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"content": "\u003cp>Farmers in a vast agricultural region of California will receive a significantly greater amount of irrigation water this summer compared to past drought years — but not their full supply, federal officials announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record winter rain and snow in some parts of California have put a major dent in the five-year drought, boosting reservoirs with irrigation water for use during hot, dry months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the San Joaquin Valley will receive 65 percent of what they expect from a federal system of reservoirs and canals, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any kind of improvement is welcomed,” said William Bourdeau, executive vice president of Harris Farms based in Coalinga. Yet in this wet year, he said he doesn’t understand why farmers can’t get their full supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some water districts also have access to significant amounts of water held over in reservoirs from last year, possibly boosting the allocation even more, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers from Tracy to Kettleman City along the Interstate 5 corridor grow a wide variety of crops, including almonds, tomatoes, melons, onions and garlic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent drought years the most water they’ve gotten from the federal government is 5 percent, forcing them to rely on buying expensive water and drilling new wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the height of the drought, Bourdeau said, Harris Farms left up to 70 percent of its 10,000 acres unplanted, using scarce water to keep its orchards alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement of this year’s allocation came late, leaving farmers scrambling to decide what to plant, buy seeds and strike deals with buyers for the produce, Bourdeau said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say it’s the first estimate of the year and they will continue to revise it as conditions develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That 65 percent is a number that we do see some potential to get bigger as the season progresses,” said Ron Milligan, operations manager for the Central Valley Project.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The relatives of Robert Reagan, who was killed while operating a bulldozer near Big Sur last year while working the most expensive wildfire in U.S. history, blame Cal Fire for his death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for Reagan's widow and two children filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the state of California in Monterey County Superior Court earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their complaint seeks \"compensatory damages\" in connection with the July 26, 2016, incident in which the machine the 35-year-old man was operating pinned him to the ground after tipping over on a steep embankment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollover marked the first bulldozer operator fatality in a California wildfire in nearly nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire directed Reagan to an \"unsafe place for a bulldozer to be,\" according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cal Fire negligently acted as a spotter concerning the operation of decedent's bulldozer,\" the complaint reads. \"Cal Fire's personnel negligently supervised the operation of plaintiff's bulldozer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire declined to comment on the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has yet to release its compete findings into the incident. But its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">preliminary report\u003c/a> found that Reagan died nearly instantly after being ejected from his machine and pinned to the ground on the northwestern edge of the Sobranes Fire four days after it ignited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death took place in an area with steep ridges and deep canyons accessible only by a network of narrow dirt roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was not wearing a seat belt at the time, an investigation by California's Division of Occupational and Health (Cal/OSHA) concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">Cal/OSHA report\u003c/a> blames the private contractor that employed Reagan, Madera County-based Czirban Concrete Construction, for that oversight as well as several other violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's \"green sheet\" recounts Reagan being briefed by another dozer operator and speaking with firefighters. At one point his machine was blocked by a fire engine, prompting him to drive toward a road that was parallel and above the first one. During that maneuver his machine tipped over down a steep slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint was filed on March 1 by Reagan's estate, his widow and two daughters, ages 5 and 2, who live in the Fresno County town of Friant. It is scheduled for a hearing on July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire burned more than 132,000 acres last summer and fall. Investigators say it was caused by an illegal campfire. The National Interagency Fire Center says it cost more than $200 million to fight.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The relatives of Robert Reagan, who was killed while operating a bulldozer near Big Sur last year while working the most expensive wildfire in U.S. history, blame Cal Fire for his death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawyer for Reagan's widow and two children filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the state of California in Monterey County Superior Court earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their complaint seeks \"compensatory damages\" in connection with the July 26, 2016, incident in which the machine the 35-year-old man was operating pinned him to the ground after tipping over on a steep embankment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollover marked the first bulldozer operator fatality in a California wildfire in nearly nine years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire directed Reagan to an \"unsafe place for a bulldozer to be,\" according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cal Fire negligently acted as a spotter concerning the operation of decedent's bulldozer,\" the complaint reads. \"Cal Fire's personnel negligently supervised the operation of plaintiff's bulldozer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire declined to comment on the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has yet to release its compete findings into the incident. But its \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">preliminary report\u003c/a> found that Reagan died nearly instantly after being ejected from his machine and pinned to the ground on the northwestern edge of the Sobranes Fire four days after it ignited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His death took place in an area with steep ridges and deep canyons accessible only by a network of narrow dirt roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was not wearing a seat belt at the time, an investigation by California's Division of Occupational and Health (Cal/OSHA) concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">Cal/OSHA report\u003c/a> blames the private contractor that employed Reagan, Madera County-based Czirban Concrete Construction, for that oversight as well as several other violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire's \"green sheet\" recounts Reagan being briefed by another dozer operator and speaking with firefighters. At one point his machine was blocked by a fire engine, prompting him to drive toward a road that was parallel and above the first one. During that maneuver his machine tipped over down a steep slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint was filed on March 1 by Reagan's estate, his widow and two daughters, ages 5 and 2, who live in the Fresno County town of Friant. It is scheduled for a hearing on July 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire burned more than 132,000 acres last summer and fall. Investigators say it was caused by an illegal campfire. The National Interagency Fire Center says it cost more than $200 million to fight.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new executive director of the California Coastal Commission, Jack Ainsworth, says his appointment demonstrates the Commission’s commitment to coastal protection and that his recommendations to Commissioners will be based on science and facts. Ainsworth took the helm as executive director in February, after a tumultuous year in which environmental advocates accused the Commission of firing the previous director to please developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Brian Watt talked with Ainsworth recently about his priorities, and how he plans to handle threats from the Trump administration to undo environmental protections. Here’s a transcript of that conversation, edited for brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Let’s imagine you have a crystal ball. What do you want to see along California’s coast in fifty years, given the challenges of balancing development and protection?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: One would be one continuous coastal trail along the entire state of California, and we’re working towards that goal right now. The other thing is I want to see is sandy beaches along our coastline. I want to see communities that are not affected by the rising seas we see from climate change. The rising sea levels over the next 50 to 100 years are going to be the biggest threat to California. So ensuring we are building and planning for resilient communities is really going to be a critical part of what we’re about going forward. We have an $18 billion coastal tourism and recreation economy in California and that is threatened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1486132\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1486132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg\" alt=\"Jack Ainsworth, Executive Director of the California Coastal Commission\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-800x577.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-160x115.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-768x554.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1020x735.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1920x1384.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-1180x851.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-960x692.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-375x270.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/03/IMG_0956-002-520x375.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jack Ainsworth, executive director of the California Coastal Commission \u003ccite>(California Coastal Commission)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Well let’s talk about California and this new administration. President Trump has called climate change a “hoax.” He’s promised to cut regulations. Is the current atmosphere in Washington a threat to California’s coastline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Absolutely. It is one of the most significant threats we’ve had in many, many years. The administration is proposing significant cuts to NOAA’s budget, and the Commission receives 10 percent of its budget through coastal zone management grants to California, and if we lose that funding it will mean laying off staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Are you worried about offshore drilling and a potential fight over that issue in this administration?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: Yes, opening up of the federal oil and gas leases offshore is a significant concern for the Commission, as well as weakening what we call our “federal consistency authority” under the Coastal Zone Management Act. The Commission has the authority to review federal projects both in federal waters three miles offshore, and within our state waters and on land. So weakening that authority is a concern as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You know that a lot of things that the Commission does, like protecting the coast from mega-development and keeping access in the public’s hands, can be very political. How tough are you now as executive director with Californians who might want to use their wealth to block beach access for the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: This is a battle that we’ve had over the 40-year life of the Coastal Act on providing access to the shoreline. That is one of the primary mandates of the Coastal Act. And I can tell you, from my position as executive director, that is one of my highest priorities going forward — is not only protecting it for the residents of those areas, but for all Californians and those Californians that may not have had access to the coast, particularly those in disadvantaged communities, and communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: How are you going to address that?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: One of the ways of accessing the coast is the ability to stay overnight at the coast at an affordable accommodation. And so working to realize those types of low cost accommodations along the shoreline is one way of dealing with it. The other part of it is through our public education grants directed at underserved communities for trips to the beach, for marine and environmental education programs. There are many children within 20 miles from the coast that have never seen the coast. And that is a real tragedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: The Commission has had a pretty bumpy ride recently. The firing last year of the previous director, Charles Lester, angered a lot of people in the environmental community. What are you doing to heal any tensions or any lingering distrust right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAinsworth: It was upsetting, the loss of our executive director, to staff. We felt it could have represented an attack on the coastal program. But in the end, with my appointment — I’ve been a long-time employee of the commission and I have the trust and confidence of staff — I think that showed that the Commission was committed to this program moving forward and the protection of our coastal resources and public access. The important thing is, our recommendations from the staff going forward need to be based on the facts, sound science and the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So the fight that could arise when a millionaire wants to essentially buy the beach, you’re ready?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ainsworth: Yes, I am. I’m ready. We’ve had battles over the years and we’ve proven that we will aggressively defend access to the coast, and that is my commitment to the people of the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In some parts of the country, cold weather is threatening crops. Meanwhile, California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing what’s called a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just looks like a sea of flowers,” says Janet Gordon, a geologist from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363737\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-5-of-5-3536f7f53c5b7ef4f6e081cf93775891c11c9a73-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You got purple, red, yellows and blues,” adds Joe Sheidness, visiting from San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic,” says Dennis Brian, from Reno, Nevada, who says he was a flower child in the 1960s. “You don’t see this very often. The little flowers look so delicate, but yet they’re prolific. They’re everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s neat to see so much color on something that’s usually so tan and stone color with all the rocks,” says Andrea Smith, who brought her 16-month-old baby here in the 90-degree heat at high noon on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were just a few of the many people flocking to see the colors blanketing the hills and valleys of Anza-Borrego. It is California’s largest state park, in the desert south of Palm Springs, a nearly four-hour car drive from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are coming from as far as Europe, Africa and Asia. This super bloom is so rare, so special, that looky-loos are causing traffic jams, getting lost in the hillsides and fainting from dehydration — just to take in the beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363739 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/triptych-layout-03_custom-1a5f360e18886782bcd8d9cb89a044a4142d89da-800x863.jpg\" alt=' California has been so unseasonably wet, its deserts are experiencing a \"super bloom.\" After years of drought, the desert is lush.' width=\"800\" height=\"863\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the desert is lush. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking at a whole field of this bluish-purple phacelia. And in this foreground of the Coyote Mountains, that’s nothing but poppies going 5, 6 miles up canyon,” says park ranger Steve Bier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is a really big deal; there are flowers in places where you usually don’t see them, like in the badlands that are home to snakes and bobcats and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363738 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-1-of-1-c8a15daaf10f1e6ea3cacb9f53e9771b68d67b81-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year's conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here -- that soaked into the gro\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are desert sunflowers and dune evening primrose, sand verbena, ghost flowers, monkey flowers, and wild Canterbury bells. The Ocotillo and Beavertail cactus are beginning to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. And temperatures that were not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these seeds have been underground for maybe decades, if not a century or more. We just don’t know,” he says. “Some of these places have not seen water in 10, 15, 20 years, and now they’re a blanket of flowers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they are survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be tough to be out in the desert. That’s for sure,” Bier says. “And these are an ephemeral resource, so what you’re looking at today could be gone tomorrow. It just depends on how hot we get today, and how hungry the caterpillars get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg\" alt='Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare \"super bloom.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare “super bloom.” \u003ccite>(Flickr user Kyle Magnuson/Flickr Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bier says anyone who wants to see this super bloom had better get there before those sphinx moth caterpillars eat up all the flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget your camera, sunscreen and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A rainy winter has brought an early spring to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California. Wildflowers are in bloom. How can seeds survive years of drought and then put on such a display?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In some parts of the country, cold weather is threatening crops. Meanwhile, California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing what’s called a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just looks like a sea of flowers,” says Janet Gordon, a geologist from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363737\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-5-of-5-3536f7f53c5b7ef4f6e081cf93775891c11c9a73-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You got purple, red, yellows and blues,” adds Joe Sheidness, visiting from San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic,” says Dennis Brian, from Reno, Nevada, who says he was a flower child in the 1960s. “You don’t see this very often. The little flowers look so delicate, but yet they’re prolific. They’re everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s neat to see so much color on something that’s usually so tan and stone color with all the rocks,” says Andrea Smith, who brought her 16-month-old baby here in the 90-degree heat at high noon on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were just a few of the many people flocking to see the colors blanketing the hills and valleys of Anza-Borrego. It is California’s largest state park, in the desert south of Palm Springs, a nearly four-hour car drive from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are coming from as far as Europe, Africa and Asia. This super bloom is so rare, so special, that looky-loos are causing traffic jams, getting lost in the hillsides and fainting from dehydration — just to take in the beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363739 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/triptych-layout-03_custom-1a5f360e18886782bcd8d9cb89a044a4142d89da-800x863.jpg\" alt=' California has been so unseasonably wet, its deserts are experiencing a \"super bloom.\" After years of drought, the desert is lush.' width=\"800\" height=\"863\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the desert is lush. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking at a whole field of this bluish-purple phacelia. And in this foreground of the Coyote Mountains, that’s nothing but poppies going 5, 6 miles up canyon,” says park ranger Steve Bier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is a really big deal; there are flowers in places where you usually don’t see them, like in the badlands that are home to snakes and bobcats and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363738 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-1-of-1-c8a15daaf10f1e6ea3cacb9f53e9771b68d67b81-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year's conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here -- that soaked into the gro\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are desert sunflowers and dune evening primrose, sand verbena, ghost flowers, monkey flowers, and wild Canterbury bells. The Ocotillo and Beavertail cactus are beginning to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. And temperatures that were not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these seeds have been underground for maybe decades, if not a century or more. We just don’t know,” he says. “Some of these places have not seen water in 10, 15, 20 years, and now they’re a blanket of flowers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they are survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be tough to be out in the desert. That’s for sure,” Bier says. “And these are an ephemeral resource, so what you’re looking at today could be gone tomorrow. It just depends on how hot we get today, and how hungry the caterpillars get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg\" alt='Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare \"super bloom.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare “super bloom.” \u003ccite>(Flickr user Kyle Magnuson/Flickr Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bier says anyone who wants to see this super bloom had better get there before those sphinx moth caterpillars eat up all the flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget your camera, sunscreen and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Lawmakers Outraged Over Trump's Push to Eliminate Federal Refinery Regulator",
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"content": "\u003cp>Local leaders and health officials in Contra Costa County, home to four oil refineries, are blasting a part of President Trump's budget that calls for cutting all money for the federal agency that investigates chemical accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's spending plan aims to eliminate funding for the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), which has conducted hundreds of probes, including one into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency gained prominent attention in the Bay Area when it investigated the 2012 fire at Chevron's Richmond refinery that prompted 15,000 people to seek medical treatment for breathing problems. The Chevron incident prompted the board to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/16/chevron-fire-report/\" target=\"_blank\">call for changes\u003c/a> in how California oversees its oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-final-report-on-facility-safety-culture-following-a-series-of-sulfuric-acid-releases-at-the-tesoro-martinez-refinery-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">blamed Tesoro\u003c/a> for two major acid releases that injured four workers at the company's Martinez refinery in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just crazy, like the rest of the budget,\" said Contra Costa County congressman Mark DeSaulnier in an interview Friday. \"It's counterproductive to public health, to the environment and to business.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical safety board's annual budget is about $12 million. It's among a number of independent agencies the president is looking to kill. \"The budget eliminates hundreds of programs and focuses funding to redefine the proper role of the federal government,\" Trump's budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">blueprint \u003c/a>states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSaulnier was among a number of federal legislators who pressured former CSB chairman Rafael Moure-Eraso to resign in 2015 amid management problems at the agency. Since then, DeSaulnier said, the board had made significant strides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Democrats and Republicans will work to save the agency, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don't, the region will be in trouble, according to Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, Randy Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Congress approves the defunding of the Chemical Safety Board, the public and the workers at the refining and chemical facilities will lose,\" said Sawyer, whose office audits local refineries and responds to facility malfunctions, in an email. \"I also believe the chemical industry will be the biggest loser.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry group that represents oil refineries in California is taking a wait-and-see approach to the president's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are issues that we are monitoring closely,\" said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association in an emailed statement. \"Our member companies believe in transparency and operate in an environment that is highly regulated by federal, state and local agencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for reaction to the proposal, a Chevron spokesman deferred to the American Petroleum Institute, which has yet to respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Tesoro official rejected the idea of eliminating the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry does not support the abolition of the agency,\" Stephen Brown, vice president of federal affairs at the company, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.bna.com/cutting-chemical-safety-n57982085347/\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chemical board goes away, local and state regulators will have to fill a void in regulation, according to Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area of Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will step up our own investigations if the U.S. Chemical Safety Board is not around,\" Gioia said in an interview Friday. \"It will mean greater resources spent by local and state agencies to replace the work that the board has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The critique from environmentalists is more harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Chemical Safety Board saves lives and holds dangerous facilities accountable,\" said Maya Golden-Krasner, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Californians live near refineries where life-threatening explosions and chemical releases are not uncommon,\" Golden-Krasner said. \"Without the board's oversight, the root causes and full extent of accidents that we've seen at Chevron and other refineries most likely would never be known.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'It's just crazy, like the rest of the budget,' said East Bay Rep. Mark DeSaulnier.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Local leaders and health officials in Contra Costa County, home to four oil refineries, are blasting a part of President Trump's budget that calls for cutting all money for the federal agency that investigates chemical accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's spending plan aims to eliminate funding for the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), which has conducted hundreds of probes, including one into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency gained prominent attention in the Bay Area when it investigated the 2012 fire at Chevron's Richmond refinery that prompted 15,000 people to seek medical treatment for breathing problems. The Chevron incident prompted the board to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/16/chevron-fire-report/\" target=\"_blank\">call for changes\u003c/a> in how California oversees its oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-final-report-on-facility-safety-culture-following-a-series-of-sulfuric-acid-releases-at-the-tesoro-martinez-refinery-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">blamed Tesoro\u003c/a> for two major acid releases that injured four workers at the company's Martinez refinery in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just crazy, like the rest of the budget,\" said Contra Costa County congressman Mark DeSaulnier in an interview Friday. \"It's counterproductive to public health, to the environment and to business.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical safety board's annual budget is about $12 million. It's among a number of independent agencies the president is looking to kill. \"The budget eliminates hundreds of programs and focuses funding to redefine the proper role of the federal government,\" Trump's budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">blueprint \u003c/a>states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSaulnier was among a number of federal legislators who pressured former CSB chairman Rafael Moure-Eraso to resign in 2015 amid management problems at the agency. Since then, DeSaulnier said, the board had made significant strides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Democrats and Republicans will work to save the agency, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don't, the region will be in trouble, according to Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, Randy Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Congress approves the defunding of the Chemical Safety Board, the public and the workers at the refining and chemical facilities will lose,\" said Sawyer, whose office audits local refineries and responds to facility malfunctions, in an email. \"I also believe the chemical industry will be the biggest loser.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry group that represents oil refineries in California is taking a wait-and-see approach to the president's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are issues that we are monitoring closely,\" said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association in an emailed statement. \"Our member companies believe in transparency and operate in an environment that is highly regulated by federal, state and local agencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for reaction to the proposal, a Chevron spokesman deferred to the American Petroleum Institute, which has yet to respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Tesoro official rejected the idea of eliminating the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry does not support the abolition of the agency,\" Stephen Brown, vice president of federal affairs at the company, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.bna.com/cutting-chemical-safety-n57982085347/\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chemical board goes away, local and state regulators will have to fill a void in regulation, according to Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area of Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will step up our own investigations if the U.S. Chemical Safety Board is not around,\" Gioia said in an interview Friday. \"It will mean greater resources spent by local and state agencies to replace the work that the board has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The critique from environmentalists is more harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Chemical Safety Board saves lives and holds dangerous facilities accountable,\" said Maya Golden-Krasner, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Californians live near refineries where life-threatening explosions and chemical releases are not uncommon,\" Golden-Krasner said. \"Without the board's oversight, the root causes and full extent of accidents that we've seen at Chevron and other refineries most likely would never be known.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria",
"headTitle": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
"headTitle": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1483442,1484303,1484302\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On the brink of extinction, white abalone get another chance inside a Northern California science lab.",
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"headline": "The Extraordinary Effort to Save the White Abalone",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a rainy winter evening, biologist \u003ca href=\"http://kristinaquilino.weebly.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Aquilino\u003c/a> was rummaging through the trunk of her pickup truck in the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodega Marine Lab\u003c/a> parking lot. She was looking for a rubber spatula—a tool she needed to pry a recently captured white abalone from inside an ice chest brimming with seawater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino had driven the rare animal 385 miles from Los Angeles, where it was captured off the coast, and where small numbers of this endangered species can still be found. She was about to introduce the 7-inch marine snail to its new home, a research facility at UC Davis’ Bodega Marine Lab in Bodega Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483680\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483680\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg\" alt=\"Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5656-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristen Aquilino searches for a spatula so she can remove a wild-caught white abalone from inside a cooler that transported the animal from Los Angeles to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now Aquilino had the unenviable task of trying to pry loose the creature’s squishy orange foot without injuring it. Any nick to this male abalone’s flesh, or chip to its shell, could cause the snail to bleed uncontrollably since its fluid doesn’t clot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been studying these animals for years and this is one of the few wild white abalone I’ve seen,” says Aquilino, an abalone expert at the Bodega Marine Lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because there are more white abalone living in captivity than there are in the wild. And the mollusk suctioning Aquilino’s hands is the first wild white abalone scientists have collected from the ocean in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These rare creatures are incredibly difficult for divers to find in the deep waters where they live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been working for six to seven years to find loner abalone along the coast,” says fish biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/connection/davewitting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dave Witting\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1484296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1484296\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg\" alt='A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was \"extremely hard\" to find.' width=\"346\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-160x158.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-800x789.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-768x757.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-960x947.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-240x237.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-375x370.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-520x513.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/maggie-carson-jurow-npr-5660-128x128.jpg 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wild white abalone was covered in so much algae that scientists say he was “extremely hard” to find. \u003ccite>(Maggie Carson Jurow)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We spoke to old abalone divers who are long retired now, but, basically we picked their brains and found some locations,” says Witting, who collected the male abalone that Aquilino drove to Bodega Marine Lab. “\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was extremely hard to find,” says Witting. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It looked like a fuzzy rock.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only was the abalone difficult to spot, but Witting needed a special Endangered Species Act permit to collect him—a permit that took two years to acquire. So the animal’s arrival at Bodega Marine Lab was historic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big moment,” said Aquilino. “They will go extinct in 10 to 15 years if there’s not a program to place them back in the wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquilino gingerly placed the snail inside a bright blue bucket at the lab, where her 12-person research team runs a captive breeding program to protect white abalone from dying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all new abalone that arrive, he received a nickname: abalone 314 or “Pi.” Researchers were hoping Pi’s arrival would introduce new DNA into the aging captive population, creating stronger offspring with more genetic diversity—and a better chance for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1427858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg\" alt=\"A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/abalone_ken-bailey-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A free diver searches for abalone off the California coast. \u003ccite>(Ken Bailey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Path to Extinction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White abalone was once a delicacy at California seafood restaurants, the most highly prized of all abalone species for its soft meat. Then it disappeared from menus in 1993 when the fishery was closed due to overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Abalone-Worldwide-Haliotidae-Daniel-Geiger/dp/3939767433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buzz Owen\u003c/a>, a retired commercial and recreational abalone diver, recalls his abundant abalone catches back in the ’50s and ’60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no limit on the number you could take,” says Owen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My record was in 1961. After diving for nine hours near Catalina Island when I caught 83 dozen including some whites and greens and pinks. “That didn’t even dent this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1483445\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1483445\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png\" alt=\"These abalone shells in Monterey, California on September 5, 1930 sit outside a market after the tender meat was removed. White was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction.\" width=\"768\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-160x114.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-240x171.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-375x267.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Abalone_shell_pile-520x370.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">White abalone was so popular that it was nearly eaten to extinction. These shells sit outside a Monterey market in 1930. \u003ccite>(Richard S. Crocker/Online Archive of California)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Size limits on what divers could catch were intended to protect abalone so they could mature and reproduce. But it wasn’t enough to prevent the numbers from dwindling to a crisis point. The scattered survivors were too far apart for their ejected sperm and eggs to mingle, so spawning was rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government eventually realized closing the fishery wasn’t enough, so they made collection of all abalone a federal crime in 1997. (One exception for abalone diving remains: there’s still a legal, recreational red abalone fishery north of San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 2001, white abalone became the first marine invertebrate to receive federal protection as an endangered species after the population had declined by almost \u003ca href=\"http://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">99 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success—or failure—of white abalone now depends on the breeding program at the Bodega Lab, and six other organizations, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and NOAA, that support the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first captive breeding attempt at UC Santa Barbara in 2001, the parent abalone created 100,000 juveniles, but almost all of them died due to a fatal wasting disease called withering syndrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the \u003ca href=\"http://cimwi.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Channel Islands Marine Resource Institute\u003c/a> in Santa Barbara bred the abalone again and after the Bodega lab received a permit in 2011, it bred animals in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captive breeding was finally turning a corner. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of abalone that survived to be juveniles increased threefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now 8,000 juveniles living in captivity at Bodega’s lab. They haven’t been released into the wild yet because scientists still need to test methods for introduction into the ocean—an environment the animals have never experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a make-or-break situation right now with the wild population,” says Aquilino.\u003cb> \u003c/b>“We put them in this mess, so it’s up to us to save them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Abalone Brings Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Pi arrived at the Bodega Lab, Aquilino was excited about breeding him in March. White abalone only spawn once a year so timing is critical. It would be the first breeding of a newly collected abalone in more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even hopeful stories don’t always turn out to be happy ones. In early February, 15 weeks after Pi’s arrival to Bodega, Aquilino sent an email with “cruddy news.” He didn’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">By 2019, scientists may be ready to release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know why,” she later explained over the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was obviously very sudden and unexpected. He looked fine on Tuesday and then a day later he was no longer holding on to the side of the tank.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late February, Jim Moore, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife shellfish health expert, examined the animal’s tissue, and says “Pi” may have developed a foot infection, though he couldn’t be sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may never be able to pinpoint cause of death, that is just the way it is sometimes,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was some good news for Aquilino and her team. A female white abalone recently captured off the coast of Southern California arrived at the Bodega lab just before Pi’s death—just in time for breeding. They named her “Green 312.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was one of 13 animals that successfully spawned on March 1. For the scientists, it was a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1483453 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg\" alt=\"Map_partial\" width=\"370\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial.jpeg 680w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-160x176.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-240x264.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-375x413.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Map_partial-520x572.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\">“\u003cem>Pretty cool that there are new genes in the program for the first time in 14 years!!!\u003c/em>” Aquilino said in an email to colleagues a day after the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green 312 and four other female abalone from the original captive group produced about 14 million eggs. By the next morning, scientists woke up to find millions of embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was lucky enough to witness one of the embryos from the wild female hatching under the scope this morning, Aquilino wrote, “which was a first for me and super duper exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bodega Marine Lab and six other agencies have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2016/02/docs/white__abalone_spotlight_species_5_year_action_plan_final_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">five-year plan\u003c/a> and expect to be ready in about two years for a release of thousands of young white abalone into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We now have enough captive white abalone to start testing the best methods for reintroduction to the wild once a permit is in place,” says Aquilino, “and we’re hopeful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>State regulators are moving to bar from working in California the private contractor that employed a bulldozer operator killed in the costliest wildfire in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Contractors State License Board (CSLB) announced Wednesday that Czirban Concrete Construction violated \u003ca href=\"https://www2.cslb.ca.gov/OnlineServices/CheckLicenseII/ComplaintViolationDisclosure.aspx?LicType=LIC&LicNum=943528&LmfPre=&Region=H&District=T&FiscalYear=2016&SeqNbr=1700&ActionCde=&StatusDt=03/15/2017&Status=INVEST%20OF%20PROBABLE%20VIOLATION&LicName=CZIRBAN+CONCRETE+CONSTRUCTION&CaseRegion=&CaseFiscalYear=0&CaseSeqNbr=0\" target=\"_blank\">three state regulations\u003c/a> in connection with its work on the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban lied about whether it had employees, the board alleges, getting around a requirement that it offer workers' compensation insurance. The company was not permitted to be involved in firefighting, according to CSLB. Its license was solely for concrete work, not bulldozing fire lines, the agency said. And the death of the bulldozer operator, Robert Reagan, constitutes a cause for disciplinary action, CSLB spokesman Rick Lopes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the first step toward revoking the company's license,\" Lopes said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board's announcement came a day after KQED reported that California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">handed down five citations\u003c/a> to the Madera County firm that employed Reagan, who was killed on July 26, 2016, after the bulldozer he was driving near Big Sur tipped over and pinned him to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA's investigation laid blame on Czirban for not ensuring that Reagan wear a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey County District Attorney's Office is investigating Czirban as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're investigating a possible workers' comp insurance violation against Czirban,\" said Berkley Brannon, the office's chief assistant district attorney, in an interview Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban could face criminal charges, Brannon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan left behind a wife and two young children who could be hurt by the lack of workers' compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that there's a potential that the family wouldn't have remedy, that's a very serious concern to us,\" Brannon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its defense the company is arguing that Reagan was an employee of Cal Fire, according to Brannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban had its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\" target=\"_blank\">license suspended eight times by the CSLB\u003c/a> in four years for a set of violations, many of them tied to workers' comp problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's particularly troubling that these people had been warned and actually been caught,\" Lopes said. \"That's particularly disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban Concrete Construction has not responded to several requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire burned more than 132,000 acres last summer and fall. Investigators say it was caused by an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State regulators are moving to bar from working in California the private contractor that employed a bulldozer operator killed in the costliest wildfire in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Contractors State License Board (CSLB) announced Wednesday that Czirban Concrete Construction violated \u003ca href=\"https://www2.cslb.ca.gov/OnlineServices/CheckLicenseII/ComplaintViolationDisclosure.aspx?LicType=LIC&LicNum=943528&LmfPre=&Region=H&District=T&FiscalYear=2016&SeqNbr=1700&ActionCde=&StatusDt=03/15/2017&Status=INVEST%20OF%20PROBABLE%20VIOLATION&LicName=CZIRBAN+CONCRETE+CONSTRUCTION&CaseRegion=&CaseFiscalYear=0&CaseSeqNbr=0\" target=\"_blank\">three state regulations\u003c/a> in connection with its work on the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban lied about whether it had employees, the board alleges, getting around a requirement that it offer workers' compensation insurance. The company was not permitted to be involved in firefighting, according to CSLB. Its license was solely for concrete work, not bulldozing fire lines, the agency said. And the death of the bulldozer operator, Robert Reagan, constitutes a cause for disciplinary action, CSLB spokesman Rick Lopes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the first step toward revoking the company's license,\" Lopes said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board's announcement came a day after KQED reported that California's Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/14/calosha-cites-contractors-over-soberanes-fire-casualties/\" target=\"_blank\">handed down five citations\u003c/a> to the Madera County firm that employed Reagan, who was killed on July 26, 2016, after the bulldozer he was driving near Big Sur tipped over and pinned him to the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal/OSHA's investigation laid blame on Czirban for not ensuring that Reagan wear a seat belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Monterey County District Attorney's Office is investigating Czirban as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're investigating a possible workers' comp insurance violation against Czirban,\" said Berkley Brannon, the office's chief assistant district attorney, in an interview Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban could face criminal charges, Brannon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reagan left behind a wife and two young children who could be hurt by the lack of workers' compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that there's a potential that the family wouldn't have remedy, that's a very serious concern to us,\" Brannon said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its defense the company is arguing that Reagan was an employee of Cal Fire, according to Brannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban had its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/02/employer-of-worker-killed-in-soberanes-fire-under-scrutiny/\" target=\"_blank\">license suspended eight times by the CSLB\u003c/a> in four years for a set of violations, many of them tied to workers' comp problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's particularly troubling that these people had been warned and actually been caught,\" Lopes said. \"That's particularly disturbing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czirban Concrete Construction has not responded to several requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soberanes Fire burned more than 132,000 acres last summer and fall. Investigators say it was caused by an illegal campfire.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>State officials say that it will take 30 to 45 days to repair damage detected this week at a key point in the state's system for shipping water from the Delta to farms in the San Joaquin Valley and to cities from Silicon Valley to Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Department of Water Resources says the damage, involving extensive underwater erosion around a concrete intake structure at Clifton Court Forebay in eastern Contra Costa County, should not result in an interruption of water deliveries to any of its many farm and city customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forebay is a small reservoir that holds water to be pumped from the State Water Project's pumps into the California and South Bay aqueducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem grows indirectly out of California's extraordinarily wet winter and resulting high flows down the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers into the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Project took the opportunity to run its Delta pumps full bore for weeks on end to ship water south. The resulting high flows are believed to have contributed to erosion around the concrete apron at the intake gates at the reservoir's southeastern corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this erosion has done is undercut the apron where water flows across,\" said Doug Carlson, a DWR spokesman. \"We're going to be putting concrete into the area that's eroded over the next 30 to 45 days, hardening that and improving the apron.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work won't begin until Thursday at the earliest, when the intake is completely shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said because the State Water Project's reservoirs are close to full and demand for water is low because of the season's abundant rain, there should be no interruption of deliveries to the system's customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Luis Reservoir, shared by federal and state water projects, has reached its 2 million acre-foot capacity, in large part because of the aggressive earlier pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a perfect time to do this -- if you had to pick a time, it would be now,\" Carlson said. \"You don't like to have a problem like this, but when they do occur, it's convenient that they occur when demand is low and we can get in there and get the job done without any interruption to scheduled deliveries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson also said that deliveries would continue through the South Bay Aqueduct, which supplies parts of Alameda and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clifton Court Forebay situation isn't as dire as the public safety emergency that arose last month at the State Water Project's Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage to the dam's main spillway led to water flowing over an emergency weir. The resulting erosion triggered concerns that the emergency structure would collapse and unleash a wall of water down the Feather River. Those concerns led to a mass evacuation from the town of Oroville and other downstream communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction crews continue to do short-term reinforcement of Oroville Dam's spillway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What this erosion has done is undercut the apron where water flows across,\" said Doug Carlson, a DWR spokesman. \"We're going to be putting concrete into the area that's eroded over the next 30 to 45 days, hardening that and improving the apron.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work won't begin until Thursday at the earliest, when the intake is completely shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson said because the State Water Project's reservoirs are close to full and demand for water is low because of the season's abundant rain, there should be no interruption of deliveries to the system's customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Luis Reservoir, shared by federal and state water projects, has reached its 2 million acre-foot capacity, in large part because of the aggressive earlier pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a perfect time to do this -- if you had to pick a time, it would be now,\" Carlson said. \"You don't like to have a problem like this, but when they do occur, it's convenient that they occur when demand is low and we can get in there and get the job done without any interruption to scheduled deliveries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson also said that deliveries would continue through the South Bay Aqueduct, which supplies parts of Alameda and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clifton Court Forebay situation isn't as dire as the public safety emergency that arose last month at the State Water Project's Oroville Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage to the dam's main spillway led to water flowing over an emergency weir. The resulting erosion triggered concerns that the emergency structure would collapse and unleash a wall of water down the Feather River. Those concerns led to a mass evacuation from the town of Oroville and other downstream communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction crews continue to do short-term reinforcement of Oroville Dam's spillway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can't Really Help Them",
"headTitle": "California Oil Sees Ally in Trump, Even If He Can’t Really Help Them | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VoMPoJgde3sCIYWFTjOsMMKIdT4Gjt6T”]That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In an occasional series on California's political divide, we travel to oil country to find out what people want from the Trump Administration.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump has vowed to bolster the country’s oil and gas industry by rolling back environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it may not make much of a difference for California oil. The industry’s success is tied to a broad mix of influences, some outside the scope of federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class. They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.’\u003ccite>Chad Hathaway, Hathaway LLC\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In Kern County, in the heart of California’s oil country, 53 percent of voters chose Trump in November and support for the President is strong. The county, at the southern end of the Central Valley, produces 70 percent of the oil pumped out of the ground here and is one of this blue state’s pockets of dark red.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ask most oil folks if they think Trump will make a difference to their industry, and the answer is largely the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not really, no,” says Chad Hathaway, who owns a small oil company in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving through town, you can’t miss how big oil is here — there are oil wells on the main streets of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are close,” says Hathaway. “We are family and when part of the family hurts, everybody feels it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People here hit a low point last year when oil dropped to $26 a barrel, a quarter of what it was three years ago. Many companies laid off workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway, a tall, 40-year-old guy with a determined streak, rode out the downturn by cutting pay. In December, he was able to drill some new oil wells and hire a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478359\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg\" alt=\"Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1020x617.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-960x581.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-240x145.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-375x227.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hathaway-520x315.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chad Hathaway owns an oil company in Bakersfield. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I had one of the roughnecks come up to me said, ‘You know what? My family, just having a job at Christmas time meant a lot to us,’” Hathaway says. “That’s meaningful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s what it came down to on election day, when Hathaway filled out his ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask me the biggest reason why I voted for Trump, it’s because they forgot the middle class,” he says about the Democrats. “They completely forgot those guys that are out there working on that rig.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Hathaway, Kern County is a forgotten part of California, overlooked by cities on the coast where the economic upswing has returned full-force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like the people from LA and San Francisco,” he says. “They fly over this area all the time. They see all these farm fields and they can’t see the oil wells. But they don’t realize what we do to keep this state moving on daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway is even a supporter of California’s booming solar industry. “I have a lot of solar,” he says. “I’m a huge solar guy. If it makes sense, I’ll do it. I am not stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway says he gets into Facebook battles with family members in the Bay Area who don’t understand\u003cb> \u003c/b>this part of the state, or his support for Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They just don’t understand,” he says. “How are we so dumb down here to think that this guy is actually going to do something for us? Well, nobody else was doing it for us before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as even Hathaway acknowledges, there may be little Trump can do for the state’s oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the fourth-largest oil-producing state in the nation, but production has been declining since the mid-1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>That’s because the major economic driver for the industry is the price of oil. It rises and falls due to global market forces, including the international consortium OPEC, which is largely beyond President Trump’s reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reason is that California has a major say in environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ninety percent of my problems are with Sacramento,” Hathaway says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hathaway doesn’t disparage all environmental regulations. ““Some are good,” he says. “Some are meaningful. Some are not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was glad to see Trump get rid of a rule about air pollution, which regulated methane from oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, California \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/news/2017/02/08/68859/as-feds-roll-back-methane-rule-california-pushes-a/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has its own version of that rule\u003c/a>. So Hathaway won’t see much of a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other people here in Kern County are feeling more optimistic, because there are policies where the federal government holds sway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in a good mood,” says Les Clark. He’s been in oil since 1965, but now runs a trade association called the Independent Oil Producers’ Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We meet up in Taft, a small town west of Bakersfield that was built around oil. Clark’s granddaughter is playing in the Friday night basketball game at the high school, where he knows almost everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark says the federal government controls some rules, like ones relating to oil industry wastewater. The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/17/california-says-oil-companies-can-keep-dumping-wastewater-during-state-review/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal EPA is currently reviewing\u003c/a> where oil companies can dispose of that water, so Clark thinks the Trump Administration could make it easier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to help us, yeah,” he says. “I think a lot of those guys, they understand that some of these regulations are very onerous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, California lawmakers have said they plan to fight every inch of backsliding on environmental rules. A \u003ca href=\"http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2017-02-23-senate-unveils-california-environmental-defense-act-public-lands-and-whistleblower\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed legislative package\u003c/a> would lock in protections for water and air in the event the Trump Administration changes them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That federal-state push and pull is what Clark and others here in Kern County are watching. They’re waiting to see if Trump’s victory in November is actually a victory for them\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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}
]
},
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"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
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"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
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]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
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},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
}
}
