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So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.[contextly_sidebar id=”2PoXn5ULD7oXKcJ8XO3phHJJySlLADjf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. 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As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.[contextly_sidebar id=”uZWZn3wd1zciD7bUQInuUAod9GN3xUIR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKkpiVZtrcRRKdlrrEw5A34RWmC0zZij”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.",
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"description": "The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.",
"title": "California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials are poised to seize control over a major arena of federal regulation in response to Trump administration rollbacks: the management and protection of wetlands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are vital features on the landscape. Basically low spots in a watershed, when they fill with water they provide important habitat for birds, fish and other species. Wetlands also help control floods and recharge groundwater, and they filter the water we drink. On the other hand, being generally flat and maligned as “swamps,” they are popular places to pave and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wetlands have nearly disappeared across the western United States. That has given rise to the controversial policy known as the Waters of the U.S. rule, or WOTUS. The rule is an effort, first, to define wetlands, which turns out to be monumentally difficult. And second, to regulate development in and around wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of President Donald Trump’s first acts upon taking office in 2017 was to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/climate/trump-water-wotus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescind and rewrite\u003c/a> the WOTUS rule. The rule had been comprehensively updated in 2015 by the Obama administration, after years of analysis and public review. But Trump viewed it as overly broad. In January, the EPA fulfilled his promise by suspending the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California decided to take action in response. Since 1993, it has been state law to avoid ongoing wetland losses – a so-called “no net loss” policy. So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. Building in wetlands and other water bodies, including the dredging needed to maintain harbors, often causes pollution by eliminating natural filtration and stirring up contaminated sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules have been jointly enforced by the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They also apply to tidal waters, seasonal streams, ponds, lakes, playas, meadows, mudflats and any waters considered “navigable” or important to industry or commerce. As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Changing a Cow's Diet May Help Slow Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>University of California researchers are feeding seaweed to dairy cows in an attempt to make cattle more climate-friendly.[contextly_sidebar id=”ylNH5JFRGGqhgdjSHVvFP36hVRYWDiEO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis is studying whether adding small amounts of seaweed to cattle feed can help reduce their emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s released when cattle burp, pass gas or make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study this past spring, researchers found methane emissions were reduced by more than 30 percent in a dozen Holstein cows that ate the ocean algae, which was mixed into their feed and sweetened with molasses to disguise the salty taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was extremely surprised when I saw the results,” said Ermias Kebreab, the UC Davis animal scientist who led the study. “I wasn’t expecting it to be that dramatic with a small amount of seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kebreab says his team plans to conduct a six-month study of a seaweed-infused diet in beef cattle starting in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.[contextly_sidebar id=”ewD09y9vsozPVU0ZmjIE1lGnFqOW8D4k”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>University of California researchers are feeding seaweed to dairy cows in an attempt to make cattle more climate-friendly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis is studying whether adding small amounts of seaweed to cattle feed can help reduce their emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s released when cattle burp, pass gas or make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study this past spring, researchers found methane emissions were reduced by more than 30 percent in a dozen Holstein cows that ate the ocean algae, which was mixed into their feed and sweetened with molasses to disguise the salty taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was extremely surprised when I saw the results,” said Ermias Kebreab, the UC Davis animal scientist who led the study. “I wasn’t expecting it to be that dramatic with a small amount of seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kebreab says his team plans to conduct a six-month study of a seaweed-infused diet in beef cattle starting in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming world could eventually make some of our most familiar ecosystems — deciduous forests, grasslands, Arctic tundra — unrecognizable.[contextly_sidebar id=”8yvjh7tWHupXsqFLR0sNOGdP2IsPHaDY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of a team of over 40 scientists who took a novel approach to predicting the effects of how human-caused global warming will alter ecosystems. They looked about 20,000 years back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly many of my colleagues in climate-change ecology would give up a kidney to have data from the future,” says Stephen Jackson, director of the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and an ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey. “But we’re not going to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So his team did some “paleo-ecology.” They looked at fossil pollen and vegetation for a period from about 20,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago. It was a time when a naturally warming Earth began to melt the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere. Over that time, the Earth’s average temperature increased by about seven to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Jackson says that’s not too different from what may happen now if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to grow as they are now. “The change over the next 100, 150 years is of similar magnitude globally to what we saw during the last ice retreat and warming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the current warming is a wee bit faster: “Instead of that happening over several thousand years, we’re cramming all that climatic change into a century, or a century-and-a-half.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found from the paleo-record was evidence that ecosystems changed radically as temperatures rose. In Jackson’s neighborhood in Arizona, for example, it’s now desert — various species of cactus and shrubs mostly. Fifteen thousand years ago, though, “what we’d see there instead is juniper and piñon woodland, and evergreen woodland utterly different from the vegetation we’d find here (now).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as climate changes, some forests may give way to woody shrubs or grassland. Or grasslands could convert to deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/920\">journal Science\u003c/a>, the researchers say they can’t predict exactly where and how fast these changes will happen. While temperature is a big influence, warming will also alter rainfall, weather, soil chemistry and sea levels. And their historical record is not an exact analogue of the future, since it represents a climate going from frigid to warm; now it’s moving from warm to warmer. That may affect ecosystems differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jackson says one thing is pretty sure: more unpredictability. In fact, just as they found in the past, the future may see new kinds of ecosystems that never existed before. “Many parts of the world will have very different conditions that have no modern counterpart,” he says.[contextly_sidebar id=”NRouu9l3oYtRsNwiudV4C8GZGXMc7mAv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses challenges for forests, wild lands and even fish populations –and for the people who manage them. “That’s going to create a great deal of chaos, ecological chaos out there as they try to adapt and respond to those changes,” Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes are already happening. Some forests in the southwest are flipping from big evergreens to smaller plants and shrubs. Ecologist David Breshears at the University of Arizona says it’s caused by a combination of high heat, drought and fire, and is probably similar to what happened as the ice sheets melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are very temperature-sensitive,” says Breshears, “and I think that’s the most important take-away message, because that’s what I think we’re dealing with now in contemporary times.”[contextly_sidebar id=”AmMK0UmxARMsh17UuY6lYvdvw67PSkpw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31236-5\">journal Scientific Reports\u003c/a>, Breshears and scientists in Australia have documented sudden and widespread ecological shifts already. A heat wave in western Australia in 2011 caused coral bleaching in the ocean, as well as tree deaths, damaging insect outbreaks, and die-offs of birds on land (while populations of some fish increased) — all very different ecosystems responding in their own way to a warmer environment. Lead author Katinka Ruthrof of Murdoch University describes the impacts as “staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breadth of animals and plants affected by these heat wave conditions suggest our ecosystems are more vulnerable than we think to the projected increases in heat wave frequency, intensity and duration we are facing in the future,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Predict+Effects+Of+Global+Warming%2C+Scientists+Looked+Back+20%2C000+Years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming world could eventually make some of our most familiar ecosystems — deciduous forests, grasslands, Arctic tundra — unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of a team of over 40 scientists who took a novel approach to predicting the effects of how human-caused global warming will alter ecosystems. They looked about 20,000 years back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly many of my colleagues in climate-change ecology would give up a kidney to have data from the future,” says Stephen Jackson, director of the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and an ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey. “But we’re not going to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So his team did some “paleo-ecology.” They looked at fossil pollen and vegetation for a period from about 20,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago. It was a time when a naturally warming Earth began to melt the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere. Over that time, the Earth’s average temperature increased by about seven to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Jackson says that’s not too different from what may happen now if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to grow as they are now. “The change over the next 100, 150 years is of similar magnitude globally to what we saw during the last ice retreat and warming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the current warming is a wee bit faster: “Instead of that happening over several thousand years, we’re cramming all that climatic change into a century, or a century-and-a-half.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found from the paleo-record was evidence that ecosystems changed radically as temperatures rose. In Jackson’s neighborhood in Arizona, for example, it’s now desert — various species of cactus and shrubs mostly. Fifteen thousand years ago, though, “what we’d see there instead is juniper and piñon woodland, and evergreen woodland utterly different from the vegetation we’d find here (now).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as climate changes, some forests may give way to woody shrubs or grassland. Or grasslands could convert to deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/920\">journal Science\u003c/a>, the researchers say they can’t predict exactly where and how fast these changes will happen. While temperature is a big influence, warming will also alter rainfall, weather, soil chemistry and sea levels. And their historical record is not an exact analogue of the future, since it represents a climate going from frigid to warm; now it’s moving from warm to warmer. That may affect ecosystems differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jackson says one thing is pretty sure: more unpredictability. In fact, just as they found in the past, the future may see new kinds of ecosystems that never existed before. “Many parts of the world will have very different conditions that have no modern counterpart,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses challenges for forests, wild lands and even fish populations –and for the people who manage them. “That’s going to create a great deal of chaos, ecological chaos out there as they try to adapt and respond to those changes,” Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes are already happening. Some forests in the southwest are flipping from big evergreens to smaller plants and shrubs. Ecologist David Breshears at the University of Arizona says it’s caused by a combination of high heat, drought and fire, and is probably similar to what happened as the ice sheets melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are very temperature-sensitive,” says Breshears, “and I think that’s the most important take-away message, because that’s what I think we’re dealing with now in contemporary times.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31236-5\">journal Scientific Reports\u003c/a>, Breshears and scientists in Australia have documented sudden and widespread ecological shifts already. A heat wave in western Australia in 2011 caused coral bleaching in the ocean, as well as tree deaths, damaging insect outbreaks, and die-offs of birds on land (while populations of some fish increased) — all very different ecosystems responding in their own way to a warmer environment. Lead author Katinka Ruthrof of Murdoch University describes the impacts as “staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breadth of animals and plants affected by these heat wave conditions suggest our ecosystems are more vulnerable than we think to the projected increases in heat wave frequency, intensity and duration we are facing in the future,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Predict+Effects+Of+Global+Warming%2C+Scientists+Looked+Back+20%2C000+Years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. [contextly_sidebar id=”sWyFdeRoG72e6iFHeWRtN5pZ4UuEEENC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.[contextly_sidebar id=”3velOgPHUkHKX82y0LnfZFw1nJlDV7hl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Ups the Ante: 100 Percent Clean Energy by 2045",
"headTitle": "California Ups the Ante: 100 Percent Clean Energy by 2045 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California appears to be on a path toward one of the nation’s most ambitious clean-energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State, which is also the world’s fifth largest economy, would accelerate its efforts to generate most of the state’s energy from carbon-free sources and set a goal of phasing out fossil fuels entirely by 2045 under legislation approved Tuesday by state lawmakers.[contextly_sidebar id=”nvTwhrfxI0g5rP5e2wA4N38fsjL8BBjb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>If signed by Gov. Jerry Brown, the bill will require California utilities to get half their energy from wind, solar and other specific renewable sources by 2026 — four years sooner than current law requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>They would then have four more years to get 60 percent from renewables. The 2045 deadline of phasing out fossil fuels is a goal that does not include mandates or penalties. Hawaii is the only other U.S. state that has set the future bar at 100 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The California measure by Democratic Sen. Kevin de Leon, who is running for U.S. Senate, got a last-minute celebrity endorsement when former Vice President Al Gore and actor and former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger wrote letters in support. Other actors, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Chris Hemsworth and Mark Ruffalo, have tweeted their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, state legislators proved to the world that climate leadership is alive and well in California, even if it’s absent in Washington D.C.,” said Laura Wisland, senior energy manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>It was one of more than 100 bills voted on Tuesday by the Senate and Assembly as lawmakers speed toward a Friday deadline to finish their business for the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qOTEdofIBXnowPV97gyjNeLTZC35IoMn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Most Democrats cheered the renewable energy bill as another way for California to show global leadership in addressing climate change by charting a path for other large economies to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“We have to be a leader. We have to show what can be done,” said Assemblyman Bill Quirk, a Hayward Democrat. “If we can get to 100 percent renewables, others will as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Quirk, a scientist who has worked on climate change research, said he wasn’t sure if the new goals were feasible, but the state must try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans, joined by a handful of moderate Democrats, said the legislation would saddle families and businesses with higher energy bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“Why would this body double-down and further increase costs on struggling California families?” said Steven Choi, R-Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The new goal is a big leap from the state’s current farthest-reaching goal of 50 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One hundred percent is a whole other ball of wax,” says Lucas Davis, an energy economist at UC Berkeley, “because of all of a sudden you’re not being able to rely on natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phasing out fossil fuels would be a massive change in the energy grid. Utilities rely on natural gas plants to meet demand when renewables fall short, particularly in the early evening when the sun sets and people turn on their air conditioners as they get home from work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renewable energy experts have looked to batteries that can store \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2018-05-21/commentary-californias-new-rooftop-mandate-solar-power-enthusiasts-not-impressed\">solar energy \u003c/a>generated in the afternoon as one possible solution, but the technology is not ready for widescale deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writers Kathleen Ronayne, Don Thompson and Sophia Bollag, as well as KQED Science staff contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Only Hawaii has a similarly ambitious path to clean energy -- but the California bill carries no penalties for falling short.",
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"content": "\u003cp>California officials were trying Monday to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tiny Malibu coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”F3hh1RYvcZXN9NOjUOqqiElXpx2iUtDV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Malibu Lagoon die-off, which began last Wednesday, is likely caused by unusually warm water temperatures, said Craig Sap, superintendent of California State Parks’ Angeles District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had many days in a row of warmer-than-usual temperatures. We hadn’t had much of a breeze down there to keep the temperatures down,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Other possibilities include elevated nutrient levels, dropping levels of dissolved oxygen or having too many fish in the lagoon. Officials are taking water samples and fish for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu Lagoon underwent a controversial restoration project in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major conservation groups, including Sierra Club and Audubon Society chapters, backed the restoration, but others sued to stop the project, contending it would destroy sensitive wildlife habitat. The battle lasted for years but the project finally broke ground in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The die-off has raised locals’ concerns about what some call failures in the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”qM9lVHeHyvzl1kJfiQZadEmn0KDh1BkB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Wendy Dunn told \u003ca href=\"https://ktla.com/2018/08/27/hundreds-of-dead-fish-prompt-malibu-lagoon-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KTLA\u003c/a> that State Parks ignored plans for so-called breach points that would allow the lagoon water to mix with fresh ocean water to keep proper oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sap said breaching manually would cause more damage to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you end up doing is, some species that are not meant to be there get in, and species get flushed out when they shouldn’t have been,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the lagoon project improved the ecosystem by providing better oxygen levels and the number of fish in the lagoon has since increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.[contextly_sidebar id=”VWXEuaK2RWs52WZ3Pm3x5TCDM4WNyw5K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”[contextly_sidebar id=”jdqGorv5cOMSL6tx0kuM0M3fNqR8XDog”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It was Arnold Schwarzenegger at his most persuasive: The then-California governor laid out an audacious vision, borrowed from legislators, of the Golden State leading the world in fighting the damaging effects of climate change.[contextly_sidebar id=”4yjW5TIki5aMYR51Brh8CffNfLwFPXf3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal’s sweep was as expansive as the Governator’s sculpted chest. The Global Warming Solutions Act passed on the last day of the legislative session in 2006, with a promise that its suite of carbon-cutting goals would not only do no harm to California’s economy but would expand it, ushering in green jobs and attracting investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also required state agencies to consult with experts to provide periodic analysis of any effect on California’s economic health. But those infrequent and complex reports have merely proved why economics is the dismal science: There’s fuzzy math on all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, the world’s fifth-largest economy, spends billions of dollars every year to support its dozens of climate-change programs but has trouble demonstrating whether the promise of the law that spawned them has been kept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a separate state law requires economic analysis of major regulations, there is no requirement for a retrospective review. Environmental authorities calculate projections rather than audit the past, a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2017/3542/Improving-CA-Regulatory-Analysis-020317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">problem\u003c/a>\u003c/u> identified by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, which is preparing its own analysis for release later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it has been virtually impossible to tell whether the state’s regulations to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">industrial emissions\u003c/a>, its demand that utilities use renewable energy and its push for residential solar panels have saved consumers money or added costs, driven businesses out or created new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarzenegger has been steadfast in saying the environmental laws he helped put in motion have outperformed expectations.[contextly_sidebar id=”9B9vsyp6osADOiOtCkkb2Af7I0LXkIXS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were told so many times by business leaders when we passed these environmental laws that businesses were going to leave the state, that the unemployment rate is going to rise, and it would be the end of our economy,” the former governor said in a speech in Vienna in June. “Quite the opposite has happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the promised benefits were that gross state product would increase on the order of $7 billion in 2020, and 100,000 new jobs would be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 2020 only 16 months away, it’s unclear whether those numbers will pan out. The state has produced no reliable evidence linking growth so far to climate policies. And economists say it’s nearly impossible to parse whether California’s good fortunes are the result of the environmental laws or despite them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board, which developed the blueprint for implementation of the original law and those that have built on it, has expressed frustration. In a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/board/mt/2017/mt012717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a>\u003c/u> last year, she appeared dissatisfied that the agency’s broad claims of economic benefit weren’t reflected more clearly in its projections, particularly concerning the state-run cap-and-trade system that limits how much companies are permitted to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering the stakes, hers was a breathtakingly candid admission: “We still don’t have the ability to capture, in any kind of models that seem to be available to us, at least some of the elements that we are intuitively claiming,” Nichols said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m wondering,” she went on, “if we have failed, in some way, to…do the kind of research that needs to be done, whether there’s a way to get that kind of research done, so that we’d have a better basis to use economics in decision making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s most recent projections are for the year 2030, outlined in a 132-page \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. With most factors weighed, the document says, California’s climate policies could reduce the economy by .03 percent—a negligible effect, according to economists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/mary_nichols-028-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\" width=\"450\" height=\"303\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And California appears well on the way to meeting its nearest goals for cutting greenhouse gases: reducing them over the next two years to what they were in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, said \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/people/bushnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Bushnell\u003c/a>\u003c/u>, an environmental economist at the University of California, Davis, “I think we oversold the argument this was going to cause growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All we can really say is that the California economy is growing and doing well” right now, said Bushnell, who has twice participated in state review panels on the economic impact of environmental policy. “Everything else I would take with a huge boulder of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de León says jobs growth can be traced directly to California’s continuing climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coming off the worst economic recession we had, we created upwards of 500,000 jobs in the clean-energy space. That’s 500,000 jobs that didn’t exist were it not for the policies of the Senate, Assembly and the governor,” said de León, a Democrat from Los Angeles who is running to unseat U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His claim is an oft-cited \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://info.aee.net/advanced-energy-jobs-in-california-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistic\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. But many researchers say that measurement doesn’t distinguish between new jobs that add to the workforce and jobs that merely supplant old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC Berkeley \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/job-impacts-ca-rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a>\u003c/u> the state’s mandate that utilities get half of their power from renewable sources by 2030 will have created as many as 429,000 construction jobs from 2015 to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, labor unions and trade groups cite employment bumps whenever renewable-energy projects or other green mandates are rolled out. But much of that work is temporary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky task of projecting employment was noted by the \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2010/rsrc/ab32_impact/ab32_impact_030410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislative analyst\u003c/a>\u003c/u> in 2010, when it found that the air board “was not able to provide reliable estimates of the jobs impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mandate of the 2006 law was that the state consider the “maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction” of greenhouse gases. That caution was meant to protect California companies from suddenly absorbing undue burdens to comply.[contextly_sidebar id=”XYdFcHqhM3aNYGs4tzaxVXtXuR9lgldj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable, which represents major employers in the state, said he supports the climate goals and agrees that so far the implementation of related policies hasn’t harmed the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added that companies have spent billions undertaking expensive changes to processing plants and manufacturing facilities in order to lower their emissions. And business leaders are concerned about what happens as greenhouse-gas restrictions become even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They understand that the next round of implementation could have Draconian impacts to cost,” Lapsley said, adding that some companies are reluctant to relocate to the state because of that uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to name any of those firms. And some experts say there’s often a host of reasons, including high taxes and soaring housing costs, that companies shy from establishing themselves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials insist that California has wisely positioned itself to capitalize on the economy of the future, and they note that technology firms are busy developing next-generation batteries and innovating other carbon-free responses to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many benefits derived from California’s climate policies come at a price. The Air Resources Board says the state has spent more than $8 billion in the last four years to keep the programs running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017-18, the Legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/about-cci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appropriated\u003c/a> more than $2.7 billion to support greenhouse-gas reduction. The current budget allocates $1.5 billion. Nearly $53 million goes to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/adminfee/revenue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State support takes many forms. Since 2009, for example, California has offered rebates on the purchase of electric or hydrogen-fuel vehicles, which may cost more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of an effort to meet the governor’s target of putting 5 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electric cars\u003c/a> on California roads in the next 12 years. The state plans to put $1.4 billion into electric-vehicle infrastructure and more rebates over the next seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say these are all monies well spent, that every dollar used to fight climate change attracts $6 of \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auctionproceeds/2018_cci_annual_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investment\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. That figure reflects, in part, investment generated by state-funded grants to help companies retrofit or buy new emissions-reducing equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-55157\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/health-graphic-600x240.jpg\" alt=\"Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board\" width=\"600\" height=\"240\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials also say climate laws will save the state as much as $11 billion in “avoided social costs”—lost productivity and even public health outlays—by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the state says businesses and consumers alike will save money over time, through lower costs for power. For example, the mandate that beginning in 2020 new homes must have solar panels could add as much as $10,000 to house prices, but officials say those sums can be recouped over years of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the board convened a symposium of esteemed economists, put them in a room for two days and asked them to devise the most effective formula to measure the economic effect of California’s environmental policies. They failed, disagreeing about which model to use, which assumptions to include and even about the advisability of making projections so far into the future about something as volatile as California’s nation-state economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absence of any consensus then or since suggests how difficult real analysis is. “It’s an issue that we’ve been wrestling with,” said Emily Wimberger, the air board’s chief economist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a million things influencing these numbers,” said Chris Thornberg, founding partner at the Beacon Economics consulting firm. The idea that it’s possible to measure the influence of climate policies “is ridiculous.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Is California’s Bid to Lead the World on Climate Solutions Paying Off At Home? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was Arnold Schwarzenegger at his most persuasive: The then-California governor laid out an audacious vision, borrowed from legislators, of the Golden State leading the world in fighting the damaging effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal’s sweep was as expansive as the Governator’s sculpted chest. The Global Warming Solutions Act passed on the last day of the legislative session in 2006, with a promise that its suite of carbon-cutting goals would not only do no harm to California’s economy but would expand it, ushering in green jobs and attracting investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also required state agencies to consult with experts to provide periodic analysis of any effect on California’s economic health. But those infrequent and complex reports have merely proved why economics is the dismal science: There’s fuzzy math on all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, the world’s fifth-largest economy, spends billions of dollars every year to support its dozens of climate-change programs but has trouble demonstrating whether the promise of the law that spawned them has been kept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a separate state law requires economic analysis of major regulations, there is no requirement for a retrospective review. Environmental authorities calculate projections rather than audit the past, a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2017/3542/Improving-CA-Regulatory-Analysis-020317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">problem\u003c/a>\u003c/u> identified by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, which is preparing its own analysis for release later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it has been virtually impossible to tell whether the state’s regulations to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">industrial emissions\u003c/a>, its demand that utilities use renewable energy and its push for residential solar panels have saved consumers money or added costs, driven businesses out or created new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarzenegger has been steadfast in saying the environmental laws he helped put in motion have outperformed expectations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were told so many times by business leaders when we passed these environmental laws that businesses were going to leave the state, that the unemployment rate is going to rise, and it would be the end of our economy,” the former governor said in a speech in Vienna in June. “Quite the opposite has happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the promised benefits were that gross state product would increase on the order of $7 billion in 2020, and 100,000 new jobs would be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 2020 only 16 months away, it’s unclear whether those numbers will pan out. The state has produced no reliable evidence linking growth so far to climate policies. And economists say it’s nearly impossible to parse whether California’s good fortunes are the result of the environmental laws or despite them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board, which developed the blueprint for implementation of the original law and those that have built on it, has expressed frustration. In a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/board/mt/2017/mt012717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a>\u003c/u> last year, she appeared dissatisfied that the agency’s broad claims of economic benefit weren’t reflected more clearly in its projections, particularly concerning the state-run cap-and-trade system that limits how much companies are permitted to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering the stakes, hers was a breathtakingly candid admission: “We still don’t have the ability to capture, in any kind of models that seem to be available to us, at least some of the elements that we are intuitively claiming,” Nichols said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m wondering,” she went on, “if we have failed, in some way, to…do the kind of research that needs to be done, whether there’s a way to get that kind of research done, so that we’d have a better basis to use economics in decision making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s most recent projections are for the year 2030, outlined in a 132-page \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. With most factors weighed, the document says, California’s climate policies could reduce the economy by .03 percent—a negligible effect, according to economists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/mary_nichols-028-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\" width=\"450\" height=\"303\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And California appears well on the way to meeting its nearest goals for cutting greenhouse gases: reducing them over the next two years to what they were in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, said \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/people/bushnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Bushnell\u003c/a>\u003c/u>, an environmental economist at the University of California, Davis, “I think we oversold the argument this was going to cause growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All we can really say is that the California economy is growing and doing well” right now, said Bushnell, who has twice participated in state review panels on the economic impact of environmental policy. “Everything else I would take with a huge boulder of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de León says jobs growth can be traced directly to California’s continuing climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coming off the worst economic recession we had, we created upwards of 500,000 jobs in the clean-energy space. That’s 500,000 jobs that didn’t exist were it not for the policies of the Senate, Assembly and the governor,” said de León, a Democrat from Los Angeles who is running to unseat U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His claim is an oft-cited \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://info.aee.net/advanced-energy-jobs-in-california-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistic\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. But many researchers say that measurement doesn’t distinguish between new jobs that add to the workforce and jobs that merely supplant old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC Berkeley \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/job-impacts-ca-rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a>\u003c/u> the state’s mandate that utilities get half of their power from renewable sources by 2030 will have created as many as 429,000 construction jobs from 2015 to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, labor unions and trade groups cite employment bumps whenever renewable-energy projects or other green mandates are rolled out. But much of that work is temporary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky task of projecting employment was noted by the \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2010/rsrc/ab32_impact/ab32_impact_030410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislative analyst\u003c/a>\u003c/u> in 2010, when it found that the air board “was not able to provide reliable estimates of the jobs impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mandate of the 2006 law was that the state consider the “maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction” of greenhouse gases. That caution was meant to protect California companies from suddenly absorbing undue burdens to comply.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable, which represents major employers in the state, said he supports the climate goals and agrees that so far the implementation of related policies hasn’t harmed the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added that companies have spent billions undertaking expensive changes to processing plants and manufacturing facilities in order to lower their emissions. And business leaders are concerned about what happens as greenhouse-gas restrictions become even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They understand that the next round of implementation could have Draconian impacts to cost,” Lapsley said, adding that some companies are reluctant to relocate to the state because of that uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to name any of those firms. And some experts say there’s often a host of reasons, including high taxes and soaring housing costs, that companies shy from establishing themselves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials insist that California has wisely positioned itself to capitalize on the economy of the future, and they note that technology firms are busy developing next-generation batteries and innovating other carbon-free responses to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many benefits derived from California’s climate policies come at a price. The Air Resources Board says the state has spent more than $8 billion in the last four years to keep the programs running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017-18, the Legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/about-cci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appropriated\u003c/a> more than $2.7 billion to support greenhouse-gas reduction. The current budget allocates $1.5 billion. Nearly $53 million goes to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/adminfee/revenue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State support takes many forms. Since 2009, for example, California has offered rebates on the purchase of electric or hydrogen-fuel vehicles, which may cost more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of an effort to meet the governor’s target of putting 5 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electric cars\u003c/a> on California roads in the next 12 years. The state plans to put $1.4 billion into electric-vehicle infrastructure and more rebates over the next seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say these are all monies well spent, that every dollar used to fight climate change attracts $6 of \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auctionproceeds/2018_cci_annual_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investment\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. That figure reflects, in part, investment generated by state-funded grants to help companies retrofit or buy new emissions-reducing equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-55157\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/health-graphic-600x240.jpg\" alt=\"Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board\" width=\"600\" height=\"240\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials also say climate laws will save the state as much as $11 billion in “avoided social costs”—lost productivity and even public health outlays—by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the state says businesses and consumers alike will save money over time, through lower costs for power. For example, the mandate that beginning in 2020 new homes must have solar panels could add as much as $10,000 to house prices, but officials say those sums can be recouped over years of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the board convened a symposium of esteemed economists, put them in a room for two days and asked them to devise the most effective formula to measure the economic effect of California’s environmental policies. They failed, disagreeing about which model to use, which assumptions to include and even about the advisability of making projections so far into the future about something as volatile as California’s nation-state economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absence of any consensus then or since suggests how difficult real analysis is. “It’s an issue that we’ve been wrestling with,” said Emily Wimberger, the air board’s chief economist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a million things influencing these numbers,” said Chris Thornberg, founding partner at the Beacon Economics consulting firm. The idea that it’s possible to measure the influence of climate policies “is ridiculous.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life",
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"headTitle": "A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "A Glimpse Into the Future of Northern California Plant Life | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine what a Northern California garden might look like 100 years from now as temperatures keep rising. Where lush grasses, riotously bright California poppies and quaking aspens once stood, picture — what? Cracked earth, tumbleweeds, cactus and giant cockroaches, maybe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of artists and scientists at UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) have a different vision for the California landscape of the future, and they’re starting to prepare for it now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part science experiment and part art installation, \u003ca href=\"http://ias.ucsc.edu/events/2018/future-garden-opening-may-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” \u003c/a>aims to discover which plants are most likely to survive escalating temperatures and can help regenerate the regional ecosystem as climates shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926525\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926525\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the 'Future Garden' project.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0684-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The three eco-domes at the UCSC Arboretum that are the main focus of the ‘Future Garden’ project. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 16 different species of plants in each of the three restored, 1970s-era geodesic domes at the \u003ca href=\"https://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSC Arboretum and Botanic Garden\u003c/a>. The plan is to accelerate the process of climate change inside the domes to find out which species are more resilient over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process is going to take a while; the recently-installed project is expected to last 50 to 75 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“W\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e’re assisting the migration of species through time,” says Santa Cruz-based environmental artist Newton Harrison, who co-created the project with his late wife Helen Mayer Harrison and other science and art partners at UCSC. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The world-renowned artists, who in 2016 became the subject of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Time-Force-Majeure-Counterforce-Horizon/dp/379135549X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beautifully-illustrated tome\u003c/a> published by Random House, and whose \u003ca href=\"https://exhibits.stanford.edu/harrison/about/the-helen-and-newton-harrison-papers-at-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archives are housed at Stanford University\u003c/a>, have been making environmental artworks on a global scale since 1969. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Harrisons’ work mostly takes the form of installations, writings and large-format wall maps. And it has brought them both fame and notoriety over the years.\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1926528 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken.\" width=\"800\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-800x444.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-768x426.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-1020x566.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-960x533.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-672x372.jpg 672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-240x133.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-375x208.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576-520x289.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/HelenNewtonCover-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison. A collage composed of two different photos taken in the early 1990s. Helen would have been about 64 and Newton about 59 at the time these photos were taken. \u003ccite>(Photo: Peggy Jarrell Kaplan Courtesy of The Harrison Studio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One the one hand, they inspired a branch of the Dutch government to change its approach to urban planning as a result of their \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Green Heart of Holland\u003c/em>\u003c/a> project; on the other, they caused political uproar in England during \u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/?page_id=192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an exhibition at London’s Hayward Gallery\u003c/a> involving the electrocution of catfish. (The controversy was later transformed into a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tete-a-tete.org.uk/catfish-conundrum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chamber opera\u003c/a>.) \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can read and listen to a KQED profile of the Harrisons and their epic career \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/11314278/how-two-santa-cruz-artists-changed-the-course-of-environmental-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration for this latest project at the UCSC Arboretum came more than two years ago, when the Harrisons happened to stroll past the three, then-decrepit domes and saw an opportunity to renovate and convert them into testing grounds for local plants facing the effects of climate change. “Nature is pretty opportunistic,” Harrison says. “And artists are pretty opportunistic, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of the domes had been completely shut off and empty and one of them was being used for a crafting group,” says Martin Quigley, executive director of the UCSC Arboretum and the Harrisons’ main collaborator on the project. “All of them were in very bad repair. So this has revitalized the whole area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s new fabric on the domes, and a fresh, stable framework, plus new landscaping all around the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0665-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSC Arboretum executive director Martin Quigley. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each \u003cem>Future Garden\u003c/em> dome houses an assortment of 16 native plants, chosen chiefly for their likely resilience in the face of sudden, drastic temperature and water fluctuations. Species on display include yarrow, fescue and coyote mint. Some of the plants are edible. Some have medicinal properties. Many have also been a staple of Native American life in the region for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a year of establishing the plants, the project team members plan to start playing with the conditions inside each dome. One dome will experience heat spikes in summer months and less than normal rain during the winter, similar to a continental desert. One dome will mimic coastal temperate conditions in the Pacific northwest, with ambient temperatures and summer rainfall. The third dome will experience both heat and water spikes amid warmer than average temperatures, mimicking subtropical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the domes, the same species have been planted in small walled gardens around each dome to provide a set of control experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the eco-domes.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0680-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the eco-domes. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change isn’t about a slow steady temperature increase,” says Quigley. “It’s about spikes and randomness that increase. And because these domes are smallish, it’s very easy to manipulate that in a strong way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Future Garde\u003c/em>n is part of a larger, ongoing investigation by the Harrisons into the survival of species in the face of climate change, entitled \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theharrisonstudio.net/art-projects-2/force-majeure-synthesis-2009-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Force Majeure\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>The Harrisons co-opted the legal term “force majeure” for this body of work, which means a huge power that cannot be controlled, not unlike the fast-encroaching water levels and rising temperatures we’re experiencing on the planet today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926521\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926521\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Artist Newton Harrison\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0661-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Newton Harrison today. The artist’s wife and long-term creative partner Helen Mayer Harrison recently passed away. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003cem>Force Majeure\u003c/em> project, at the University of California Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sagehen-creek-field-station.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sagehen Creek Field Station\u003c/a> in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, is already starting to see results. For the four-year-old installation, artists collaborated with field station scientists to physically move groups of plant species to different altitude levels. The aim is to help seedlings — such as wild rose and red fir — become resilient to the warming effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found something rather astonishing, after drought and all the other problems it could possibly have,” says Harrison. “Of the 21 species we installed, about six — or 25 percent — live at all levels. That’s success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926523\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926523\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A 'Future Garden' eco-dome.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/IMG_0675-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A ‘Future Garden’ eco-dome. \u003ccite>(Photo: Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although he has reason to be mildly optimistic, Harrison continues to worry about what our hot, dry future might look like. And though it’s a controversial idea, he believes finding a way to help a few, hardy species learn to become more adaptable to rising temperatures is ultimately more likely to succeed than trying to save many already-endangered species from dying out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An awful lot of the experimentation that receives grants aims to save the most endangered species, which if the temperature gets hot enough, are not inherently savable,” Harrison says. “We take exactly the opposite position. We look for the most resilient species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Future Garden for the Central Coast of California” is presented by UCSC’s Institute of the Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”LC2qCI4GGP41nvhg9UdnvuKonc0DX5iE”]When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”W6Ry2KifKfPSxZJI9DlnVZRTWWD6p7UI”]Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers went back to places surveyed at the turn of the 20th century, to see what difference 100 years makes.",
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"title": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change | KQED",
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"headline": "Bird Species Collapse in the Mojave, Driven by Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bird populations in the Mojave are plummeting for lack of water, in an imbalance driven by climate change. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2018/07/31/1805123115.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> from UC Berkeley finds shrinking rainfall has led to the loss of more than 40 percent of bird species, in a habitat that relies heavily on birds for basic functions such as pollinating plants and acting as both predator and prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Deserts are really amazing ecosystems where most of life has developed skills to live at the limits of where life can survive.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This collapse of Mojave bird communities, say the authors, is a precursor to the overall loss of animals and other biodiversity in desert climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mojave, which recently won the unenviable record for \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928476/wowzers-death-valley-sets-tentative-world-record-for-hottest-month\">world’s hottest month\u003c/a>, routinely gets less than 2 inches of rain a year, a fraction of what most deserts receive. Yet even that small amount makes a huge difference, scientists found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Species Now, and a Century Ago\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a three-year survey of an area larger than the state of New York, senior researcher and UC Berkeley professor Steve Beissinger and his collaborator reported that today, there are 43 percent fewer bird species than existed in the desert a century ago. And of 135 remaining species surveyed, all but 3 were in some stage of decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work follows up on a previous UC Berkeley study done in 1908 by \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell.html\">Joseph Grinnell\u003c/a>, the original Director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Known for taking extremely detailed field notes, Grinnell’s study is rare in that it contains enough detail for modern researchers to recreate it. So researchers were able to \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">look at the same sites\u003c/a> Grinnell surveyed 100 years later, and compare their results to his list of birds present in the Mojave at the turn of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grinnell definitely had a sense that he was giving us a record of what California was like in the early 1900s,” Beissinger says. “He gave us the gift of a baseline.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, with the “partial collapse of the avian community,” the baseline has shrunk to around half the number of birds per location, compared to a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929769 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-800x647.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-768x621.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1020x825.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1200x971.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1920x1553.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-1180x955.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-960x777.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-240x194.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-375x303.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/30150329222_d2a35de5ef_o-520x421.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many recognizable birds, such as this Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), are experiencing declines under climate change. Researchers say carnivorous birds such as these are hit particularly hard. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/30150329222/in/album-72157673900045520/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lisa Phillips/Bureau of Land Management/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Why this matters has to do with the unique harshness of desert environments. Because deserts cannot support many large carnivores such as bears or mountain lions, birds become more important in the food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds are important seed dispersers, pollinators of plants, and top-level desert carnivores,” Beissinger says, “This collapse in the avian community indicates an imbalance in the Mojave. Maybe it’s an early warning system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid wildlife photographer, David Lamfrom, Director of California Desert and National Wildlife Programs at the National Parks Conservation Association, says it has been clear to him for years that birds are disappearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.’\u003ccite>Steve Beissinger, UC Berkeley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s the greatest fear for conservationists,” he says. “When you consider the Mojave is one of the quietest places on Earth, you begin to appreciate how rich birdsong is. Especially in its absence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one species doing well under these new conditions is the common raven (\u003cem>Corvus corax\u003c/em>). Both Beissinger and Lamfrom say this should not be a surprise. Whereas many desert birds are specialists who target a specific food resource in their habitat, such as a golden eagle who learns to hunt jackrabbits, ravens are generalists who can make do with what is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re able to live around humans, fly long distances to find water, and eat so many things,” Beissinger says, pointing out that much of their food these days is picked from trash cans and litter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change is Driving the Loss\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change can mean many things: warmer average temperatures (often with extreme spikes), reduced rainfall and more droughts, increased risk for fires, and more violent storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>When researchers looked to see what was causing the losses in birds\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> they found it was the loss of rain — not warmer temperatures — that most accurately explained the changes. Most locations Grinnell had surveyed are now drier, receiving as much as 20 percent less rain than a century ago. Springs and pools that traditionally supported desert wildlife are disappearing, and birds are losing water-rich sources of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water is life, and water is fundamental to the desert,” says Lamfrom, “and the availability of water in the desert is having a real profound effect on how species can continue to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that for many species, it came down to habitat preference and diet. As previously-reliable water sources dried out, so too did many seed-bearing plants which provide food (and water) for birds. As a result, many birds were forced to either travel long distances to better areas or to remain close to those few sites of refuge. Both strategies put them at risk of poor health and predation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Beissinger, the damage is so severe because so many desert species already exist at the absolute edge of their bodily tolerance. Even small increases in heat or decreases in rainfall can lead to lethal dehydration and overheating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1929321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/flower-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cactus flowers ahead of a rare rain in Death Valley National Park. \u003ccite>(Amanda Heidt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a series of studies, researchers are doing a \u003ca href=\"http://mvz.berkeley.edu/Grinnell/index.html\">broad resurvey\u003c/a> of all of Grinnell’s sites in the state, including those in the \u003ca href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0e5/4a09e7f8206c01915b953e6ac39735a76c66.pdf\">Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/breakthroughs/sp18/century-of-change-gift-of-baseline\">Central Valley\u003c/a>. In areas with lower temperatures and more reliable access to water, bird populations also dropped, but these are minor losses of close to three species per site. But it’s nothing like what is happening in the Mojave, where sites lost an average of 18 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>National Park Jewels\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That this is happening in the Mojave at all, Beissinger stresses, is significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shot across the bow that climate change is happening even in our national park jewels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Much of the Mojave is protected from human disturbance because it lies within either the Mojave National Preserve or Death Valley National Park. This keeps it safe from habitat loss, development, and hunting. A whopping 91 percent of Death Valley National Park, the largest national park\u003cb> \u003c/b>in the lower 48 states, has been designated as wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are places we expect to be immune to the effects of people, Beissinger says; that these results can be so dramatic in a place as remote as this speaks to the necessity of addressing ongoing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know these climate change problems are big,” he says, “and they really require us to address them now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lamfrom, too, points to other protected areas where birds are disappearing. Joshua Tree National Park, he says, was once home to a healthy population of mountain quail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a really unique bird, but it’s also not a bird you would usually think of when you think of places like Joshua Tree,” he continues, “You’d probably think of a place like the Sierras.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://cpp.usanpn.org/about\">Recent surveys\u003c/a> have failed to find the iconic California bird in Joshua Tree. As deserts across the country continue to become hotter and drier, Lamfrom says, perhaps the quail are returning to their namesake homes in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mountains can provide isolated pockets of protection,” Lamfrom says, “Many species are being pushed to higher altitudes to get away from the heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked what can be done to help ease these effects in the future, Beissinger says the short-term solution is to place artificial water sources throughout the park for local wildlife. These might include small ponds or troughs with reliable access to water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of it as a big bird-bath in the ground,” says Beissinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longer-term solution has to involve managing groundwater, Beissinger says, because when aquifers are overdrawn, it’s the desert that dries out first.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires: The View From Space",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires: The View From Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As California firefighters continue to battle more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/09/us/mendecino-fire-animation-trnd/index.html\">a dozen blazes\u003c/a> throughout the state, wide swaths of smoke sweep across the country, billowing thousands of miles away to move past New York City and out over the Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vhVfMyS7ZGpSQX8txg2UIqbzK41tbriL”]Satellites from \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> captured the vast trails of smoke, including smoke from the largest fire in the state’s history, the Mendocino Complex fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-week old Carr fire in Shasta County became the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eighth largest wildfire\u003c/a> on Sunday, the same day the image below was captured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929789 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x1813.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1138\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x1813.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x284.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x1422.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-675x1200.jpg 675w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x924.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Carr Fire in Shasta County, August 11, 2018. The image spans 560 miles north to south, and 70 miles east to west. You can see the smoke hovering around the edges of Mount Shasta, in the center of the photo. SOURCE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has scorched 207,162 acres, destroying nearly 1,100 homes and a total of 1,599 structures, making it one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top 10 most destructive\u003c/a> fires in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Tuesday morning,\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the fire was\u003c/a> 65 percent contained. An estimated date for full containment is not yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the National Weather Service released its own satellite images today showing a layer of smoke from the California wildfires covering several states including Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Another smoky day across the region and here is another satellite image showing just how expansive we all know it is. Ugh times 2! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wildfires?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wildfires\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/idwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#idwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/orwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#orwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mtwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mtwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/airquality?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#airquality\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Ad5Xm9Io82\">pic.twitter.com/Ad5Xm9Io82\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Spokane (@NWSSpokane) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSpokane/status/1029192999446740992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And another image showing the path of the smoke extending out over the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The smoke from the western North America \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wildfires?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wildfires\u003c/a> is moving eastward across the Atlantic Ocean, captured here by our \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/GOESEast?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#GOESEast\u003c/a> satellite. More imagery: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/P1F11zXUHI\">https://t.co/P1F11zXUHI\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HsJh25vbvY\">pic.twitter.com/HsJh25vbvY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NOAA Satellites (@NOAASatellites) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NOAASatellites/status/1029457750152097792?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest fire in California history\u003c/a> is made up of two blazes burning through three counties, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216163950.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a>. The gargantuan fire has scorched more than \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">354,000 acres\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ranch fire claimed its first victim on Monday evening, Utah firefighter Matthew Burchett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire crews are constructing fire lines north of the fire to prevent it from reaching some 200 residences in Lake Pillsbury, which is under a mandatory evacuation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929790 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. The image represents 35 miles north-south, 60 miles east-west, with Clear Lake in the center-bottom. SOURCE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ranch Fire\u003c/a>, the larger of the twin blazes, has burned through 295,970 acres. The blaze was 68 percent contained as of Tuesday morning, with an estimated date of full containment on September 1. The River fire has been fully contained.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New satellite images captured of the Carr and Ranch fires show a thick layer of smoke spreading from the blazes, and smoke from North American wildfires stretching across the country.",
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"description": "New satellite images captured of the Carr and Ranch fires show a thick layer of smoke spreading from the blazes, and smoke from North American wildfires stretching across the country.",
"title": "California Wildfires: The View From Space | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As California firefighters continue to battle more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/09/us/mendecino-fire-animation-trnd/index.html\">a dozen blazes\u003c/a> throughout the state, wide swaths of smoke sweep across the country, billowing thousands of miles away to move past New York City and out over the Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Satellites from \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> captured the vast trails of smoke, including smoke from the largest fire in the state’s history, the Mendocino Complex fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-week old Carr fire in Shasta County became the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eighth largest wildfire\u003c/a> on Sunday, the same day the image below was captured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929789 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x1813.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"1138\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x1813.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x284.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x1422.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x1365.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-675x1200.jpg 675w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x1707.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x667.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x924.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/CARR_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Carr Fire in Shasta County, August 11, 2018. The image spans 560 miles north to south, and 70 miles east to west. You can see the smoke hovering around the edges of Mount Shasta, in the center of the photo. SOURCE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Carr Fire has scorched 207,162 acres, destroying nearly 1,100 homes and a total of 1,599 structures, making it one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top 10 most destructive\u003c/a> fires in state history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Tuesday morning,\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the fire was\u003c/a> 65 percent contained. An estimated date for full containment is not yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the National Weather Service released its own satellite images today showing a layer of smoke from the California wildfires covering several states including Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Another smoky day across the region and here is another satellite image showing just how expansive we all know it is. Ugh times 2! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wildfires?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wildfires\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/idwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#idwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/orwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#orwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mtwx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mtwx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/cawx?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cawx\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/airquality?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#airquality\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/Ad5Xm9Io82\">pic.twitter.com/Ad5Xm9Io82\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NWS Spokane (@NWSSpokane) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSpokane/status/1029192999446740992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And another image showing the path of the smoke extending out over the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The smoke from the western North America \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/wildfires?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#wildfires\u003c/a> is moving eastward across the Atlantic Ocean, captured here by our \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/GOESEast?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#GOESEast\u003c/a> satellite. More imagery: \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/P1F11zXUHI\">https://t.co/P1F11zXUHI\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/HsJh25vbvY\">pic.twitter.com/HsJh25vbvY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— NOAA Satellites (@NOAASatellites) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NOAASatellites/status/1029457750152097792?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 14, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest fire in California history\u003c/a> is made up of two blazes burning through three counties, called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216163950.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a>. The gargantuan fire has scorched more than \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">354,000 acres\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ranch fire claimed its first victim on Monday evening, Utah firefighter Matthew Burchett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire crews are constructing fire lines north of the fire to prevent it from reaching some 200 residences in Lake Pillsbury, which is under a mandatory evacuation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1929790 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/RANCH_SCALE_MILES_180811-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image of smoke from the Ranch Fire, August 11, 2018. The image represents 35 miles north-south, 60 miles east-west, with Clear Lake in the center-bottom. SOURCE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.planet.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planet\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Planet Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ranch Fire\u003c/a>, the larger of the twin blazes, has burned through 295,970 acres. The blaze was 68 percent contained as of Tuesday morning, with an estimated date of full containment on September 1. The River fire has been fully contained.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He's Wrong",
"headTitle": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He’s Wrong | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>On Sunday, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke argued that climate change is not a factor in California’s wildfires. Or at least, if it is, it doesn’t much matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth,” Zinke told KCRA 3, in Sacramento. “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m60146AeQ_g&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KCRA reporter Mike Luery, who conducted the interview, says Zinke brought up the subject on his own, before Luery could even ask him a question. Later, they returned to the topic. Luery has a transcript of the full interview and he read us Zinke’s answer, which doesn’t appear online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument of climate change to me takes a backseat to ‘let’s manage it,’ ” Zinke said. “Because if it’s climate change, you still have to manage the forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s statement came just after a visit to the site of the Carr Fire, where a record-setting \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\">fire tornado\u003c/a> driven by extreme heat and wind amplified devastation on the western edge of Redding in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the secretary seemed to acknowledge that climate played a role in the fire, though he did not use the words “climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth. This has nothing to do with climate change.’\u003ccite>Ryan Zinke\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SecretaryZinke/status/1027141678749175808\">wrote on Twitter\u003c/a>: “Wildfires are burning hotter and more intense due to drier and hotter conditions and due to a buildup of dead and dying timber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216550420.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a>, Zinke also said that, “there’s no doubt the (fire) season is getting longer, the temperatures are getting hotter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That much is true. July \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/july-2018-was-11th-warmest-july-on-record-for-us\">was the hottest month on record in California\u003c/a>, based on more than a century of data. Research has shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150178\">fire season has gotten longer\u003c/a>. And California is still dealing with the effects of the severe drought between 2011 and 2017, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\">killed trees across California\u003c/a> (presumably the “dead and dying timber” that Zinke mentioned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s not clear what, exactly, Zinke thinks is responsible for the hotter, drier conditions and the longer fire seasons, fire and climate scientists, as well as California firefighters, have no difficulty putting a name to it: Climate change. Research has tied both the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL064924\">recent California drought\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.short\">area burned in Western U.S. forests\u003c/a> to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other factors, like forest management, play a role, too, climate change is a “threat multiplier,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/07/california-wildfires-megafires-future-climate-change\">wrote climate and fire scientists \u003c/a>Daniel Swain, Crystal Kolden, and John Abatzoglou last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s comments about forest management appear to refer to the increasing density of trees, shrubs, and grasses in many of California’s forests that have resulted from a century of fire suppression policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most fire scientists agree with Zinke that forest management is also a major factor in many of California’s fires. And while \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hanson-miller-governor-fire-orders-20180525-story.html\">some environmental groups\u003c/a> oppose forest thinning in the name of habitat protection, some of the biggest conservation groups are among the most vocal supporters of forest management reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Congress passed a bipartisan \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix”\u003c/a> that is designed to free up funds for forest management projects. Prior to its passage, The Nature Conservancy \u003ca href=\"https://support.nature.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=180\">was one of its biggest cheerleaders\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, Gov. Jerry Brown is also a big supporter, having built $210 million of funding for forest management into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">state budget\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Washington, the Forest Service is facing budget cuts, and the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports wildfire research, much of it related to forest management, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/next-years-federal-budget-could-slash-funding-fire-science-and-research#stream/0\">may be eliminated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Few Trees, Intense Fires \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, forest management is only one driver of fire behavior in California. Though it has played a role in many California forests, cutting down trees won’t make wildfire behavior less extreme everywhere. Many of California’s largest and most destructive fires of the past two years have burned in places where there are few trees to begin with. The vast majority of land burned in the Thomas Fire, now the second-largest fire in California history, was chaparral (sometimes called “brush”), not forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840\">Tweeted\u003c/a> fire scientist Crystal Kolden:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">If you believe that the primary reason fires are getting worse is dead trees in forests, please explain why non-forest fires are also getting worse? (Hint: it starts with “climate” and ends with “change”) 🤔\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Crystal A. Kolden (@pyrogeog) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 6, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to fire behavior, Cal Fire Battalion chief Jonathan Cox says that weather is more important than fuel load in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s hot, if it’s windy, that’s going to have a much greater impact on the fire behavior, as opposed to the fuel or the topography,” says Cox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate and weather are not the same thing, they go hand-in-hand, with climate change driving shifts in day-to-day weather. Weather is saying, “It’s hot today.” But Zinke’s statement “the temperatures are getting hotter” is a description of a change in climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Allie Weill is a fire ecologist at UC Davis, currently serving as a AAAS Fellow at KQED Science. Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke says forest management should be the focus of preventing destructive wildfires, and that climate change doesn't matter. Scientists and firefighters disagree.",
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"description": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke says forest management should be the focus of preventing destructive wildfires, and that climate change doesn't matter. Scientists and firefighters disagree.",
"title": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He's Wrong | KQED",
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"headline": "Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke Says California Fires ‘Have Nothing to Do With Climate Change.’ He's Wrong",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Sunday, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke argued that climate change is not a factor in California’s wildfires. Or at least, if it is, it doesn’t much matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth,” Zinke told KCRA 3, in Sacramento. “This has nothing to do with climate change. This has to do with active forest management.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/m60146AeQ_g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/m60146AeQ_g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KCRA reporter Mike Luery, who conducted the interview, says Zinke brought up the subject on his own, before Luery could even ask him a question. Later, they returned to the topic. Luery has a transcript of the full interview and he read us Zinke’s answer, which doesn’t appear online:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The argument of climate change to me takes a backseat to ‘let’s manage it,’ ” Zinke said. “Because if it’s climate change, you still have to manage the forest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s statement came just after a visit to the site of the Carr Fire, where a record-setting \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928143/reddings-firenado-was-not-your-garden-variety-fire-whirl\">fire tornado\u003c/a> driven by extreme heat and wind amplified devastation on the western edge of Redding in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the secretary seemed to acknowledge that climate played a role in the fire, though he did not use the words “climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘I’ve heard the climate change argument back and forth. This has nothing to do with climate change.’\u003ccite>Ryan Zinke\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Zinke \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SecretaryZinke/status/1027141678749175808\">wrote on Twitter\u003c/a>: “Wildfires are burning hotter and more intense due to drier and hotter conditions and due to a buildup of dead and dying timber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article216550420.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a>, Zinke also said that, “there’s no doubt the (fire) season is getting longer, the temperatures are getting hotter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That much is true. July \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/news/july-2018-was-11th-warmest-july-on-record-for-us\">was the hottest month on record in California\u003c/a>, based on more than a century of data. Research has shown that the \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1696/20150178\">fire season has gotten longer\u003c/a>. And California is still dealing with the effects of the severe drought between 2011 and 2017, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1918327/california-drought-kills-27-million-more-trees\">killed trees across California\u003c/a> (presumably the “dead and dying timber” that Zinke mentioned).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it’s not clear what, exactly, Zinke thinks is responsible for the hotter, drier conditions and the longer fire seasons, fire and climate scientists, as well as California firefighters, have no difficulty putting a name to it: Climate change. Research has tied both the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015GL064924\">recent California drought\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/42/11770.short\">area burned in Western U.S. forests\u003c/a> to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other factors, like forest management, play a role, too, climate change is a “threat multiplier,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/07/california-wildfires-megafires-future-climate-change\">wrote climate and fire scientists \u003c/a>Daniel Swain, Crystal Kolden, and John Abatzoglou last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke’s comments about forest management appear to refer to the increasing density of trees, shrubs, and grasses in many of California’s forests that have resulted from a century of fire suppression policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most fire scientists agree with Zinke that forest management is also a major factor in many of California’s fires. And while \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-hanson-miller-governor-fire-orders-20180525-story.html\">some environmental groups\u003c/a> oppose forest thinning in the name of habitat protection, some of the biggest conservation groups are among the most vocal supporters of forest management reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Congress passed a bipartisan \u003ca href=\"http://resources.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Laird-Fire-Funding-Fix-statement.pdf\">“fire funding fix”\u003c/a> that is designed to free up funds for forest management projects. Prior to its passage, The Nature Conservancy \u003ca href=\"https://support.nature.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=180\">was one of its biggest cheerleaders\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, Gov. Jerry Brown is also a big supporter, having built $210 million of funding for forest management into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/06/27/governor-brown-signs-final-state-budget-with-record-rainy-day-fund-school-funding/\">state budget\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in Washington, the Forest Service is facing budget cuts, and the Joint Fire Science Program, which supports wildfire research, much of it related to forest management, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/next-years-federal-budget-could-slash-funding-fire-science-and-research#stream/0\">may be eliminated\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Few Trees, Intense Fires \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, forest management is only one driver of fire behavior in California. Though it has played a role in many California forests, cutting down trees won’t make wildfire behavior less extreme everywhere. Many of California’s largest and most destructive fires of the past two years have burned in places where there are few trees to begin with. The vast majority of land burned in the Thomas Fire, now the second-largest fire in California history, was chaparral (sometimes called “brush”), not forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840\">Tweeted\u003c/a> fire scientist Crystal Kolden:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">If you believe that the primary reason fires are getting worse is dead trees in forests, please explain why non-forest fires are also getting worse? (Hint: it starts with “climate” and ends with “change”) 🤔\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Dr. Crystal A. Kolden (@pyrogeog) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/pyrogeog/status/1026581511464611840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 6, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And when it comes to fire behavior, Cal Fire Battalion chief Jonathan Cox says that weather is more important than fuel load in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s hot, if it’s windy, that’s going to have a much greater impact on the fire behavior, as opposed to the fuel or the topography,” says Cox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though climate and weather are not the same thing, they go hand-in-hand, with climate change driving shifts in day-to-day weather. Weather is saying, “It’s hot today.” But Zinke’s statement “the temperatures are getting hotter” is a description of a change in climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Allie Weill is a fire ecologist at UC Davis, currently serving as a AAAS Fellow at KQED Science. Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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