Ceanothus+masonii\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceanothus masonii\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> a native shrub that displays a purple flower in the spring and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=627\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Arctostaphylos virgata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a native shrub with bell-shaped flowers that’s known as Marin manzanita.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mt. Tam, the flowering shrubs are now restricted to a narrow band along a service road. Their seeds require fire in order to germinate and seedlings have not been observed in the Mt. Tam survey area in the last two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Good News: Some Species Are Thriving\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all species are dwindling. Scientists rate the mountain’s overall condition as fair, meaning \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">some natural resources are doing exceptionally well, others are in significant distress \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">many resources are in a transitional state but\u003c/span> could greatly improve with active conservation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1087349\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1087349\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey.jpg\" alt=\"Ospreys are raptors that breed in the lakes and reservoirs in the Mt.Tam area.\" width=\"334\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/osprey-400x533.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ospreys are raptors that breed in the lakes and reservoirs in the Mt.Tam area. \u003ccite>(Sandy and Chuck Harris)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Birds like the northern spotted owl and many raptors are doing well in the Mt. Tam region. The California red-legged frog, whose numbers plummeted as a result of human harvesting, habitat loss, and invasive species have made a comeback in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found the single biggest long-term threat facing Mt. Tam is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to projections from the \u003ca href=\"http://climate.calcommons.org/crnb/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Ready North Bay Project\u003c/a>, the climate on the mountain is expected to warm by 7 to 11 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 50 to 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, agencies are taking protective measures. The Marin Municipal Water District, for example, has thinned Douglas-fir saplings that encroach upon oak habitat and volunteers have been removing invasive plants like Scotch broom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service created the Coho “headstart” program, which removes\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> juvenile fish from the water. They are then raised in a hatchery, protected from the perilous ocean and re-released into Redwood Creek.\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who want to help Mt. Tam, the Tamalpais Lands Collaborative recommends staying on designated trails, using native plants for home landscaping where feasible and cleaning hiking shoes when passing through areas with Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors will share findings of their 350 page report on October 28 and 29 during the \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/science-summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Tam Science Summit\u003c/a> at the Sausalito Portuguese Cultural Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientists from the Tamalpais Lands Collaborative — a partnership between Marin Municipal Water District, California State Parks, the National Park Service, Marin County Parks and Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy — \u003c/em>\u003cem>completed the report which is available at \u003ca href=\"http://www.onetam.org/peak-health\">www.onetam.org/peak-health\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics",
"title": "What Stem Cell Researchers Talk About When They Talk About Ethics",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"QHgtAgdTB2KPycAd1HHOyHGUjvFlbxS7\"]Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“If there is one thing I've learned from being around biology for 25 years, it’s that biology is not the same as design,\" Greely said. \"Biology is really complicated! Engineers who design something expect it to work. But if you put something [designed] into an organism, the chances that something odd will happen are extremely high. You have to be extremely careful to avoid making things worse.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At a celebration of the 10-year anniversary of induced pluripotent stem cells, scientists engaged in a discussion on hot-button issues.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">This year marks an anniversary that in all probability flew under your radar: The iPSC is 10-years-old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Great! you say. What's that, some sort of mobile fantasy sports league?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nooo. Would you guess \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells? \u003c/em>They're the product of a revolution in stem cell research that helped stem the controversy that was roiling the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’'\u003ccite>Hank Greely, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Prior to the development of iPSCs, stem cells were derived primarily from eggs fertilized in clinics \u003ci>in vitro\u003c/i> that were donated for research purposes. To some, such as President George W. Bush, this was tantamount to abortion. In 2001 he \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744932/\" target=\"_blank\">banned federal funding\u003c/a> for research on newly created human embryonic stem cell lines. (President Barack Obama \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/us/politics/10stem.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">lifted that ban\u003c/a> in 2009.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But iPSCs are normal cells, such as skin or blood cells, which have been tinkered with and reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic-like state. They are then capable of reproducing as stem cells or developing into \u003ci>other\u003c/i> types of human cells (pluripotent), such as liver, heart, pancreatic or nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">So the ability to derive a stem cell without using human embryonic tissue changed the debate about stem cell research ethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>Plenty of Issues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But there are still plenty of hot-button topics in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">At a recent gathering in Berkeley to celebrate “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell-symposia-ipscs.com/conference-program/\" target=\"_blank\">10 Years of iPSCs\u003c/a>,” a panel of researchers and leaders kicked off the ethics discussion with comments on how to make sure researchers get proper permissions from human subjects who sign up for clinical trials. Some members of the public might be surprised what a controversial topic “informed consent” can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Everyone wants to avoid a HeLa situation,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">Christine Mummery,\u003c/a> of the Leiden University Medical Centr\u003ca href=\"https://www.lumc.nl/org/anatomie-embriologie/medewerkers/902201040032533?setlanguage=English&setcountry=en\" target=\"_blank\">e\u003c/a> in the Netherlands, referring to the oldest and most commonly used cell line in research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg\" alt=\"Cultured HeLa cells.\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1.jpg 2400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-400x333.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-720x600.jpg 720w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-768x640.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1180x983.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-1920x1599.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/HeLa_cells_1-960x800.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cultured HeLa cells. \u003ccite>(National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>HeLa cells were taken, without permission, from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cervical cancer in 1951\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> For reasons no one knows, her cells were the first that could grow “immortally” in a lab, without dying after a few days. Her cells helped test Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine, have been used to research AIDS, cancer, toxic substances, gene mapping, stem cells and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Yet the absence of any consent whatsoever caused immense distress to the Lacks family, once they learned of the appropriation of Henrietta's cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The family has been through a lot with HeLa: they didn’t learn of the cells until 20 years after Lacks’s death, when scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/opinion/sunday/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-the-sequel.html\" target=\"_blank\">wrote Rebecca Skloot\u003c/a>, author of \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" in the New York Times.\u003ci> \"\u003c/i>Later their medical records were released to the press and published without consent.\" (Skloot makes an appearance in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\" target=\"_blank\">rap ballad\u003c/a> about the HeLa cells and the Lacks family, written and performed by Oakland 7th and 8th graders on YouTube this month.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Adding insult to injury, researchers in 2013 published the HeLa genome without family consent. (This was not illegal but, in the views of modern medical ethics, extremely dicey.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Panelist \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/henry-t-greely/\" target=\"_blank\">Hank Greely, \u003c/a>a bioethicist at Stanford University, advised the gathered researchers, “You do not want to be in the position where someone says, ‘I didn't know you were going to do that. I would never agree to that.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Not so much for the legal reasons, though those can be significant,\" he said. \"More because of the political fallout that can come to you and your institution. It could also do damage to the whole stem cell enterprise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">George Daley\u003c/a>, of the Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, pointed the audience toward recently revised guidelines from the International Society for Stem Cell Research, which offers \u003ca href=\"http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/guide-clintrans/sample-consent-documents\" target=\"_blank\">templates for informed consent forms\u003c/a>. These include language like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>Donating your _____ cells for this research project is completely voluntary. You have the right to agree or to refuse to provide your _____ cells for this project. The quality of your current or future medical care and your relationship with [name(s) of institution(s)] will NOT change in any way whether you agree or refuse to provide any cells for this research project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cstrong>The Issue of Money\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Is it ethical to charge patients to participate in a study? No, was the consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“What happens if someone has a drug based on their genes or cells?” the moderator asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“That doesn't happen very often,” said Greely. “Most of the time discoveries are the results of work with tens of thousands or more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But, he conceded, every once in a while a patient comes along with unusual cells or genes that can be the basis for a drug. In that case, he said, a researcher must first and foremost follow whatever they said they’d do in the consent forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“But even if you didn't promise them anything in the consent process,” he said, “if someone is making lots of money,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>I think frankly it’s a good idea to try to return something.”\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262548\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-262548\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg\" alt=\"These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-400x299.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-800x598.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-768x574.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/iPScells2-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a woman's skin. Blue shows nuclei. Green shows a protein found in iPS cells but not in skin cells. The red dots show the inactivated X chromosome in each cell. \u003ccite>(Kathrin Plath lab/UCLA via CIRM, NIH)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">He added that this probably doesn't mean offering royalties, which could foster overblown hopes for study participants. Greely likened it to hyping lottery tickets with very bad odds. Instead, he recommends thinking about a person's community, perhaps donating to causes dear to them. Even simple recognition, he says, is important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“I was involved in the\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/deal-done-over-hela-cell-line-1.13511\" target=\"_blank\"> HeLa resolution\u003c/a> a few years ago,” he said,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>“and the Lacks descendants are really quite proud and pleased that their mother, grandmother and great grandmother is being remembered ... and that they are consulted on various things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Continuing on the topic of money, the moderator asked what panelists thought about the ethics of paying tissue donors?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">On this, the panel seemed united, “As long as it’s a reasonable reimbursement for the pain and suffering, I think it’s hard to make a case against it,” offered \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/members/lorenz-studer\" target=\"_blank\">Lorenz Studer\u003c/a>, of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. If the amount offered is so high that it becomes an “undue inducement,” said Greely, then it’s a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Many patients are willing to pay for a treatment that’s unproven. What do you think about the ethics of patients paying to be in a trial?” asked the moderator, acknowledging that many people with serious diseases are desperate to be involved in the latest research and that clinical research is extraordinarily expensive to fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">No, was the general consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">That means people in a control group would be paying for a placebo, Greely noted, and someone desperate to be in a trial might not be making a level-headed decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“The simple fact that they’re willing to pay corrupts the informed consent process,\" he said. \"And there is a social justice aspect -- if someone can pay for a trial that’s not an equal distribution of good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Someone from the audience chimed in with a question that once would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction: “What are the ethics of designing organs?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">“Think about this with a heart,” said \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/deepak.srivastava\" target=\"_blank\">Deepak Srivastava\u003c/a> of the Gladstone Institutes and University of California, San Francisco. “It’s just a pump. I think going forward that we should remove the constraints of the design. What we have may or may not be the best thing in evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p2\">But, said Greely, “Many people would be viscerally upset about the idea of changing ourselves, changing our species.\" So scientists should temper their desire to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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