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"title": "Heat Wave Boosts U.S. to Third Warmest Year on Record Through July",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the midst of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/map-peak-summer-heat-17671\">dog days of summer\u003c/a>, the U.S. is still having its third-hottest year on record through July. The month also saw two states — New Mexico and Florida — clinch their hottest July, while Alaska continued to stay on track for its warmest year in the books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the contiguous U.S., the year-to-date temperature was 54.3°F (12.4°C), or 3.0°F (1.7°C) above the 20th century average, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201607\">data released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Every state was warmer than average for the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The January-July period was the third warmest by a fairly wide margin,” NOAA climatologist Jake Crouch said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has been just one hotspot on the planet, which is having its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/first-half-of-2016-record-hot-by-far-20540\">warmest year on record\u003c/a> by a good margin. The globally hot year is largely the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">result of the excess heat trapped\u003c/a> by ever increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_909589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-909589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map.jpg\" alt=\"How temperatuers across the contiguous U.S. have compared to the 20th century average through July. \" width=\"650\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map.jpg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map-400x302.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How temperatuers across the contiguous U.S. have compared to the 20th century average through July. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Temperatures this year have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">edged close to 1.5°C\u003c/a> above the average for the late 19th century, before warming had much of an impact. Nations have agreed to limit warming this century to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">below 2°C\u003c/a>, with some discussion of aiming for the tougher 1.5°C threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Lower 48, July was 75.3°F (24°C), or 1.6°F (0.9°C) above the 20th century average, the 14th warmest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest areas of the country were in the southern and eastern regions, courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that ushered in a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">widespread heat wave\u003c/a> and dry conditions. That heat boosted New Mexico and Florida to their hottest July on record (New Mexico tied with July 2003.) July was the second warmest of any month for Florida, behind only June 1998.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During summer, a dry month is typically accompanied by a warm month with the sun’s energy going into heating the surface, instead of evaporating water,” Crouch said. “The ridge also contributed to more cloud-free days, which caused daytime temperatures to soar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While much of the country sweltered, “that heat wasn’t felt by everyone,” Crouch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Northwest and central U.S. had above-average precipitation, which helped keep temperatures down to near average. They also partly offset the heat elsewhere and kept July from ranking higher nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. has stayed hot all year, it’s too early to say where 2016 will end up in the record books. One source of uncertainty is the possibility of a La Niña developing, which tends to lead to cooler temperatures in some areas. Forecasts have recently backed off on predictions for a La Niña event and have predicted a later appearance for the climate phenomenon than previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warmer-temps-favored-across-entire-us-20561\">next few months\u003c/a> is for above-average temperatures across the U.S., so “it is likely that 2016 year-to-date temperature averages will remain in the top five category during the next couple of months,” Crouch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska, meanwhile, has continued to be a standout spot for unusually hot temperatures and is on track to see its hottest year on record. Statewide, July was the fourth warmest on record, and several spots surpassed previous marks. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport had a monthly average temperature of 62.7°F (17°C), the warmest month observed there since records began in 1953.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the midst of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/map-peak-summer-heat-17671\">dog days of summer\u003c/a>, the U.S. is still having its third-hottest year on record through July. The month also saw two states — New Mexico and Florida — clinch their hottest July, while Alaska continued to stay on track for its warmest year in the books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the contiguous U.S., the year-to-date temperature was 54.3°F (12.4°C), or 3.0°F (1.7°C) above the 20th century average, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201607\">data released Monday\u003c/a> by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Every state was warmer than average for the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The January-July period was the third warmest by a fairly wide margin,” NOAA climatologist Jake Crouch said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has been just one hotspot on the planet, which is having its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/first-half-of-2016-record-hot-by-far-20540\">warmest year on record\u003c/a> by a good margin. The globally hot year is largely the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">result of the excess heat trapped\u003c/a> by ever increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_909589\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-909589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map.jpg\" alt=\"How temperatuers across the contiguous U.S. have compared to the 20th century average through July. \" width=\"650\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map.jpg 650w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/NOAA_US_map-400x302.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How temperatuers across the contiguous U.S. have compared to the 20th century average through July. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Temperatures this year have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">edged close to 1.5°C\u003c/a> above the average for the late 19th century, before warming had much of an impact. Nations have agreed to limit warming this century to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">below 2°C\u003c/a>, with some discussion of aiming for the tougher 1.5°C threshold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Lower 48, July was 75.3°F (24°C), or 1.6°F (0.9°C) above the 20th century average, the 14th warmest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hottest areas of the country were in the southern and eastern regions, courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that ushered in a \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">widespread heat wave\u003c/a> and dry conditions. That heat boosted New Mexico and Florida to their hottest July on record (New Mexico tied with July 2003.) July was the second warmest of any month for Florida, behind only June 1998.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During summer, a dry month is typically accompanied by a warm month with the sun’s energy going into heating the surface, instead of evaporating water,” Crouch said. “The ridge also contributed to more cloud-free days, which caused daytime temperatures to soar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While much of the country sweltered, “that heat wasn’t felt by everyone,” Crouch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Northwest and central U.S. had above-average precipitation, which helped keep temperatures down to near average. They also partly offset the heat elsewhere and kept July from ranking higher nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the U.S. has stayed hot all year, it’s too early to say where 2016 will end up in the record books. One source of uncertainty is the possibility of a La Niña developing, which tends to lead to cooler temperatures in some areas. Forecasts have recently backed off on predictions for a La Niña event and have predicted a later appearance for the climate phenomenon than previously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warmer-temps-favored-across-entire-us-20561\">next few months\u003c/a> is for above-average temperatures across the U.S., so “it is likely that 2016 year-to-date temperature averages will remain in the top five category during the next couple of months,” Crouch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska, meanwhile, has continued to be a standout spot for unusually hot temperatures and is on track to see its hottest year on record. Statewide, July was the fourth warmest on record, and several spots surpassed previous marks. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport had a monthly average temperature of 62.7°F (17°C), the warmest month observed there since records began in 1953.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Tease Out Climate Change’s Role in Zika Spread",
"headTitle": "Scientists Tease Out Climate Change’s Role in Zika Spread | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Athletes and tourists converging on Brazil this week are crowding into a country where rapid environmental change and natural weather fluctuations nurtured a viral epidemic that has gone global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has exploded throughout South America, up through Mexico and Puerto Rico and into Florida, but the conditions it needed to fester in northern Brazil were rooted in urbanization and poverty. The initial Brazilian outbreak appears to have been aided by a drought driven by El Niño, and by higher temperatures caused by longer-term weather cycles and by rising levels of greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Warming temperatures have lengthened the mosquito seasons in three quarters of major U.S. cities.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This combination of human and natural forces is emerging as the possible incubator of a disease that’s painfully elusive to detect, despite its cruel effects on unborn children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/health/zika-florida.html\">unprecedented domestic travel advisory\u003c/a> this week, warning pregnant women to avoid a Miami neighborhood where more than a dozen Zika cases were confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warning came six months after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/1st-emergency-committee-zika/en/\">World Health Organization declared\u003c/a> a public health emergency “of international concern” in Brazil, where the opening ceremony for the Summer Olympics is scheduled for Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Zika infections produce no symptoms, turning their hosts into unwitting harbors for the disease, which is mainly spread through mosquito bites. Unborn children risk microcephaly when their mothers are infected, meaning their heads are small — the result of unusual brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the effects of El Niño and other weather cycles are beyond the control of humans, the recent spread of the disease into the U.S. is a savage reminder of the heavy toll that humans are taking on their planet — and of the potential for those changes to bite back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/more-mosquito-days-increasing-zika-risk-in-us-20553\">research recently showed\u003c/a> that warming temperatures have lengthened the mosquito seasons in three quarters of major cities in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Americans unaccustomed to fearing tropical diseases at home, the northward march of the outbreak is delivering an exotic threat. \u003ca href=\"http://undark.org/2016/08/02/peak-mosquito-time-atlantic-coast-will-zika-follow/\">Researchers are warning\u003c/a> that the disease could reach the halls of power in Washington D.C. and the dense metropolis of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes rely on water to breed and flourish, yet a drought that beset northern Brazil amid a heatwave in 2014 and 2015 — while the disease was stealthily taking root — is thought to have worked in the mosquitoes’ favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because households began storing more water, ushering breeding mosquitoes and their larvae inside their homes. Like other developing countries, many in Brazil lack regular access to piped water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a drought, you don’t have reliable water access, and that makes you go and get water and store,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geog.ufl.edu/faculty/ryan/\">Sadie Ryan\u003c/a>, a medical geographer at the University of Florida. “By storing it, you’re creating mosquito habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small puddles and ponds of water that accumulate in urbanized areas also tend to favor the lifestyles of the types of mosquitoes that spread Zika, compared with those that tend to thrive in more remote regions. Ryan called these types of mosquitoes “urban capable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In South America up to the ‘70s, there was a really big push for vector control,” Ryan said, referring to efforts to control mosquito populations, such as spraying insecticides. “Then the money went away for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, temperatures have been rising globally because of the polluting effects of fossil fuel-powered industrialization, deforestation and livestock farming, and natural climate cycles have been exacerbating the rate of warming in some places, such as in northern Brazil and California. That’s significant, because mosquitoes can only survive above certain temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you’re over that minimum temperature, there’s nothing killing the vector,” Ryan said. “There’s nothing slowing it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a February letter \u003ca href=\"http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00256-7/fulltext\">published in The Lancet\u003c/a>, a British medical journal, the University of Haifa’s \u003ca href=\"http://geo.haifa.ac.il/~spaz/\">Shlomit Paz\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sei-international.org/staff?staffid=393\">Jan Semenza\u003c/a> of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported discovering a “striking overlap” between areas in Brazil that were afflicted by extreme weather linked to El Niño, and areas where Zika was lurking one month later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely think temperature and climate have an impact on transmission, but that relationship is often complex,” Semenza said. “It’s always very difficult to attribute one single climatic event to climate change, and then draw a causal link to health outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, a team of American and Venezuelan scientists took a closer statistical look at the relationship between climate and the Zika outbreak, and reported that El Niño and climate change were not the only important factors — though they were both important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the team blamed El Niño for the drought that fueled the Zika outbreak, they concluded that climate change and long-term weather cycles, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is a long-term cycle in trade winds that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-say-warming-slowdown-was-real-20068\">influences surface temperatures globally\u003c/a>, played important roles in pushing temperatures up to those favored by Zika-carrying mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were hurriedly pre-published without being peer reviewed \u003ca href=\"http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/06/19/059808\">on the website bioRxiv\u003c/a>. That provided health officials and policymakers with rapid information about the findings while the details continue to be reviewed and improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/pardee/community/staff/janetos/\">Anthony Janetos\u003c/a>, a professor of earth and environmental studies at Boston University, who wasn’t involved with the recent study, warned that it does not definitively prove the links that the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that, Janetos criticized the researchers for their choice of headline for the paper, which states that the Zika epidemic was “fueled by climate variations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’d been able to show that the same patterns occurred in other outbreak regions, such as Puerto Rico, then their circumstantial case would be stronger,” Janetos said. “But they haven’t done that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/cics/people/display_person.xml?netid=agms&display=All\">Ángel Muñoz\u003c/a>, a climate scientist with affiliations at Princeton and Columbia universities who led the research, acknowledged Janetos’s criticisms, and he said the headline would be changed prior to final publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper is not an answer for a lot of the questions that we have, but it’s an important step,” Muñoz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not possible right now to show a formal link between Zika and climate, because no one has enough data,” Muñoz said. “You need years, not months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With models warning that the epidemic will worsen before it begins to improve, the human suffering that’s expected in the months and years to come may help scientists continue to tease apart roles of natural forces in driving the outbreak from those of climate change and other problems caused by humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Athletes and tourists converging on Brazil this week are crowding into a country where rapid environmental change and natural weather fluctuations nurtured a viral epidemic that has gone global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has exploded throughout South America, up through Mexico and Puerto Rico and into Florida, but the conditions it needed to fester in northern Brazil were rooted in urbanization and poverty. The initial Brazilian outbreak appears to have been aided by a drought driven by El Niño, and by higher temperatures caused by longer-term weather cycles and by rising levels of greenhouse gas pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Warming temperatures have lengthened the mosquito seasons in three quarters of major U.S. cities.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This combination of human and natural forces is emerging as the possible incubator of a disease that’s painfully elusive to detect, despite its cruel effects on unborn children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/health/zika-florida.html\">unprecedented domestic travel advisory\u003c/a> this week, warning pregnant women to avoid a Miami neighborhood where more than a dozen Zika cases were confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warning came six months after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/1st-emergency-committee-zika/en/\">World Health Organization declared\u003c/a> a public health emergency “of international concern” in Brazil, where the opening ceremony for the Summer Olympics is scheduled for Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Zika infections produce no symptoms, turning their hosts into unwitting harbors for the disease, which is mainly spread through mosquito bites. Unborn children risk microcephaly when their mothers are infected, meaning their heads are small — the result of unusual brain development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the effects of El Niño and other weather cycles are beyond the control of humans, the recent spread of the disease into the U.S. is a savage reminder of the heavy toll that humans are taking on their planet — and of the potential for those changes to bite back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate Central \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/more-mosquito-days-increasing-zika-risk-in-us-20553\">research recently showed\u003c/a> that warming temperatures have lengthened the mosquito seasons in three quarters of major cities in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Americans unaccustomed to fearing tropical diseases at home, the northward march of the outbreak is delivering an exotic threat. \u003ca href=\"http://undark.org/2016/08/02/peak-mosquito-time-atlantic-coast-will-zika-follow/\">Researchers are warning\u003c/a> that the disease could reach the halls of power in Washington D.C. and the dense metropolis of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes rely on water to breed and flourish, yet a drought that beset northern Brazil amid a heatwave in 2014 and 2015 — while the disease was stealthily taking root — is thought to have worked in the mosquitoes’ favor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because households began storing more water, ushering breeding mosquitoes and their larvae inside their homes. Like other developing countries, many in Brazil lack regular access to piped water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a drought, you don’t have reliable water access, and that makes you go and get water and store,” said \u003ca href=\"http://geog.ufl.edu/faculty/ryan/\">Sadie Ryan\u003c/a>, a medical geographer at the University of Florida. “By storing it, you’re creating mosquito habitat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small puddles and ponds of water that accumulate in urbanized areas also tend to favor the lifestyles of the types of mosquitoes that spread Zika, compared with those that tend to thrive in more remote regions. Ryan called these types of mosquitoes “urban capable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In South America up to the ‘70s, there was a really big push for vector control,” Ryan said, referring to efforts to control mosquito populations, such as spraying insecticides. “Then the money went away for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, temperatures have been rising globally because of the polluting effects of fossil fuel-powered industrialization, deforestation and livestock farming, and natural climate cycles have been exacerbating the rate of warming in some places, such as in northern Brazil and California. That’s significant, because mosquitoes can only survive above certain temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you’re over that minimum temperature, there’s nothing killing the vector,” Ryan said. “There’s nothing slowing it down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a February letter \u003ca href=\"http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00256-7/fulltext\">published in The Lancet\u003c/a>, a British medical journal, the University of Haifa’s \u003ca href=\"http://geo.haifa.ac.il/~spaz/\">Shlomit Paz\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sei-international.org/staff?staffid=393\">Jan Semenza\u003c/a> of the Stockholm Environment Institute and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported discovering a “striking overlap” between areas in Brazil that were afflicted by extreme weather linked to El Niño, and areas where Zika was lurking one month later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We definitely think temperature and climate have an impact on transmission, but that relationship is often complex,” Semenza said. “It’s always very difficult to attribute one single climatic event to climate change, and then draw a causal link to health outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, a team of American and Venezuelan scientists took a closer statistical look at the relationship between climate and the Zika outbreak, and reported that El Niño and climate change were not the only important factors — though they were both important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the team blamed El Niño for the drought that fueled the Zika outbreak, they concluded that climate change and long-term weather cycles, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is a long-term cycle in trade winds that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/scientists-say-warming-slowdown-was-real-20068\">influences surface temperatures globally\u003c/a>, played important roles in pushing temperatures up to those favored by Zika-carrying mosquitoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were hurriedly pre-published without being peer reviewed \u003ca href=\"http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/06/19/059808\">on the website bioRxiv\u003c/a>. That provided health officials and policymakers with rapid information about the findings while the details continue to be reviewed and improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/pardee/community/staff/janetos/\">Anthony Janetos\u003c/a>, a professor of earth and environmental studies at Boston University, who wasn’t involved with the recent study, warned that it does not definitively prove the links that the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of that, Janetos criticized the researchers for their choice of headline for the paper, which states that the Zika epidemic was “fueled by climate variations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’d been able to show that the same patterns occurred in other outbreak regions, such as Puerto Rico, then their circumstantial case would be stronger,” Janetos said. “But they haven’t done that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.princeton.edu/cics/people/display_person.xml?netid=agms&display=All\">Ángel Muñoz\u003c/a>, a climate scientist with affiliations at Princeton and Columbia universities who led the research, acknowledged Janetos’s criticisms, and he said the headline would be changed prior to final publication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This paper is not an answer for a lot of the questions that we have, but it’s an important step,” Muñoz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not possible right now to show a formal link between Zika and climate, because no one has enough data,” Muñoz said. “You need years, not months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With models warning that the epidemic will worsen before it begins to improve, the human suffering that’s expected in the months and years to come may help scientists continue to tease apart roles of natural forces in driving the outbreak from those of climate change and other problems caused by humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. [contextly_sidebar id=”bwAQS8zN4wV2Q3mMQXirOa6vGPpNfj18″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On a research voyage to the Farallon Islands, scientists encounter far more whales than expected. Here's what's driving the recovery.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Well, It's Official: 2015 Set Multiple Climate Records",
"headTitle": "Well, It’s Official: 2015 Set Multiple Climate Records | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The warming of the world’s climate has reached a fever pitch in recent years, causing records to fall like dominoes. In 2015, the planet saw a number of such records set, from the hottest global temperature measured to the largest annual increase in carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those records — along with numerous other indicators of the considerable change wrought on land, in the oceans and air, and to ecosystems — are detailed in the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/state-of-the-climate/\">State of the Climate Report\u003c/a> released Tuesday by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to understand how the planet is changing and varying…in order to understand where we may be going in the future.’\u003ccite>Thomas Karl, NOAA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report, now in its 26th year and published as a special edition of the journal Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, was put together by 456 authors in 62 countries and provides a checkup of Earth’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to understand how the planet is changing and varying . . . in order to understand where we may be going in the future,” Thomas Karl, director of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said during a press teleconference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a strong El Niño provided a boost to global temperatures last year, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">main driver of the planet’s temperature surge\u003c/a>, as well as other climate trends, is the warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as many of the records of 2015 broke those set only one year earlier, 2016 has broken or is poised to break several of 2015’s records:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Temperature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for the world in 2015 was record warm in all four major datasets, which are run independently by different U.S. and international agencies. The year beat out 2014 by 0.2°F (0.1°C) — the highest margin for such a record since 1998.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the perspective of how much temperatures have risen since preindustrial times, 2015 was more than 1°C (1.8°F) above temperatures from the mid- to late-19th century. Nations have pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">limit warming to 2°C\u003c/a> above preindustrial temperatures by the end of this century, with some discussion of tightening that cap to 1.5°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global temperatures have continued to soar in 2016, which for the first half of the year is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/first-half-of-2016-record-hot-by-far-20540\">ahead of 2015 by a long shot\u003c/a>and has nudged the planet even closer to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C benchmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 takes the title of hottest year or not depends on how the second half of the year plays out, with a La Niña event possibly forming in the wake of the exceptionally strong El Niño that held sway in 2015 and early 2016. La Niñas have a cooling effect on global temperatures. The latest model forecasts are less confident that a La Niña will form, which would mean 2016 has a better chance of besting 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite possible that 2016 will set a new global temperature record,” Jessica Blunden, a NOAA climatologist and lead author of the report, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse gas levels — the driver behind the steady warming of the planet — also set records in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual average of carbon dioxide levels at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, which keeps the longest-running record of atmospheric CO2, was 400.8 parts per million. That was the first time the measurement was over 400 ppm for the year. While that benchmark is somewhat symbolic, it shows how far those levels have risen since preindustrial times, when CO2 measured about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year also saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/unprecedented-spike-co2-levels-2015-20125\">biggest year-over-year increase\u003c/a> on record at Mauna Loa, 3.1 ppm. While 2016 is only halfway over, it is slightly ahead of 2015 by this measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global CO2 average for 2015 was just under 400 ppm, “which means that 2016 is easily going to surpass this milestone,” Blunden said. In fact, one of the last places on Earth that had yet to cross that mark, the South Pole, finally\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">did so this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ocean Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key drivers of 2015’s record heat was the global oceans, which take up \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-ocean-heat-18905\">90 percent of the excess heat\u003c/a> trapped by the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea surface temperatures and the heat contained in the upper portion of the oceans both set global records, surpassing those set in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because water expands as it warms, that heat also meant that sea surface heights were record high, measuring about 2.75 inches higher than at the beginning of the satellite altimeter record in 1993. \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Rising seas\u003c/a> are one of the key concerns of global warming, as they stand to inundate coastal areas that are currently home to millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arctic Sea Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the planet’s hotspots has been the outsized warming in the Arctic, which is seeing a temperature rise double that of the global average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid warming has caused substantial changes, perhaps most notably to the ice that covers the Arctic Ocean. Loss of this ice has ramifications for polar ecosystems, as well as potentially to weather patterns in Europe, Asia, and North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic sea ice reaches its peak at the end of the winter; last year that winter peak \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">set a record low\u003c/a>. That record has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-peak-record-low-again-20183\">already been beaten this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-breaks-may-record-20415\">May\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">June\u003c/a> this year also saw record low sea ice levels, though the decline eased off in July. Still, sea ice is far below the long-term average and stands to rank among the lowest years on record at its end-of-summer nadir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spate of records won’t necessarily continue over the next few years, particularly if a La Niña does materialize. Even with a long-term background trend of rising temperatures, other climate factors contribute to yearly ups and downs. But as long as greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere unabated, the scales are heavily weighted toward \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-set-for-record-hot-record-cold-thing-of-the-past-18360\">more record heat\u003c/a>, ever lower sea ice levels and ever higher seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "The warming of the world’s climate has reached a fever pitch in recent years, causing records to fall like dominoes. In 2015, the planet saw a number of such records set, from the hottest global temperature measured to the largest annual increase in carbon dioxide. Those records — along with numerous other indicators of the",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The warming of the world’s climate has reached a fever pitch in recent years, causing records to fall like dominoes. In 2015, the planet saw a number of such records set, from the hottest global temperature measured to the largest annual increase in carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those records — along with numerous other indicators of the considerable change wrought on land, in the oceans and air, and to ecosystems — are detailed in the annual \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/state-of-the-climate/\">State of the Climate Report\u003c/a> released Tuesday by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have to understand how the planet is changing and varying…in order to understand where we may be going in the future.’\u003ccite>Thomas Karl, NOAA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The report, now in its 26th year and published as a special edition of the journal Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, was put together by 456 authors in 62 countries and provides a checkup of Earth’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to understand how the planet is changing and varying . . . in order to understand where we may be going in the future,” Thomas Karl, director of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said during a press teleconference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a strong El Niño provided a boost to global temperatures last year, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">main driver of the planet’s temperature surge\u003c/a>, as well as other climate trends, is the warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just as many of the records of 2015 broke those set only one year earlier, 2016 has broken or is poised to break several of 2015’s records:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Temperature\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average temperature for the world in 2015 was record warm in all four major datasets, which are run independently by different U.S. and international agencies. The year beat out 2014 by 0.2°F (0.1°C) — the highest margin for such a record since 1998.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the perspective of how much temperatures have risen since preindustrial times, 2015 was more than 1°C (1.8°F) above temperatures from the mid- to late-19th century. Nations have pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\">limit warming to 2°C\u003c/a> above preindustrial temperatures by the end of this century, with some discussion of tightening that cap to 1.5°C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global temperatures have continued to soar in 2016, which for the first half of the year is \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/first-half-of-2016-record-hot-by-far-20540\">ahead of 2015 by a long shot\u003c/a>and has nudged the planet even closer to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">1.5°C benchmark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 takes the title of hottest year or not depends on how the second half of the year plays out, with a La Niña event possibly forming in the wake of the exceptionally strong El Niño that held sway in 2015 and early 2016. La Niñas have a cooling effect on global temperatures. The latest model forecasts are less confident that a La Niña will form, which would mean 2016 has a better chance of besting 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite possible that 2016 will set a new global temperature record,” Jessica Blunden, a NOAA climatologist and lead author of the report, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenhouse gas levels — the driver behind the steady warming of the planet — also set records in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual average of carbon dioxide levels at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, which keeps the longest-running record of atmospheric CO2, was 400.8 parts per million. That was the first time the measurement was over 400 ppm for the year. While that benchmark is somewhat symbolic, it shows how far those levels have risen since preindustrial times, when CO2 measured about 280 ppm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The year also saw the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/unprecedented-spike-co2-levels-2015-20125\">biggest year-over-year increase\u003c/a> on record at Mauna Loa, 3.1 ppm. While 2016 is only halfway over, it is slightly ahead of 2015 by this measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The global CO2 average for 2015 was just under 400 ppm, “which means that 2016 is easily going to surpass this milestone,” Blunden said. In fact, one of the last places on Earth that had yet to cross that mark, the South Pole, finally\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-co2-400-ppm-million-years-20451\">did so this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ocean Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the key drivers of 2015’s record heat was the global oceans, which take up \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-ocean-heat-18905\">90 percent of the excess heat\u003c/a> trapped by the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea surface temperatures and the heat contained in the upper portion of the oceans both set global records, surpassing those set in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because water expands as it warms, that heat also meant that sea surface heights were record high, measuring about 2.75 inches higher than at the beginning of the satellite altimeter record in 1993. \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Rising seas\u003c/a> are one of the key concerns of global warming, as they stand to inundate coastal areas that are currently home to millions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arctic Sea Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the planet’s hotspots has been the outsized warming in the Arctic, which is seeing a temperature rise double that of the global average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rapid warming has caused substantial changes, perhaps most notably to the ice that covers the Arctic Ocean. Loss of this ice has ramifications for polar ecosystems, as well as potentially to weather patterns in Europe, Asia, and North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arctic sea ice reaches its peak at the end of the winter; last year that winter peak \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-hits-record-low-winter-peak-18795\">set a record low\u003c/a>. That record has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-peak-record-low-again-20183\">already been beaten this year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-breaks-may-record-20415\">May\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">June\u003c/a> this year also saw record low sea ice levels, though the decline eased off in July. Still, sea ice is far below the long-term average and stands to rank among the lowest years on record at its end-of-summer nadir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spate of records won’t necessarily continue over the next few years, particularly if a La Niña does materialize. Even with a long-term background trend of rising temperatures, other climate factors contribute to yearly ups and downs. But as long as greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere unabated, the scales are heavily weighted toward \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/2014-set-for-record-hot-record-cold-thing-of-the-past-18360\">more record heat\u003c/a>, ever lower sea ice levels and ever higher seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Conservation Wanes in California as Most Mandatory Restrictions End",
"headTitle": "Water Conservation Wanes in California as Most Mandatory Restrictions End | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It appears that California water suppliers have by and large abandoned mandatory water conservation — and it may be showing up in the latest monthly statistics on water saving in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the State Water Resources Control Board, urban customers reduced water use by 21.5 percent in June, compared to the benchmark year of 2013. That’s down from 27.5 percent savings a year ago, when statewide mandatory controls were in place. Savings were down even more compared to May of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of state-imposed compulsory conservation levels, local water agencies are now setting their own marks — and setting the bar extremely low. While state regulators continue to review the numbers reported to them by local agencies, KQED has surveyed major water suppliers in the Bay Area and Sacramento region and most of them have set their compulsory savings targets at (drum roll, please)…zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California Water Agencies’ New Conservation Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> After state-imposed quotas expired in May, local agencies have come up with their own numbers: overwhelmingly zero. (Largest Bay Area suppliers shown.)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop.png\" alt=\"Water_numbers_desktop\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1780\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-895956\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop.png 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-400x412.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-800x823.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-768x790.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-1440x1482.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-1180x1214.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-960x988.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile.png\" alt=\"Water_numbers_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-895958\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Round’ Numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s largest urban supplier, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, had been required to cut water use 16 percent compared to the benchmark year of 2013. Its new self-determined target: zero. The Contra Costa Water District likewise moved its goal posts from 25 percent to zero. The same goes for the City of Sacramento. The Marin Municipal Water District ratcheted back from 20 to zero, Alameda County from 16 to zero, and well, you get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in Southern California, where severe drought conditions persist, the story is largely the same. The state’s biggest retailer of urban water, the Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power had been operating under a 14 percent conservation order. Its new tier: zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, state regulators have stopped short of saying publicly that this isn’t what they had in mind when they decided to stop assigning water savings “tiers” and allow local officials to come up with their own numbers — especially since state water managers continue to emphasize that the drought is not over, and may well worsen in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some relaxation of conservation in light of the relief we got last winter and other supply conditions is appropriate and expected,” said water board chair Felicia Marcus in a statement. “Abandonment of conservation is not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushback From Locals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers have long argued that they are in a better position than Sacramento to know the level of water cutbacks that local conditions demand. And state regulators largely agree, which is why they’ve handed control back to the locals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Board prescribed the formula used to calculate the local quotas. Agencies were to assume that the next three years resembled the last three in terms of drought and water demand. Any shortage (in percentage terms) at the end of those three imaginary years was to become the new local conservation mark. Water Board officials have taken pains to point out that they will closely monitor the new system and that if it does not work to their satisfaction, they are prepared to return to a system of state-assigned quotas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many local water managers say they remain committed to conservation with voluntary measures. Jennifer Burke, deputy director of water and engineering resources with the City of Santa Rosa, tells KQED that the city is “committed to water conservation and will continue to offer our many programs, tips and tools as well as continuing to implement water waste prohibitions,” an apparent reference to the handful of water restrictions made permanent by the governor earlier this year. But Santa Rosa has also reset its compulsory conservation mark to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state-imposed “tiers,” as they were called, never went down well with local water suppliers, as selling less water meant a direct hit to their revenues. It’s estimated that over the past year, local water agencies collectively \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article89747342.html\">lost hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of dollars under the state-imposed cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those suppliers might have to rethink their revenue models given the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\">long-term trends\u003c/a>. A recent analysis by the nonpartisan Public Policy Institute of California shows that overall water use is declining even as the state’s population grows.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It appears that California water suppliers have by and large abandoned mandatory water conservation — and it may be showing up in the latest monthly statistics on water saving in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the State Water Resources Control Board, urban customers reduced water use by 21.5 percent in June, compared to the benchmark year of 2013. That’s down from 27.5 percent savings a year ago, when statewide mandatory controls were in place. Savings were down even more compared to May of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of state-imposed compulsory conservation levels, local water agencies are now setting their own marks — and setting the bar extremely low. While state regulators continue to review the numbers reported to them by local agencies, KQED has surveyed major water suppliers in the Bay Area and Sacramento region and most of them have set their compulsory savings targets at (drum roll, please)…zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California Water Agencies’ New Conservation Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> After state-imposed quotas expired in May, local agencies have come up with their own numbers: overwhelmingly zero. (Largest Bay Area suppliers shown.)\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop.png\" alt=\"Water_numbers_desktop\" width=\"1730\" height=\"1780\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-895956\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop.png 1730w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-400x412.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-800x823.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-768x790.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-1440x1482.png 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-1180x1214.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-960x988.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-32x32.png 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_desktop-50x50.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile.png\" alt=\"Water_numbers_mobile\" width=\"750\" height=\"1334\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-895958\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile.png 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Water_numbers_mobile-400x711.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Round’ Numbers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California’s largest urban supplier, the East Bay Municipal Utility District, had been required to cut water use 16 percent compared to the benchmark year of 2013. Its new self-determined target: zero. The Contra Costa Water District likewise moved its goal posts from 25 percent to zero. The same goes for the City of Sacramento. The Marin Municipal Water District ratcheted back from 20 to zero, Alameda County from 16 to zero, and well, you get the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in Southern California, where severe drought conditions persist, the story is largely the same. The state’s biggest retailer of urban water, the Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power had been operating under a 14 percent conservation order. Its new tier: zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, state regulators have stopped short of saying publicly that this isn’t what they had in mind when they decided to stop assigning water savings “tiers” and allow local officials to come up with their own numbers — especially since state water managers continue to emphasize that the drought is not over, and may well worsen in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some relaxation of conservation in light of the relief we got last winter and other supply conditions is appropriate and expected,” said water board chair Felicia Marcus in a statement. “Abandonment of conservation is not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pushback From Locals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers have long argued that they are in a better position than Sacramento to know the level of water cutbacks that local conditions demand. And state regulators largely agree, which is why they’ve handed control back to the locals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State Water Board prescribed the formula used to calculate the local quotas. Agencies were to assume that the next three years resembled the last three in terms of drought and water demand. Any shortage (in percentage terms) at the end of those three imaginary years was to become the new local conservation mark. Water Board officials have taken pains to point out that they will closely monitor the new system and that if it does not work to their satisfaction, they are prepared to return to a system of state-assigned quotas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many local water managers say they remain committed to conservation with voluntary measures. Jennifer Burke, deputy director of water and engineering resources with the City of Santa Rosa, tells KQED that the city is “committed to water conservation and will continue to offer our many programs, tips and tools as well as continuing to implement water waste prohibitions,” an apparent reference to the handful of water restrictions made permanent by the governor earlier this year. But Santa Rosa has also reset its compulsory conservation mark to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state-imposed “tiers,” as they were called, never went down well with local water suppliers, as selling less water meant a direct hit to their revenues. It’s estimated that over the past year, local water agencies collectively \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article89747342.html\">lost hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of dollars under the state-imposed cutbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those suppliers might have to rethink their revenue models given the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1108\">long-term trends\u003c/a>. A recent analysis by the nonpartisan Public Policy Institute of California shows that overall water use is declining even as the state’s population grows.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warming at Alarming Rate, Lake Tahoe Reflects Rapid Sierra Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At the foot of a giant sequoia in California’s Sierra Nevada, two arborists stepped into harnesses then inched up ropes more than 20 stories into the dizzying canopy of a tree that survived thousands of years, enduring drought, wildfire and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, the arborists clipped off tips of young branches to be hand-delivered across the country, cloned in a lab and eventually planted in a forest in some other part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two are among a cadre of modern day Johnny Appleseeds who believe California’s giant sequoias and coastal redwoods are blessed with some of the heartiest genetics of any trees on Earth — and that propagating them will help reverse climate change, at least in a small way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a biological miracle,” said tree climber Jim Clark, firmly back on the ground and holding a green sprig to his lips as if to kiss it. “This piece of tissue … can be rooted, and we have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cloning expedition to Camp Nelson, a mountain community about 100 miles southeast of Fresno, was led by David Milarch, co-founder of Archangel Ancient Tree Archive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. [contextly_sidebar id=”I6Je3Fpl7kMVmUyX8g4zO3Wr5pO1yOZZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Michigan-based nurseryman preaches the urgency of restoring the Earth’s decimated forests. In two decades, he says his nonprofit group has cloned 170 types of trees and planted more than 300,000 of them in seven countries with willing landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a biological miracle. We have a miniature 3,000-year-old tree.’\u003ccite>Jim Clark\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s really a race against time,” Milarch said. “If we start right now, we can go after climate change and reverse it before it’s too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sequoias growing in the Sierra are among the biggest and oldest trees on Earth, some nearly 300 feet tall and up to 3,000 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relying on common sense that he says is being borne out by science, Milarch, 66, believes their size and robustness make them ideal for absorbing greenhouse gases that drive climate change on the planet. He likens them to people who drink and smoke all their lives, yet thrive well into their 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One skeptic is Todd Dawson, a professor of integrated biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He admires Archangel’s creative efforts but says it’s unclear whether the towering trees have superior genes or whether they were simply lucky not to meet the fate of a logger’s saw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are slim, he said, that cloning and planting a limited number of trees will cool the warming planet. He favors more sweeping approaches such as curbing the use of fossil fuels and protecting vast rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s one of the things about global warming — it’s a global problem,” Dawson said. “You’re going to have to plant a lot of trees to combat global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of about a dozen expert tree climbers from across the country volunteered for the expedition in May to restock Archangel’s store of genetic samples. They risked their lives to climb to the ends of massive limbs, starting in the southern Sierra sequoia grove and winding up nearly 500 miles away in Northern California, where they carefully collected additional samples from coastal redwoods — a taller, thinner cousin of the giant sequoia. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark wrapped the clippings he gathered in damp newspaper, placed them inside ice-filled duffel bags and boarded an overnight flight to the Archangel’s lab across country in Copemish, a rural village in northwestern Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, Clark and another propagation specialist snipped off some 2,000 shoots a few inches long and planted them in small containers of a peat-and-gel mixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another 1,000 fingernail-sized bits of greenery were placed into jars containing a blend of seaweed-based gelatin and growth hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The samples grow beneath purplish fluorescent lights under humidity and temperatures designed to encourage rooting. Cloning ancient trees is tricky business, lab workers say, and many samples don’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later this year, Archangel’s team will come west to plant up to 1,000 sequoia and redwood saplings in a cool, damp region of Oregon where the trees will have the best chance to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Werner, a horticulture consultant based in Monterey, California, who has worked with Archangel, says that in the face of global warming, it’s easy to dismiss the efforts of a “renegade” group that relies heavily on donations and volunteer nurserymen and arborists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s not fair,” Werner said. “It may be a drop in the bucket, but at least somebody’s doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AP correspondent John Flesher contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records",
"headTitle": "First Half of 2016 Blows Away Temp Records | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "2016 is looking more and more likely to be the hottest year on record, after a record warm June extended this year's streak.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first half of 2016 has blown away temperature records, capped off by a record hot June, once again bumping up the odds that 2016 will be the hottest year on record globally, according to data released Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monthly numbers from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration puts the planet on track to surpass 2015 as the hottest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Every month this year has been record warm globally.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“2016 has really blown that out of the water,” Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While 2016 has gotten a boost from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">exceptionally strong El Niño\u003c/a>, the record temps are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/2015-global-temp-record\">mostly the result\u003c/a> of the excess heat that has built up in Earth’s atmosphere due to accumulating greenhouse gases. That heat is \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">raising global sea levels\u003c/a>, disrupting ecosystems and leading to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-evolving-role-in-extreme-weather-18501\">more extreme weather events\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month this year has been record warm globally. Several months early in the year were the first ever recorded to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/incredible-october-warmth-guarantees-record-hot-2015-19695\">exceed 1°C\u003c/a> (1.8°F) above average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-over-20424\">demise of El Niño\u003c/a>, those temperature departures have dropped slightly, but are still at record-high levels. June was 1.62°F (0.90°C) above the 20th century average \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201606\">according to NOAA\u003c/a> and 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 1951-1980 average, \u003ca href=\"http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v3/GLB.Ts+dSST.txt\">according to NASA\u003c/a>. (June was also \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/june-hottest-on-record-contiguous-us-20502\">record warm for the contiguous U.S.\u003c/a>, in part because of an intense, record-breaking heat wave that swept the Southwest.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860507\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016Global_Jan-Jun_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">In NOAA’s records, that makes an unprecedented 14 consecutive record-hot months. While that streak will eventually end, Deke Arndt, the head of the climate monitoring division at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, said that the long-term warming trend is stll clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to keep perspective here. Even if we aren’t setting records, we are in a neighborhood beyond anything we had seen before early 2015,” Arndt said in an email. “We’ve left the 20th century far behind. This is a big deal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With June’s record heat, the year-to-date is 1.89°F (1.05°C) above the 20th century average, according to NOAA, and 1.96°F (1.09°C) above the 1951-1980 average according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temperatures “are so in excess of any first part of a year that we’ve seen,” Schmidt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-860508\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg\" alt=\"2016)hottest_yr_so_far_CC\" width=\"720\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/2016hottest_yr_so_far_CC-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">Each agency uses different methods of processing the global temperature data, as well as different baselines for comparing temperatures, leading to slightly different results. Both agree on the long-term warming trend, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations have agreed to a goal of\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/see-earths-temperature-spiral-toward-2c-20332\"> keeping warming under 2°C\u003c/a> (3.6°F) above temperatures from preindustrial times — before manmade greenhouse gases began building in the atmosphere — by the end of the century. To put current global temperatures into the perspective of that framework, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">Climate Central has been reanalyzing\u003c/a> the NASA and NOAA data. The two datasets are averaged and then compared to the average from 1881-1910, closer to the preindustrial era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through June, 2016 was 2.4°F (1.34°C) above the average for that period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Arctic has been one of the areas of the world that has seen sky-high temperatures this year, which have led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-sea-ice-record-low-for-june-20508\">record-low sea ice levels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those roasting Arctic temperatures have extended into Alaska. The state’s average temperature is 9°F above the 1925-2000 average for the year through June. The North Slope town of Deadhorse just recorded a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), the \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/heat-wave-to-blanket-us-next-week\">hottest temperature\u003c/a> ever measured within 50 miles of its Arctic coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oceans are another area that have seen persistent warmth. According to NOAA, the global average ocean temperature for the first half of the year is 1.42°F (0.79°C) above the 20th century average, the largest such departure in 137 years of records. These elevated temperatures have led to a record third year of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/coral-bleaching-record-third-year-20467\">global coral bleaching event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water changes temperature more slowly than the air or land, which means the global ocean heat is likely to persist for some time. In part because of that, temperatures are likely to stay elevated for the remainder of the year, even if they drop off the record pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether 2016 ultimately bests 2015 depends on how the second half of year goes. Forecasts have backed off predictions of a La Niña this fall; La Niña tends to cool global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The significant lead that 2016 has makes the odds good that the year will end up the warmest, though there is no guarantee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of where 2016 falls, the long-term trend of warming is clear, and it has tipped the odds in favor of record heat: Of the 15 warmest years on record, 14 have occurred in the 21st century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“2016 will be one of the warmest on record. Whether it slips to nominally above or nominally below 2015, that may depend on some climate variability factors like the strength of the La Niña,” Arndt said. “But it will share with 2015 the distinction of being, comfortably, the two warmest years on record and warmer, comfortably than any year we’ve measured in modern times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Unlocking the Secret to California's Rain",
"headTitle": "Unlocking the Secret to California’s Rain | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Atmospheric rivers are responsible for a huge share of California's precipitation. Weather expert Marty Ralph explains new efforts that aim to forecast these storms for the first time.",
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"description": "Atmospheric rivers are responsible for a huge share of California's precipitation. Weather expert Marty Ralph explains new efforts that aim to forecast these storms for the first time.",
"title": "Unlocking the Secret to California's Rain | KQED",
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"headline": "Unlocking the Secret to California's Rain",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One thing the drought has brought to wider attention is the role of so-called atmospheric rivers in the state’s weather and water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/atmrivers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> is a narrow band of high-speed wind that sweeps across the Pacific Ocean, often dragging vast amounts of tropical moisture with it. Sometimes dubbed a “horizontal hurricane,” just a handful of these storms can bring California half of its annual rainfall every year. Indeed, an absence of very wet atmospheric rivers over the past few years is one reason California has experienced such a severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are also responsible for the state’s worst flooding events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their influence on water supply and flood risk depends largely on where they make landfall, and for how long. But until recently, very little research has been devoted to understanding atmospheric rivers. These storms can lash around like an uncontrolled fire hose, and the mechanisms responsible for that behavior have been poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Ralph is working to change this. For years, he focused his research efforts on atmospheric rivers while chief of the Water Cycle Branch at the NOAA’s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Last year, he moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at U.C. San Diego, where he helped launch the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center focuses largely on understanding and predicting atmospheric rivers. A few weeks ago, it received a $3 million allocation in the new state budget to take this work further. Water Deeply recently spoke with Ralph about this program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the idea behind this research program?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Marty Ralph: The idea behind the program emerged when I moved from NOAA to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I set out to create a center of excellence on storms that are important to the Western U.S. And we’ve created this Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, \u003cspan class=\"s3\">CW3E\u003c/span>. What we’re doing is bringing a focus to meteorological science and applications that are really focused on Western U.S. issues, and we’re starting with atmospheric rivers in California as the key player.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Why is this so important to California?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The really fundamental idea is that California has unique information needs to support its decision-making on water, whether it’s for flood control or water supply. The type of weather that is key to those decisions is these atmospheric river type storms. These provide about 30–50 percent of the state’s water supply each year, in Northern California especially. And that happens in just a handful of days \u003c/span>– maybe 10 days on average – each storm being on the order of one day long. They produce the lion’s share of the water supply, and really the variability on the annual water supply really hinges on the number of atmospheric river events, rather than how strong they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">An analysis showed 85 percent of the variability from year to year in annual precipitation in the Sacramento River basin was due to variations in the top 5 percent wettest days of the year. Those top 5 percent wettest days are mostly atmospheric river events. So there’s a seasonal role. There’s also a hazard, too. Somewhere between 80 and 90 percent of the major river flood events happen as a result of landfalling atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How will this new $3 million in funding from the state of California be useful?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: It will help us establish a weather prediction model that’s tailored to the atmospheric river problem and the extreme precipitation that’s associated with it. For example, national models, like those used by the National Weather Service and the like, they have to serve the nation 24-7, 365 days a year. A single model that does really well at, say, hurricanes or thunderstorms may not do so well at atmospheric rivers. Similarly, a national model that really did the atmospheric river problem well may not do so well on those other problems.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">This is how meteorology is evolving. There’s no one perfect prediction model and we are establishing what we call \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/?page_id=4206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">West-WRF\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the Western Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is a very versatile model, and we are tailoring it to the western U.S. and, in particular, California precipitation events, so we can predict those as best as possible.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We’re also developing tools for diagnosing atmospheric river conditions as they are occurring, and helping show what the prediction of them looks like. So in other words, we’re doing a bit for atmospheric rivers in California what meteorology has done for hurricanes elsewhere in the country \u003c/span>– developing specialized tools that really represent that phenomenon and the uncertainty and predictability of it so we can help inform people who are making decisions based on forecasts, whether they are emergency managers or water managers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: How far along is this new forecasting tool?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: We have some prototypes running right now on our website. In the summer it’s not very exciting, because there’s not a hell of a lot going on. We used them in winter to try them out in real time, then used the summer to diagnose how they did and try to improve on them. We’ve got a running start. We’ve had some seed funding and gotten things rolling a little bit from that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: What are your goals for the forecasting model?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The goal is for it to have long-term capability to support the region. One of the key applications we’re supporting is called \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/FIRO/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">forecast-informed reservoir operations\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (FIRO). We have a collaboration going on with the Sonoma County Water Agency, at Lake Mendocino on the Russian River, which provides water to 600,000 people, the wine grape industry and to help recover endangered fish populations. They do a lot of water management. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the other operator of that dam for flood control.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">We have a steering committee that’s looking at assessing the viability of using atmospheric river forecasts to help operate Lake Mendocino. It’s a several-year effort. We’ve just gotten a work plan completed for a five-year program to look at the viability of using this method. It has the potential to increase water supply available for the state.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Use of FIRO in reservoir operations is \u003ca href=\"http://ensia.com/features/how-better-weather-forecasting-can-help-stretch-water-supplies/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">relatively tough to do\u003c/span>\u003c/a> given that, when dams were built, it wasn’t really allowable. This atmospheric river program will help us ensure those tools are available, with the best skill possible, to support FIRO. And that we can explore its potential for use on other reservoirs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: When will you have a working atmospheric river model ready to use in regular weather forecasting?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: In a way, it’s already doing that. It’s being used in ensemble predictions\u003c/span>– in which we use many different forecast models joined together and we get an average answer. We’re contributing our West-WRF model to that approach. So it’s actually happening in a small way already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">But our goal is to have it be also available to produce its own forecast, without the ensemble, and be valuable in its own right. Our initial estimations are that it performed pretty well relative to other national models last winter. And now we’re just in the process of starting to refine it. That’s a tough science problem to do it right. It takes quite a lot of effort and time and people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the El Niño (ENSO) condition influence atmospheric rivers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO modulates the position and structure of the Pacific storm track, which in turn affects the preferred locations of the atmospheric river events.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">In cases where ENSO also creates a warm coastal sea surface temperature anomaly, that extra warmth can cause added evaporation and heating of atmospheric rivers as they cross over that warm water, thereby enhancing the potential for precipitation upon landfall.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Does your atmospheric river forecast model take into account the ENSO condition? If so, how is that integrated?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: ENSO conditions are accounted for through their influence on sea surface temperatures, which are part of the boundary conditions used in weather forecast models, including our version focused on atmospheric rivers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: A couple of years ago, you set up a network of ground-based sensors in the American River watershed to track atmospheric rivers as they came onshore. What’s the status of that sensor network now?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: The ground-based networks have expanded across California, including a roughly 100-station network spread across the state. Those include four different sensor types. There are also extra new observations on the Russian River watershed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">And last winter I led the first-ever operational atmospheric river\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/18/hurricane-hunters-fly-into-atmospheric-rivers-for-first-time-key-to-weather-extremes-in-the-west/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">airborne reconnaissance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> effort. It learned from our past research efforts and made use of two Air Force C-130 aircraft normally deployed for hurricane recon for the eastern part of the nation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Deeply: Do atmospheric rivers affect states other than California? And does your research and modeling include atmospheric river forecasting in those states?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Ralph: Atmospheric rivers do affect other states, especially the West Coast states, but also the next set of states inland (Ariz., Nev., Utah, Idaho, Mont., Colo.).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s2\">There is also emerging recognition that atmospheric rivers can be key sources of extreme precipitation in the Eastern U.S. Although other phenomena, such as landfalling hurricanes and big thunderstorm systems, are also important there.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/07/18/unlocking-the-wests-weather-maker\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica",
"headTitle": "Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming spots on the planet, and it was thought that the rising air temperature was driving the melt of the glaciers along its fringes. But it is actually warm ocean waters that are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/look-out-below-antarctic-melting-from-underneath-16128\">eating away at the ice\u003c/a> along part of its western side, a group of scientists reported Thursday in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aae0017\">journal Science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures … as to rises in air temperature.’\u003ccite>Robert Bingham, University of Edinburgh\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study adds to a spate of research in the last few years that have pointed the finger at warm ocean currents as the key culprit in undercutting the glaciers that serve as doorstops to Antarctica’s massive ice sheets. As those glaciers wilt away, the land-bound ice behind them can \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-shrinking-19015\">flow faster to the sea\u003c/a>, with the potential to significantly raise global sea levels. Coastal areas around the world will be swamped, putting millions of people and billions of dollars of infrastructure in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we know that ocean warming is not only affecting the large ice streams and ice shelves of West Antarctica, but also the small glaciers of the separate Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet,” study co-author \u003ca href=\"https://www.dur.ac.uk/geography/staff/geogstaffhidden/?id=14129\">Alison Cook\u003c/a> said in an email. “Understanding this link will improve predictions of sea level rise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Striking Similarity’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rest of the continent’s coastline features vast rivers of ice that flow to the sea, the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula is made up of “over 600 small glaciers of varying shapes and sizes,” Cook, a glaciologist at Durham University in England, said, few of which had been studied in any detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peninsula — an arm of land that stretches up from the rest of Antarctica toward the southern tip of South America — has warmed\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/soaring-temperatures-in-west-antarctica-could-destabilize-ice-15409\"> about 5°F (2.8°C) in the past 50 years\u003c/a>. Unsurprisingly, the region has seen considerable ice melt, and that melt was blamed on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">surging air temperatures\u003c/a> driven by \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctica-record-high-temp-bodes-ill-for-ice-18840\">the broader warming\u003c/a> of the planet’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was clear that there was a distinct pattern of melt from north to south, though. In the northwest, the region of the largest air temperature increase, the glaciers paradoxically seemed fairly stable, while in the cooler southwest there had been considerable retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cook and her colleagues looked at ocean temperatures along the west coast of the peninsula and found a pattern of temperatures at mid-ocean depths that mirrored what was happening to the glaciers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more we studied this, the more it became apparent that this followed a striking similarity to the glacier retreat rates,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the southern end of the western side of the peninsula, warm Circumpolar Deep Water that has welled up meets the glaciers and wears away at their fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the northern end of the peninsula, the glaciers terminate in colder waters that come from a different source, keeping the fronts of those glaciers much more stable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a great study with convincing evidence that the northern and southern west coast of AP (Antarctic Peninsula) have very different oceanic regimes and the correspondence with the pattern of glacier retreat is undeniably strong,” Eric Rignot, a NASA glaciologist said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Measurements Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same Circumpolar Deep Water implicated in the new study is thought to be eroding glaciers elsewhere along the West Antarctic coast, including an adjacent area of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/overlooked-area-antarctica-major-ice-loss-20408\">Bellingshausen Sea coast\u003c/a> where a recent study suggested melt had been happening for much longer than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study underscores what many of us in the scientific community have been suggesting for some time, namely that ice losses from around Antarctica owe as much to warmer ocean temperatures reaching parts of Antarctica’s coastline as to rises in air temperature,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/rbingha2/\">Robert Bingham\u003c/a>, a glaciologist at the University of Edinburgh, said in an email. Bingham, who led the Bellingshausen Sea study, was not part of the new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the glaciers along the Antarctic Peninsula are much smaller than those in the Bellingshausen Area, or the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where some of the fastest-slowing and retreating glaciers are found, their potential to contribute to sea level rise cannot be discounted. While they make up only 4 percent of Antarctica’s total ice sheet area, they have accounted for about 25 percent of its mass loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The AP ice sheet is one of the largest current contributors to sea level rise and as the glaciers here are highly sensitive to changes in the environment they are key indicators of how the ice will respond to future changes,” Cook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s findings lay bare the need for better understanding and monitoring of both Antarctica’s glaciers and the oceans lapping at them, Bingham and Rignot said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our ultimate aim must be to predict how ocean-driven ice losses from Antarctica will impact upon global sea level rise,” Bingham said. “To provide such predictions, it’s clear that we need a far better understanding of ice-ocean interactions all around the fringes of Antarctica, and in particular to monitor changes occurring in the ice at the same time as changes in the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans are using less electricity as buildings become more energy-efficient and industrial power demand weakens, and \u003ca href=\"http://mjbradley.com/benchmarking-air-emissions\">a new report\u003c/a> says that is leading to three trends: Declining carbon dioxide emissions, low electric power prices and the decline of coal, which has until recently been the primary fuel used to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the nation’s largest electric utilities have been slow to cut carbon dioxide emissions in recent years, but as coal-fired power plants are shut down and states develop more wind and solar, carbon emissions are falling more quickly, according to the report published Wednesday by Bank of America, the Natural Resources Defense Council, climate think tank \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.org/press/press-releases/air-emissions-report\">Ceres\u003c/a> and three major utilities — \u003ca href=\"http://www.exeloncorp.com/\">Exelon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://entergy.com/\">Entergy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. power plants’ carbon dioxide emissions were 14 percent higher in 2014 than they were in 1990. But the good news for the climate is that emissions fell about 15 percent between 2005 and 2014, and early data suggest that they fell another 6 percent between 2014 and 2015, reducing emissions to just above 1990 levels, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, spurred by environmental regulations under the Clean Air Act, utilities have cut their nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions — major air pollutants — by more than 75 percent since 1990, and mercury emissions were cut 55 percent since 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less progress has been made in terms of reducing CO2 emissions,” the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generating electricity is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change both in the U.S. and across the globe and the target of the Obama administration’s most sweeping climate policy — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-suit-against-the-clean-power-plan-explained-20234\">Clean Power Plan\u003c/a>. But the way Americans produce and use electricity is changing, and the climate may benefit, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More zero-carbon energy is being produced from wind and solar, and low natural gas prices and mercury pollution regulations are encouraging utilities to shutter coal-fired-power plants and open new ones that run on natural gas, which emits less carbon dioxide, the report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Renewable energy is widely expected to continue its strong growth, which will put the electricity sector in an excellent position to help the U.S. meet its international commitments,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/starla-yeh\">Starla Yeh\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst in the Climate and Clean Air Program at NRDC. “We must reach this milestone to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most progress in reducing carbon emissions from electric power plants has been made in New England and the South, where many states have cut their carbon emissions rate by greater than 20 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/industry-initiatives/electric-power/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers/benchmarking-air-emissions-of-the-100-largest-electric-power-producers\">stands out\u003c/a> because the region has been traditionally resistant to renewables, but with a greater focus on shutting down coal-fired power plants, six states have cut the rate of their carbon emissions by more than 20 percent between 2008 and 2014. Those states include North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary factor is a shift away from coal and toward natural gas,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/about-us/who-we-are/ceres-staff/dan-bakal\">Dan Bakal\u003c/a>, director of electric power for Ceres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Southern states have added renewables and use some nuclear power, but those were not major factors in their emissions reductions, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The states with the highest power plant carbon emissions rates are Kentucky, Wyoming, West Virginia, Indiana and Missouri — all states heavily dependent on coal, according to the report. States with the lowest emissions rates are Vermont, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Maine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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