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"content": "\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.[contextly_sidebar id=”vAhk3ez7HbI2bnqSHjyPT5s7salbQmHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. 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Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[contextly_sidebar id=”4sggZbfPmrBzcyvbzK1tdjVgFMVPfDHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. 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Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. 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"content": "\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
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"description": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
"title": "Fact-Checking California Governor's Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”aFMmotvNSht1tek6ZSafnBmy5J7U2Pye”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.[contextly_sidebar id=”OaXVPC74ERrdCqrpdk9jzqTXMv0Fk432″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UN Report Issues Life-Or-Death Warning For Planetary Survival",
"headTitle": "UN Report Issues Life-Or-Death Warning For Planetary Survival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=”sohluwz08eQDArC4pTov5vMO4JxNCAB0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.[contextly_sidebar id=”6iGTegzlqnJy3vvE51EIswJGMTsbNzDB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”in2KgHa53e2tcTtamr1IDOwgLLpCZBnm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.[contextly_sidebar id=”1kD3REVLsFvJR9oJ9qWuEXYNwpnE1SPp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”6J0nVgqZyLvs7R2iqgz1ZfZkLrWF3g14”]Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.",
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"title": "Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone? | KQED",
"description": "One year after devastating fires, the North Bay is grappling with how and where to rebuild.",
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"headline": "Should Californians Be Rebuilding Homes in a Fire Zone?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A year ago, on a warm, windy night, Paul Lowenthal got the call; he was needed at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tubbs Fire, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pressdemocrat.com/multimedia/7567543-181/santa-rosas-tubbs-fire-spread\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on its way\u003c/a> to becoming the most destructive blaze in California history, was spreading into Santa Rosa, and Lowenthal, the city’s assistant fire marshal, needed to get people out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was exploding at a rate that I would have never imagined,” he says. “I left in my work truck and uniform and thought: worst case scenario, I’ll be back tomorrow morning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Julie Combs, Santa Rosa City Council\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Later that night, he drove past his own neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You couldn’t actually make out individual homes in here,” he says. “It just looked like an entire wall of fire. And then realized right away my house is gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He worked the next five days on just a few hours of sleep, until finally, he stopped to take stock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then realized I have nothing,” he says. “Literally had nothing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking Up the Pieces\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by extreme winds, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonoma County’s Tubbs fire\u003c/a> killed 22 people and destroyed more than 5,000 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has banded together to pick up the pieces. But it’s also been grappling with a tough question — one that faces fire-ravaged communities around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildfire is a normal part of the California landscape. So, how — and where — should residents rebuild to protect themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932391\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1200x676.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/lownethal-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nearly a year after the Tubbs Fire, Paul Lowenthal’s Larkfield rebuild was finally nearing completion — this time with more fire-resistant materials. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of Sonoma residents have opted to stay put, both financially and emotionally tied to their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowenthal is one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do I think those areas will burn again?” he says. “Absolutely. It’s done it before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened 54 years ago, when the Hanly Fire burned almost exactly same area. But since then, Santa Rosa’s population has grown by nearly six times, and Lowenthal was keenly aware of this latest fire’s effect on an already-tight housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I made a decision that it made more sense to rebuild here,” he says. His daughter was also a big part of that decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Could I have convinced her that we could live in a really cool place somewhere else?” he says. “Maybe. But this was our home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the hills above Santa Rosa, wooden frames of houses are rising among the blackened trees. Many of the rebuilt homes will include new fire-resistant building materials, something few had when the fire swept through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, because of California’s decade-old zoning rules, almost 2,000 of the destroyed structures will not be required to meet building standards for wildfire-prone areas. Some homeowners are taking it on themselves to meet them anyway, dipping into their insurance payouts to cover the cost. Others are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, given the region’s severe housing shortage even before last year’s firestorm, city and county governments are under pressure to build new housing in areas at risk for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As people are trying to heal and recover, local leaders have been faced with balancing those delicate issues. With climate change making California’s fires more extreme, their decisions will affect lives for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932394\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/rebuild2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tubbs Fire swept away about 5 percent of Santa Rosa’s housing stock. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildland Building Codes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after the fires, Lowenthal’s Larkfield home is finally taking shape, still a few weeks away from final inspection. This time, he says it will be better prepared to withstand fire, built with cement-fiber siding and other fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between the roof, the siding, things of that nature, it was definitely a step that I wanted to take,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowenthal isn’t legally obligated to do any of that, as his home was outside the area subject to California’s “\u003ca href=\"https://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/downloads/ICC_2009_Ch7A_2007_rev_1Jan09_Supplement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wildland-Urban Interface Codes\u003c/a>.” They include a broad range of standards for siding, roofs, decks, and windows, as well as requirements for gutters and attic vents that are meant to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917346/wildfires-can-attack-your-house-from-the-inside-heres-how-to-prevent-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent embers blown ahead of a wildfire\u003c/a> from igniting a home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zones are established by a set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917374/map-see-if-you-live-in-a-high-risk-fire-zone-and-what-that-means\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2008 Cal Fire maps\u003c/a> that outline wildfire risk by considering vegetation, fire history and slope. Sonoma County’s zones are based exactly on those maps, while the city of Santa Rosa had extended the stricter requirements somewhat beyond what was on the state maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost 2,000 buildings destroyed in the Tubbs fire in Santa Rosa and Sonoma County weren’t mapped in those zones and won’t be required to use fire-resistant materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have an extra set of rules or requirements that we put on people to rebuild,” says David Guhin, Santa Rosa’s director of planning and economic development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guhin says Santa Rosa would be on shaky legal ground if it imposed new wildfire building codes on structures that weren’t required to meet them when they were destroyed. But since most of the homes were built decades ago, before most modern building codes, he says even the basic code upgrades they’ll undergo will help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1917314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/10/FireHazard_V02_171024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"801\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fire maps based on 2007 assessment.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The housing stock that’s going in is much more resilient than the previous house stock,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, many believe Cal Fire’s maps are outdated, since they don’t reflect the extreme nature of today’s fires. The maps assumed fairly benign weather conditions, just 12 mph for “mid-flame” wind speed, the height that affects fire behavior. During the Tubbs Fire, gusts hit almost 80 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire is in the process of updating the fire hazard maps using more realistic data, including localized information and historic fire conditions. A draft of the maps is expected sometime next year. The new maps could put many homes into a fire hazard zone that aren’t in one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several North Bay officials say the community can’t wait for that to be sorted out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take solace in that the existing code is significantly better than what was there before,” Tennis Wick, who heads Sonoma County’s Permit and Resource Management Department. “I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. This community needs to rebuild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick says many homeowners are choosing fire-resistant materials anyway, such as cement-laden siding and metal roofs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Giving Home Owners Choices\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some fire victims have opted to pull up stakes after living through the fire’s emotional trauma or due to steep rebuilding costs. In the hilly Fountaingrove neighborhood of Santa Rosa, for-sale signs sprout from empty lots among the construction sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other homeowners are tied to their property, either restricted by insurance policies that prescribe where they can rebuild, or simply priced out of other Bay Area homes. And that concerns Santa Rosa City Council member Julie Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know I’ve heard stories about flooding along the Mississippi and thought, ‘Why did they keep rebuilding there?’” notes Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m all for having property owners have choice,” she adds. “And right now, we aren’t really giving them a choice to not build on the land they’re tied to in a high-fire-hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Combs says she’s interested in programs like those that already exist for flooded homes, where governments or neighbors can buy out inundated properties so they won’t be re-developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s not confident that today’s wildfire building codes are enough to protect people. The codes are meant to reduce risk, but don’t eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the Tubbs fire footprint in Santa Rosa, 22 homes were built with the most recent wildfire codes before the fire. Twenty-one of them burned anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That doesn’t strike me as particularly good odds,” says Combs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Struggle Over New Housing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners considering not rebuilding face another hurdle: there are few other places to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Santa Rosa, the Tubbs fire obliterated five percent of the city’s housing stock, exacerbating an already brutal housing market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the fire, the city estimated it needed 5,000 more housing units. The fire added 3,000 more to that number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to walk and chew gum at the same time,” Guhin says. “We’re going to rebuild our community as fast and quickly and as efficiently as we possibly can, but we also have to build new homes as fast as we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1932396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/roundbarn-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 237-unit Round Barn Hill Project is proposed for an area burned in the Tubbs fire. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Santa Rosa is pushing for more “\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1917302/bay-area-sprawl-has-put-homes-in-the-path-of-fires-what-now\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in-fill development\u003c/a>,” putting housing downtown and closer to public transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We made that a priority this year,” he says. “We put a number of polices in place such as expedited permit processing, reducing the impact fees substantially for housing in the downtown core.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has long been pressure to build in the surrounding hills, where the wildfire risk is highest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Development of single-family homes on the outskirts of town will happen on its own,” Guhin says. “There is a market for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Santa Rosa City Council faced down that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco-based City Ventures asked for a zoning change to allow its Round Barn Village project to go forward. The 237-unit townhome development is proposed for a hillside that burned in the Tubbs fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Ventures made the case that the homes would be built using wildfire standards and would provide much needed affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We absolutely need the housing,” said council member John Sawyer at the meeting. “And lots of mistakes were made in the past with saying no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doubts hounded at least one council member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are setting a precedent to build more new housing in a fire hazard area when we vote today,” warned Combs at the meeting. “I just think we need to not put more sleeping people in a fire hazard area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rezoning passed 6-1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was really sorry to be a lone vote,” says Combs. “It becomes very difficult to explain why we would approve that and not approve more. And I have real concerns that more is coming. We don’t need sprawl. We need to be building up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma County is also facing pressure to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I met with a resort that burned twice, once in the Hanley fire and a second time in the Tubbs,” Wick says. “New people came to see me about building a third one. And I told them I just could not support the project. There’s an enormous pressure on us to be approving resorts in remote areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In communities still in shock from the fires, these fraught decisions won’t come easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that in a disaster, there’s such a strong emotional pull to get what you lost back,” says Combs. “I think that’s a powerful pull.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.[contextly_sidebar id=”JSXad718EhNubOe4ETT84QWtwbUWEEHj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.[contextly_sidebar id=”RIpsqIWy32bftHiHFliFPosDIJqCydsK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Even in California, Electric Vehicle Sales Are Meager. So Here Comes a New Campaign ...",
"headTitle": "Even in California, Electric Vehicle Sales Are Meager. So Here Comes a New Campaign … | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Electric cars have been on the market for some time now but surveys \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/automakers-policymakers-on-path-to-electric-vehicles-consumers-are-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show \u003c/a>that even in California adoption has been slow. [contextly_sidebar id=”0J8xbcxPSEu7AMKljxWfepnYbThFPYZw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/vision-and-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veloz\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> however, hopes to change that with a multimillion dollar public awareness campaign announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auto giants are teaming up with California officials and local power utilities to launch the nonprofit, whose mission is to accelerate the mass adoption of electric vehicles in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently California has about 350,000 electric vehicles on its roads, \u003ca href=\"http://evadoption.com/california-evs-by-the-numbers-20-statistics-that-might-surprise-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers\u003c/a>. While the rate of electric vehicle adoption significantly outpaces other states, California still has far to go to reach Gov. Brown’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> mandated goal of 5 million\u003c/a> zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Veloz membership includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/unlikely-alliance-joins-forces-to-keep-california-in-the-lead-of-the-electric-car-race/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">35-plus organizations, all with a stake in \u003c/a>the transportation sector, including General Motors, Southern California Edison and the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the effects of climate change in California here today,” Ron Nichols, president of Southern California Edison, said during Wednesday’s press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen droughts and wildfires intensifying, and that’s one of the many reasons that electrifying transport, we believe, is imperative to addressing the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz’ mission is to “create a movement,” says Executive Director Josh Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest impediment to electrifying transportation has been the lag between public perception and the pace of developments, according to Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the lack of awareness is a critical hurdle that we have had to overcome early on, despite . . . costs coming down, number of models increasing, number of charging stations out there,” she said on Wednesday. “We have to show the public that these things are available.”[contextly_sidebar id=”IlVv5PQiM87vHgKBGKYIJtVuG6Hhp3iX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols described the campaign as the “largest multistake holder, multimillion-dollar campaign” for electric vehicles in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has a nearly $4 million budget, with half that amount coming from Electrify America, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/vw-electrify-america-first-ad-campaign-jetstones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a public awareness\u003c/a> initiative launched by Volkswagen as part of a legal settlement related to cheating on emissions tests for its diesel vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s first set of ads, dubbed “opposites attract,” will feature a cheeky take from “unusual spokespeople” promoting electric cars, according to Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new initiative follows a similar campaign launched in May in multiple states on the east coast dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://driveelectricus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Drive Change. Drive Electric.” \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz plans on raising additional funds for future campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Electric cars have been on the market for some time now but surveys \u003ca href=\"https://its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/automakers-policymakers-on-path-to-electric-vehicles-consumers-are-not/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">show \u003c/a>that even in California adoption has been slow. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/vision-and-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Veloz\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> however, hopes to change that with a multimillion dollar public awareness campaign announced Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Auto giants are teaming up with California officials and local power utilities to launch the nonprofit, whose mission is to accelerate the mass adoption of electric vehicles in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently California has about 350,000 electric vehicles on its roads, \u003ca href=\"http://evadoption.com/california-evs-by-the-numbers-20-statistics-that-might-surprise-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers\u003c/a>. While the rate of electric vehicle adoption significantly outpaces other states, California still has far to go to reach Gov. Brown’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2018/01/26/governor-brown-takes-action-to-increase-zero-emission-vehicles-fund-new-climate-investments/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> mandated goal of 5 million\u003c/a> zero-emission vehicles on the road by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Veloz membership includes \u003ca href=\"https://www.veloz.org/unlikely-alliance-joins-forces-to-keep-california-in-the-lead-of-the-electric-car-race/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">35-plus organizations, all with a stake in \u003c/a>the transportation sector, including General Motors, Southern California Edison and the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing the effects of climate change in California here today,” Ron Nichols, president of Southern California Edison, said during Wednesday’s press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen droughts and wildfires intensifying, and that’s one of the many reasons that electrifying transport, we believe, is imperative to addressing the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz’ mission is to “create a movement,” says Executive Director Josh Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest impediment to electrifying transportation has been the lag between public perception and the pace of developments, according to Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the lack of awareness is a critical hurdle that we have had to overcome early on, despite . . . costs coming down, number of models increasing, number of charging stations out there,” she said on Wednesday. “We have to show the public that these things are available.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols described the campaign as the “largest multistake holder, multimillion-dollar campaign” for electric vehicles in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has a nearly $4 million budget, with half that amount coming from Electrify America, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/vw-electrify-america-first-ad-campaign-jetstones/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a public awareness\u003c/a> initiative launched by Volkswagen as part of a legal settlement related to cheating on emissions tests for its diesel vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group’s first set of ads, dubbed “opposites attract,” will feature a cheeky take from “unusual spokespeople” promoting electric cars, according to Boone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new initiative follows a similar campaign launched in May in multiple states on the east coast dubbed \u003ca href=\"https://driveelectricus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Drive Change. Drive Electric.” \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veloz plans on raising additional funds for future campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes",
"headTitle": "In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes | KQED",
"content": "\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our survival,” Hill says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>Housing is already a major issue for the Bay Area’s economically vulnerable. Now, the rising sea level is compounding worries about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Along the San Rafael canal in Marin County, yacht clubs catering to the well-to-do stand cheek by jowl with working-class housing. On the canal’s south side, a squat, crowded apartment complex juts out, a mini-peninsula surrounded on three sides by blue water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little more than a creaky wooden deck and some thin walls stand between these renters and a bay already swollen with tides and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is changing Bay Area shorelines, and the focus of planning discussions on mitigating the effects suggests most communities in the water’s way have time to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t always feel that way in East Oakland or West Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the Bay Area’s most economically vulnerable residents, many of whom are people of color, sea level rise is a threat multiplier, worsening existing concerns about environmental contamination and housing scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent. Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.’\u003ccite>Maria Sanchez, resident of east San Rafael\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to sea level rise, our first concern is: Are we even going to be here?” says Marquita Price, a community organizer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastoaklandcollective.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Oakland Collective\u003c/a>, which focuses on underserved communities. Rising rent, she says, is a tide rolling through her neighborhood faster than the bay’s waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among her friends and neighbors in historically black East Oakland, Price says, disastrous events have increased awareness of the risks posed by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you were to ask somebody about sea level rise and climate change before Texas, before New York, it would not have been on the radar,” Price says, referring to the damage from hurricanes Harvey and Sandy. “Now they might have a different answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Workforce Housing Threatened in Marin\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are almost indefensible conditions there, and they need a new way of thinking about it,” says Marcel Wilson, referring to the apartment complex precariously close to the San Rafael Canal. Wilson’s a founder of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/bionic-team/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bionic\u003c/a>, a landscape architecture and urban planning firm. He led a team focused on the canal neighborhood for the recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/resilient-by-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resilient By Design competition\u003c/a>, an effort to develop strategies against sea level rise, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932157\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 648px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1932157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"648\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-768x513.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1020x681.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1200x801.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-1180x788.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-960x641.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevelrise-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ellen Plane, left, a grad student at UC Berkeley, and Kristina Hill, associate professor at UC Berkeley of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, at the Martin Luther King Jr. Regional Shoreline in Oakland, Calif. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s team of urban designers suggests pulling back from the mudflats, relying less on the pump-and-levee infrastructure that secures east Marin, and putting taller buildings on higher ground. The Bionic\u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/elevate-san-rafael/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> design\u003c/a> promotes “multiple lines of defense,” meaning as waters rise, people could retreat behind layers of protection, including an elevated Bay Trail, earthen levees, raised roads and an improved drainage system. That strategy would protect the neighborhood community center, among other structures; if waters rose further, a sports field could serve as a retention pond to control flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s a huge project, and neither money nor a plan currently exists to implement this kind of redesign. “It would be very expensive to build something or improve something this big in the community to protect the families from sea level rise,” says Douglas Mundo, the co-director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.shoreupmarin.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shore Up Marin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In east San Rafael, where individual incomes average one-third of Marin County’s, intermittent flooding already threatens cars parked on the street, preventing residents like Juan Antonio Morales from going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales doesn’t want to move. He has lived in Marin County for 30 years. His children play here; he’s close to his neighbors. Besides, he says, he can’t imagine where else he could afford to keep a roof over his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a complicated policy equation,” says Sarah Moos Thomson, a project manager for the Bionic team. “It’s going to take the partnership of the residents of the city or the state to design a new process for enabling them to stay and to remain. But we think there’s hope there, not just false hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moos Thompson met with people like Maria Sanchez, who worries about getting stuck in housing already at risk for flooding. A single mother, she works seven days a week as a cleaner. There’s no time for going to public meetings or lobbying local officials for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanchez is scared rising seas will eliminate affordable housing and price her out of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is going to affect me a lot, 100 percent,” Sanchez says. “Because if I already work seven days to survive, I don’t know what I’m going to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hadn’t thought of Plan B.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Underground Contamination in Oakland\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yellow gumplant and white clover bloom along the Martin Luther King Shoreline, not far from the Oakland Coliseum. It’s beautiful, but underneath and across East Oakland, like the bay, groundwater is rising. As it does, it carries industrial pollution up through soil and mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t pump and just build walls to keep it out,” says UC Berkeley professor and urban ecologist Kristina Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932160\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1932160 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1200x800.jpeg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-240x160.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-375x250.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel3-520x347.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maria Sanchez, a 16-year resident of San Rafael, California. She lives close to the San Rafael canal and is worried about sea level rise. \u003ccite>(Lauren Hanussak/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hill and graduate student Ellen Plane have used groundwater wells to map the rising toxic plumes under the surface of the city and the shoreline. Contamination in soil and groundwater won’t be stopped by a wall, they point out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Oakland Collective’s Marquita Price says she values this research, and the work of Janette Kim, a California College of the Arts architectural designer who helped design a sea level rise adaptation game for community engagement. Hill, Kim and their students are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/the-all-bay-collective/\">All Bay Collective\u003c/a>, a Resilient By Design team proposing a project called the Estuary Commons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Price remains skeptical of efforts to adapt to climate change along the East Bay’s shoreline. She questions whether the big international teams did enough to incorporate local perspectives in the design process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have … one black designer on the design team for East Oakland,” she says. As for the competition itself, she says, “We feel that it’s very unnecessary. It feels completely like a fun thing for people with money to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blue-Sky Solutions for Intersecting Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor Kristina Hill says she understands Price’s objections. But she wants to encourage the public, officials, and agencies to think big to address the intersecting challenges presented by the combination of toxic water, rising seas and scarce housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill advocates for digging out and treating contaminated soil, then using it to shape a ring of marsh and tidal lands between Oakland and Alameda. People could then live on the land, which would be managed and owned by a community land trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why I recommend that we live with the water is that we would see the world around us changing,” Hill says. “If you don’t see it you really don’t get it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her ideas for the Resilient by Design project, \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientbayarea.org/estuary-commons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estuary Commons\u003c/a>, are beyond ambitious. They would require unprecedented cooperation among multiple layers of government, significant financial investment, and a collective re-imagination of property rights, financial risk and the shape and purpose of the shoreline itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But none of that dissuades Hill, who points out that we’ve changed the bay before, moving creeks that feed it, or building out shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And there’s no reason we shouldn’t keep changing things,” she says. “Just, we need to do it in a way that we learn from our past mistakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill says those mistakes involved ignoring the connection between communities and land, and pushing water away from the shore. Around the Bay Area, Hill says, building a better relationship with rising water isn’t optional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither is addressing problems lingering in our communities, on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After several dry months, the Bay Area might get some rainfall this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service forecast the region will get between 0.25 and 0.50 inches on Monday night into early Tuesday. Isolated rain of one inch or more “cannot be ruled out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be the first precipitation for San Francisco in four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1046746552109330434\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, light showers fell on Sonoma and Marin counties while San Mateo and Santa Clara counties saw some drizzle .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October is when the region typically starts transitioning to wetter weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risk of wildfire remains high, according to fire experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not letting our guard down,” says Cal Fire Deputy Chief Scott McLean. “It’s looking great now as far as weather, but (the weather) is starting to wane in terms of rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September and October are historically the worst months for wildfires, according to Mclean, with seven of the state’s 10 worst fires having occurred in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of rainfall is not going to make much of a difference because everything is just so dry,” McLean said. “It’s going to take several years of winters to bring California to that plateau where plant life is not as dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is listed as “abnormally dry” \u003ca href=\"https://www.drought.gov/drought/data-maps-tools/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the federal government\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooling trend the region is currently seeing will be replaced by warmer temperatures later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has had seasonably warm weather lately, with temperatures in the 80s and 90s. October and November are typically when the Bay Area begins to experience cooler weather.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After several dry months, the Bay Area might get some rainfall this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service forecast the region will get between 0.25 and 0.50 inches on Monday night into early Tuesday. Isolated rain of one inch or more “cannot be ruled out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be the first precipitation for San Francisco in four months.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>October is when the region typically starts transitioning to wetter weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the risk of wildfire remains high, according to fire experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not letting our guard down,” says Cal Fire Deputy Chief Scott McLean. “It’s looking great now as far as weather, but (the weather) is starting to wane in terms of rainfall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>September and October are historically the worst months for wildfires, according to Mclean, with seven of the state’s 10 worst fires having occurred in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A little bit of rainfall is not going to make much of a difference because everything is just so dry,” McLean said. “It’s going to take several years of winters to bring California to that plateau where plant life is not as dry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area is listed as “abnormally dry” \u003ca href=\"https://www.drought.gov/drought/data-maps-tools/current-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the federal government\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cooling trend the region is currently seeing will be replaced by warmer temperatures later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has had seasonably warm weather lately, with temperatures in the 80s and 90s. October and November are typically when the Bay Area begins to experience cooler weather.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. There’s now such a thing as a climate change refugee, and I see that amongst my community of folks having to leave where they’re living, because the sea levels are rising and they literally cannot survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine being hopeful when you know that there are very real things happening to the place that you’re from. I imagine having children one day and wondering, can I bring them with me to visit Samoa? Will it still be there or will it be underwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the only things I have to understand my culture and my identity be the books that my grandpa wrote, and the limited knowledge I have from what was passed down to me? And so, I get really scared. I get really nervous about what legacy will be left for future generations in my community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the poet is responsible for making what is typically taboo or typically off-limits to talk about — make it to make it possible to talk about, and make it accessible. Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZMgGzD1–g&t=20s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? To know that home is something\u003cbr>\nthat’s waiting for you to return to it?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to something that isn’t sinking?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to what is causing the flood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of us come from water\u003cbr>\nbut when you come from water\u003cbr>\nno one believes you.\u003cbr>\nColonization keeps laughing.\u003cbr>\nGlobal warming is grinning\u003cbr>\nat all your grief.\u003cbr>\nHow you mourn the loss of a home\u003cbr>\nthat isn’t even gone yet.\u003cbr>\nThat no one believes you’re from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How everyone is beginning\u003cbr>\nto hear more about your island\u003cbr>\nbut only in the context of\u003cbr>\nvacations and honeymoons,\u003cbr>\nfootball and military life,\u003cbr>\nexotic women exotic fruit exotic beaches\u003cbr>\nbut never asks about the rest of its body.\u003cbr>\nThe water.\u003cbr>\nThe islands breathing in it.\u003cbr>\nThe reason why they’re sinking.\u003cbr>\nNo one visualizes islands in the Pacific\u003cbr>\nas actually being there.\u003cbr>\nYou explain and explain and clarify\u003cbr>\nand correct their incorrect pronunciation\u003cbr>\nand explain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>until they remember just how vast your ocean is,\u003cbr>\nhow microscopic your islands look in it,\u003cbr>\nhow easy it is to miss when looking\u003cbr>\non a map of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuses people make\u003cbr>\nfor why they didn’t see it\u003cbr>\nbefore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Terisa Siagatonu is an award-winning poet, teaching artist, mental health educator, and community leader born and rooted in the Bay Area. A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.terisasiagatonu.com/youth-speaks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terisa Siagatonu\u003c/a> is a poet and mental health advocate who works with young people. She grew up in San Francisco, but her family is from Samoa, in the Pacific Islands. She says to be from Samoa is to be from water, and that this belonging with water is shifting because of climate change. We talked to her for our series, This Moment on Earth, about how climate change has impacted people’s lives in personal and specific ways. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is Terisa Siagatonu’s Moment. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water, for me, equates to belonging, or the sense of belonging, the sense of home. Because I know my home and my homeland is in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the water is also a threat. There’s now such a thing as a climate change refugee, and I see that amongst my community of folks having to leave where they’re living, because the sea levels are rising and they literally cannot survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine being hopeful when you know that there are very real things happening to the place that you’re from. I imagine having children one day and wondering, can I bring them with me to visit Samoa? Will it still be there or will it be underwater?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the only things I have to understand my culture and my identity be the books that my grandpa wrote, and the limited knowledge I have from what was passed down to me? And so, I get really scared. I get really nervous about what legacy will be left for future generations in my community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the poet is responsible for making what is typically taboo or typically off-limits to talk about — make it to make it possible to talk about, and make it accessible. Especially right now in regards to climate change — I see poetry, I see it literally as medicine.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZMgGzD1'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atlas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"layoutArea\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"column\">\n\u003cp>If you open up any atlas\u003cbr>\nand take a look at a map of the world,\u003cbr>\nalmost every single one of them\u003cbr>\nslices the Pacific Ocean in half.\u003cbr>\nTo the human eye,\u003cbr>\nevery map centers all the land masses on Earth\u003cbr>\ncreating the illusion\u003cbr>\nthat water can handle the butchering\u003cbr>\nand be pushed to the edges\u003cbr>\nof the world.\u003cbr>\nAs if the Pacific Ocean isn’t the largest body\u003cbr>\nliving today, beating the loudest heart,\u003cbr>\nthe reason why land has a pulse in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audacity one must have to create a visual so\u003cbr>\nviolent as to assume that no one comes\u003cbr>\nfrom water so no one will care\u003cbr>\nwhat you do with it\u003cbr>\nand yet,\u003cbr>\npeople came from land,\u003cbr>\nare still coming from land,\u003cbr>\nand look what was done to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nthey don’t believe me when I say water.\u003cbr>\nSo instead, I tell them that home is a machete\u003cbr>\nand that I belong to places\u003cbr>\nthat don’t belong to themselves anymore,\u003cbr>\nbroken and butchered places that have made me\u003cbr>\na hyphen of a woman:\u003cbr>\na Samoan-American that carries the weight of both\u003cbr>\ncolonizer and colonized,\u003cbr>\nboth blade and blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California stolen.\u003cbr>\nSamoa sliced in half stolen.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, nestled on the western coast of the most powerful\u003cbr>\ncountry on this planet.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, an island so microscopic on a map, it’s no wonder\u003cbr>\npeople doubt its existence.\u003cbr>\nCalifornia, a state of emergency away from having the drought\u003cbr>\nrid it of all its water.\u003cbr>\nSamoa, a state of emergency away from becoming a saltwater cemetery\u003cbr>\nif the sea level doesn’t stop rising.\u003cbr>\nWhen people ask me where I’m from,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to hear me speak of land,\u003cbr>\nwhat they want is to know where I go once I leave here,\u003cbr>\nthe privilege that comes with assuming that home\u003cbr>\nis just a destination, and not the panic.\u003cbr>\nNot the constant migration that the panic gives birth to.\u003cbr>\nWhat is it like? To know that home is something\u003cbr>\nthat’s waiting for you to return to it?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to something that isn’t sinking?\u003cbr>\nWhat does it mean to belong to what is causing the flood?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many of us come from water\u003cbr>\nbut when you come from water\u003cbr>\nno one believes you.\u003cbr>\nColonization keeps laughing.\u003cbr>\nGlobal warming is grinning\u003cbr>\nat all your grief.\u003cbr>\nHow you mourn the loss of a home\u003cbr>\nthat isn’t even gone yet.\u003cbr>\nThat no one believes you’re from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How everyone is beginning\u003cbr>\nto hear more about your island\u003cbr>\nbut only in the context of\u003cbr>\nvacations and honeymoons,\u003cbr>\nfootball and military life,\u003cbr>\nexotic women exotic fruit exotic beaches\u003cbr>\nbut never asks about the rest of its body.\u003cbr>\nThe water.\u003cbr>\nThe islands breathing in it.\u003cbr>\nThe reason why they’re sinking.\u003cbr>\nNo one visualizes islands in the Pacific\u003cbr>\nas actually being there.\u003cbr>\nYou explain and explain and clarify\u003cbr>\nand correct their incorrect pronunciation\u003cbr>\nand explain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>until they remember just how vast your ocean is,\u003cbr>\nhow microscopic your islands look in it,\u003cbr>\nhow easy it is to miss when looking\u003cbr>\non a map of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuses people make\u003cbr>\nfor why they didn’t see it\u003cbr>\nbefore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Terisa Siagatonu is an award-winning poet, teaching artist, mental health educator, and community leader born and rooted in the Bay Area. A queer Samoan woman and activist, Siagatonu has spoken and performed at the White House and the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. In 2012, she received President Obama’s Champion of Change Award for her activism as a spoken word poet/organizer in her Pacific Islander community. Her Moment was recorded and produced by Peter Arcuni and Becky Hoag.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Fire Ecologists Say Stop Smothering Fires, Let Them Burn",
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"content": "\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.[contextly_sidebar id=”rAPdiOusjR0JcHb07qYq15XwzGemasFQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.[contextly_sidebar id=”4m3cHY0fNql9k9UTgKMD6a3F4sluq5MY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.[contextly_sidebar id=”PmzdUgtKebdZOFLvEkIFV7HQTwb0qpx7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a wildfire starts, whether by lightning or human hand, it is almost always smothered.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters and aircraft are dispatched at the first sign of smoke. Ground crews build tight containment lines, contouring where they can with the fire’s edge. Helicopters douse hot spots and flames with deluges of foamy water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public and media extol their efforts. The headline reads, “Brave firefighters tame destructive fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malcolm North, a fire ecologist with the U.S. Forest Service and the University of California, Davis, gets it. He once worked as a wildland firefighter himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, he says, is that approach to wildfire is not just short-sighted, it’s dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overgrown forests, the result of a century of aggressive firefighting, are one of the biggest contributors to the types of massive, catastrophic fires that are becoming more common in much of the west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lesson we learn \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635983535/photos-as-one-california-wildfire-ebbs-another-explodes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/01/634696282/california-carr-fire-leaves-many-unsure-about-their-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuationshttps://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/23/425519562/wildfires-in-montana-california-scorch-thousands-of-acres-trigger-evacuations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">over\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you get one of these big fires, it is the result of 100 years of management decisions where they went and put out lightning strikes, they limited or shut down prescribed fire. And those decisions eventually accumulate and bite you in the butt,” he says, between quick breaths, hiking up a rock-strewn trail in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miles back, North passed a sign declaring the trail closed due to a fire ahead. The sky is a muted blue and the jagged Sierra peaks to the west are fuzzy from a haze of drifting smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North is hiking towards the fire — \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5850/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Lions Fire\u003c/a> — because it’s an example of a different approach. It was, for a brief moment, the rare fire that forest managers decided not to smother, but to let burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a good example of just how difficult that decision can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Rare Opportunity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire started the way a wildfire should, when lightning struck a tree-covered ridge in the Ansel Adams Wilderness, south of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That already made it a rarity. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/27/517100594/whats-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-the-u-s-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vast majority of wildfires\u003c/a>, 84 percent, are human-caused.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also made the fire an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has been talking about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/01/05/508319075/forest-service-tries-a-different-approach-on-whether-to-let-fires-burn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">letting more naturally-caused wildfires burn\u003c/a> for decades. There’s a recognition that wildfire is part of the landscape across much of America. Forests evolved with fire. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depend on it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area the Lions Fire was burning hadn’t burned in a long time, and there were indications that fire was needed. Half of the trees in the surrounding forest were already dead, killed by beetles. A windstorm, years earlier, had downed thousands of trees to the east of the fire, creating a jumbled mess on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For forest managers like Denise Tolmie, a district ranger in the Sierra National Forest, the Lions Fire seemed like an opportunity to restore some health to the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It checked all of the boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started naturally, early in the season. It was far away from people and property. It was in an area that had seen fire historically but hadn’t burned in some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Initially we said, ‘Yup. This fire is in a good place,'” Tolmie says. “Can we have positive effects from the fire? Yes we can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the Forest Service allowed the fire to burn over a 2,000 acre area, she says. Fire crews were sent in to make sure the fire stayed in that area, but they didn’t go with the goal of stamping out every flame. They were there to manage the fire, not fight it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decision is incredibly rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a nail-biter,” Tolmie says. “You’re making a decision where — I usually do it as: Did I dot every ‘i’ and cross every ‘t’?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service stopped counting how many fires it and other agencies manage this way in 2009, as part of a larger policy change. From the years 1998 to 2008 though, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_stats_fireUse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the last with data\u003c/a>, less than half of one percent — 0.4 percent — of all ignitions in the U.S. were allowed to burn. The rest were put out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire would be no different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delaying The Inevitable\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A stump burns in a swirl of flame on the eastern edge of the Lions Fire. Smoke rises from downed logs and stump holes under a canopy of tall trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The forest is quiet, apart from the occasional crack or pop of wood and flame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It almost seems peaceful,” North says. “It’s kind of nice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lions Fire is burning through this area at a low-intensity, slowly creeping through pine needles, branches and brush on the forest floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, North says, a lot of the forests in the Sierras saw fire like this about every 20 years. For the last century, the Forest Service has been aggressively putting those fires out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the conifers didn’t stop dropping needles. Trees didn’t stop growing or falling down. Without fire, that vegetation has built up over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North looks at that accumulation as a debt that society, someday, is going to have to pay off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time you put a fire out, you’re just postponing it. You’re just kicking the can down the road,” he says. “And not only are you postponing it, but you just increase the actual fuel load that is out there, so when it does happen you get these massive megafire events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate change\u003c/a> is another major contributor to the those types of fires. And the effects of it are only expected to\u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188486#sec006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> worsen the problem\u003c/a> going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there has been more political attention on the issue of overgrown forests of late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-zinke-directs-interior-bureaus-take-aggressive-action-prevent-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">calling for more ‘active’ logging\u003c/a> and thinning in western forests. The goal is to reduce fire risk and jump-start resource-dependent economies in parts of the rural west.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are logistical challenges to doing that though. The Lions Fire, for example, is burning in the wilderness, an area where mechanical thinning or logging is prohibited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t thin our way out of this,” North says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prescribed fire needs to be utilized more often, he says, and more fires need to be allowed to burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Full suppression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of days after forest managers decided to let the Lions Fire burn, a weather event brought high winds to the area. The fire jumped from a couple dozen acres to over 1,000 overnight, expanding beyond the area in which forest managers wanted to keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the change in conditions, management of the fire changed too. Helicopters went in to douse the flames. Fire crews came in by aircraft to stop the fire’s spread. It was now being fully suppressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was welcome news to the residents of Mammoth Lakes, a resort ski town about seven miles from where the fire was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For weeks, smoke from the Lions Fire had inundated the town, driving away tourists and vacation home owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has to do its thing, but there comes a point where it gets too close for comfort,” says Cruz Jonathan Valleflores, who works at a local car rental agency. “Tourism is a huge part of this community, so if tourism doesn’t come through, there’s no money. There’s no jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those concerns were shared by many in the community. Some wrote angry op-eds in the local newspaper. Others vented their frustrations on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are all angry about the smoke,” says John Wentworth, a town councilman. “But personally, I know there’s no future in denial. There’s no future in just saying, ‘put out every fire that you see,’ because that’s just going to put money in the bank for the big one that’s going to come here and burn us to the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North was disappointed with the decision to suppress the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He understands why it was made, but he points to a section of forest floor in the still-smoldering Lions Fire. The pine needles and branches are gone, replaced by a layer of black ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the fire effects you want to see,” he says. “High-severity catastrophic fire — it’s going to be a lot harder for that to happen here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fire+Ecologists+Say+More+Fires+Should+Be+Left+To+Burn.+So+Why+Aren%27t+They%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks",
"headTitle": "Severe Effect From Climate Change Predicted in National Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.[contextly_sidebar id=”2cAvntmHbAEBZ68IS79VMx3mCv8vcGuI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. [contextly_sidebar id=”fsagCxvrtz8z5M5LkPwG8EXRRv8an2eW”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Small critters and plants could take a big hit from a changing climate, according to a new study. The researchers say abiding by the Paris climate agreement could curtail some of the more extreme effects.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming could drive many small animals and plants to extinction, according to the first study to measure the impact of climate change on America’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Unless action is taken to curb greenhouse gas emissions, higher temperatures\u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade09\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> could virtually eliminate the habitats\u003c/a> of small mammals, such as the mountain-dwelling \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1915117/climate-change-spells-extinction-for-pikas-of-lake-tahoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American pika\u003c/a>, according to the study, which appears in the journal \u003cem>Environmental Research Letters\u003c/em>. The pika has become a kind of poster critter for climate threats, as it can only survive at high elevations, where temperatures remain cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Human-caused emissions [are] shifting warmth up mountains, which could destroy suitable habitats from the tops of these mountains,” says Patrick Gonzales, a climate change scientist at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study. “We have more leverage to deal with this now, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions that could harm small mammals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they’re often located in regions that are hardest hit by global warming, such as at high elevation or upper latitudes. Researchers found that the average temperatures in national parks increased at twice the rate as the rest of the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks also experienced a significant decline in annual rainfall compared to the U.S. as a whole, according to the joint study by UC Berkeley and the University of Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the current rate of emissions, temperatures in the most vulnerable parks could soar by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 — a rate that gives species little time to adapt or migrate to more suitable climates, if there are any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings are “bad news” for biodiversity, according to Rodolfo Dirzo, a biologist at Stanford University, who was not part of the study team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since protected areas represent currently one of our best instruments to protect biodiversity, the fact that North American parks are going to experience such drastic changes in their climatic conditions is a critical message,” says Dirzo.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that many populations of small animals and plants are typically less vulnerable to anthropogenic warming, so the fact that these same populations are expected to experience such formidable challenges demands “immediate, effective action to prevent massive declines of our already threatened biodiversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing climate conditions in our national parks also increases human vulnerability, according to Gonzalez. He points to San Francisco residents’ reliance on the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s essential that park officials conserve the watershed so that water is plentiful and clean for human consumption,” says Gonzalez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mapping Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers made their projections using data collected from weather stations located throughout the U.S. that track monthly temperature and rainfall going back to 1895.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They created maps of the average annual temperature and rainfall amounts throughout the country, at points approximately 800 meters apart. They then compared the maps to historical temperature and rainfall data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data revealed that on average, temperatures in national parks increased by nearly 2 degrees Fahrenheit from 1895 to 2010 — roughly twice the warming experienced by the rest of the country. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks also saw a 12 percent decline in rainfall compared to 3 percent for the U.S. at large.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks in Alaska endured the greatest increases, while rainfall decreased the most in Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also estimated future changes in temperature and precipitation using four different climate scenarios developed by the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scenarios include one where no action is taken to reduce emissions, one based on commitments made in the \u003ca href=\"https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paris Agreement \u003c/a>on climate three years ago, and two that range somewhere in the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the most extreme climate change scenario, the study found that the collective average temperature of all the national parks could rise between 9 and 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abiding by the Paris Agreement could limit this rise to between roughly 2 to 6 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under both scenarios, projected temperature increases are greatest in Alaska’s national parks, while rainfall decreases most in the Virgin Islands and the southwestern U.S.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hope that the maps can aid park officials in developing stronger measures to protect endangered species and park resources from the impacts of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our results show that reducing pollution from human resources can save parks from the most extreme heat,” says Gonzalez. “Compared to the highest emissions scenario, a scenario of adhering to the Paris Agreement would lower the rate of heating in parks by two-thirds by the end of the century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings, he says, only underscore the National Park Service’s mandate of protecting parks for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data can point parks in the direction of conserving the most vulnerable places or potential \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&ei=Ed2qW-BnsdL0A8-AiagF&q=refugia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">refugia\u003c/a>, which are stable places that might provide shelter to plant and animal species,” he says. “The future of these national parks is in our hands.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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