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"content": "\u003cp>Oil refineries release billions of pounds of pollution annually into waterways, and that pollution disproportionately affects people of color, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://environmentalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Refinery-water-pollution-report-EMBARGOED-until-1.26.23.pdf\">new analysis\u003c/a> of Environmental Protection Agency regulatory data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution includes heavy metals, nitrogen and other compounds that can kill aquatic animals, feed harmful algae and make waterways dangerous for humans to fish in, swim in or even touch. The pollution affects communities across the country, but is especially concentrated along the Gulf Coast, in California and near Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings underscore health and environmental dangers across fossil fuel operations, from the wellhead to pipelines, refineries and consumer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was published by the Environmental Integrity Project, an independent watchdog group that routinely analyzes public data collected by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a highly polluting industry discharging large volumes of wastewater,” says Eric Schaeffer, executive director the Environmental Integrity Project, and former director of the EPA’s Office of Civil Enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report authors examined EPA water pollution data from 2019 to 2021 for 81 major refineries across the country – about two thirds of all refineries operating in the U.S. Refineries are required to tell the government how much pollution they release into waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most refineries included in the analysis reported releasing extra pollution, beyond what they are legally permitted to. But less than a quarter of those with violations were penalized by the EPA, the data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a chronic problem with enforcement of the [Clean] Water Act,” Schaeffer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, which operates some of the largest refineries in the country including multiple facilities that the report found are among the largest emitters of key pollutants, declined to comment specifically about its operations. Instead, the company referred NPR to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.afpm.org/issues/environment\">general environmental statement\u003c/a> by the American Fuel & Petroleum Manufacturers trade group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have preserved and protected land and water resources by implementing waste management programs and adhering to federal guidelines that govern effluent discharge, hazardous waste disposal and other priority areas,” the AFPM statement reads. “We have made great progress in environmental stewardship under the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and many other environmental regulations, and continue to innovate to evolve our operations and products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Most of the pollution is happening near communities of color\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., people with less power have consistently been exposed to more pollution, whether it’s excess air pollution from highways and factories, drinking water contamination, exposure to lead paint or polluted lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend shows up clearly in the new report, which finds that the majority of the worst-polluting refineries are located near communities that have lower-than-average income and a higher-than-average proportion of non-White residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A further NPR analysis of the data finds even more stark inequities: some types of water pollution are concentrated overwhelmingly in communities where people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, about three-quarters of the nitrogen, selenium and dissolved solid pollution from oil refineries came from facilities that are surrounded by neighborhoods that are home to people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA declined to comment on the report or on NPR’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new pollution data reinforce what people who live in the shadows of refineries experience every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not surprised at all,” says John Beard, a former city council member in Port Arthur, Texas and current director of the local environmental group the Port Arthur Community Action Network. The Gulf Coast city is crisscrossed by bayous and other waterways, and is home to multiple major refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beard says the pollution is obvious. “You can see the [oil] sheen on the water,” he explains. Sometimes the water smells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is affecting places where some people make their living fishing,” he explains. Others fish recreationally or as a regular source of food, and Beard worries that some aquatic species may not be safe for human consumption if the water is contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many waterways near petrochemical facilities have signs warning residents not to touch or fish in the water, but it can be unclear which areas are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beard worked for 38 years at petrochemical facilities in the area, and says the supposed economic benefits for local workers – especially Black people and other people of color who live next to the refineries – are outweighed by the costs to human health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981365\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"An image of the city of Port Arthur in Texas and oil refineries seen in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Port Arthur, Texas is home to several refineries that release pollutants into local waterways. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t build these [refineries] in Beverly Hills, or River Oaks or Madison Avenue. They don’t build them in communities of affluence.” he says. Instead communities that have faced generations of systemic racism also live with polluted air and water. “We pay a severe price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Federal rules about water pollution from oil refineries are outdated\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s water pollution regulations for oil refineries were established in 1985 and don’t cover many pollutants, Schaeffer says. In the nearly 40 years since then, there have been major advances in wastewater treatment methods, he argues, and the Clean Water Act requires the agency to update its pollution limits accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody thinks that a rotary phone is the best available technology for making a phone call in 2023,” Schaeffer says. “That same thinking was applied in the Clean Water Act. As treatment methods improve, the standards are supposed to get tighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Congress approved a modest increase in the EPA’s budget for enforcement of existing environmental regulations. The EPA has not indicated any plans to update its limits on water pollution from oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oil+refineries+release+lots+of+water+pollution+near+communities+of+color%2C+data+show&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oil refineries release billions of pounds of pollution annually into waterways, and that pollution disproportionately affects people of color, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://environmentalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Refinery-water-pollution-report-EMBARGOED-until-1.26.23.pdf\">new analysis\u003c/a> of Environmental Protection Agency regulatory data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pollution includes heavy metals, nitrogen and other compounds that can kill aquatic animals, feed harmful algae and make waterways dangerous for humans to fish in, swim in or even touch. The pollution affects communities across the country, but is especially concentrated along the Gulf Coast, in California and near Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new findings underscore health and environmental dangers across fossil fuel operations, from the wellhead to pipelines, refineries and consumer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report was published by the Environmental Integrity Project, an independent watchdog group that routinely analyzes public data collected by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a highly polluting industry discharging large volumes of wastewater,” says Eric Schaeffer, executive director the Environmental Integrity Project, and former director of the EPA’s Office of Civil Enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report authors examined EPA water pollution data from 2019 to 2021 for 81 major refineries across the country – about two thirds of all refineries operating in the U.S. Refineries are required to tell the government how much pollution they release into waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most refineries included in the analysis reported releasing extra pollution, beyond what they are legally permitted to. But less than a quarter of those with violations were penalized by the EPA, the data show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a chronic problem with enforcement of the [Clean] Water Act,” Schaeffer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ExxonMobil, which operates some of the largest refineries in the country including multiple facilities that the report found are among the largest emitters of key pollutants, declined to comment specifically about its operations. Instead, the company referred NPR to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.afpm.org/issues/environment\">general environmental statement\u003c/a> by the American Fuel & Petroleum Manufacturers trade group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have preserved and protected land and water resources by implementing waste management programs and adhering to federal guidelines that govern effluent discharge, hazardous waste disposal and other priority areas,” the AFPM statement reads. “We have made great progress in environmental stewardship under the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and many other environmental regulations, and continue to innovate to evolve our operations and products.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Most of the pollution is happening near communities of color\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., people with less power have consistently been exposed to more pollution, whether it’s excess air pollution from highways and factories, drinking water contamination, exposure to lead paint or polluted lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That trend shows up clearly in the new report, which finds that the majority of the worst-polluting refineries are located near communities that have lower-than-average income and a higher-than-average proportion of non-White residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A further NPR analysis of the data finds even more stark inequities: some types of water pollution are concentrated overwhelmingly in communities where people of color live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, about three-quarters of the nitrogen, selenium and dissolved solid pollution from oil refineries came from facilities that are surrounded by neighborhoods that are home to people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA declined to comment on the report or on NPR’s findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new pollution data reinforce what people who live in the shadows of refineries experience every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not surprised at all,” says John Beard, a former city council member in Port Arthur, Texas and current director of the local environmental group the Port Arthur Community Action Network. The Gulf Coast city is crisscrossed by bayous and other waterways, and is home to multiple major refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beard says the pollution is obvious. “You can see the [oil] sheen on the water,” he explains. Sometimes the water smells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is affecting places where some people make their living fishing,” he explains. Others fish recreationally or as a regular source of food, and Beard worries that some aquatic species may not be safe for human consumption if the water is contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many waterways near petrochemical facilities have signs warning residents not to touch or fish in the water, but it can be unclear which areas are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beard worked for 38 years at petrochemical facilities in the area, and says the supposed economic benefits for local workers – especially Black people and other people of color who live next to the refineries – are outweighed by the costs to human health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981365\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981365\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"An image of the city of Port Arthur in Texas and oil refineries seen in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/fema-11_custom-badfa6654d37795d9572c52d7d2d6dfc9ab0bdeb-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Port Arthur, Texas is home to several refineries that release pollutants into local waterways. \u003ccite>(Ryan Kellman/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They don’t build these [refineries] in Beverly Hills, or River Oaks or Madison Avenue. They don’t build them in communities of affluence.” he says. Instead communities that have faced generations of systemic racism also live with polluted air and water. “We pay a severe price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Federal rules about water pollution from oil refineries are outdated\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s water pollution regulations for oil refineries were established in 1985 and don’t cover many pollutants, Schaeffer says. In the nearly 40 years since then, there have been major advances in wastewater treatment methods, he argues, and the Clean Water Act requires the agency to update its pollution limits accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody thinks that a rotary phone is the best available technology for making a phone call in 2023,” Schaeffer says. “That same thinking was applied in the Clean Water Act. As treatment methods improve, the standards are supposed to get tighter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, Congress approved a modest increase in the EPA’s budget for enforcement of existing environmental regulations. The EPA has not indicated any plans to update its limits on water pollution from oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oil+refineries+release+lots+of+water+pollution+near+communities+of+color%2C+data+show&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "State Regulators Scrutinize Climate Plan for Controversial Richmond Housing Development",
"headTitle": "State Regulators Scrutinize Climate Plan for Controversial Richmond Housing Development | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The new year is a make-or-break moment for a Richmond housing development atop a contaminated former waterfront site once owned by the global pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans for \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/4028/Campus-Bay-Mixed-Use-Project\">developing as many as 4,000 units\u003c/a> on the site have survived scrutiny by officials and legal challenges from environmental groups; the Richmond City Council approved the development years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last summer, state regulators asked the company to examine whether \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/deliverable_documents/5503620982/20220615%20MEETING%20NOTES%20-%20SEA-LEVEL%20RISE%20EVALUATION%20CHECK%20IN.pdf\">future sea level rise pushing up groundwater should alter the cleanup remedies (PDF)\u003c/a> for the hazardous site before development begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science of sea level rise is progressing, we’re listening to the community, and we’re saying we want more evaluation,” Ian Utz, project manager for the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, or DTSC, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz also tasked two independent researchers to analyze the \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/community_involvement/4072705924/20220907%20ZENECA%20SLR%20EVALUATION.pdf\">company’s site-wide sea level rise evaluation (PDF)\u003c/a>. AstraZeneca determined that by the year 2050, the site would incur no negative impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two scientists found the company’s conclusions inadequate. Their analysis, which KQED reviewed, shows that \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/final_documents2?global_id=07280002&enforcement_id=60534305\">rising sea levels could surface buried contaminants\u003c/a> and expose future residents to them.[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Eduardo Martinez, mayor of Richmond']‘If you make a mess in the corner, you don’t just leave it there; you clean it up. Otherwise, it becomes even more unusable.’[/pullquote]“This is a world-class scary cornucopia of chemicals, many of which will never degrade,” said Kristina Hill, director of the Institute for Urban and Regional Development at UC Berkeley. “It just seems to me on its face to be an injustice and, frankly, stupid to put housing on a contaminated site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz will soon issue his revisions to the cleanup plan and outline next steps for the project, just as Eduardo Martinez, a new progressive mayor, takes over Richmond with the goal of forcing the company to haul away the contaminated soil, rather than the city’s current plan of removing some and capping the remainder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a mess in the corner, you don’t just leave it there; you clean it up. Otherwise, it becomes even more unusable,” Martinez said.[pullquote size='medium' align='left' citation='Marisol Cantú, Richmond Progressive Alliance ']‘I could see community members and environmental justice advocates, laying themselves down human-chain-style to make sure that no bulldozers pass.’[/pullquote]The 87-acre field of weeds and rubble with a view of Treasure Island, downtown San Francisco, the Berkeley shoreline and the Bay Bridge was once Stauffer Chemical. Climate models show this acreage nearly surrounded by water in just a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company dumped iron pyrite cylinders into the marsh near the site and made pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeneca Corp., now called AstraZeneca, purchased the site in the 1980s. The company manufactured sulfuric acid and pesticides and closed the site in 1997; shortly after, the federal government deemed it a Superfund site. The developer, HRP Campus Bay Property LLC, did not return KQED emails for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981084 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman wearing a light blue jean jacket and a grey terry cloth skirt holds a sign reading, 'Safe Refineries, Save Lives.' She is wearing a wide brimmed grey hat and has red hair. Picketers with other white signs stand behind her. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marisol Cantú walks with Chevron refinery employees and their supporters in front of Gate 14 at the Richmond refinery on April 7, 2022, to protest for worker safety and higher pay. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Community resistance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Local climate activists, like 34-year-old Marisol Cantú with the Richmond Progressive Alliance, said that a developer building homes on a toxic site will only further environmental injustice and compromise the health of residents in this city of nearly 90% people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are unaware because I think they are simply trying to survive,” said Cantú of buried contaminants like lead and benzene. She organizes a youth-led climate justice podcast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.richmondlisteningproject.org/\">Richmond Listening Project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell them there’s a contaminated site, and the [city] wants to build residential housing on it, they’re flabbergasted,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If construction begins on the housing development and there’s still contamination in the soil, Cantú said advocates will protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could see community members and environmental justice advocates, laying themselves down human-chain-style to make sure that no bulldozers pass,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two decades of community pushback against the development project have made the AstraZeneca site one of the highest-profile sites in the region. Hundreds, if not thousands, of polluted areas litter the shoreline. Developers are pursuing plans to build homes or businesses above many of these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979614/for-these-black-bayview-hunters-point-residents-reparations-include-safeguarding-against-rising-toxic-contamination\">like the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, cities are under pressure to build more homes because of the region’s critical need for affordable housing. The struggle at the Richmond site is an example of the growing challenge of developing the shoreline where the Bay Area’s industrial past intersects with its climate future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tips of San Francisco buildings are in the background. A marsh and a buddy bay shore are in the middle and pink flowers are out of focus in the front of the image. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco skyline can be seen at the South Richmond Marshes on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LeBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘My community is not prepared’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the late 1990s, Eric Blum built a tan two-story cinder block photography studio a block away from what looked like an abandoned field. It was the perfect spot for his product and nature photography studio — an industrial zone off Interstate 580.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum’s adult children explored the marsh south of AstraZeneca when they were young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, his family was in awe of the colors in the water, soil and a short cliff rising out of the marsh — a mix of purple, apricot and amber hues that almost mirrored the color of the sunset over the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A white-haired man wearing a dark blue hoody and blue jeans stands next to a chain link fence. On the other side of the fence is a green weedy field with geese foraging on it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Blum owns a photography studio one block away from the AstraZeneca site. He says a plume of gases has moved off-site to the edge of his property. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the coming years, he realized some of those vibrant colors were from the contamination, and should have been a kind of skull-and-crossbones warning sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My kids walked around the marsh because it was beautiful,” he said. “I didn’t find out until later it was arsenic and heavy metals flowing around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/profile_report?global_id=07280002\">The company paid consultants to conduct a human health assessment in 2008\u003c/a> that found that cleanup workers could be exposed to contaminants while doing remediation work but that residents living off-site had a low likelihood of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AstraZeneca isn’t the only hazardous site in Richmond; there are 115 toxic spots across the city of 115,000 people, according to a KQED review of state contamination records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sites include a chemical laboratory where gases, like chloroform, are seeping up through cracks in the building’s foundation from polluted groundwater underneath the property; and gases, heavy metals, fumigants and pesticides have permeated groundwater, soil and surface water at Chevron’s Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young Richmond residents of color, like 18-year-old climate activist Lizbeth Ibarra, have called for the complete cleanup of contaminated sites like AstraZeneca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My generation and future generations are going to be the ones left to deal with even worse consequences than we’re already experiencing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ibarra, a member of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youthvsapocalypse.org/lizbeth-ibarra\">Youth Vs. Apocalypse\u003c/a>, is sounding an alarm bell over climate issues in her hometown. She says people here often don’t have much time to consider future climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My community is not prepared, or even really aware of sea level rise and what can happen because I know a lot of us are working-class people who are just trying to survive,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981083 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with long black hair and black rimmed glasses kneels in a seaweed filled area of rock. She's wearing a pink shirt and ripped blue jeans at the knees. Water and hills are in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lizbeth Ibarra, a leader with Youth Vs. Apocalypse, sits near the bay at the Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline park in Richmond on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘We’re stuck because of a political maneuver’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A marsh and a narrow bike trail separate the toxic site from the bay. It’s clear why developers want to turn this patch of land into shoreline housing. The property, filled with yellow flowers and shades of green shrubbery, is beautiful, with the Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco skylines in view and the natural allure of the bayfront: Birds, porpoises and crabs fill the water below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents, advocates and scientists are worried about keeping hazardous chemicals out of the natural environment. Those impacts were detailed in a study from 2012, conducted by UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory and UC Santa Barbara researchers, which found that \u003ca href=\"https://jcaa.org/news/references/Fish_Endocrine_Disruption%20in%20Saltmarsh%5b1%5d.pdf\">chemicals leaking into the marsh at the edge of the site have given fish tumors and altered their sexual anatomy (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, the Richmond City Council approved a cleanup plan proposed by the state to remove portions of the contaminated soil and cap the rest with a protective seal above ground. The partial cleanup was not the preferred option of many residents like Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re stuck because of a political maneuver,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Butt was the city’s mayor until this month. He pushed for the project and said he was “comfortable” with the DTSC and council-approved plan to leave toxics under a residential housing development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Housing is our biggest need statewide and region-wide right now, and this would go a long way toward fulfilling that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981085\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981085 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A chain link fence with a sign reading, 'Caution: Hazardous Substances Area. Unauthorized persons keep out.' Behind the fence is a yellow and green weed filled filed and a dirt road. Wispy white clouds fill the blue sky. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The AstraZeneca site closed in the late ’90s. For more than two decades, advocates have fought to make sure the site is fully cleaned up before it can be ready for development. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Groundwater is the conveyor belt for the chemicals’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/community_involvement/4072705924/20220907%20ZENECA%20SLR%20EVALUATION.pdf\">The company-led sea level rise evaluation (PDF)\u003c/a> prepared by consultants found that there will be no negative impacts from rising seas by the year 2050. Still, the developer might have to modify an underground barrier to treat groundwater before it reaches the bay by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Hill and University of Arkansas geosciences professor Kevin Befus, who worked on projects for the U.S. Geological Survey modeling groundwater in the Bay Area, reviewed the evaluation for DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill’s critique of the AstraZeneca study centers on the model the company’s consultants used to examine rising groundwater, which took a profile of the existing water table and raised it as “if it were frozen in shape.”[pullquote size='medium' citation='Ian Utz, project manager, California Department of Toxic Substances Control']‘We’re going to follow where the science leads us. The sea level rise evaluation is not a one-and-done thing.’[/pullquote]That’s like a “cartoon version” of how liquid moves, she said. “Groundwater isn’t like ice; it’s going to leak out to the sides. It won’t rise in some areas as much. In others, it may rise a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other independent reviewer, Befus, said his main concern is that the company’s report primarily focused on flooding hazards and not on how rising groundwater will affect contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is the conveyor belt for the chemicals,” he said, adding that DTSC should further look at how sea level rise will alter the hydrology under the site. “[The company’s] approach is just not useful for saying which direction chemicals are going to flow. Are they going to flow faster with sea level rise? That’s just not how their model was built.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clear and easy-to-understand map of how water moves underground should be “absolutely required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing the due diligence now to make sure that 100 years from now, it isn’t someone else’s big headache, a big expense and doesn’t threaten people’s lives, I think that’s hugely important,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, AstraZeneca officials said the company is awaiting a response from DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new state regulator scrutinizes old cleanup plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When DTSC hired the 27-year-old Utz as the new project manager at the AstraZeneca site in 2021, some residents were nervous. For years, they had pressed local leaders and state regulators for stronger cleanup plans at the site to little avail. They were worried a new project lead would only mean more of the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that skepticism began to disappear when Utz asked Hill and Befus to review the sea level rise analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re overjoyed to see this new guy,” said Robert Cheasty, executive director of the group Citizens for East Shore Parks and one of the lawyers behind several lawsuits over the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community advocates like environmental attorney Stuart Flashman have failed to stop the project or force a more stringent cleanup through litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s the first person I’ve seen in a position of authority that’s saying, ‘You know what? We got to follow the science,’” said Flashman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz said he would issue revisions to the company-led evaluation sometime this month. For now, he won’t say whether the cleanup plan will change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to follow where the science leads us,” he told KQED in November. “The sea level rise evaluation is not a one-and-done thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Toxics in the ground are mixing like ‘a big ball of spaghetti’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On an abnormally cold October day, Hill and two of her graduate students gathered around a dappled ivory- and gray-colored table eight miles from the toxic site in a lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill, with short blond hair and wearing a tan motorcycle jacket, characterized the toxics in the ground in Richmond as “a big ball of spaghetti” and said the company should thoroughly clean up the site before it is redeveloped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group has mapped potential plumes of toxic contamination, and Hill said they are likely moving in multiple directions toward sewer lines, businesses and a neighborhood of tract homes southwest of the Superfund site. The group has not measured for contamination in sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981197 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-800x456.png\" alt=\"A white map showcasing sewer lines in the town of Richmond next to the a blue area representing the San Francisco Bay. Thin black lines showcase chemicals potentially moving underground. \" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-800x456.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1020x582.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-160x91.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-768x438.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1536x876.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1920x1095.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions.png 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The thin black lines in the middle of the map reveal how groundwater flows from high to low elevations; contaminants are lighter than water and float, moving in the same direction. UC Berkeley researchers found that the contaminants are likely already moving toward homes, sewer lines and the bay. \u003ccite>(Kristina Hill, Justin Thomas/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The toxics are also potentially moving because of the topography below the site. AstraZeneca sits above a historic, compacted riverbed, one of a bunch of fingers of an old river valley that meanders underneath Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody living on one of those fingers is going to be more affected by groundwater than people who live off of those fingers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum’s Richmond photography studio, a block from the site, sits above one of the fingers of this old riverbed. He’s worried contaminants are inching toward his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be afraid of the soil I work on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A DTSC-led groundwater remediation project could clean up the plume, but it’s still in the design phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981080 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing a blue shirt with yellow letters holds a white sign reading, 'Strike against Chevron.' A stoplight and fading blue skies are behind him. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eduardo Martinez walks the picket line along with striking Chevron employees and their supporters during a strike for worker safety in front of Gate 14 at the Richmond refinery on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The precautionary principle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wearing a brilliant blue T-shirt with “Vote for Eduardo for Mayor” inscribed in a mustard hue, Martinez walked a thin strip of asphalt separating the bay from the toxic site last April. His wispy gray hair flounced in the wind whipping off the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always operate on the precautionary principle, which says that nothing should be there until it’s all cleaned up,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 100% cleanup is the mission of the 73-year-old. He said he aims to reverse the City Council’s decision under the previous mayor for a lesser cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mayor controls the narrative, and I intend to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that industry buried pollution in the soil is a symptom of the lack of care for communities of color like Richmond, according to UC Davis American Studies professor Javier Arbona, who lives in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The disposability of this landscape is linked to white supremacy,” he said. “I keep thinking of this as a site where there is so much human sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temporary cap over the contaminated soil hides a legacy of devaluing the land and the people who live and work on it, he said, walking along the barbed fence line surrounding the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caring for each other also means thinking about the cleanliness of these sites, their preservation and access to these places,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Requiring a complete cleanup of the AstraZeneca site would be a form of repair for past wrongs and would prevent future harm to people and the environment, in his view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could show that victories are attainable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The new year is a make-or-break moment for a controversial Richmond housing development atop a contaminated former waterfront site owned by the global pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.",
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"description": "The new year is a make-or-break moment for a controversial Richmond housing development atop a contaminated former waterfront site owned by the global pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.",
"title": "State Regulators Scrutinize Climate Plan for Controversial Richmond Housing Development | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The new year is a make-or-break moment for a Richmond housing development atop a contaminated former waterfront site once owned by the global pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plans for \u003ca href=\"https://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/4028/Campus-Bay-Mixed-Use-Project\">developing as many as 4,000 units\u003c/a> on the site have survived scrutiny by officials and legal challenges from environmental groups; the Richmond City Council approved the development years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last summer, state regulators asked the company to examine whether \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/deliverable_documents/5503620982/20220615%20MEETING%20NOTES%20-%20SEA-LEVEL%20RISE%20EVALUATION%20CHECK%20IN.pdf\">future sea level rise pushing up groundwater should alter the cleanup remedies (PDF)\u003c/a> for the hazardous site before development begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The science of sea level rise is progressing, we’re listening to the community, and we’re saying we want more evaluation,” Ian Utz, project manager for the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, or DTSC, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz also tasked two independent researchers to analyze the \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/community_involvement/4072705924/20220907%20ZENECA%20SLR%20EVALUATION.pdf\">company’s site-wide sea level rise evaluation (PDF)\u003c/a>. AstraZeneca determined that by the year 2050, the site would incur no negative impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the two scientists found the company’s conclusions inadequate. Their analysis, which KQED reviewed, shows that \u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/final_documents2?global_id=07280002&enforcement_id=60534305\">rising sea levels could surface buried contaminants\u003c/a> and expose future residents to them.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“This is a world-class scary cornucopia of chemicals, many of which will never degrade,” said Kristina Hill, director of the Institute for Urban and Regional Development at UC Berkeley. “It just seems to me on its face to be an injustice and, frankly, stupid to put housing on a contaminated site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz will soon issue his revisions to the cleanup plan and outline next steps for the project, just as Eduardo Martinez, a new progressive mayor, takes over Richmond with the goal of forcing the company to haul away the contaminated soil, rather than the city’s current plan of removing some and capping the remainder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a mess in the corner, you don’t just leave it there; you clean it up. Otherwise, it becomes even more unusable,” Martinez said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The 87-acre field of weeds and rubble with a view of Treasure Island, downtown San Francisco, the Berkeley shoreline and the Bay Bridge was once Stauffer Chemical. Climate models show this acreage nearly surrounded by water in just a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company dumped iron pyrite cylinders into the marsh near the site and made pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeneca Corp., now called AstraZeneca, purchased the site in the 1980s. The company manufactured sulfuric acid and pesticides and closed the site in 1997; shortly after, the federal government deemed it a Superfund site. The developer, HRP Campus Bay Property LLC, did not return KQED emails for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981084 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman wearing a light blue jean jacket and a grey terry cloth skirt holds a sign reading, 'Safe Refineries, Save Lives.' She is wearing a wide brimmed grey hat and has red hair. Picketers with other white signs stand behind her. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55026_010_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marisol Cantú walks with Chevron refinery employees and their supporters in front of Gate 14 at the Richmond refinery on April 7, 2022, to protest for worker safety and higher pay. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Community resistance\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Local climate activists, like 34-year-old Marisol Cantú with the Richmond Progressive Alliance, said that a developer building homes on a toxic site will only further environmental injustice and compromise the health of residents in this city of nearly 90% people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are unaware because I think they are simply trying to survive,” said Cantú of buried contaminants like lead and benzene. She organizes a youth-led climate justice podcast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.richmondlisteningproject.org/\">Richmond Listening Project.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell them there’s a contaminated site, and the [city] wants to build residential housing on it, they’re flabbergasted,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If construction begins on the housing development and there’s still contamination in the soil, Cantú said advocates will protest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could see community members and environmental justice advocates, laying themselves down human-chain-style to make sure that no bulldozers pass,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two decades of community pushback against the development project have made the AstraZeneca site one of the highest-profile sites in the region. Hundreds, if not thousands, of polluted areas litter the shoreline. Developers are pursuing plans to build homes or businesses above many of these, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1979614/for-these-black-bayview-hunters-point-residents-reparations-include-safeguarding-against-rising-toxic-contamination\">like the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, cities are under pressure to build more homes because of the region’s critical need for affordable housing. The struggle at the Richmond site is an example of the growing challenge of developing the shoreline where the Bay Area’s industrial past intersects with its climate future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tips of San Francisco buildings are in the background. A marsh and a buddy bay shore are in the middle and pink flowers are out of focus in the front of the image. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55410_008_KQED_EduardoMartinezRichmond_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Francisco skyline can be seen at the South Richmond Marshes on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LeBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘My community is not prepared’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the late 1990s, Eric Blum built a tan two-story cinder block photography studio a block away from what looked like an abandoned field. It was the perfect spot for his product and nature photography studio — an industrial zone off Interstate 580.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum’s adult children explored the marsh south of AstraZeneca when they were young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, his family was in awe of the colors in the water, soil and a short cliff rising out of the marsh — a mix of purple, apricot and amber hues that almost mirrored the color of the sunset over the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981137\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A white-haired man wearing a dark blue hoody and blue jeans stands next to a chain link fence. On the other side of the fence is a green weedy field with geese foraging on it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1560-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Blum owns a photography studio one block away from the AstraZeneca site. He says a plume of gases has moved off-site to the edge of his property. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the coming years, he realized some of those vibrant colors were from the contamination, and should have been a kind of skull-and-crossbones warning sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My kids walked around the marsh because it was beautiful,” he said. “I didn’t find out until later it was arsenic and heavy metals flowing around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/profile_report?global_id=07280002\">The company paid consultants to conduct a human health assessment in 2008\u003c/a> that found that cleanup workers could be exposed to contaminants while doing remediation work but that residents living off-site had a low likelihood of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AstraZeneca isn’t the only hazardous site in Richmond; there are 115 toxic spots across the city of 115,000 people, according to a KQED review of state contamination records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These sites include a chemical laboratory where gases, like chloroform, are seeping up through cracks in the building’s foundation from polluted groundwater underneath the property; and gases, heavy metals, fumigants and pesticides have permeated groundwater, soil and surface water at Chevron’s Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young Richmond residents of color, like 18-year-old climate activist Lizbeth Ibarra, have called for the complete cleanup of contaminated sites like AstraZeneca.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My generation and future generations are going to be the ones left to deal with even worse consequences than we’re already experiencing,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ibarra, a member of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youthvsapocalypse.org/lizbeth-ibarra\">Youth Vs. Apocalypse\u003c/a>, is sounding an alarm bell over climate issues in her hometown. She says people here often don’t have much time to consider future climate impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My community is not prepared, or even really aware of sea level rise and what can happen because I know a lot of us are working-class people who are just trying to survive,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981083 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with long black hair and black rimmed glasses kneels in a seaweed filled area of rock. She's wearing a pink shirt and ripped blue jeans at the knees. Water and hills are in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55222_003_KQED_LizbethIbarraRichmond_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lizbeth Ibarra, a leader with Youth Vs. Apocalypse, sits near the bay at the Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline park in Richmond on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘We’re stuck because of a political maneuver’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A marsh and a narrow bike trail separate the toxic site from the bay. It’s clear why developers want to turn this patch of land into shoreline housing. The property, filled with yellow flowers and shades of green shrubbery, is beautiful, with the Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco skylines in view and the natural allure of the bayfront: Birds, porpoises and crabs fill the water below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But residents, advocates and scientists are worried about keeping hazardous chemicals out of the natural environment. Those impacts were detailed in a study from 2012, conducted by UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory and UC Santa Barbara researchers, which found that \u003ca href=\"https://jcaa.org/news/references/Fish_Endocrine_Disruption%20in%20Saltmarsh%5b1%5d.pdf\">chemicals leaking into the marsh at the edge of the site have given fish tumors and altered their sexual anatomy (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, the Richmond City Council approved a cleanup plan proposed by the state to remove portions of the contaminated soil and cap the rest with a protective seal above ground. The partial cleanup was not the preferred option of many residents like Blum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re stuck because of a political maneuver,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Butt was the city’s mayor until this month. He pushed for the project and said he was “comfortable” with the DTSC and council-approved plan to leave toxics under a residential housing development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Housing is our biggest need statewide and region-wide right now, and this would go a long way toward fulfilling that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981085\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981085 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A chain link fence with a sign reading, 'Caution: Hazardous Substances Area. Unauthorized persons keep out.' Behind the fence is a yellow and green weed filled filed and a dirt road. Wispy white clouds fill the blue sky. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/IMG_1728-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The AstraZeneca site closed in the late ’90s. For more than two decades, advocates have fought to make sure the site is fully cleaned up before it can be ready for development. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>‘Groundwater is the conveyor belt for the chemicals’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/community_involvement/4072705924/20220907%20ZENECA%20SLR%20EVALUATION.pdf\">The company-led sea level rise evaluation (PDF)\u003c/a> prepared by consultants found that there will be no negative impacts from rising seas by the year 2050. Still, the developer might have to modify an underground barrier to treat groundwater before it reaches the bay by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s Hill and University of Arkansas geosciences professor Kevin Befus, who worked on projects for the U.S. Geological Survey modeling groundwater in the Bay Area, reviewed the evaluation for DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill’s critique of the AstraZeneca study centers on the model the company’s consultants used to examine rising groundwater, which took a profile of the existing water table and raised it as “if it were frozen in shape.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘We’re going to follow where the science leads us. The sea level rise evaluation is not a one-and-done thing.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>That’s like a “cartoon version” of how liquid moves, she said. “Groundwater isn’t like ice; it’s going to leak out to the sides. It won’t rise in some areas as much. In others, it may rise a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other independent reviewer, Befus, said his main concern is that the company’s report primarily focused on flooding hazards and not on how rising groundwater will affect contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Groundwater is the conveyor belt for the chemicals,” he said, adding that DTSC should further look at how sea level rise will alter the hydrology under the site. “[The company’s] approach is just not useful for saying which direction chemicals are going to flow. Are they going to flow faster with sea level rise? That’s just not how their model was built.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clear and easy-to-understand map of how water moves underground should be “absolutely required.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Doing the due diligence now to make sure that 100 years from now, it isn’t someone else’s big headache, a big expense and doesn’t threaten people’s lives, I think that’s hugely important,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, AstraZeneca officials said the company is awaiting a response from DTSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A new state regulator scrutinizes old cleanup plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When DTSC hired the 27-year-old Utz as the new project manager at the AstraZeneca site in 2021, some residents were nervous. For years, they had pressed local leaders and state regulators for stronger cleanup plans at the site to little avail. They were worried a new project lead would only mean more of the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that skepticism began to disappear when Utz asked Hill and Befus to review the sea level rise analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re overjoyed to see this new guy,” said Robert Cheasty, executive director of the group Citizens for East Shore Parks and one of the lawyers behind several lawsuits over the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Community advocates like environmental attorney Stuart Flashman have failed to stop the project or force a more stringent cleanup through litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s the first person I’ve seen in a position of authority that’s saying, ‘You know what? We got to follow the science,’” said Flashman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utz said he would issue revisions to the company-led evaluation sometime this month. For now, he won’t say whether the cleanup plan will change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to follow where the science leads us,” he told KQED in November. “The sea level rise evaluation is not a one-and-done thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Toxics in the ground are mixing like ‘a big ball of spaghetti’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On an abnormally cold October day, Hill and two of her graduate students gathered around a dappled ivory- and gray-colored table eight miles from the toxic site in a lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill, with short blond hair and wearing a tan motorcycle jacket, characterized the toxics in the ground in Richmond as “a big ball of spaghetti” and said the company should thoroughly clean up the site before it is redeveloped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her group has mapped potential plumes of toxic contamination, and Hill said they are likely moving in multiple directions toward sewer lines, businesses and a neighborhood of tract homes southwest of the Superfund site. The group has not measured for contamination in sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981197 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-800x456.png\" alt=\"A white map showcasing sewer lines in the town of Richmond next to the a blue area representing the San Francisco Bay. Thin black lines showcase chemicals potentially moving underground. \" width=\"800\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-800x456.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1020x582.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-160x91.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-768x438.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1536x876.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions-1920x1095.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/Hill-and-Thomas-2022-Groundwater-flow-directions-and-sewer-line-locations-for-Richmond-south-shoreline-sites-present-conditions.png 2002w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The thin black lines in the middle of the map reveal how groundwater flows from high to low elevations; contaminants are lighter than water and float, moving in the same direction. UC Berkeley researchers found that the contaminants are likely already moving toward homes, sewer lines and the bay. \u003ccite>(Kristina Hill, Justin Thomas/UC Berkeley)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The toxics are also potentially moving because of the topography below the site. AstraZeneca sits above a historic, compacted riverbed, one of a bunch of fingers of an old river valley that meanders underneath Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody living on one of those fingers is going to be more affected by groundwater than people who live off of those fingers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum’s Richmond photography studio, a block from the site, sits above one of the fingers of this old riverbed. He’s worried contaminants are inching toward his property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to be afraid of the soil I work on,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A DTSC-led groundwater remediation project could clean up the plume, but it’s still in the design phase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981080 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A man wearing a blue shirt with yellow letters holds a white sign reading, 'Strike against Chevron.' A stoplight and fading blue skies are behind him. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS55037_023_KQED_ChevronRefineryStrike_04072022-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eduardo Martinez walks the picket line along with striking Chevron employees and their supporters during a strike for worker safety in front of Gate 14 at the Richmond refinery on April 7, 2022. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The precautionary principle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Wearing a brilliant blue T-shirt with “Vote for Eduardo for Mayor” inscribed in a mustard hue, Martinez walked a thin strip of asphalt separating the bay from the toxic site last April. His wispy gray hair flounced in the wind whipping off the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always operate on the precautionary principle, which says that nothing should be there until it’s all cleaned up,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 100% cleanup is the mission of the 73-year-old. He said he aims to reverse the City Council’s decision under the previous mayor for a lesser cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mayor controls the narrative, and I intend to do that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that industry buried pollution in the soil is a symptom of the lack of care for communities of color like Richmond, according to UC Davis American Studies professor Javier Arbona, who lives in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The disposability of this landscape is linked to white supremacy,” he said. “I keep thinking of this as a site where there is so much human sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The temporary cap over the contaminated soil hides a legacy of devaluing the land and the people who live and work on it, he said, walking along the barbed fence line surrounding the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Caring for each other also means thinking about the cleanliness of these sites, their preservation and access to these places,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Requiring a complete cleanup of the AstraZeneca site would be a form of repair for past wrongs and would prevent future harm to people and the environment, in his view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could show that victories are attainable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Heavy Rain Is Still Hitting California. A Few Reservoirs Figured Out How to Capture More for Drought",
"headTitle": "Heavy Rain Is Still Hitting California. A Few Reservoirs Figured Out How to Capture More for Drought | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite several weeks of torrential rain and flooding, California is still facing a severe multi-year drought. That has many people thinking about how to better capture winter floodwaters to last through the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An innovative approach at two California reservoirs could help boost the state’s water supply, potentially marking a larger shift from decades-old water management approaches to a system that can quickly adapt to precipitation in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are rules that, at face value, seem perplexing to many Californians. Even in a chronically dry state, reservoirs are not allowed to fill up in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the late fall and winter, most are required to release water if they get too full, sometimes emptying out almost by half. That’s because the empty space is crucial if an intense storm hits. Reservoirs collect runoff and prevent it from flooding downstream cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in some years, reservoirs preemptively empty out with little need if no major storms materialize. That means valuable water is lost for potentially drier months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sites, Folsom Reservoir and Lake Mendocino, are rethinking this by using weather forecasts to guide their operations. Instead of sticking to set rules, they only empty out if a major storm is forecasted for the days ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of major storms that have hit California, known as atmospheric rivers, is providing a key test for these systems. Water experts say it’s showing that “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">forecast-informed” reservoir operations\u003c/a> have the potential to reshape how water is stored across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-2048x1339.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1920x1255.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have to use every drop of water that much more effectively,” says Marty Ralph, director for the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “There’s not much to spare, and we need to do the best we can to use that water efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making water decisions in real-time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most reservoirs have two jobs that are completely at odds with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, reservoirs need to be as full as possible to provide water for people and wildlife. On the other, staying empty ensures they can safely handle the runoff from major storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are huge for walking that line. If a dam is overwhelmed, potentially hundreds of thousands of people risk being flooded downstream. Stay too empty, and cities and agriculture run short of water when a drought hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, reservoirs used fixed rules to guide those decisions, most created decades ago before human-induced climate change began fueling extreme weather. At Folsom Reservoir outside Sacramento, California, the water level could only reach 60 percent full in the winter. If more water flowed in, it had to be released. Some winters, where major storms stopped arriving, that water could have been safely stored and used later during the long, dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">many years of study\u003c/a>, water managers remade that system in 2019, working with the federal Army Corps of Engineers which is responsible for flood safety. Now, the reservoir can stay 20 percent fuller in the winter, though not completely full. Then, if a major storm appears, the reservoir makes space by releasing water three to five days ahead of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when the dams were built, it was a pretty wise choice in my opinion not to use weather forecasts because they weren’t very good,” Ralph says. “But now with satellites and radars and models and science, there’s been a lot of improvements so it seems sensible to give it a try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981244\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows lake level conditions surrounding Granite Bay Main Beach at Folsom Lake in Placer County, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-2048x1296.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1920x1215.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By using flexible rules, Folsom Lake outside Sacramento, California could hold onto 20 percent more water by the summer, helping the state with its severe drought. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key is spotting atmospheric rivers, massive plumes of moisture that stretch hundreds of miles across the Pacific. Predicting where they’ll land in California is crucial for forecasting how much runoff a reservoir will see. The relentless storms hitting the state this winter means water managers are continually recalibrating how much water Folsom Reservoir can hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re constantly rerunning these ensemble forecasts for river flows,” says Drew Lessard, who manages Folsom Reservoir at the Central California office of the Bureau of Reclamation. “So it’s working as intended, but it’s certainly pretty dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Western reservoirs looking at dynamic methods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Closer to the Bay Area, Lake Mendocino is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/firo\">also using forecast-informed operations\u003c/a>. A handful of other California reservoirs are in the process of studying it as well. The federal Bureau of Reclamation, the largest provider of water for utilities in the country, says it’s looking into other places where it might be a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate is changing, hydrology is changing, weather patterns are changing,” says David Raff, chief engineer at the Bureau of Reclamation. “In addition to that, the demand for water is increasing in the Western United States. When you put those things together, there is a significant interest to optimize operations in all of our reservoirs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method may not be a good fit in all Western reservoirs, however. Some are affected by other weather patterns or melting snow that’s harder to predict than California’s weather. Other reservoirs, like on the Colorado River, have the capacity to hold so much water that releasing water during the flood season isn’t much of an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts say as the climate gets hotter, Western water managers will need to use real-time data to be more responsive to the changing conditions. California is expected to see more “weather whiplash,” the abrupt swings from extreme dry periods to extreme floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Longer droughts, deeper droughts and bigger storms between them,” Ralph says. “That’s what Mother Nature is going to deliver us under a warmer climate. So we need to prepare. There’s a lot at stake and these are methods that could really help us with climate adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heavy+rain+is+still+hitting+California.+A+few+reservoirs+figured+out+how+to+capture+more+for+drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Decades-old rules mean most reservoirs aren't allowed to fill up in the winter. A new approach using weather forecasts is helping some save more water to help with California's drought.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite several weeks of torrential rain and flooding, California is still facing a severe multi-year drought. That has many people thinking about how to better capture winter floodwaters to last through the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An innovative approach at two California reservoirs could help boost the state’s water supply, potentially marking a larger shift from decades-old water management approaches to a system that can quickly adapt to precipitation in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are rules that, at face value, seem perplexing to many Californians. Even in a chronically dry state, reservoirs are not allowed to fill up in the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the late fall and winter, most are required to release water if they get too full, sometimes emptying out almost by half. That’s because the empty space is crucial if an intense storm hits. Reservoirs collect runoff and prevent it from flooding downstream cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, in some years, reservoirs preemptively empty out with little need if no major storms materialize. That means valuable water is lost for potentially drier months ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sites, Folsom Reservoir and Lake Mendocino, are rethinking this by using weather forecasts to guide their operations. Instead of sticking to set rules, they only empty out if a major storm is forecasted for the days ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of major storms that have hit California, known as atmospheric rivers, is providing a key test for these systems. Water experts say it’s showing that “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">forecast-informed” reservoir operations\u003c/a> have the potential to reshape how water is stored across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-768x502.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-2048x1339.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-1920x1255.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have to use every drop of water that much more effectively,” says Marty Ralph, director for the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “There’s not much to spare, and we need to do the best we can to use that water efficiently.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making water decisions in real-time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most reservoirs have two jobs that are completely at odds with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, reservoirs need to be as full as possible to provide water for people and wildlife. On the other, staying empty ensures they can safely handle the runoff from major storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stakes are huge for walking that line. If a dam is overwhelmed, potentially hundreds of thousands of people risk being flooded downstream. Stay too empty, and cities and agriculture run short of water when a drought hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, reservoirs used fixed rules to guide those decisions, most created decades ago before human-induced climate change began fueling extreme weather. At Folsom Reservoir outside Sacramento, California, the water level could only reach 60 percent full in the winter. If more water flowed in, it had to be released. Some winters, where major storms stopped arriving, that water could have been safely stored and used later during the long, dry summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/03/18/469799456/in-california-dealing-with-a-drought-and-preparing-for-a-flood\">many years of study\u003c/a>, water managers remade that system in 2019, working with the federal Army Corps of Engineers which is responsible for flood safety. Now, the reservoir can stay 20 percent fuller in the winter, though not completely full. Then, if a major storm appears, the reservoir makes space by releasing water three to five days ahead of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Back when the dams were built, it was a pretty wise choice in my opinion not to use weather forecasts because they weren’t very good,” Ralph says. “But now with satellites and radars and models and science, there’s been a lot of improvements so it seems sensible to give it a try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981244\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981244\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows lake level conditions surrounding Granite Bay Main Beach at Folsom Lake in Placer County, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1020x646.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1536x972.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-2048x1296.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/2023_01_06_kj_0080_folsom_lake_custom-fe2aefafcdbe3180e688c7e4f59b5a32bcfea412-1920x1215.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By using flexible rules, Folsom Lake outside Sacramento, California could hold onto 20 percent more water by the summer, helping the state with its severe drought. \u003ccite>(Kenneth James/California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key is spotting atmospheric rivers, massive plumes of moisture that stretch hundreds of miles across the Pacific. Predicting where they’ll land in California is crucial for forecasting how much runoff a reservoir will see. The relentless storms hitting the state this winter means water managers are continually recalibrating how much water Folsom Reservoir can hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re constantly rerunning these ensemble forecasts for river flows,” says Drew Lessard, who manages Folsom Reservoir at the Central California office of the Bureau of Reclamation. “So it’s working as intended, but it’s certainly pretty dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Western reservoirs looking at dynamic methods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Closer to the Bay Area, Lake Mendocino is \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomawater.org/firo\">also using forecast-informed operations\u003c/a>. A handful of other California reservoirs are in the process of studying it as well. The federal Bureau of Reclamation, the largest provider of water for utilities in the country, says it’s looking into other places where it might be a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate is changing, hydrology is changing, weather patterns are changing,” says David Raff, chief engineer at the Bureau of Reclamation. “In addition to that, the demand for water is increasing in the Western United States. When you put those things together, there is a significant interest to optimize operations in all of our reservoirs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method may not be a good fit in all Western reservoirs, however. Some are affected by other weather patterns or melting snow that’s harder to predict than California’s weather. Other reservoirs, like on the Colorado River, have the capacity to hold so much water that releasing water during the flood season isn’t much of an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water experts say as the climate gets hotter, Western water managers will need to use real-time data to be more responsive to the changing conditions. California is expected to see more “weather whiplash,” the abrupt swings from extreme dry periods to extreme floods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Longer droughts, deeper droughts and bigger storms between them,” Ralph says. “That’s what Mother Nature is going to deliver us under a warmer climate. So we need to prepare. There’s a lot at stake and these are methods that could really help us with climate adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heavy+rain+is+still+hitting+California.+A+few+reservoirs+figured+out+how+to+capture+more+for+drought&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate change is causing the weather around the world to get more extreme, and scientists are increasingly able to pinpoint exactly how the weather is changing as the Earth heats up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">new report\u003c/a> by top climate scientists and meteorologists describes how climate change drove unprecedented heat waves, floods and droughts in recent years. The annual report from the American Meteorological Society (AMS) compiles the leading science about the role of climate change in extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a reminder that the risk of extreme events is growing, and they’re affecting every corner of the world,” says Sarah Kapnick, the chief scientist at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1132796190/faq-whats-at-stake-at-the-cop27-global-climate-negotiations\">already about 2 degrees Fahrenheit hotter\u003c/a> than it was in the late 1800s, and scientists warn that humans must cut greenhouse gas emissions in half this decade to avoid catastrophic warming later this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to understand and predict the effects of a hotter Earth is to look for the fingerprints of climate change on extreme weather events such as floods, heat waves and droughts. The last decade has seen huge leaps forward for the field known as extreme-event attribution science, which uses statistics and climate models to detect global warming’s impact on weather disasters. The extreme drought in California and Nevada in 2021, for example, was six times more likely because of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big takeaways from the new report is that heat waves that used to be virtually impossible are increasingly likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Extreme heat events are more extreme than ever,” says Stephanie Herring, one of the authors of the report and a scientist at NOAA. “Research is showing they’re likely to become the new normal in the not so distant future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2021 parts of South Korea experienced average temperatures that were 7 degrees Fahrenheit higher than average. In the past, that would have been an exceedingly rare heat wave – something that would never occur twice in a millennium, let alone in a person’s lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/103/12/BAMS-D-22-0124.1.xml\">scientists found\u003c/a> that if humans do not dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such heat waves in South Korea will be the new norm by 2060.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection between \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/23/1136809782/climate-change-is-making-the-weather-more-severe-why-dont-most-forecasts-mention\">climate change and heat waves\u003c/a> is particularly well-understood and documented, in part because rising temperatures are relatively simple to measure and predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other types of weather are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/07/07/1107814440/researchers-can-now-explain-how-climate-change-is-affecting-your-weather\">more complex\u003c/a>. Climate change affects hurricanes, for instance, in many ways, from changing the temperature of the air and the water, to potentially affecting wind patterns and ocean currents. For that reason, scientists tend to focus on individual effects of a storm, such as coastal flooding from storm surge and sea level rise or inland flooding from abnormally heavy rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such floods are particularly dangerous when they occur at the same time. Hurricane Ian brought both extreme storm surge and extreme rain to Florida last year, which led to deadly and destructive flooding across a huge swath of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AMS report highlights these so-called compound events, where climate change causes two extreme things to happen at the same time, because they can have such profound effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compound events lead to exacerbated impacts,” explains Andrew Hoell, a scientist at NOAA who studies such disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The megadrought in the Western U.S. is a prime example, Hoell says. The drought was caused by simultaneous extreme heat and lack of precipitation. That, in turn, causes a cascade of other hazards, including more wildfire risk and ecological destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how climate change will affect extreme weather in the future, and how common these types of disasters will become as the Earth continues to heat up, is crucial for elected officials and business leaders, says Kapnick, the chief scientist at NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists at her agency are prioritizing research that people can use to make long-term financial investments and infrastructure choices in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that such research \u003ca href=\"https://ametsoc.net/eee/2021_22/AcceptedMS_BAMS-D-22-0214.pdf\">can help people prepare\u003c/a> for a hotter future is by informing decisions about how to manage reservoirs, aquifers and other water resources in places that face increasingly frequent and severe droughts, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+change+makes+heat+waves%2C+storms+and+droughts+worse%2C+climate+report+confirms&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate change is causing the weather around the world to get more extreme, and scientists are increasingly able to pinpoint exactly how the weather is changing as the Earth heats up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/explaining-extreme-events-from-a-climate-perspective/\">new report\u003c/a> by top climate scientists and meteorologists describes how climate change drove unprecedented heat waves, floods and droughts in recent years. The annual report from the American Meteorological Society (AMS) compiles the leading science about the role of climate change in extreme weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a reminder that the risk of extreme events is growing, and they’re affecting every corner of the world,” says Sarah Kapnick, the chief scientist at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1132796190/faq-whats-at-stake-at-the-cop27-global-climate-negotiations\">already about 2 degrees Fahrenheit hotter\u003c/a> than it was in the late 1800s, and scientists warn that humans must cut greenhouse gas emissions in half this decade to avoid catastrophic warming later this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to understand and predict the effects of a hotter Earth is to look for the fingerprints of climate change on extreme weather events such as floods, heat waves and droughts. 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Climate change affects hurricanes, for instance, in many ways, from changing the temperature of the air and the water, to potentially affecting wind patterns and ocean currents. For that reason, scientists tend to focus on individual effects of a storm, such as coastal flooding from storm surge and sea level rise or inland flooding from abnormally heavy rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such floods are particularly dangerous when they occur at the same time. Hurricane Ian brought both extreme storm surge and extreme rain to Florida last year, which led to deadly and destructive flooding across a huge swath of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AMS report highlights these so-called compound events, where climate change causes two extreme things to happen at the same time, because they can have such profound effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compound events lead to exacerbated impacts,” explains Andrew Hoell, a scientist at NOAA who studies such disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The megadrought in the Western U.S. is a prime example, Hoell says. The drought was caused by simultaneous extreme heat and lack of precipitation. That, in turn, causes a cascade of other hazards, including more wildfire risk and ecological destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how climate change will affect extreme weather in the future, and how common these types of disasters will become as the Earth continues to heat up, is crucial for elected officials and business leaders, says Kapnick, the chief scientist at NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says scientists at her agency are prioritizing research that people can use to make long-term financial investments and infrastructure choices in a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that such research \u003ca href=\"https://ametsoc.net/eee/2021_22/AcceptedMS_BAMS-D-22-0214.pdf\">can help people prepare\u003c/a> for a hotter future is by informing decisions about how to manage reservoirs, aquifers and other water resources in places that face increasingly frequent and severe droughts, the report notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Climate+change+makes+heat+waves%2C+storms+and+droughts+worse%2C+climate+report+confirms&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution",
"headTitle": "When the State Cut Their Water, These California Users Created a Collaborative Solution | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom stood at a podium placed on the sandy bottom of Lake Mendocino, a basin built to hold more than 20 billion gallons of water. It was spring, which meant that the reservoir should have held water from the winter rains that in past decades provided water to millions of Californians. Instead, on this afternoon in 2021, the ground was dry and cracked. Newsom was there to declare a drought emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is intensifying both the frequency and the severity of dry periods,” he said. It was time for California to prepare for “what may be a prolonged drought at our doorstep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state is contending with its driest three-year period on record. The lake reservoir where Newsom set his declaration supplies water to the Russian River, which in turn provides water for 600,000 people and to some of California’s best-known wineries. Now, the watershed and the reservoir where this drought began have become the proving ground for an innovative water agreement that aims to make more of scarce supplies. Creators say the program could become a prototype for accords elsewhere in the state and in the West, a beacon of collaboration in a place where water can be contentious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working through the state’s convoluted water rights system, the novel agreement inked this summer allows water users to voluntarily conserve. The water left over can be passed on to other users in the area who have less priority and who, without the program, may have been left with nothing. Very generally, in a normal year, users with older water rights are allowed first priority, and in times of shortage, junior users are the first to be cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the project ran for about four weeks of the growing season, an abbreviated test run that allowed some grape growers to keep plants alive after years of scrimping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it was for only a few more weeks than the previous year, for a farmer, particularly, that can be make or break,” said Elizabeth Salomone, general manager of the Russian River Flood Control and Water Conservation Improvement District, which has contracts to disburse water from Lake Mendocino and the Russian River to farmers and water suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An order to reduce flows further upstream shut the program down early, but the agreement’s architects hope to keep it ready to run again next year as they plan for the potential of another dry winter in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>After privation, working together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A few months after Newsom stood at the bottom of Lake Mendocino, water rights attorney Philip Williams recalls sitting in his law office, surrounded by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and framed paintings commemorating his time serving in the Army. He was logged onto a state court website, ready to sue California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My finger was on the trigger,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1981171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png\" alt=\"California Gov. Gavin Newsome has implemented a conservation program to provide water from Lake Mendocimo and the Russian River to drought-stricken wineries, farms and 600,000 area residents\" width=\"700\" height=\"820\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px.png 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RussianRiverSantaRosaCA700px-160x187.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2021, the state board that controls California water rights warned that Lake Mendocino was at a critically low level. Later in the summer, to prevent the reservoir from running dry, the state ordered thousands of users to stop diverting water from several rivers, a policy known as curtailment. The state even cut the rights for Ukiah, a town of about 20,000 in rural wine country with senior water rights that is one of Williams’ clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The attorney thought the restrictions were wrong. Ukiah, which had access to recycled water and groundwater, wasn’t in danger of running out of supplies. But the town wanted to help other communities that didn’t have the same backup. The disagreement took Williams to the brink of legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a lawyer by trade, litigation wasn’t Williams’ preferred remedy. A veteran who served in Iraq, Williams felt the war was an institutional failure. Though his tour was decades ago, taking the state to court felt similar to him — parties have long sued over water, yet the fights over water supplies continued. He thought there was a better path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program is a way to show that we can get out of that cycle,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Salomone, the state water board had floated the potential for alternatives to curtailment back in 2020, suggesting in a meeting with water providers and users in the Russian River watershed that they devise some type of sharing program for constrained supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, those types of agreements are exceedingly rare. A complex rights system governs water, designating who can pull from underground supplies, rivers and state-run reservoirs and canals at certain times. Williams also remembers the board raising the idea, on a call he took while driving. Others on the call met the proposal with silence, which he read as surprise. Water supplies reached severe lows before any such agreement could be hatched, and then came the curtailments in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukiah was far from the only user upset by the policy, which affected thousands of rights holders, including municipalities and farms. In Redwood Valley, a community north of Ukiah that purchases most of its water, residents were each limited to 55 gallons per day, an amount the state sets for human health and safety needs. Some reported showering with rainwater collected from their roofs. Ukiah trucked water to the coast, where restaurants could only serve water on request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When users in the watershed got together in the fall to discuss solutions, the pain of those cuts and earlier ones remained fresh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was still a lot of bruising among the community,” said Salomone, who attended the meetings and helped coordinate the agreement. “So it took us a while to get the ball rolling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state hired a facilitator to help water users work together. Over the next several months, state regulators, water users, suppliers, tribes and city representatives including Williams met once a week, with many members gathering even more frequently in smaller groups. After months of negotiations, they unveiled a voluntary sharing agreement designed to avoid the cuts many of them had just experienced. Users signed up, agreed to conserve a certain amount based on previous usage and shared the extra water with more junior users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water users accounting for about 42% of the watershed’s demand participated, which felt like a success to the organizers of an unproven program. Contributors like Salomone see it as a way to bend the inflexibility of California water law to modern conditions influenced by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It does provide a creative mentality of looking at solutions that are locally driven and collaborative,” said Devon Jones, executive director at the Mendocino County Farm Bureau, a grower membership organization where Jones estimates about three-quarters of the work is water-related. “That in itself is an improvement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Appreciating a bit of leeway as supplies dry up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California gets three-quarters of its precipitation in the months between November and March. Some of that falls as snow, which melts and eventually runs from the mountains down to the ocean. But in recent years, winters have been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cusp of December this year, Lake Mendocino looked about as empty as it did in April 2021 when Newsom made his announcement. Residents walked their dogs on the reservoir’s floor, and craggy rocks marked a historic shoreline yards above the lake’s exposed bottom. Part of the reason the basin is so dry is because of a lack of rain. Climate change is making precipitation patterns in California more erratic, increasing temperatures and melting snow earlier, which makes the state drier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With precipitation growing more inconsistent, users have had to look to other supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Ukiah, where Lake Mendocino is located, concrete basins on the edge of town can hold up to 66 million gallons of recycled water, enough to supply roughly 30% of the city’s annual use and to provide nitrogen-rich water to nearby farms. Ukiah spent $34 million to build the facility, which came online in 2019. At the end of August, the basins that hold the recycled stores were completely empty, said Sean White, Ukiah’s director of water and sewer resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson Family Wines, one of the largest wine companies in the U.S., is recycling water, too. The company, which has vineyards across California, Oregon and abroad, now reuses water for washing wine barrels. In lean years, growers will also lop off weaker grape clusters to leave resources for more promising ones, or water just enough to keep vines alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other users rely on groundwater. The Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians, which owns sovereign land south of Ukiah and grows grapes on nearby vineyards, muscled through the last few years of drought using only wells. Though it supports the water sharing agreement, the Tribe didn’t sign on because it had sufficient water for its needs this year, said Christopher Ott, the Tribe’s environmental director. The Tribe will consider participating in future years if the program continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the sharing program began in July, it offered greater water supply for participants. Big wineries like Sutter Home and Gallo and cities including Ukiah and Healdsburg joined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants said the program offered a bit of leeway amid more state water curtailments. In 2021, for example, Healdsburg was forced to stop nearly all irrigation. This year, the agreement allowed the city 10% to 20% more water, according to Terry Crowley, the city’s utilities director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carolyn Wasem, senior vice president for government relations and external affairs at Jackson Family Wines, said the company was able to extend its growing weeks when water was available. “We had one more month of water or two more months of water than we would have had otherwise,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which to me was the ultimate goal,” said Susanne Zechiel, the company’s vice president for environmental regulatory compliance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agreement functioned for just a few weeks before it hit a snag: a federal commission ordered a reduction in water flows through a hydroelectric project and into Lake Mendocino. The reduced flows lowered the amount of water available to downstream users participating in the agreement. In August, the state put the program on indefinite hiatus and told participants that many of them would have to adhere to the very cuts they had tried to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order was intended to protect water storage levels and habitat for fish. But for many associated with the water sharing agreement, the change in flows was a frustrating wrinkle in an already complex process. It’s unclear when and if flows will increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barring any change in California’s drought emergency, the agreement officially ends at the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration was nothing short of remarkable, said Sam Boland-Brien, a program manager at the state water board who helped set it in motion, and it could help other areas dealing with scarce water — even within restrictive water rights systems — to look at sharing. In Nevada, a recent Supreme Court ruling green-lighted a plan in which farmers and ranchers will work to reduce use and can trade the water left over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, many expect the program to get a second shot next year. Its creators are working on a report to the state about how to improve the agreement for 2023.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody looked at each other and said, ‘I’m better off with you than without you, and the only way we’re all going to get through the drought is if we work together and we share,” said Laurel Marcus, who helped develop the agreement and operates a certification program called Fish Friendly Farming in nine California counties. “I don’t know how many places that can happen, but I bet a lot of the rural West can do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/\">Inside Climate News\u003c/a> is a nonprofit, independent news organization that covers climate, energy and the environment. Sign up for the ICN newsletter \u003ca href=\"https://insideclimatenews.org/newsletter/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Jobs Boom Anticipated Following Offshore Wind Auction",
"headTitle": "California Jobs Boom Anticipated Following Offshore Wind Auction | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> in California and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Hunerlach, a building trades union leader based in Humboldt County, doesn’t represent any maritime workers — but he expects a windfall of new jobs for his members from two clusters of wind turbines planned on floating platforms 20 miles off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the turbines are unlikely to generate power for another decade, the transformation of 80 acres of waterfront land in Humboldt into a hub for offshore wind operators and their vessels is imminent following a federal lease auction earlier this month. Similar work will be needed in Morro Bay, onshore from three clusters of wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work starts now,” said Hunerlach, district representative at Operating Engineers Local No. 3 and local leader of 16 affiliated locals representing a variety of trades laborers. “For Humboldt this means growing the middle class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joining the chorus of environmental groups that celebrated the results of the lease auctions were unions representing electricians, laborers and other trades — groups that for decades were frequently at odds with the green movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Substantial new waterfront infrastructure will be needed at Humboldt and Morro Bay to bring electricity from offshore wind turbines onto shore, where it will power homes, electric vehicles and industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Humboldt port, Hunerlach anticipates that hundreds of union workers will be employed during construction, with additional permanent jobs once the facility is running. Statewide, he expects that the number of jobs created to support the new industry will be in the “tens of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind farm development rights were secured by large energy companies already developing wind farms on the East Coast, where shallower waters allow for the use of traditional tower-based designs. Some of the winning bidders are transitioning or expanding from fossil fuel to clean energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981159\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981159 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"A blue graphic with a gray map of California. Turbines are located off the state's northern and central coast. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The floating platforms would be located about 20 miles off the state’s coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On an overall basis for offshore wind, we see the U.S. market as one of the top one or two markets globally that we’ll be investing in over the next decade and a half,” said Sam Eaton, a U.S.-based executive at RWE, a German energy company founded more than a century ago that secured the rights to build one of the wind farms off Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we focused in on the floating offshore wind space, California’s option really put the U.S. right at the forefront,” Eaton said. “It’s one of the first to hit the kind of scale that we’re talking about and sets up the Western part of the country extremely well to be a hub for the industry globally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Best wind potential\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While offshore wind power is a significant component of energy industries in Europe and Asia, just a handful of turbines are currently generating power in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A belated offshore wind farming boom along the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, aided by international technology and know-how. Offshore wind energy is also being considered for Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore wind farming off the West Coast is complicated by the closeness to shore of the steep continental shelf. Waters viable for wind farming are too deep for the towers that hold most offshore turbines in place worldwide. The wind farms off California will be among the first in the world to float on giant platforms tethered to the seafloor and connected to land through electrical cables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to build out the new industry will create jobs while providing federal incentives for developers to invest in coastal communities where new infrastructure will be needed. The efforts are, however, creating clashes with fishing fleets fretful not only of losing hunting grounds, but of broader impacts on their quarry from the new approach to renewables generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981066 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut.jpg\" alt=\"An older man who appears to be of both white and Asian ancestry, with close-cropped gray hair and a black hoodie pictured below-deck of a boat on a bright yet cloudy, glare-y day.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-768x960.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1229x1536.jpg 1229w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1638x2048.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dick Ogg is a commercial fisherman based out of Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Aryk Copley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to throw billions of dollars into something that we don’t really know what the impact is going to be,” said Dick Ogg, a commercial fisherman of crab, albacore, black cod and rockfish. He’s based out of Bodega Bay but chases salmon from the state’s North Coast south to Morro Bay, which is another quiet part of California where an infrastructure boom is planned to get electricity from offshore wind turbines to land-based power customers. “We’d like to see a project that is smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishing fleets nationally are angry about what they say is a lack of consultation with them by wind developers and by the federal government, with hundreds of lobstermen in Maine attending protests about plans there. Tribes, too, say their members are being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re asking developers to simply view us for what we are: sovereign nations,” said Frankie Myers, vice chairman of the Yurok Tribe, who for thousands of years have lived on the redwood coast and along the Klamath River in what is now northwestern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yurok tribal leaders spoke with half a dozen potential developers in advance of California’s offshore wind auction, but Myers said they weren’t consulted by RWE or the other auction winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers said the worst impacts would be visual, viewed from sacred high country, particularly at night during ceremonies that include prayers. But he said the tribe also worries about unknown effects of rapid development in what has long been a quiet region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last thing we want to do is destroy the environment in the process of trying to save it.” Myers said. “This gung ho approach of having a single-minded goal is exactly how that happens. We have to look at this. We have to weigh every step. That’s what we do as tribal people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RWE’s Eaton said the company had held off on engaging with groups like fishing fleets and tribes in California until it had won a lease at auction. “We’re prepared to begin those dialogues very soon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Princeton University modeled a variety of pathways that could see the U.S. reach net carbon neutrality by 2050, meaning the nation would stop being a net climate polluter by that point. Without offshore wind, it would technically be possible to reach “net zero” by 2050, but that would be “more expensive than tapping into the abundant strong wind potential that’s right off our shores,” said Jesse Jenkins, a member of Princeton’s \u003ca href=\"https://netzeroamerica.princeton.edu/?explorer=pathway&state=national&table=e-positive&limit=200\">Net-Zero America project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best wind potential in the country, if not the world, is off the Northern California and Southern Oregon coast,” Jenkins said. “It’s an important resource that the region is looking to tap into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Net-Zero America project didn’t consider potential wave energy generation because it isn’t yet commercially viable, Jenkins said the heavy chop of the Pacific Ocean could eventually be used to produce this additional form of clean ocean energy — perhaps operating off the same floating platforms as wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are several companies working to develop wave energy,” Jenkins said. “It’s very difficult to build things that can survive the pummeling of West Coast waves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cornerstone of ambitious plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>State renewable energy mandates in California and elsewhere have for years spurred planning of offshore wind farming, with the goal of replacing power plants that generate the pollution responsible for climate change. More recently the federal government under President Joe Biden has been working to open up additional offshore waters for potential leases and to eliminate development bottlenecks imposed by the pro-fossil-fuel Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators have charted an ambitious path to dramatically reducing planet-warming emissions over the next two decades, which Gov. Gavin Newsom has said will “spur an economic transformation akin to the industrial revolution” and create a “pollution-free future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit clean energy targets that are among the most ambitious in the world, California will have to foster the construction of renewable generating capacity faster than ever before. The state is relying on robust offshore wind development in this plan, and it wants to see 5 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity installed by 2030, which would be roughly equivalent to the output of eight or 10 natural gas power plants. The goal quadruples by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is working to overcome workforce and technological barriers that could hinder the new industry, and it’s banking on rapid global innovation to push wind farms into deeper waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Floating platforms are going through a period of great innovation,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://turnforward.org/about/\">Turn Forward\u003c/a>, which aims to accelerate the build-out of offshore wind farms nationally. Gas-and-oil drillers already use floating turbines, and some of those designs are being adapted for wind farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting to see a variety of different innovations, a number of different designs,” McClellan said. “We’ll start to see which of these are going to rise to the top in terms of usage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While floating technology is essential for building wind turbines along California’s coast, it in many ways could turn out to be superior to the fixed-tower turbines that currently dominate the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because building further offshore, where floating technology would be required even along the East Coast and along other shallower coastlines, reaches stronger winds while reducing potential conflicts with fishing fleets. It can also ease concerns of residents and tourism operators about impacts of wind farms on ocean views. “There’s higher wind speeds in deeper waters,” McLellan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981064 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Blue water with small white turbines photographed from the sky. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This aerial photograph taken on June 16, 2022, shows a wind turbine farm in the Baltic Sea, northeast of the island of Rügen in Germany. \u003ccite>(Fred Tanneau/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Some environmental risks, many benefits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Assessing the likely environmental impacts of floating wind generation is difficult “because there’s not an awful lot of it in the world,” said Andrea Copping, an oceanographer at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. After spending a decade investigating likely impacts, she said, “I think the risks are reasonably small and manageable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the turbines will be so far out to sea, there would be fewer threats of turbine blades striking land-based birds and bats, Copping said. And tethering of platforms to the seafloor should cause fewer harms than the installation of towers, which require extensive pile driving that can harm whales and other wildlife by creating underwater booms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more platforms you put out there, you increase the risk incrementally with each one,” Copping said. “If I have concerns at all, it’s probably looking 30 or 40 years in the future with many, many things out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts aside, some environmentalists are leery at the presence of fossil fuel companies in the growing offshore wind sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell is a joint-venture partner on a wind farm planned off the coast of New Jersey, which is leading efforts on the East Coast to attract offshore wind farm manufacturing and other facilities to its shores. Other gas and oil giants like BP registered to bid for last week’s auction, though none emerged as auction winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Tittel, a veteran New Jersey environmentalist and former president of the state’s Sierra Club chapter, points out that many of the wind developers setting up operations in the U.S. retain extensive fossil fuel operations, which he says erodes trust. RWE, for example, operates natural-gas-fired power plants across Western Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I kind of get it, that energy companies want to diversify, like they used to be coal, and then they went into oil and then they went into wind and solar,” Tittel said. “Does that mean that they’re willing to go to 100% renewable and put their other businesses out of business? That’s why I say there’s a trust issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981065 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Men in orange, yellow, gray shirts and hard hats stand in front of a crane. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Hunerlach (far left), district representative at Operating Engineers Local No. 3, photographed here with the Golden State Bridge operating engineers. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jeff Hunerlach)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For unions, working for fossil fuel companies is nothing new. What’s new for them are vast workforce opportunities in a fast-emerging industry — one that’s slowing the destruction of a livable climate, instead of contributing to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a climate change issue,” said Hunerlach, the union official in Humboldt County. “We’re really excited to be able to be part of this historic new industry.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Efforts to build out the new industry will create jobs while providing federal incentives for developers to invest in coastal communities where new infrastructure will be needed.",
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"title": "California Jobs Boom Anticipated Following Offshore Wind Auction | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a collaboration between \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> in California and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Hunerlach, a building trades union leader based in Humboldt County, doesn’t represent any maritime workers — but he expects a windfall of new jobs for his members from two clusters of wind turbines planned on floating platforms 20 miles off the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the turbines are unlikely to generate power for another decade, the transformation of 80 acres of waterfront land in Humboldt into a hub for offshore wind operators and their vessels is imminent following a federal lease auction earlier this month. Similar work will be needed in Morro Bay, onshore from three clusters of wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The work starts now,” said Hunerlach, district representative at Operating Engineers Local No. 3 and local leader of 16 affiliated locals representing a variety of trades laborers. “For Humboldt this means growing the middle class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joining the chorus of environmental groups that celebrated the results of the lease auctions were unions representing electricians, laborers and other trades — groups that for decades were frequently at odds with the green movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Substantial new waterfront infrastructure will be needed at Humboldt and Morro Bay to bring electricity from offshore wind turbines onto shore, where it will power homes, electric vehicles and industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Humboldt port, Hunerlach anticipates that hundreds of union workers will be employed during construction, with additional permanent jobs once the facility is running. Statewide, he expects that the number of jobs created to support the new industry will be in the “tens of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind farm development rights were secured by large energy companies already developing wind farms on the East Coast, where shallower waters allow for the use of traditional tower-based designs. Some of the winning bidders are transitioning or expanding from fossil fuel to clean energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981159\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981159 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"A blue graphic with a gray map of California. Turbines are located off the state's northern and central coast. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/kqed-graphic-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The floating platforms would be located about 20 miles off the state’s coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On an overall basis for offshore wind, we see the U.S. market as one of the top one or two markets globally that we’ll be investing in over the next decade and a half,” said Sam Eaton, a U.S.-based executive at RWE, a German energy company founded more than a century ago that secured the rights to build one of the wind farms off Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we focused in on the floating offshore wind space, California’s option really put the U.S. right at the forefront,” Eaton said. “It’s one of the first to hit the kind of scale that we’re talking about and sets up the Western part of the country extremely well to be a hub for the industry globally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Best wind potential\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While offshore wind power is a significant component of energy industries in Europe and Asia, just a handful of turbines are currently generating power in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A belated offshore wind farming boom along the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts is anticipated in the years and decades ahead, aided by international technology and know-how. Offshore wind energy is also being considered for Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offshore wind farming off the West Coast is complicated by the closeness to shore of the steep continental shelf. Waters viable for wind farming are too deep for the towers that hold most offshore turbines in place worldwide. The wind farms off California will be among the first in the world to float on giant platforms tethered to the seafloor and connected to land through electrical cables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to build out the new industry will create jobs while providing federal incentives for developers to invest in coastal communities where new infrastructure will be needed. The efforts are, however, creating clashes with fishing fleets fretful not only of losing hunting grounds, but of broader impacts on their quarry from the new approach to renewables generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981066 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut.jpg\" alt=\"An older man who appears to be of both white and Asian ancestry, with close-cropped gray hair and a black hoodie pictured below-deck of a boat on a bright yet cloudy, glare-y day.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-160x200.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-768x960.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1229x1536.jpg 1229w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61560_DSC01937-qut-1638x2048.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dick Ogg is a commercial fisherman based out of Bodega Bay. \u003ccite>(Aryk Copley/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to throw billions of dollars into something that we don’t really know what the impact is going to be,” said Dick Ogg, a commercial fisherman of crab, albacore, black cod and rockfish. He’s based out of Bodega Bay but chases salmon from the state’s North Coast south to Morro Bay, which is another quiet part of California where an infrastructure boom is planned to get electricity from offshore wind turbines to land-based power customers. “We’d like to see a project that is smaller.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishing fleets nationally are angry about what they say is a lack of consultation with them by wind developers and by the federal government, with hundreds of lobstermen in Maine attending protests about plans there. Tribes, too, say their members are being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re asking developers to simply view us for what we are: sovereign nations,” said Frankie Myers, vice chairman of the Yurok Tribe, who for thousands of years have lived on the redwood coast and along the Klamath River in what is now northwestern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yurok tribal leaders spoke with half a dozen potential developers in advance of California’s offshore wind auction, but Myers said they weren’t consulted by RWE or the other auction winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myers said the worst impacts would be visual, viewed from sacred high country, particularly at night during ceremonies that include prayers. But he said the tribe also worries about unknown effects of rapid development in what has long been a quiet region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last thing we want to do is destroy the environment in the process of trying to save it.” Myers said. “This gung ho approach of having a single-minded goal is exactly how that happens. We have to look at this. We have to weigh every step. That’s what we do as tribal people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RWE’s Eaton said the company had held off on engaging with groups like fishing fleets and tribes in California until it had won a lease at auction. “We’re prepared to begin those dialogues very soon,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Princeton University modeled a variety of pathways that could see the U.S. reach net carbon neutrality by 2050, meaning the nation would stop being a net climate polluter by that point. Without offshore wind, it would technically be possible to reach “net zero” by 2050, but that would be “more expensive than tapping into the abundant strong wind potential that’s right off our shores,” said Jesse Jenkins, a member of Princeton’s \u003ca href=\"https://netzeroamerica.princeton.edu/?explorer=pathway&state=national&table=e-positive&limit=200\">Net-Zero America project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best wind potential in the country, if not the world, is off the Northern California and Southern Oregon coast,” Jenkins said. “It’s an important resource that the region is looking to tap into.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Net-Zero America project didn’t consider potential wave energy generation because it isn’t yet commercially viable, Jenkins said the heavy chop of the Pacific Ocean could eventually be used to produce this additional form of clean ocean energy — perhaps operating off the same floating platforms as wind turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are several companies working to develop wave energy,” Jenkins said. “It’s very difficult to build things that can survive the pummeling of West Coast waves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A cornerstone of ambitious plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>State renewable energy mandates in California and elsewhere have for years spurred planning of offshore wind farming, with the goal of replacing power plants that generate the pollution responsible for climate change. More recently the federal government under President Joe Biden has been working to open up additional offshore waters for potential leases and to eliminate development bottlenecks imposed by the pro-fossil-fuel Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California air regulators have charted an ambitious path to dramatically reducing planet-warming emissions over the next two decades, which Gov. Gavin Newsom has said will “spur an economic transformation akin to the industrial revolution” and create a “pollution-free future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To hit clean energy targets that are among the most ambitious in the world, California will have to foster the construction of renewable generating capacity faster than ever before. The state is relying on robust offshore wind development in this plan, and it wants to see 5 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity installed by 2030, which would be roughly equivalent to the output of eight or 10 natural gas power plants. The goal quadruples by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is working to overcome workforce and technological barriers that could hinder the new industry, and it’s banking on rapid global innovation to push wind farms into deeper waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Floating platforms are going through a period of great innovation,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"https://turnforward.org/about/\">Turn Forward\u003c/a>, which aims to accelerate the build-out of offshore wind farms nationally. Gas-and-oil drillers already use floating turbines, and some of those designs are being adapted for wind farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re starting to see a variety of different innovations, a number of different designs,” McClellan said. “We’ll start to see which of these are going to rise to the top in terms of usage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While floating technology is essential for building wind turbines along California’s coast, it in many ways could turn out to be superior to the fixed-tower turbines that currently dominate the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because building further offshore, where floating technology would be required even along the East Coast and along other shallower coastlines, reaches stronger winds while reducing potential conflicts with fishing fleets. It can also ease concerns of residents and tourism operators about impacts of wind farms on ocean views. “There’s higher wind speeds in deeper waters,” McLellan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981064\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981064 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Blue water with small white turbines photographed from the sky. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61698_GettyImages-1241365168-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This aerial photograph taken on June 16, 2022, shows a wind turbine farm in the Baltic Sea, northeast of the island of Rügen in Germany. \u003ccite>(Fred Tanneau/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Some environmental risks, many benefits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Assessing the likely environmental impacts of floating wind generation is difficult “because there’s not an awful lot of it in the world,” said Andrea Copping, an oceanographer at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. After spending a decade investigating likely impacts, she said, “I think the risks are reasonably small and manageable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the turbines will be so far out to sea, there would be fewer threats of turbine blades striking land-based birds and bats, Copping said. And tethering of platforms to the seafloor should cause fewer harms than the installation of towers, which require extensive pile driving that can harm whales and other wildlife by creating underwater booms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more platforms you put out there, you increase the risk incrementally with each one,” Copping said. “If I have concerns at all, it’s probably looking 30 or 40 years in the future with many, many things out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Impacts aside, some environmentalists are leery at the presence of fossil fuel companies in the growing offshore wind sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell is a joint-venture partner on a wind farm planned off the coast of New Jersey, which is leading efforts on the East Coast to attract offshore wind farm manufacturing and other facilities to its shores. Other gas and oil giants like BP registered to bid for last week’s auction, though none emerged as auction winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Tittel, a veteran New Jersey environmentalist and former president of the state’s Sierra Club chapter, points out that many of the wind developers setting up operations in the U.S. retain extensive fossil fuel operations, which he says erodes trust. RWE, for example, operates natural-gas-fired power plants across Western Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I kind of get it, that energy companies want to diversify, like they used to be coal, and then they went into oil and then they went into wind and solar,” Tittel said. “Does that mean that they’re willing to go to 100% renewable and put their other businesses out of business? That’s why I say there’s a trust issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981065 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Men in orange, yellow, gray shirts and hard hats stand in front of a crane. \" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/RS61700_IMG_5344-15-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeff Hunerlach (far left), district representative at Operating Engineers Local No. 3, photographed here with the Golden State Bridge operating engineers. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jeff Hunerlach)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For unions, working for fossil fuel companies is nothing new. What’s new for them are vast workforce opportunities in a fast-emerging industry — one that’s slowing the destruction of a livable climate, instead of contributing to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a climate change issue,” said Hunerlach, the union official in Humboldt County. “We’re really excited to be able to be part of this historic new industry.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Saving Salmon: Chinook Return to California's Far North — With a Lot of Human Help",
"headTitle": "Saving Salmon: Chinook Return to California’s Far North — With a Lot of Human Help | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Chinook salmon haven’t spawned in the McCloud River for more than 80 years. But last summer, thousands of juveniles were born in the waters of this remote tributary, miles upstream of Shasta Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Chinook salmon — some now finger-sized smolts in mid-migration toward the Pacific Ocean — are part of a state and federal experiment that could help make the McCloud a salmon river once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter-run Chinook were federally listed as endangered in 1994, but recent years have been especially hard for the fish. Facing severe drought and warm river conditions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/agencies-planning-disaster-ca-salmon-if-2022-dry\">most winter-run salmon born naturally in the Sacramento River have perished\u003c/a> over the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So restoring Chinook to the McCloud has become an urgent priority for state and federal officials. In the first year of a drought-response project, about 40,000 salmon eggs were brought back to the McCloud, a picturesque river in the wilderness of the Cascade mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iconic in Northern California, Chinook salmon are critical pieces of the region’s environment. They are consumed by sea lions, orcas and bears, and they still support a commercial fishing industry. Chinook remain vital to the culture and traditional foods of Native Americans, including the Winnemem Wintu Tribe, whose historical salmon fishing grounds include the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation experts say the McCloud’s cold, clean water holds great promise as a potential Chinook refuge — and is perhaps even a future stronghold for the species. Restoring salmon there is considered critical to the species’ survival, since they now spawn only in low-lying parts of the Central Valley near Redding and Red Bluff, where it’s often too hot and dry for most newborn fish to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably won’t be able to maintain winter-run Chinook on the valley floor forever,” said Matt Johnson, senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981043\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows two hatchery juveniles (with copper tails) that were used to test efficiency of the trapping system and two that spent their early lives imprinting on McCloud River water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Johnson of the state Department of Fish and Wildlife measures four winter-run Chinook salmon as part of a trial to estimate the species’ production and survival. \u003ccite>(Eric Holmes/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Johnson spent much of the past five months camped beside the incubation site on the lower McCloud River, guarding the eggs and emerging fry and overseeing the experiment, which is a \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.ca.gov/News/partners-return-winter-run-chinook-salmon-eggs-to-mccloud-river\">collaboration between his agency, the National Marine Fisheries Service (also known as NOAA Fisheries), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Winnemem Wintu Tribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, biologists say, the project has gone well. About 90% of the eggs hatched, and the young fish reportedly have thrived in the McCloud, growing faster than hatchery fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent rainstorms have boosted \u003ca href=\"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/11377100/#parameterCode=00060&period=P7D\">river flows\u003c/a>, which may increase the odds that salmon will reach the ocean this year, escaping the dangerous water pumps and predators of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the first step in a long-term plan that may involve capturing adult winter-run Chinook in the lower Sacramento and transporting them to the McCloud to spawn. It’s a difficult and risky venture for the fish but it may be the best shot the species has at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winter run is headed for extinction, no question, if we don’t develop an artificial system for keeping it going,” said Peter Moyle, a fish biologist at UC Davis who has studied Central Valley fish since the 1970s. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SOS-II-Fish-in-Hot-Water-Report.pdf\">report warning that many of California’s native salmon and trout are likely to vanish this century (PDF)\u003c/a> as the environment warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetically unique run of salmon, winter-run Chinook once spawned in the McCloud in great numbers, along with other seasonal runs of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Peter Moyle, fish biologist, UC Davis']‘The winter run is headed for extinction, no question, if we don’t develop an artificial system for keeping it going.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the Central Valley’s river system, which includes the McCloud River, marks the southern limit of the Chinook’s range, it was once their stronghold. \u003ca href=\"https://cws.ucdavis.edu/library/historical-abundance-and-decline-chinook-salmon-central-valley-region-california\">Between 1 and 2 million fish\u003c/a>, some weighing 50 pounds or more, spawned in the tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers each year before the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish have dwindled to a fraction of their historic abundance. \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=84381&inline\">Spawning numbers of winter-run Chinook\u003c/a> dropped to fewer than 200 in the early 1990s. They’ve rebounded, but their future remains in doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McCloud — a state-designated wild and scenic river — used to offer prime habitat, with deep gravel beds for egg-laying and year-round flows of clean, cold water from Mount Shasta. Construction of Shasta Dam in the 1940s — and Keswick Dam shortly after — changed all this by \u003ca href=\"https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=ceebefd9685143daa5bf30d5a7e0c7fa\">locking ocean-run salmon out of some 500 miles of productive high-elevation habitat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon became confined instead to the lower reaches of the Sacramento River system, where they did not previously spawn. Blazing temperatures in the summer — when the winter-run fish lay and fertilize their eggs near Redding and Red Bluff — have made it difficult for salmon to thrive. Chinook, especially in their early life stages, are sensitive to high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only with the support of hatcheries have California salmon remained abundant enough to be fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River habitat for winter-run Chinook salmon has shrunk\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Juvenile Chinook salmon born in the McCloud River once migrated downstream, into the Sacramento River and out to the Pacific Ocean. Today, about 80% of the salmon’s historical river habitat is behind dams, which prevents the adult fish from swimming upstream to spawn. The state is mounting an experiment to return them to the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981045\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 740px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981045 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11.png\" alt=\"Color coded map of river habitat for winter-run chinook salmon.\" width=\"740\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11-160x121.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of river habitat for winter-run Chinook salmon. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For decades, fishing groups, agencies and Winnemem Wintu tribal leaders have pondered the possibility of reintroducing salmon into the McCloud. Finally, last spring and summer, after two poor spawning years in a row — and with a third one looking likely — federal and state agencies took action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year “temperature modeling going into the winter-run spawning season showed a lot of uncertainty — basically a 50-50 chance of being able to maintain suitable temperatures for winter-run eggs to develop in the river,” said Johnson of the Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A bumpy trip for precious salmon eggs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because winter-run Chinook are listed as endangered, fishery agencies are scrambling to save the fish. Last spring they transported about three dozen adult winter-run Chinook trapped at the base of Keswick Dam, just north of Redding, about 50 miles southeast to the north fork of Battle Creek, a tributary near Red Bluff where waters typically run cool and clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also launched a more complicated effort: They took winter-run Chinook eggs from adult fish at a federal salmon hatchery and transported them up and over Shasta Dam to a remote national forest campground next to the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in two batches of 20,000 — the first by truck on a bumpy, 80-mile ride. A helicopter delivered the second clutch. “We wanted to make sure the transportation phase went smoothly,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fertilized eggs were incubated in protective cages submerged in river water for weeks. The scientists even placed an electrified barrier around the eggs to protect them from foraging black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981046\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981046 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Rachel Johnson of NOAA Fisheries and state biologists Sam Funakoshi and Ross Schaefer check a trap for winter-run Chinook salmon that will be transported downstream of Keswick Dam to help them migrate to the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Johnson of NOAA Fisheries and state biologists Sam Funakoshi and Ross Schaefer check a trap for winter-run Chinook salmon that will be transported downstream of Keswick Dam to help them migrate to the ocean. \u003ccite>(Carson Jeffres/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of the 40,000 eggs, Johnson said, about 36,000 emerged as fry. In late summer, the biologists released them into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wanted the fish to spend time in McCloud, both to utilize its invertebrate food sources and to undergo the olfactory imprinting process that enables migrating adult salmon to find their birth streams years later. Indeed, it is this process that gives salmon their remarkable homing powers and would truly make these fish McCloud River salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an undisturbed ecosystem, the fish in the river would simply swim downstream, through San Francisco Bay, and out into the ocean. But this unique scenario, where a dam and reservoir block their migration, called on a different approach that required human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal scientists had to recapture the salmon and release them into the lower Sacramento River. The Fish and Wildlife team placed several traps on the McCloud about 20 miles below the release site and managed to capture 1,600 of them. They then drove the fish downstream and released them into the Sacramento River. If all goes well, some of the young salmon will return from the ocean in two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies plan to repeat the project next year, transporting more Chinook eggs up to the McCloud and again hauling the young fish back downstream. “We intend to do it again, and do it better,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To improve the program’s effectiveness, scientists are now addressing some unanswered questions from the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact/rachel-johnson-phd\">Rachel Johnson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center, wants to know how many of the salmon released at the incubation site made it as far downstream as the fish trap array. This will reveal the survival rate of the released fish and help Johnson and her colleagues better understand the quality of the McCloud’s habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, she is studying data on daily river flow rates and capture rates in the traps, then combining this information with the known effectiveness of the types of gear they used. That, she said, would “give us the number that swam past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what they already know about the size of the fish upon recapture, it’s looking good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fish in the McCloud were 30 to 40% larger than the average winter-run fish that were being caught at the Red Bluff Diversion Dam,” she said, referring to a structure downstream of Shasta.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A gem in ‘a string of pearls’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A great deal of work has already been done to help Sacramento River salmon. State agencies and conservation groups have \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/12/restoring-floodplains-reversal-california-central-valley/\">restored floodplains\u003c/a> and side channels, where slow-moving water provides young fish with abundant food and shelter from predators. This work often involves removing, or carving notches in, levees so that river water can flow over farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sees this connected system of restored habitat parcels as a “string of pearls,” and says the McCloud might be one of its more valuable gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, the McCloud’s geographic location at the upper end of the watershed could have a beneficial trickle-down effect through the watershed and the early life stages of Chinook, ultimately improving their lifelong survival rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can have such highly productive, good-growth habitat so high in the system, it starts the fish off in such a strong condition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting areas lower in the watershed are important to Chinook, too. Research by Jacob Katz, biologist with the group California Trout, shows that floodplains restored in the lower stretches of the Sacramento watershed have helped salmon. Smolts grow faster on inundated floodplains than they do in the river’s channelized main stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz said reintroducing Chinook to the high-elevation spawning areas in the McCloud will complement the work he has done, and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both spawning habitat and rearing habitat are necessary, yet insufficient on their own,” he said. “We need to restore every link in the habitat chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ambitious future plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The summer’s salmon relocation effort was technically not a reintroduction project but an emergency drought action required by the state and federal endangered species acts and intended to shield winter-run Chinook from drought impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it’s likely that the McCloud effort of last summer will develop in years ahead into a full-fledged salmon reintroduction program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randy Beckwith, head of the state Department of Water Resources’ Riverine Stewardship branch, said “the juvenile collection piece is the most difficult part” of a potential long-term McCloud River reintroduction plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981047\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981047 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Marine Sisk, a biologist with the Winnemem Wintu tribe, measures a juvenile winter-run Chinook salmon reared in the McCloud (top) compared to a much smaller similar-age fish reared in the hatchery.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine Sisk, biologist with the Winnemem Wintu Tribe, measures a juvenile winter-run Chinook salmon reared in the McCloud (top) compared to a much smaller similar-age fish reared in the hatchery. \u003ccite>(Eric Holmes/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the state and federal fishery scientists did their work a few miles upstream, Beckwith’s agency tested a $1.5 million contraption dubbed the Juvenile Salmonid Collection System in the narrow McCloud River arm of Lake Shasta. The setup is a floating array designed to deflect floating debris, like logs and trash, while a dangling synthetic curtain funnels the young salmon into a dead-end live trap. The trap component has not been installed yet due to regulatory constraints associated with handling endangered species, but the agency has plans to do so, possibly next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While traps of the sort already used on the McCloud are designed to catch a sample fraction of a river’s fish, the system the state is working on will hopefully catch all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successful McCloud River salmon reintroduction would also mean giving adult salmon access to the river. Currently, Keswick Dam, just upstream of Redding, marks the end of the line for free-swimming adult salmon. If they are to get beyond this point, fishery managers will need to do one of two things: build a stairway, called a fish ladder or fishway, which leads migrating salmon around a dam, or trap the fish and truck them upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ladders would give the salmon autonomy to migrate on their own. But Shasta Dam is a 600-foot-high barrier, so hauling them instead would be much cheaper. It is generally considered the only feasible solution on the table, although federal officials have no firm plans to do so yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have questioned the effectiveness of trap-and-haul programs. In a 2017 paper, Moyle and a colleague, biologist \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/robert-lusardi\">Robert Lusardi\u003c/a>, warned that \u003ca href=\"https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03632415.2017.1356124\">it can cause high mortality rates in transferred fish\u003c/a>, both adults going upstream and juveniles coming downstream. A trap-and-haul program for salmon “should proceed with extreme caution,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another option, too. Battle Creek, which flows off Mount Lassen’s south flank, could also serve as a lifeline for winter-run Chinook. It was once an important spawning stream and, like most California rivers, is now riddled with dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike Keswick and Shasta, they are small. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/battlecreek/status.html\">One dam was removed in 2010\u003c/a>, and Katz said there are \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/campaigns/battle-creek-dams\">plans to remove or modify the rest to provide Chinook with unassisted passage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek offers an opportunity to have a second population of winter-run fish that doesn’t need to be trucked — a completely volitional population,” he said. “Battle Creek could be the epitome of a 21st-century reconciled watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Urgently trying to help an endangered species devastated by drought, biologists hauled 40,000 eggs to the McCloud River this year, then brought the young fish back again to migrate. So far, it's gone well.",
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"description": "Urgently trying to help an endangered species devastated by drought, biologists hauled 40,000 eggs to the McCloud River this year, then brought the young fish back again to migrate. So far, it's gone well.",
"title": "Saving Salmon: Chinook Return to California's Far North — With a Lot of Human Help | KQED",
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"headline": "Saving Salmon: Chinook Return to California's Far North — With a Lot of Human Help",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chinook salmon haven’t spawned in the McCloud River for more than 80 years. But last summer, thousands of juveniles were born in the waters of this remote tributary, miles upstream of Shasta Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Chinook salmon — some now finger-sized smolts in mid-migration toward the Pacific Ocean — are part of a state and federal experiment that could help make the McCloud a salmon river once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter-run Chinook were federally listed as endangered in 1994, but recent years have been especially hard for the fish. Facing severe drought and warm river conditions, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/doug-obegi/agencies-planning-disaster-ca-salmon-if-2022-dry\">most winter-run salmon born naturally in the Sacramento River have perished\u003c/a> over the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So restoring Chinook to the McCloud has become an urgent priority for state and federal officials. In the first year of a drought-response project, about 40,000 salmon eggs were brought back to the McCloud, a picturesque river in the wilderness of the Cascade mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iconic in Northern California, Chinook salmon are critical pieces of the region’s environment. They are consumed by sea lions, orcas and bears, and they still support a commercial fishing industry. Chinook remain vital to the culture and traditional foods of Native Americans, including the Winnemem Wintu Tribe, whose historical salmon fishing grounds include the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation experts say the McCloud’s cold, clean water holds great promise as a potential Chinook refuge — and is perhaps even a future stronghold for the species. Restoring salmon there is considered critical to the species’ survival, since they now spawn only in low-lying parts of the Central Valley near Redding and Red Bluff, where it’s often too hot and dry for most newborn fish to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We probably won’t be able to maintain winter-run Chinook on the valley floor forever,” said Matt Johnson, senior environmental scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981043\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1981043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Photo shows two hatchery juveniles (with copper tails) that were used to test efficiency of the trapping system and two that spent their early lives imprinting on McCloud River water. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-01.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Johnson of the state Department of Fish and Wildlife measures four winter-run Chinook salmon as part of a trial to estimate the species’ production and survival. \u003ccite>(Eric Holmes/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Johnson spent much of the past five months camped beside the incubation site on the lower McCloud River, guarding the eggs and emerging fry and overseeing the experiment, which is a \u003ca href=\"https://wildlife.ca.gov/News/partners-return-winter-run-chinook-salmon-eggs-to-mccloud-river\">collaboration between his agency, the National Marine Fisheries Service (also known as NOAA Fisheries), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Winnemem Wintu Tribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, biologists say, the project has gone well. About 90% of the eggs hatched, and the young fish reportedly have thrived in the McCloud, growing faster than hatchery fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent rainstorms have boosted \u003ca href=\"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/11377100/#parameterCode=00060&period=P7D\">river flows\u003c/a>, which may increase the odds that salmon will reach the ocean this year, escaping the dangerous water pumps and predators of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is the first step in a long-term plan that may involve capturing adult winter-run Chinook in the lower Sacramento and transporting them to the McCloud to spawn. It’s a difficult and risky venture for the fish but it may be the best shot the species has at survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winter run is headed for extinction, no question, if we don’t develop an artificial system for keeping it going,” said Peter Moyle, a fish biologist at UC Davis who has studied Central Valley fish since the 1970s. He co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SOS-II-Fish-in-Hot-Water-Report.pdf\">report warning that many of California’s native salmon and trout are likely to vanish this century (PDF)\u003c/a> as the environment warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetically unique run of salmon, winter-run Chinook once spawned in the McCloud in great numbers, along with other seasonal runs of the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘The winter run is headed for extinction, no question, if we don’t develop an artificial system for keeping it going.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the Central Valley’s river system, which includes the McCloud River, marks the southern limit of the Chinook’s range, it was once their stronghold. \u003ca href=\"https://cws.ucdavis.edu/library/historical-abundance-and-decline-chinook-salmon-central-valley-region-california\">Between 1 and 2 million fish\u003c/a>, some weighing 50 pounds or more, spawned in the tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers each year before the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish have dwindled to a fraction of their historic abundance. \u003ca href=\"https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=84381&inline\">Spawning numbers of winter-run Chinook\u003c/a> dropped to fewer than 200 in the early 1990s. They’ve rebounded, but their future remains in doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The McCloud — a state-designated wild and scenic river — used to offer prime habitat, with deep gravel beds for egg-laying and year-round flows of clean, cold water from Mount Shasta. Construction of Shasta Dam in the 1940s — and Keswick Dam shortly after — changed all this by \u003ca href=\"https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=ceebefd9685143daa5bf30d5a7e0c7fa\">locking ocean-run salmon out of some 500 miles of productive high-elevation habitat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon became confined instead to the lower reaches of the Sacramento River system, where they did not previously spawn. Blazing temperatures in the summer — when the winter-run fish lay and fertilize their eggs near Redding and Red Bluff — have made it difficult for salmon to thrive. Chinook, especially in their early life stages, are sensitive to high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only with the support of hatcheries have California salmon remained abundant enough to be fished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River habitat for winter-run Chinook salmon has shrunk\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Juvenile Chinook salmon born in the McCloud River once migrated downstream, into the Sacramento River and out to the Pacific Ocean. Today, about 80% of the salmon’s historical river habitat is behind dams, which prevents the adult fish from swimming upstream to spawn. The state is mounting an experiment to return them to the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981045\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 740px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981045 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11.png\" alt=\"Color coded map of river habitat for winter-run chinook salmon.\" width=\"740\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11.png 740w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/download-11-160x121.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of river habitat for winter-run Chinook salmon. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For decades, fishing groups, agencies and Winnemem Wintu tribal leaders have pondered the possibility of reintroducing salmon into the McCloud. Finally, last spring and summer, after two poor spawning years in a row — and with a third one looking likely — federal and state agencies took action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year “temperature modeling going into the winter-run spawning season showed a lot of uncertainty — basically a 50-50 chance of being able to maintain suitable temperatures for winter-run eggs to develop in the river,” said Johnson of the Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A bumpy trip for precious salmon eggs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Because winter-run Chinook are listed as endangered, fishery agencies are scrambling to save the fish. Last spring they transported about three dozen adult winter-run Chinook trapped at the base of Keswick Dam, just north of Redding, about 50 miles southeast to the north fork of Battle Creek, a tributary near Red Bluff where waters typically run cool and clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also launched a more complicated effort: They took winter-run Chinook eggs from adult fish at a federal salmon hatchery and transported them up and over Shasta Dam to a remote national forest campground next to the McCloud River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They came in two batches of 20,000 — the first by truck on a bumpy, 80-mile ride. A helicopter delivered the second clutch. “We wanted to make sure the transportation phase went smoothly,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fertilized eggs were incubated in protective cages submerged in river water for weeks. The scientists even placed an electrified barrier around the eggs to protect them from foraging black bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981046\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981046 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Rachel Johnson of NOAA Fisheries and state biologists Sam Funakoshi and Ross Schaefer check a trap for winter-run Chinook salmon that will be transported downstream of Keswick Dam to help them migrate to the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-003.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Johnson of NOAA Fisheries and state biologists Sam Funakoshi and Ross Schaefer check a trap for winter-run Chinook salmon that will be transported downstream of Keswick Dam to help them migrate to the ocean. \u003ccite>(Carson Jeffres/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of the 40,000 eggs, Johnson said, about 36,000 emerged as fry. In late summer, the biologists released them into the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists wanted the fish to spend time in McCloud, both to utilize its invertebrate food sources and to undergo the olfactory imprinting process that enables migrating adult salmon to find their birth streams years later. Indeed, it is this process that gives salmon their remarkable homing powers and would truly make these fish McCloud River salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an undisturbed ecosystem, the fish in the river would simply swim downstream, through San Francisco Bay, and out into the ocean. But this unique scenario, where a dam and reservoir block their migration, called on a different approach that required human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and federal scientists had to recapture the salmon and release them into the lower Sacramento River. The Fish and Wildlife team placed several traps on the McCloud about 20 miles below the release site and managed to capture 1,600 of them. They then drove the fish downstream and released them into the Sacramento River. If all goes well, some of the young salmon will return from the ocean in two to four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agencies plan to repeat the project next year, transporting more Chinook eggs up to the McCloud and again hauling the young fish back downstream. “We intend to do it again, and do it better,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To improve the program’s effectiveness, scientists are now addressing some unanswered questions from the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact/rachel-johnson-phd\">Rachel Johnson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center, wants to know how many of the salmon released at the incubation site made it as far downstream as the fish trap array. This will reveal the survival rate of the released fish and help Johnson and her colleagues better understand the quality of the McCloud’s habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, she is studying data on daily river flow rates and capture rates in the traps, then combining this information with the known effectiveness of the types of gear they used. That, she said, would “give us the number that swam past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what they already know about the size of the fish upon recapture, it’s looking good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fish in the McCloud were 30 to 40% larger than the average winter-run fish that were being caught at the Red Bluff Diversion Dam,” she said, referring to a structure downstream of Shasta.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A gem in ‘a string of pearls’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A great deal of work has already been done to help Sacramento River salmon. State agencies and conservation groups have \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/environment/2018/12/restoring-floodplains-reversal-california-central-valley/\">restored floodplains\u003c/a> and side channels, where slow-moving water provides young fish with abundant food and shelter from predators. This work often involves removing, or carving notches in, levees so that river water can flow over farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sees this connected system of restored habitat parcels as a “string of pearls,” and says the McCloud might be one of its more valuable gems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, the McCloud’s geographic location at the upper end of the watershed could have a beneficial trickle-down effect through the watershed and the early life stages of Chinook, ultimately improving their lifelong survival rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can have such highly productive, good-growth habitat so high in the system, it starts the fish off in such a strong condition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting areas lower in the watershed are important to Chinook, too. Research by Jacob Katz, biologist with the group California Trout, shows that floodplains restored in the lower stretches of the Sacramento watershed have helped salmon. Smolts grow faster on inundated floodplains than they do in the river’s channelized main stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz said reintroducing Chinook to the high-elevation spawning areas in the McCloud will complement the work he has done, and vice versa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both spawning habitat and rearing habitat are necessary, yet insufficient on their own,” he said. “We need to restore every link in the habitat chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ambitious future plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The summer’s salmon relocation effort was technically not a reintroduction project but an emergency drought action required by the state and federal endangered species acts and intended to shield winter-run Chinook from drought impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it’s likely that the McCloud effort of last summer will develop in years ahead into a full-fledged salmon reintroduction program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randy Beckwith, head of the state Department of Water Resources’ Riverine Stewardship branch, said “the juvenile collection piece is the most difficult part” of a potential long-term McCloud River reintroduction plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981047\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981047 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Marine Sisk, a biologist with the Winnemem Wintu tribe, measures a juvenile winter-run Chinook salmon reared in the McCloud (top) compared to a much smaller similar-age fish reared in the hatchery.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/121222-Hatchery-Fish-CM-02.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine Sisk, biologist with the Winnemem Wintu Tribe, measures a juvenile winter-run Chinook salmon reared in the McCloud (top) compared to a much smaller similar-age fish reared in the hatchery. \u003ccite>(Eric Holmes/UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the state and federal fishery scientists did their work a few miles upstream, Beckwith’s agency tested a $1.5 million contraption dubbed the Juvenile Salmonid Collection System in the narrow McCloud River arm of Lake Shasta. The setup is a floating array designed to deflect floating debris, like logs and trash, while a dangling synthetic curtain funnels the young salmon into a dead-end live trap. The trap component has not been installed yet due to regulatory constraints associated with handling endangered species, but the agency has plans to do so, possibly next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While traps of the sort already used on the McCloud are designed to catch a sample fraction of a river’s fish, the system the state is working on will hopefully catch all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successful McCloud River salmon reintroduction would also mean giving adult salmon access to the river. Currently, Keswick Dam, just upstream of Redding, marks the end of the line for free-swimming adult salmon. If they are to get beyond this point, fishery managers will need to do one of two things: build a stairway, called a fish ladder or fishway, which leads migrating salmon around a dam, or trap the fish and truck them upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ladders would give the salmon autonomy to migrate on their own. But Shasta Dam is a 600-foot-high barrier, so hauling them instead would be much cheaper. It is generally considered the only feasible solution on the table, although federal officials have no firm plans to do so yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have questioned the effectiveness of trap-and-haul programs. In a 2017 paper, Moyle and a colleague, biologist \u003ca href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/people/robert-lusardi\">Robert Lusardi\u003c/a>, warned that \u003ca href=\"https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03632415.2017.1356124\">it can cause high mortality rates in transferred fish\u003c/a>, both adults going upstream and juveniles coming downstream. A trap-and-haul program for salmon “should proceed with extreme caution,” they wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another option, too. Battle Creek, which flows off Mount Lassen’s south flank, could also serve as a lifeline for winter-run Chinook. It was once an important spawning stream and, like most California rivers, is now riddled with dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike Keswick and Shasta, they are small. \u003ca href=\"https://www.usbr.gov/mp/battlecreek/status.html\">One dam was removed in 2010\u003c/a>, and Katz said there are \u003ca href=\"https://caltrout.org/campaigns/battle-creek-dams\">plans to remove or modify the rest to provide Chinook with unassisted passage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Battle Creek offers an opportunity to have a second population of winter-run fish that doesn’t need to be trucked — a completely volitional population,” he said. “Battle Creek could be the epitome of a 21st-century reconciled watershed.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report: Truck Makers Lobby to Weaken US and California Climate Policies",
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"content": "\u003cp>Truck manufacturers and an industry trade group \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">privately lobbied to weaken U.S. climate policies while publicly promoting zero-emissions trucks\u003c/a>, according to a new report from a think tank that tracks corporate influence on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate watchdog \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/\">InfluenceMap\u003c/a> found that trade group \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/\">the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> (EMA) and companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.volvotrucks.us/\">Volvo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.daimlertruck.com/en/\">Daimler Truck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.navistar.com/\">Volkswagen (Navistar)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.paccar.com/\">PACCAR\u003c/a> opposed climate policy on the federal and state levels while publicly promoting zero-emissions fleets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, truck manufacturers lobbied against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-seeks-input-phase-3-greenhouse-gas-standard-rulemaking-heavy-duty-engines-and\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from heavy-duty truck models. The agency started phasing in new compliance and emissions standards in 2011. It’s now developing new greenhouse gas requirements for heavy-duty engines and trucks that would be applied to model year 2030 trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, the EMA led a lobbying campaign in several states to oppose the adoption of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/advanced-clean-trucks-fact-sheet\">Advanced Clean Trucks rule\u003c/a> (ACT), which originated in California. The rule gradually increases the percentage of electric truck sales over the coming years. California, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Oregon, Vermont and Washington have adopted the ACT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector makes up \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>. Of that percentage, medium- and heavy-duty trucks — everything from delivery vans to big rigs — make up 26%, according to an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the U.S. signed a nonbinding global agreement committing to 100% new zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty sales by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap found that while manufacturers privately oppose ambitious climate rules, they publicly promote zero-emissions fleets. The organization’s report notes that Ford Motor and General Motors disclosed “less on climate policy than the other EMA truck makers analyzed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings showed that Ford and GM did not join an EMA lawsuit against the California Air Resources Board that would delay emissions from heavy-duty trucks. The two companies were the only ones analyzed in the report that did not join \u003ca href=\"https://www.pzevf.org/\">Partners for a Zero Emission Vehicle Future\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of truck manufacturers, retailers and trucking associations that opposes what it calls “a patchwork” of state regulations for getting to zero emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The extent of lobbying\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap analyst Kalina Dmitriew wrote \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">the report\u003c/a> based in part on previously unseen lobbying documents, including private emails and letters received through 33 public records requests across 11 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dmitriew says she knew lobbying was taking place but the “sheer scale” and the extent of it was surprising. She says such an endeavor “really appears to be a strategic and coordinated effort across multiple U.S. states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap’s report identified the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association as spearheading lobbying efforts, especially on ACT rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, EMA President Jed Mandel wrote that his group is “committed to a zero-emissions future for the U.S. trucking industry, which is why manufacturers are investing billions of dollars, developing groundbreaking zero-emission technologies and commercial vehicles, and working to ensure that federal and state regulations are workable and effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truck manufacturers are responding to regulatory demands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-commercial-trucks\">Federal policy\u003c/a> requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from diesel vehicles. States that have adopted the ACT rule require manufacturers to build zero-emissions trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio Portillo, senior advocate at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the report shows that some truck manufacturers can’t be trusted. “The hypocrisy is frankly pretty outrageous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s unfortunate about this is that state and federal policymakers really look to (truck manufacturers) as valued stakeholders with important input,” Portillo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and Colorado have delayed adopting versions of California’s ACT rule, and Portillo believes lobbying from truck manufacturers played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending those millions to oppose clean truck rules, they should be investing [in] them,” Portillo says. “Build the manufacturing and supply chains that are actually needed to get these vehicles to market into fleets and into these states that want to see the big significant benefits that can accrue from this rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portillo says the regulations are not just good for the climate, but for local air quality. Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, he says, pass more frequently through lower-income communities and communities of color, generating pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Ramorino is president of Roadstar Trucking in Hayward, and he wants to add electric trucks to his fleet of about 25 vehicles. He thinks the new regulations at the federal and state levels are challenging for truck makers to address at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have got to meet the challenge,” Ramorino says, yet “they’ve got to remain profitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlos Morales, who owns and operates a tractor-trailer in Richmond, stricter standards in the state could force him to leave the industry he’s been a part of since 2003. Over the years Morales has upgraded his vehicle and bought new ones to meet changing emissions requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be my last truck,” he says in Spanish. “The laws are very strict and really impact us.” Morales says he’s concerned he won’t be able to buy an electric vehicle when the time comes.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Truck+makers+lobby+to+weaken+U.S.+climate+policies%2C+report+finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Truck manufacturers and an industry trade group \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">privately lobbied to weaken U.S. climate policies while publicly promoting zero-emissions trucks\u003c/a>, according to a new report from a think tank that tracks corporate influence on climate policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate watchdog \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/\">InfluenceMap\u003c/a> found that trade group \u003ca href=\"http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/\">the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association\u003c/a> (EMA) and companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.volvotrucks.us/\">Volvo\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.daimlertruck.com/en/\">Daimler Truck\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.navistar.com/\">Volkswagen (Navistar)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.paccar.com/\">PACCAR\u003c/a> opposed climate policy on the federal and state levels while publicly promoting zero-emissions fleets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, truck manufacturers lobbied against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-seeks-input-phase-3-greenhouse-gas-standard-rulemaking-heavy-duty-engines-and\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s requirements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a> from heavy-duty truck models. The agency started phasing in new compliance and emissions standards in 2011. It’s now developing new greenhouse gas requirements for heavy-duty engines and trucks that would be applied to model year 2030 trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the state level, the EMA led a lobbying campaign in several states to oppose the adoption of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/advanced-clean-trucks-fact-sheet\">Advanced Clean Trucks rule\u003c/a> (ACT), which originated in California. The rule gradually increases the percentage of electric truck sales over the coming years. California, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Oregon, Vermont and Washington have adopted the ACT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The transportation sector makes up \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions\">27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions\u003c/a>. Of that percentage, medium- and heavy-duty trucks — everything from delivery vans to big rigs — make up 26%, according to an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the U.S. signed a nonbinding global agreement committing to 100% new zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty sales by 2040.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap found that while manufacturers privately oppose ambitious climate rules, they publicly promote zero-emissions fleets. The organization’s report notes that Ford Motor and General Motors disclosed “less on climate policy than the other EMA truck makers analyzed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings showed that Ford and GM did not join an EMA lawsuit against the California Air Resources Board that would delay emissions from heavy-duty trucks. The two companies were the only ones analyzed in the report that did not join \u003ca href=\"https://www.pzevf.org/\">Partners for a Zero Emission Vehicle Future\u003c/a>. That’s a coalition of truck manufacturers, retailers and trucking associations that opposes what it calls “a patchwork” of state regulations for getting to zero emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The extent of lobbying\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap analyst Kalina Dmitriew wrote \u003ca href=\"https://influencemap.org/report/US-Heavy-Duty-Transport-Climate-Change-20434\">the report\u003c/a> based in part on previously unseen lobbying documents, including private emails and letters received through 33 public records requests across 11 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dmitriew says she knew lobbying was taking place but the “sheer scale” and the extent of it was surprising. She says such an endeavor “really appears to be a strategic and coordinated effort across multiple U.S. states.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InfluenceMap’s report identified the Truck and Engine Manufacturers Association as spearheading lobbying efforts, especially on ACT rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email, EMA President Jed Mandel wrote that his group is “committed to a zero-emissions future for the U.S. trucking industry, which is why manufacturers are investing billions of dollars, developing groundbreaking zero-emission technologies and commercial vehicles, and working to ensure that federal and state regulations are workable and effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truck manufacturers are responding to regulatory demands. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhouse-gas-emissions-commercial-trucks\">Federal policy\u003c/a> requires the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from diesel vehicles. States that have adopted the ACT rule require manufacturers to build zero-emissions trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricio Portillo, senior advocate at the Natural Resources Defense Council, says the report shows that some truck manufacturers can’t be trusted. “The hypocrisy is frankly pretty outrageous,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s unfortunate about this is that state and federal policymakers really look to (truck manufacturers) as valued stakeholders with important input,” Portillo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maine and Colorado have delayed adopting versions of California’s ACT rule, and Portillo believes lobbying from truck manufacturers played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than spending those millions to oppose clean truck rules, they should be investing [in] them,” Portillo says. “Build the manufacturing and supply chains that are actually needed to get these vehicles to market into fleets and into these states that want to see the big significant benefits that can accrue from this rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portillo says the regulations are not just good for the climate, but for local air quality. Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, he says, pass more frequently through lower-income communities and communities of color, generating pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Ramorino is president of Roadstar Trucking in Hayward, and he wants to add electric trucks to his fleet of about 25 vehicles. He thinks the new regulations at the federal and state levels are challenging for truck makers to address at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have got to meet the challenge,” Ramorino says, yet “they’ve got to remain profitable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carlos Morales, who owns and operates a tractor-trailer in Richmond, stricter standards in the state could force him to leave the industry he’s been a part of since 2003. Over the years Morales has upgraded his vehicle and bought new ones to meet changing emissions requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This may be my last truck,” he says in Spanish. “The laws are very strict and really impact us.” Morales says he’s concerned he won’t be able to buy an electric vehicle when the time comes.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Truck+makers+lobby+to+weaken+U.S.+climate+policies%2C+report+finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management finalized the sale of offshore wind leases along California’s coastline Wednesday, with the combined bids totaling $757.1 million, which the agency says well exceeds the first lease sales that were held in the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of the Interior’s auction lasted for more than 30 rounds over the course of two days, as developers bid aggressively for five lease areas totaling more than 500 square miles both northwest of Morro Bay and off the coast of Humboldt County.[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Gov. Gavin Newsom\"]‘Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department Secretary Deb Haaland said in a statement that the aggressive bidding is a signal of industry momentum around American offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A sustainable, clean energy future is within our grasp and the Interior Department is doing everything we can to ensure that American communities nationwide benefit,” Haaland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction is a crucial step toward a new source of clean power for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government estimates that floating turbines that harness energy from powerful winds could power more than 1.5 million homes, and development of these turbines could create tons of new jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of jobs from construction phase to operation and maintenance and supply chain,” Jeff Hunerlach, a district representative with Operating Engineers Local 3 in Humboldt County, told KQED in an interview. “It’s such a historical day. The work starts now. Now, we know who the companies are. We know where our energy is to zero in on, making sure that we put Californians to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry analysts say the winning developers are well-known companies in the fledgling offshore wind industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1496px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png\" alt=\"Map of California coastline showing parcels leased for wind turbines\" width=\"1496\" height=\"1342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png 1496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-800x718.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-1020x915.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government auctioned off leases for wind production in 583 square miles of deep ocean waters, located about 20 miles offshore of Humboldt County and Morro Bay. Combined, the five lease zones have the potential to produce more than 4.5 gigawatts, enough to power roughly 1.5 million homes. \u003ccite>(Associated Press, using data from the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are established players, the developers that the leases are in the hands of,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the offshore wind nonprofit Turn Forward, in an interview with KQED. “They’ve already got leases on the East Coast and these leases are in good hands. California West Coast offshore wind is off to the races.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom described the wind lease sale as a “critical component” of the state hitting its goal of 90% clean energy by 2035. “Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But commercial fishers have urged federal and state regulatory agencies to slow down the process, fearing impacts to their business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fishermen are not opposed to renewable energy,” Ken Bates, president of the California Fishermen’s Resiliency Association, told KQED in an interview. “Fishermen see what’s going on in the ocean. We see warm-water events, species shift, all of those things. Fishermen are opposed to losing the very limited fishing grounds in California. That’s our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers must now submit design, construction and operation plans to California and to the federal government for review and permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate Central’s John Upton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management finalized the sale of offshore wind leases along California’s coastline Wednesday, with the combined bids totaling $757.1 million, which the agency says well exceeds the first lease sales that were held in the Atlantic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of the Interior’s auction lasted for more than 30 rounds over the course of two days, as developers bid aggressively for five lease areas totaling more than 500 square miles both northwest of Morro Bay and off the coast of Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department Secretary Deb Haaland said in a statement that the aggressive bidding is a signal of industry momentum around American offshore wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A sustainable, clean energy future is within our grasp and the Interior Department is doing everything we can to ensure that American communities nationwide benefit,” Haaland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The auction is a crucial step toward a new source of clean power for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government estimates that floating turbines that harness energy from powerful winds could power more than 1.5 million homes, and development of these turbines could create tons of new jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of jobs from construction phase to operation and maintenance and supply chain,” Jeff Hunerlach, a district representative with Operating Engineers Local 3 in Humboldt County, told KQED in an interview. “It’s such a historical day. The work starts now. Now, we know who the companies are. We know where our energy is to zero in on, making sure that we put Californians to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry analysts say the winning developers are well-known companies in the fledgling offshore wind industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980905\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1496px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1980905\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png\" alt=\"Map of California coastline showing parcels leased for wind turbines\" width=\"1496\" height=\"1342\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines.png 1496w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-800x718.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-1020x915.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-160x144.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/floating-wind-turbines-768x689.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The federal government auctioned off leases for wind production in 583 square miles of deep ocean waters, located about 20 miles offshore of Humboldt County and Morro Bay. Combined, the five lease zones have the potential to produce more than 4.5 gigawatts, enough to power roughly 1.5 million homes. \u003ccite>(Associated Press, using data from the US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These are established players, the developers that the leases are in the hands of,” said Stephanie McClellan, executive director of the offshore wind nonprofit Turn Forward, in an interview with KQED. “They’ve already got leases on the East Coast and these leases are in good hands. California West Coast offshore wind is off to the races.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom described the wind lease sale as a “critical component” of the state hitting its goal of 90% clean energy by 2035. “Together with leadership from the Biden-Harris Administration, we’re entering a new era of climate action and solutions that give our planet a new lease on life,” Newsom said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But commercial fishers have urged federal and state regulatory agencies to slow down the process, fearing impacts to their business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fishermen are not opposed to renewable energy,” Ken Bates, president of the California Fishermen’s Resiliency Association, told KQED in an interview. “Fishermen see what’s going on in the ocean. We see warm-water events, species shift, all of those things. Fishermen are opposed to losing the very limited fishing grounds in California. That’s our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Developers must now submit design, construction and operation plans to California and to the federal government for review and permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Climate Central’s John Upton contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Three Tribal communities in Alaska and Washington that have been severely impacted by the effects of climate change on their homes are getting $75 million from the Biden administration to help relocate to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Quinault Indian Nation, located on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington; the Newtok Village, located on the Ninglick River in Alaska; and the Native Village of Napakiak, located on Alaska’s Kuskokwim River will each receive $25 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-makes-135-million-commitment-support-relocation-tribal\">the Interior Department announced on Wednesday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to those funds, FEMA is also awarding approximately $17.7 million to help these three communities buy, demolish and build new infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three tribes are just part of a growing number of communities in the U.S. that are facing a ticking clock as the effects of climate change pose serious risk to their homes. These tribes are already well into the expensive process of moving elsewhere, often leaving areas their families have called home for centuries. Funding has been a major obstacle in getting this done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full cost of moving the Quinault Indian Nation’s two villages about a mile uphill from its spot at the junction of the Quinault River and the Pacific Ocean is around $100 million, said Guy Capoeman, president of The Quinault Indian Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has more than 3,000 members, “and over half of them live in these villages,” Capoeman told NPR. “Getting them up up on the hill is critical for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will go towards moving the community’s most critical buildings. Down the line, Quinault’s plan is to develop new homes and a school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg\" alt=\"In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere.\" width=\"800\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1020x489.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-768x368.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1536x736.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere. \u003ccite>(Doug Esser/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every bit of funding helps in this massive endeavor, Capoeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community started their process more than 12 years ago, even before Capoeman became the nation’s president, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just picked it up as I came on board and worked with our council, our lobbyist and other people and getting the message out that this is a need. We’re here at ground zero of the very climate change everybody’s talking about,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe is extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, flooding, potential tsunamis and other storm surges. Capoeman noted the community is also at particular risk of a potentially big earthquake as the village sits right along the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/oem/hazardsprep/pages/cascadia-subduction-zone.aspx\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>. That fault line runs for hundreds of miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and has been building up pressure for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Newtok Village\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/07/1127400863/residents-in-an-alaska-village-try-to-outrun-the-effects-of-climate-change\"> experienced a typhoon\u003c/a> that knocked out 40 feet of land between the village and the Ninglick River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1980883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This May 24, 2006, file photo shows the village of Newtok, Alaska, where the eroding bank along the Ninglick River has long been a problem for the village, 480 miles west of Anchorage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village is suffering from serious coastal erosion from storms, just like the one earlier this year, and degrading permafrost, according to the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the current rate of erosion of approximately 70 feet per year, the river is expected to threaten structures within two years and the village’s critical infrastructure within four years,” the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napakiak is dealing with such serious erosion that its school, fuel farm, water supply well, airport, homes and other critical infrastructure are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing erosion is estimated to be 25-50 feet per year. Most of the current critical infrastructure is expected to be destroyed by 2030,” the Interior Department said in a news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village has already established a 50-year, $200 million plan for managing relocation. \u003ca href=\"https://alaskapublic.org/2021/06/02/napakiak-develops-first-of-its-kind-50-year-plan-for-erosion-response/\">Alaska Public Media reported\u003c/a> last year that, in the next 10 years, “Napakiak will have to build the new school and move 38 homes, the store, the multi-purpose building, the water plant, and other structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the three tribes receiving $25 million, eight additional communities will also receive $5 million, the Interior Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Point Lay (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Huslia Village (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Fort Yukon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Nelson Lagoon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Havasupai Tribe (in Arizona)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Yurok Tribe (in California)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chitimacha Tribe (in Louisiana)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe (in Maine)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Undergoing such a transformative move upends many of these communities’ ties to tradition, Capoeman said. For example, the Quinault have lived by the water for centuries in order to fish and gather clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lived off the land and resources for thousands and thousands of years. We can see the changes. These tides that are coming in are not normal,” he said. “To take ourselves away from that is not traditional, but we have to save ourselves. We realize that it’s the key to our very own survival at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+tribes+dealing+with+the+toll+of+climate+change+get+%2475+million+to+relocate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three Tribal communities in Alaska and Washington that have been severely impacted by the effects of climate change on their homes are getting $75 million from the Biden administration to help relocate to higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Quinault Indian Nation, located on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington; the Newtok Village, located on the Ninglick River in Alaska; and the Native Village of Napakiak, located on Alaska’s Kuskokwim River will each receive $25 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-makes-135-million-commitment-support-relocation-tribal\">the Interior Department announced on Wednesday. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to those funds, FEMA is also awarding approximately $17.7 million to help these three communities buy, demolish and build new infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three tribes are just part of a growing number of communities in the U.S. that are facing a ticking clock as the effects of climate change pose serious risk to their homes. These tribes are already well into the expensive process of moving elsewhere, often leaving areas their families have called home for centuries. Funding has been a major obstacle in getting this done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full cost of moving the Quinault Indian Nation’s two villages about a mile uphill from its spot at the junction of the Quinault River and the Pacific Ocean is around $100 million, said Guy Capoeman, president of The Quinault Indian Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe has more than 3,000 members, “and over half of them live in these villages,” Capoeman told NPR. “Getting them up up on the hill is critical for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new funds will go towards moving the community’s most critical buildings. Down the line, Quinault’s plan is to develop new homes and a school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980885\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980885\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg\" alt=\"In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere.\" width=\"800\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-800x384.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1020x489.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-160x77.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-768x368.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312-1536x736.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/AP_507812572312.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this photo taken May 28, 2014, houses in the village of Taholah, on the Quinault Indian Reservation on the Pacific are shown at right. Repairs were made to the storm-damaged seawall that protects the village back in 2014, but continued erosion is forcing the community to move elsewhere. \u003ccite>(Doug Esser/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every bit of funding helps in this massive endeavor, Capoeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community started their process more than 12 years ago, even before Capoeman became the nation’s president, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just picked it up as I came on board and worked with our council, our lobbyist and other people and getting the message out that this is a need. We’re here at ground zero of the very climate change everybody’s talking about,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe is extremely vulnerable to rising sea levels, flooding, potential tsunamis and other storm surges. Capoeman noted the community is also at particular risk of a potentially big earthquake as the village sits right along the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oregon.gov/oem/hazardsprep/pages/cascadia-subduction-zone.aspx\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a>. That fault line runs for hundreds of miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and has been building up pressure for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the Newtok Village\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/07/1127400863/residents-in-an-alaska-village-try-to-outrun-the-effects-of-climate-change\"> experienced a typhoon\u003c/a> that knocked out 40 feet of land between the village and the Ninglick River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1980883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"This May 24, 2006, file photo shows the village of Newtok, Alaska, where the eroding bank along the Ninglick River has long been a problem for the village, 480 miles west of Anchorage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-2048x1534.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/12/ap19182010913879-449ed7b98075d32406a23f6f8d13f47106dcd66c-1920x1438.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village is suffering from serious coastal erosion from storms, just like the one earlier this year, and degrading permafrost, according to the Interior Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the current rate of erosion of approximately 70 feet per year, the river is expected to threaten structures within two years and the village’s critical infrastructure within four years,” the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napakiak is dealing with such serious erosion that its school, fuel farm, water supply well, airport, homes and other critical infrastructure are at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing erosion is estimated to be 25-50 feet per year. Most of the current critical infrastructure is expected to be destroyed by 2030,” the Interior Department said in a news release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The village has already established a 50-year, $200 million plan for managing relocation. \u003ca href=\"https://alaskapublic.org/2021/06/02/napakiak-develops-first-of-its-kind-50-year-plan-for-erosion-response/\">Alaska Public Media reported\u003c/a> last year that, in the next 10 years, “Napakiak will have to build the new school and move 38 homes, the store, the multi-purpose building, the water plant, and other structures.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the three tribes receiving $25 million, eight additional communities will also receive $5 million, the Interior Department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Point Lay (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Huslia Village (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Fort Yukon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Native Village of Nelson Lagoon (in Alaska)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Havasupai Tribe (in Arizona)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Yurok Tribe (in California)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chitimacha Tribe (in Louisiana)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Passamaquoddy Indian Tribe (in Maine)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Undergoing such a transformative move upends many of these communities’ ties to tradition, Capoeman said. For example, the Quinault have lived by the water for centuries in order to fish and gather clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve lived off the land and resources for thousands and thousands of years. We can see the changes. These tides that are coming in are not normal,” he said. “To take ourselves away from that is not traditional, but we have to save ourselves. We realize that it’s the key to our very own survival at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=3+tribes+dealing+with+the+toll+of+climate+change+get+%2475+million+to+relocate&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Did the World Make Progress on Climate Change? Here's What Was Decided at Global Talks",
"headTitle": "Did the World Make Progress on Climate Change? Here’s What Was Decided at Global Talks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Contentious climate negotiations ended in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, as negotiators from around the world finalized a modest deal to help control global warming and pay for the costs of a hotter Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-seated tensions flared between richer countries that have prospered by burning fossil fuels, and developing ones, which are bearing the brunt of climate-driven disasters. But in a historic move, countries agreed to establish a fund to support poorer countries already hit hardest by the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement at the close of the meeting, Lia Nicholson of the island nation of Antigua and Barbuda said the new fund “must be the lifeboat that we need it to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations went nearly two days past their scheduled deadline – into “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zaheer_fakir/status/1593907569281695746?s=20&t=-i5_AHiYvzMHkzmta-RNWA\">hostage phase\u003c/a>,” as one South African delegate put it. Countries struggled to compromise on a plan that would reduce global dependence on fossil fuels, while helping vulnerable countries pay for the damage caused by worsening sea level rise, storms, droughts, heat waves and other climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final deal, announced Sunday morning in Egypt, reiterates the goal set by the 2015 Paris climate agreement to keep overall global warming from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.8 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial era of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is unclear how that goal will be achieved, because negotiators could not agree that fossil fuels must be phased out. The vast majority of planet-warming pollution comes from humans’ use of oil, gas and coal, and most remaining fossil fuel deposits must remain untapped in order to rein in global warming, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03821-8\">scientists have determined.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call for reduced CO2 emissions,” said Zambia’s environment minister Collins Nzovu after the meeting ended. “That’s a basic issue. Right now, as it is, we will not reach 1.5 [degrees Celsius]. We are off the map completely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what was and wasn’t decided at COP27, and what it means for humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>World leaders did not agree to phase down fossil fuels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many nations arrived at the talks with the hope of keeping “1.5 degrees alive.” The world is on a path to hit almost double that level of warming by the end of the century. Beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.8 degrees Fahrenheit), storms, heat waves and other climate impacts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">become much more destructive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the COP27 talks got underway, a broad coalition of countries began calling for the phase-down of all fossil fuels. Small island nationals joined European countries in pushing for that language to be included in a final agreement. So did India, a country that had pushed back against the idea of phasing out coal at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">last year’s COP26 talks in Glasgow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a last minute push, the Egyptian delegation, which brokered the final deal as hosts of the conference, did not put phasing down fossil fuels in the final text. Instead, the final agreement encourages “efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia have long pushed back against efforts to curb fossil fuels. At these talks, the country announced that it continues to see a future of oil production, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/19/false-solutions-scepticism-over-saudi-carbon-capture-plan\">will invest in new efforts to capture emissions\u003c/a> and prevent them from reaching the atmosphere, known as carbon capture and sequestration. Climate activists say this new shift is simply a way to prop up fossil fuels with a technology that will not scale up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New calls to accelerate deployment of renewable energy were very welcome,” said Ani Dasgupta, president of the World Resources Institute, in a statement. “But it is mind boggling that countries did not muster the courage to call for phasing down fossil fuels, which are the biggest driver of climate change. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. \u003ccite>(Matthew Brown/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Richer nations agree to create a fund to pay developing countries for climate damages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Developing countries arrived with a key demand at these talks: wealthier countries must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">compensate them for the rising costs of floods, storms and other climate impacts\u003c/a>. Now, they’ve agreed to start setting up a fund to do just that for the most vulnerable countries, including island nations struggling for survival as sea levels rise, and low-income countries grappling with deadly droughts, floods and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The richest and most-powerful 20 countries produce \u003ca href=\"https://climateanalytics.org/publications/2021/closing-the-gap-the-impact-of-g20-climate-commitments-on-limiting-temperature-rise-to-15c/\">about 80% of the world’s emissions\u003c/a> every year. Low-income countries produce relatively little heat-trapping pollution. But the toll of climate change is already devastating many of them, economically and culturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already seen islands disappearing,” said Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner, Climate Envoy for the Marshall Islands. “These climate impacts are happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other representatives from smaller countries came to the conference demanding the creation of a new fund, housed under the United Nations, that would pay developing countries for the “loss and damage” they’re already suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the planet is burning up, we are burning up on the front line,” said Sherry Rehman, climate change minister for Pakistan. “We are the ground-zero of that climate change. So while we are seeing that burn, we are not contributing to that burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talks progressed, stark fault lines emerged over which countries should pay for the damages, and which countries would be eligible to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the largest historical contributor to climate change by a large margin. Today, China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. But Chinese representatives at COP27 said, while the country is open to voluntarily contributing to loss and damage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/china-willing-contribute-climate-compensation-mechanism-chinese-climate-envoy-2022-11-09/\">it should only be an obligation\u003c/a> for historically wealthier countries like the U.S. and European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several European countries pushed back, wanting to see a new loss and damage fund with a “broad contributor base,” given that China and India are expected to increase their emissions until the end of the decade as their economies grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fund that didn’t draw money from current high-emitters was “unacceptable,” said European Commission executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans, earlier in the week. “I think everybody should be brought into the system on the basis of where they are today. And those countries who have the facility to support the most vulnerable should do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions also rose over whether all developing countries should be eligible to receive funds, or just the most vulnerable, like small islands and African nations. Under the United Nations framework, India and China are \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdf\">still considered developing countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. said little on the issue for most of the negotiations, a silence that was deafening for many developing countries. Before the talks, Biden Administration officials said they wanted to explore using existing networks for humanitarian aid, instead of creating a new dedicated fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one can deny the scale of loss and damage we see around the globe,” U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in Egypt. “The world is burning and drowning before our eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final COP27 agreement sets up a timeline for countries to work out the details of a new fund over the next year. Chile’s Environment Minister Maisi Rojas, who helped lead the group of negotiators who created the fund, called the agreement “historic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she had mixed feelings about the meeting overall. “Remember, we are talking about loss and damage because we failed to reduce emissions,” she said after the marathon talks concluded early Sunday morning. “So it’s not really a reason to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-created fund does not specify which countries will be required to contribute, though it mentions “expanding” the sources of funding, a nod to Europe’s demand that other countries contribute as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the deal also does not set a firm timeline for when the money must arrive. Many wealthy countries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1136817427/low-income-countries-want-more-money-for-climate-damage-theyre-unlikely-to-get-i\">including the U.S.\u003c/a>, have failed to follow through on billions of dollars of previously promised climate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s worth noting that we have the fund, but we need money to make it worthwhile,” said Mohamed Adow, executive director of Power Shift Africa, a policy and advocacy group working on climate action in Africa. “What we have is an empty bucket. Now we need to fill it so that support can flow to the most impacted people who are suffering right now at the hands of the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980857\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980857 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. \u003ccite>(Peter Dejong/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Money promised years earlier is still missing for developing nations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wealthier countries said in 2009 that they would provide developing nations with $100 billion a year in financing by 2020 to help them limit their own greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to impacts like more extreme floods and worsening drought. The arrangement, called climate financing, is rooted in the fact that industrialized countries such as the United States have emitted most of the pollution heating the Earth, while poorer nations are bearing disproportionate harm caused by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those promises, the latest tally by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development shows developing countries received just $83.3 billion in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/06/1133532209/money-will-likely-be-the-central-tension-in-the-u-n-s-cop27-climate-negotiations\">shortfall in promised climate funding\u003c/a> for low-income nations is a “serious concern,” participants at this year’s meeting said, and they urged industrialized countries to make good on their long standing commitments. The final agreement did not say when those commitments should be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if wealthy nations come through on their pledges, it’ll still be far short of what developing countries actually need to respond to climate change. To meet the climate goals they’ve set so far, developing countries will require at least $5.8 trillion up to 2030, according to the final agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are we going to make this transition?” said Colombia Environment Minister Susana Muhamad at the conference. “Especially for oil producing and coal exporting countries like ours, that conversation isn’t even on the table and without that conversation we’re probably not going to phase out fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of money for developing countries was one of the central issues at this year’s climate talks. Wealthier countries’ failure to deliver promised funding has added to pressure that developing countries are facing from inflation and heavy debt burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final agreement struck in Egypt says developing countries need “accelerated financial support” from wealthier nations. It calls for reforms at development banks like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund so that developing countries can get more climate funding without adding to their debts. And it says development banks, which were set up to give financial and technical aid to poorer countries, should \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134865038/investors-have-trillions-to-fight-climate-change-developing-nations-get-little-o\">do more to encourage private investment\u003c/a> in low-income nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, the world needs to invest at least $4 trillion every year to create a low-carbon global economy, the final agreement says. Raising that sort of money will require a “transformation” of the entire financial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980858\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478.jpg 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homes are surrounded by floodwaters in Sohbat Pur city, a district of Pakistan’s southwestern Baluchistan province this summer. It is likely that climate change helped drive deadly floods in Pakistan, according to a recent scientific analysis. \u003ccite>(Zahid Hussain/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Don’t forget: climate emissions are still rising too fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At the summit, both developing countries and the European Union pushed nations to have their emissions peak by 2025. That’s faster than China and India’s plans, which would allow emissions to rise through the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, few countries submitted new plans to reduce their emissions and the final agreement didn’t impose any firm deadlines for new commitments, though it reiterated the importance of the 1.5 degree goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations will be leaving Egypt knowing that goal is still not in reach. In a best case scenario, emissions are only expected to fall around 10% by 2030, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022\">report from the United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. To keep warming to the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, emissions would need to fall 45% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, countries aren’t keeping the promises that they’ve made so far. If emissions stay on their current course, they’ll rise around 7% compared to 2020 levels, instead of falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some small bright spots\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Going into this meeting, there were reasons to think that some of the basic agreements of the past – for example, limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius – might be on shaky ground. That’s because the global economy is fragile. Russia invaded Ukraine and the relationship between the two largest emitters of fossil fuels, the U.S. and China, has been strained – though there are indications that relations \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136459450/biden-xi-meeting\">may be improving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a very difficult year with the energy crisis,” said U.N. Climate Chief Simon Steele after the meeting wrapped up, referring to fuel shortages caused by Russia’s invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, that global context did not completely derail the talks. While the final deal does not do enough to avoid catastrophic warming – and falls far short of what many climate advocates had hoped to see – countries didn’t go back on previous promises either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were a handful of smaller announcements at COP27 that could help control greenhouse gas emissions and protect people from severe weather. One hundred and fifty countries have now signed a pledge to reduce methane pollution. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, which means it traps a lot of heat in the atmosphere, and it’s emitted mostly from oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a new plan to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134756354/u-n-plan-would-help-warn-people-in-vulnerable-countries-about-climate-threats\">beef up weather forecasts\u003c/a> and disaster warnings in places that don’t have robust national weather services. And on the money front, there are concrete pledges to spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/special-presidential-envoy-for-climate-and-treasury-secretary-support-the-launch-of-the-just-energy-transition-partnership-jetp-in-indonesia/\">billions of dollars\u003c/a> on clean energy in rapidly growing countries including Indonesia, Vietnam and Senegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Did+the+world+make+progress+on+climate+change%3F+Here%27s+what+was+decided+at+global+talks&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Contentious climate negotiations ended in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, as negotiators from around the world finalized a modest deal to help control global warming and pay for the costs of a hotter Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep-seated tensions flared between richer countries that have prospered by burning fossil fuels, and developing ones, which are bearing the brunt of climate-driven disasters. But in a historic move, countries agreed to establish a fund to support poorer countries already hit hardest by the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement at the close of the meeting, Lia Nicholson of the island nation of Antigua and Barbuda said the new fund “must be the lifeboat that we need it to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The negotiations went nearly two days past their scheduled deadline – into “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/zaheer_fakir/status/1593907569281695746?s=20&t=-i5_AHiYvzMHkzmta-RNWA\">hostage phase\u003c/a>,” as one South African delegate put it. Countries struggled to compromise on a plan that would reduce global dependence on fossil fuels, while helping vulnerable countries pay for the damage caused by worsening sea level rise, storms, droughts, heat waves and other climate-driven disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final deal, announced Sunday morning in Egypt, reiterates the goal set by the 2015 Paris climate agreement to keep overall global warming from rising more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.8 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial era of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it is unclear how that goal will be achieved, because negotiators could not agree that fossil fuels must be phased out. The vast majority of planet-warming pollution comes from humans’ use of oil, gas and coal, and most remaining fossil fuel deposits must remain untapped in order to rein in global warming, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03821-8\">scientists have determined.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call for reduced CO2 emissions,” said Zambia’s environment minister Collins Nzovu after the meeting ended. “That’s a basic issue. Right now, as it is, we will not reach 1.5 [degrees Celsius]. We are off the map completely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what was and wasn’t decided at COP27, and what it means for humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>World leaders did not agree to phase down fossil fuels\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many nations arrived at the talks with the hope of keeping “1.5 degrees alive.” The world is on a path to hit almost double that level of warming by the end of the century. Beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.8 degrees Fahrenheit), storms, heat waves and other climate impacts \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/1052198840/1-5-degrees-warming-climate-change\">become much more destructive\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the COP27 talks got underway, a broad coalition of countries began calling for the phase-down of all fossil fuels. Small island nationals joined European countries in pushing for that language to be included in a final agreement. So did India, a country that had pushed back against the idea of phasing out coal at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/11/13/1055542738/cop26-climate-summit-final-decision\">last year’s COP26 talks in Glasgow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a last minute push, the Egyptian delegation, which brokered the final deal as hosts of the conference, did not put phasing down fossil fuels in the final text. Instead, the final agreement encourages “efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia have long pushed back against efforts to curb fossil fuels. At these talks, the country announced that it continues to see a future of oil production, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/19/false-solutions-scepticism-over-saudi-carbon-capture-plan\">will invest in new efforts to capture emissions\u003c/a> and prevent them from reaching the atmosphere, known as carbon capture and sequestration. Climate activists say this new shift is simply a way to prop up fossil fuels with a technology that will not scale up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New calls to accelerate deployment of renewable energy were very welcome,” said Ani Dasgupta, president of the World Resources Institute, in a statement. “But it is mind boggling that countries did not muster the courage to call for phasing down fossil fuels, which are the biggest driver of climate change. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980856\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980856 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22315109628586-fbae934167882ed092fe562e64a26ddbb2d9f4f8.jpg 911w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methane is an incredibly potent greenhouse gas that is currently released in huge quantities by oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture. Global greenhouse gas emissions are still rising. \u003ccite>(Matthew Brown/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Richer nations agree to create a fund to pay developing countries for climate damages\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Developing countries arrived with a key demand at these talks: wealthier countries must \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1133270753/climate-change-loss-damage-cop27\">compensate them for the rising costs of floods, storms and other climate impacts\u003c/a>. Now, they’ve agreed to start setting up a fund to do just that for the most vulnerable countries, including island nations struggling for survival as sea levels rise, and low-income countries grappling with deadly droughts, floods and heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The richest and most-powerful 20 countries produce \u003ca href=\"https://climateanalytics.org/publications/2021/closing-the-gap-the-impact-of-g20-climate-commitments-on-limiting-temperature-rise-to-15c/\">about 80% of the world’s emissions\u003c/a> every year. Low-income countries produce relatively little heat-trapping pollution. But the toll of climate change is already devastating many of them, economically and culturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve already seen islands disappearing,” said Kathy Jetn̄il-Kijiner, Climate Envoy for the Marshall Islands. “These climate impacts are happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other representatives from smaller countries came to the conference demanding the creation of a new fund, housed under the United Nations, that would pay developing countries for the “loss and damage” they’re already suffering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the planet is burning up, we are burning up on the front line,” said Sherry Rehman, climate change minister for Pakistan. “We are the ground-zero of that climate change. So while we are seeing that burn, we are not contributing to that burn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As talks progressed, stark fault lines emerged over which countries should pay for the damages, and which countries would be eligible to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. is the largest historical contributor to climate change by a large margin. Today, China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. But Chinese representatives at COP27 said, while the country is open to voluntarily contributing to loss and damage, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/china-willing-contribute-climate-compensation-mechanism-chinese-climate-envoy-2022-11-09/\">it should only be an obligation\u003c/a> for historically wealthier countries like the U.S. and European Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several European countries pushed back, wanting to see a new loss and damage fund with a “broad contributor base,” given that China and India are expected to increase their emissions until the end of the decade as their economies grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fund that didn’t draw money from current high-emitters was “unacceptable,” said European Commission executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans, earlier in the week. “I think everybody should be brought into the system on the basis of where they are today. And those countries who have the facility to support the most vulnerable should do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tensions also rose over whether all developing countries should be eligible to receive funds, or just the most vulnerable, like small islands and African nations. Under the United Nations framework, India and China are \u003ca href=\"https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2022_ANNEX.pdf\">still considered developing countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. said little on the issue for most of the negotiations, a silence that was deafening for many developing countries. Before the talks, Biden Administration officials said they wanted to explore using existing networks for humanitarian aid, instead of creating a new dedicated fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one can deny the scale of loss and damage we see around the globe,” U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres said in Egypt. “The world is burning and drowning before our eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final COP27 agreement sets up a timeline for countries to work out the details of a new fund over the next year. Chile’s Environment Minister Maisi Rojas, who helped lead the group of negotiators who created the fund, called the agreement “historic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she had mixed feelings about the meeting overall. “Remember, we are talking about loss and damage because we failed to reduce emissions,” she said after the marathon talks concluded early Sunday morning. “So it’s not really a reason to celebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly-created fund does not specify which countries will be required to contribute, though it mentions “expanding” the sources of funding, a nod to Europe’s demand that other countries contribute as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the deal also does not set a firm timeline for when the money must arrive. Many wealthy countries, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/16/1136817427/low-income-countries-want-more-money-for-climate-damage-theyre-unlikely-to-get-i\">including the U.S.\u003c/a>, have failed to follow through on billions of dollars of previously promised climate funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s worth noting that we have the fund, but we need money to make it worthwhile,” said Mohamed Adow, executive director of Power Shift Africa, a policy and advocacy group working on climate action in Africa. “What we have is an empty bucket. Now we need to fill it so that support can flow to the most impacted people who are suffering right now at the hands of the climate crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980857\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1980857 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22321420485530_custom-f74ab6b0517dcbdf9b45b95958916761325770d4.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators participate in a sit-in calling for reparations for loss and damage at the COP27 U.N. Climate Summit. \u003ccite>(Peter Dejong/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Money promised years earlier is still missing for developing nations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Wealthier countries said in 2009 that they would provide developing nations with $100 billion a year in financing by 2020 to help them limit their own greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to impacts like more extreme floods and worsening drought. The arrangement, called climate financing, is rooted in the fact that industrialized countries such as the United States have emitted most of the pollution heating the Earth, while poorer nations are bearing disproportionate harm caused by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those promises, the latest tally by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development shows developing countries received just $83.3 billion in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/06/1133532209/money-will-likely-be-the-central-tension-in-the-u-n-s-cop27-climate-negotiations\">shortfall in promised climate funding\u003c/a> for low-income nations is a “serious concern,” participants at this year’s meeting said, and they urged industrialized countries to make good on their long standing commitments. The final agreement did not say when those commitments should be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if wealthy nations come through on their pledges, it’ll still be far short of what developing countries actually need to respond to climate change. To meet the climate goals they’ve set so far, developing countries will require at least $5.8 trillion up to 2030, according to the final agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are we going to make this transition?” said Colombia Environment Minister Susana Muhamad at the conference. “Especially for oil producing and coal exporting countries like ours, that conversation isn’t even on the table and without that conversation we’re probably not going to phase out fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of money for developing countries was one of the central issues at this year’s climate talks. Wealthier countries’ failure to deliver promised funding has added to pressure that developing countries are facing from inflation and heavy debt burdens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final agreement struck in Egypt says developing countries need “accelerated financial support” from wealthier nations. It calls for reforms at development banks like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund so that developing countries can get more climate funding without adding to their debts. And it says development banks, which were set up to give financial and technical aid to poorer countries, should \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/09/1134865038/investors-have-trillions-to-fight-climate-change-developing-nations-get-little-o\">do more to encourage private investment\u003c/a> in low-income nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, the world needs to invest at least $4 trillion every year to create a low-carbon global economy, the final agreement says. Raising that sort of money will require a “transformation” of the entire financial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1980858\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1980858\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/11/ap22309085966955-1f2234f35b2b2fc3aa8a89d20575b5ac84409478.jpg 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homes are surrounded by floodwaters in Sohbat Pur city, a district of Pakistan’s southwestern Baluchistan province this summer. It is likely that climate change helped drive deadly floods in Pakistan, according to a recent scientific analysis. \u003ccite>(Zahid Hussain/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Don’t forget: climate emissions are still rising too fast\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>At the summit, both developing countries and the European Union pushed nations to have their emissions peak by 2025. That’s faster than China and India’s plans, which would allow emissions to rise through the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, few countries submitted new plans to reduce their emissions and the final agreement didn’t impose any firm deadlines for new commitments, though it reiterated the importance of the 1.5 degree goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nations will be leaving Egypt knowing that goal is still not in reach. In a best case scenario, emissions are only expected to fall around 10% by 2030, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022\">report from the United Nations Environment Programme\u003c/a>. To keep warming to the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius, emissions would need to fall 45% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, countries aren’t keeping the promises that they’ve made so far. If emissions stay on their current course, they’ll rise around 7% compared to 2020 levels, instead of falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>There are some small bright spots\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Going into this meeting, there were reasons to think that some of the basic agreements of the past – for example, limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius – might be on shaky ground. That’s because the global economy is fragile. Russia invaded Ukraine and the relationship between the two largest emitters of fossil fuels, the U.S. and China, has been strained – though there are indications that relations \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/14/1136459450/biden-xi-meeting\">may be improving\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been a very difficult year with the energy crisis,” said U.N. Climate Chief Simon Steele after the meeting wrapped up, referring to fuel shortages caused by Russia’s invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, that global context did not completely derail the talks. While the final deal does not do enough to avoid catastrophic warming – and falls far short of what many climate advocates had hoped to see – countries didn’t go back on previous promises either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were a handful of smaller announcements at COP27 that could help control greenhouse gas emissions and protect people from severe weather. One hundred and fifty countries have now signed a pledge to reduce methane pollution. Methane is a very potent greenhouse gas, which means it traps a lot of heat in the atmosphere, and it’s emitted mostly from oil and gas operations, landfills and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a new plan to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134756354/u-n-plan-would-help-warn-people-in-vulnerable-countries-about-climate-threats\">beef up weather forecasts\u003c/a> and disaster warnings in places that don’t have robust national weather services. And on the money front, there are concrete pledges to spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.state.gov/special-presidential-envoy-for-climate-and-treasury-secretary-support-the-launch-of-the-just-energy-transition-partnership-jetp-in-indonesia/\">billions of dollars\u003c/a> on clean energy in rapidly growing countries including Indonesia, Vietnam and Senegal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Did+the+world+make+progress+on+climate+change%3F+Here%27s+what+was+decided+at+global+talks&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Toolkit Helps Patients and Care Providers Prepare for Climate Emergencies",
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"content": "\u003cp>There was a moment a few years back when it seemed to Jessie Liu like the entire state of California was on fire. Mendocino, Shasta, Trinity, Lake and Santa Clara counties all endured the flames of the hellish wildfire season of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit us so suddenly and abruptly,” said Liu, a physician at \u003ca href=\"https://laclinica.org/\">La Clínica de La Raza\u003c/a>, a health care facility that serves lower-income, uninsured and underinsured patients in Oakland. “It’s shocking how quickly that’s become the norm. It’s something that we are now expecting. We were very fortunate this year to have a relatively light — knock on wood — wildfire season. But we can’t expect to be this fortunate here and in the years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu and her patients have not yet faced evacuation because of the fires, but she figures it’s a question of when, not if. And when that moment comes, Liu will have a new tool to help ease the abruptness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate experts at Harvard and officials with the nonprofit humanitarian relief agency Americares have prepared a first-of-its-kind series of open-source reference materials to help health care facilities successfully withstand a range of natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reference information, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">Climate Resilience for Frontline Clinics Toolkit\u003c/a>, contains detailed guidance for health care administrators, physicians and patients on topics ranging from dealing with power outages to crafting social media posts to managing the treatment of patients with such ailments as kidney disease, diabetes and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information, which was largely compiled using survey data from clinic workers who were asked what they wish they knew about treating patients during natural disasters, is available as a series of downloadable PDFs at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">toolkit website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first reference materials, which were released this summer, focused on helping facilities, doctors and their patients successfully navigate extreme heat events. Officials recently released guides focused on wildfires, and an informational module concerning hurricanes will soon be available to all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, a collaboration of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Harvard Global Health Institute, is specifically designed for use by free and charitable care health clinics. Biogen, the Massachusetts-based biotechnology company, has been a key sponsor of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In future years, the designers of the toolkit hope to expand availability of the resources so they can be used by health care facilities in lower-income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the toolkit said it occupies a unique position as a source of medical information that simultaneously provides resources both for those who work in hospitals and those who are treated in them. Policy manuals and communication plans are typically designed for health care administrators. Medical reference books are aimed at providers. And health care information pamphlets are usually reserved for patients. But with aspects of the toolkit designed for each of those audiences, its creators say it is distinctly able to serve all three of those groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to make sure we get is a crucial interface between health care systems and patients that is, potentially, uniquely able to keep people safe,” said Aaron Bernstein, director of the Harvard climate center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said that the information contained in the toolkit was designed with an eye toward anticipating potential issues and providing opportunities for planning and practical decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has serious medical problems and says, ‘You know, I really would like to evacuate. I just have no idea how I can do it. I don’t have a car or there’s nowhere for me to go,’” Bernstein said. “There’s a lot of folks who may not have thought as much about not only how they would and where they would evacuate to, but, again, critically, whether their medical conditions may make it so that it’s even more important for them to be proactive. And I think a provider can really underscore that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being proactive is a chief concern for providers like Jessie Liu. She said the open-source nature of the toolkit — which keeps it free, adaptable and easy to access — is vital given that many of the patients she serves have lower incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular for our populations who are at greater risk because of their lower socioeconomic status, greater percentage of outdoor laborers, by way of being Black, brown, Native and living in communities and neighborhoods that have historically been marginalized and under-resourced, we are wanting to be able to provide culturally appropriate and easily accessible resources,” Liu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the importance of providing that information goes beyond simply addressing medical concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are the bastions of health for our communities,” Liu said. “We’re at the front lines, and patients and communities come to us. They trust us. We have to … it’s our responsibility and our role to provide that information and that guidance, especially in these natural disasters that are known to have such great impacts on human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There was a moment a few years back when it seemed to Jessie Liu like the entire state of California was on fire. Mendocino, Shasta, Trinity, Lake and Santa Clara counties all endured the flames of the hellish wildfire season of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It hit us so suddenly and abruptly,” said Liu, a physician at \u003ca href=\"https://laclinica.org/\">La Clínica de La Raza\u003c/a>, a health care facility that serves lower-income, uninsured and underinsured patients in Oakland. “It’s shocking how quickly that’s become the norm. It’s something that we are now expecting. We were very fortunate this year to have a relatively light — knock on wood — wildfire season. But we can’t expect to be this fortunate here and in the years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu and her patients have not yet faced evacuation because of the fires, but she figures it’s a question of when, not if. And when that moment comes, Liu will have a new tool to help ease the abruptness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate experts at Harvard and officials with the nonprofit humanitarian relief agency Americares have prepared a first-of-its-kind series of open-source reference materials to help health care facilities successfully withstand a range of natural disasters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reference information, known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">Climate Resilience for Frontline Clinics Toolkit\u003c/a>, contains detailed guidance for health care administrators, physicians and patients on topics ranging from dealing with power outages to crafting social media posts to managing the treatment of patients with such ailments as kidney disease, diabetes and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The information, which was largely compiled using survey data from clinic workers who were asked what they wish they knew about treating patients during natural disasters, is available as a series of downloadable PDFs at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.americares.org/what-we-do/community-health/climate-resilient-health-clinics/\">toolkit website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first reference materials, which were released this summer, focused on helping facilities, doctors and their patients successfully navigate extreme heat events. Officials recently released guides focused on wildfires, and an informational module concerning hurricanes will soon be available to all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effort, a collaboration of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Harvard Global Health Institute, is specifically designed for use by free and charitable care health clinics. Biogen, the Massachusetts-based biotechnology company, has been a key sponsor of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In future years, the designers of the toolkit hope to expand availability of the resources so they can be used by health care facilities in lower-income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the toolkit said it occupies a unique position as a source of medical information that simultaneously provides resources both for those who work in hospitals and those who are treated in them. Policy manuals and communication plans are typically designed for health care administrators. Medical reference books are aimed at providers. And health care information pamphlets are usually reserved for patients. But with aspects of the toolkit designed for each of those audiences, its creators say it is distinctly able to serve all three of those groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we want to make sure we get is a crucial interface between health care systems and patients that is, potentially, uniquely able to keep people safe,” said Aaron Bernstein, director of the Harvard climate center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernstein said that the information contained in the toolkit was designed with an eye toward anticipating potential issues and providing opportunities for planning and practical decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If someone has serious medical problems and says, ‘You know, I really would like to evacuate. I just have no idea how I can do it. I don’t have a car or there’s nowhere for me to go,’” Bernstein said. “There’s a lot of folks who may not have thought as much about not only how they would and where they would evacuate to, but, again, critically, whether their medical conditions may make it so that it’s even more important for them to be proactive. And I think a provider can really underscore that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being proactive is a chief concern for providers like Jessie Liu. She said the open-source nature of the toolkit — which keeps it free, adaptable and easy to access — is vital given that many of the patients she serves have lower incomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In particular for our populations who are at greater risk because of their lower socioeconomic status, greater percentage of outdoor laborers, by way of being Black, brown, Native and living in communities and neighborhoods that have historically been marginalized and under-resourced, we are wanting to be able to provide culturally appropriate and easily accessible resources,” Liu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the importance of providing that information goes beyond simply addressing medical concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are the bastions of health for our communities,” Liu said. “We’re at the front lines, and patients and communities come to us. They trust us. We have to … it’s our responsibility and our role to provide that information and that guidance, especially in these natural disasters that are known to have such great impacts on human health.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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