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"disqusTitle": "Saving Bighorn Sheep, One Mural At a Time",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45798\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/bighorns/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45798\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45798\" title=\"bighorns\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns.jpg\" alt=\"Bighorn skulls at the Bone Room show\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep skulls at the Bone Room Presents - Jane Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are animals worth seeing. With their bright white rumps and the rams' remarkable headgear, they bound and leap over seemingly impassable alpine terrain. But you may have a tricky time spotting one--there are only about four hundred in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/ram_dfg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45799\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45799\" title=\"ram_dfg\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ram_dfg-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dramatic ram\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep ram being dramatic - California DFG\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A variety of factors have conspired to place this subspecies of bighorn on the Endangered Species List, but the most devastating is disease. Any contact with domestic sheep can lead to runaway outbreaks of scabies and pneumonia, infections for which the bighorns have no natural immunity. Their population low was about 125 animals in 1999--so today’s 400 is actually encouraging, if still too few for most hikers catch a glimpse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one place you will soon be guaranteed to see a bighorn. On Highway 395 in the town of Independence, starting on October 23rd, artist \u003ca title=\"Jane Kim - Ink-Dwell\" href=\"http://ink-dwell.com/#about-ink-dwell\">Jane Kim\u003c/a> will paint the growth stages of a ram on the side of the \u003ca title=\"Mt. Williamson Motel\" href=\"http://www.mtwilliamsonmotel.com/\">Mt. Williamson Motel\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/honeycreepers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45800\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-45800\" title=\"Honeycreepers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Honeycreepers-280x360.jpg\" alt=\"Honeycreepers by Jane Kim\" width=\"280\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaiian Honeycreepers, for the new edition of the Handbook of Bird Biology - Jane Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim's background is in fine art--she holds a BFA from the \u003ca title=\"Rhode Island School of Design\" href=\"http://www.risd.edu/\">Rhode Island School of Design\u003c/a>--but in 2010 she re-invented herself with the \u003ca title=\"Science Illustration Program\" href=\"http://scienceillustration.org/\">Science Illustration Program\u003c/a> at CSUMB. \"I was a little intimidated that I didn't have any background in science at all,\" she confesses. \"But I always, always, \u003cem>always\u003c/em> loved, loved, \u003cem>loved\u003c/em> the natural world.\" This enthusiasm, along with her considerable artistic skill, has helped Kim land numerous commissions, from illustrating a new fish species to contributing to the \u003ca title=\"Cornell Lab - Handbook of Bird Biology\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/homestudy/handbook-of-bird-biology\">Handbook of Bird Biology\u003c/a>. These pieces are currently on display at the \u003ca title=\"Bone Room Presents\" href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\">Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley, though the focus of the show is the artist's work on bighorn sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim fell in love with Sierra Nevada bighorns during an internship at Yosemite National Park. Shortly afterward, she had the idea of painting them as murals and began to investigate possible sites. \"I got a lot of no's,\" she says. Finally she found an abandoned garage in Independence, and walked into a motel across the street to ask about it. When she explained her project, she says, the motel owner gasped, \"Oh, the mountain sheep, they're so important! You must paint the mural \u003cem>here\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/img_2110-144_edited/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45801\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-45801\" title=\"IMG_2110-144_edited\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/IMG_2110-144_edited-223x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sheep butts and artist\" width=\"223\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"One of my favorite features of bighorn sheep are their butts.\" Artist Jane Kim with her piece Leaps and Bounds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Mt. Williamson Motel became the location for the first mural, and Kim put up a \u003ca title=\"Migrating Mural - Kickstarter\" href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/45369568/the-migrating-mural\">Kickstarter project\u003c/a> to fund it. Amazingly, she raised $20,000 in a matter of days. In the two weeks left before the project's deadline, she hopes to continue raising money for the other three murals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painting the side of a building is quite an artistic accomplishment, but that's not enough for Kim. \"Science illustration gives the art another layer of purpose, of meaning,\" she says. The bighorn murals are meant to introduce viewers to this little-known animal and gain a broader base of support for their \u003ca title=\"Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Foundation\" href=\"http://sierrabighorn.org/\">ongoing conservation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next time you find yourself in the Sierras, scan the high, open, rocky areas for one of the world's four hundred Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. If you don't see any, you can console yourself by driving by one of the Migrating Murals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just \u003ca title=\"Jane Kim - Opening Night\" href=\"http://vimeo.com/51040437\">visit the Bone Room\u003c/a>, where Kim's sheep and other artwork will be on display until October 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/51040437]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/51040437\">Opening Night!\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/user7994536\">Jane Kim\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are animals worth seeing. With their bright white rumps and the rams' remarkable headgear, they bound and leap over seemingly impassable alpine terrain. But you may have a tricky time spotting one–there are only about four hundred in existence.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45798\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/bighorns/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45798\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45798\" title=\"bighorns\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns.jpg\" alt=\"Bighorn skulls at the Bone Room show\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bighorns-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep skulls at the Bone Room Presents - Jane Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are animals worth seeing. With their bright white rumps and the rams' remarkable headgear, they bound and leap over seemingly impassable alpine terrain. But you may have a tricky time spotting one--there are only about four hundred in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45799\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/ram_dfg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45799\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45799\" title=\"ram_dfg\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ram_dfg-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dramatic ram\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep ram being dramatic - California DFG\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A variety of factors have conspired to place this subspecies of bighorn on the Endangered Species List, but the most devastating is disease. Any contact with domestic sheep can lead to runaway outbreaks of scabies and pneumonia, infections for which the bighorns have no natural immunity. Their population low was about 125 animals in 1999--so today’s 400 is actually encouraging, if still too few for most hikers catch a glimpse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one place you will soon be guaranteed to see a bighorn. On Highway 395 in the town of Independence, starting on October 23rd, artist \u003ca title=\"Jane Kim - Ink-Dwell\" href=\"http://ink-dwell.com/#about-ink-dwell\">Jane Kim\u003c/a> will paint the growth stages of a ram on the side of the \u003ca title=\"Mt. Williamson Motel\" href=\"http://www.mtwilliamsonmotel.com/\">Mt. Williamson Motel\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/honeycreepers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45800\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-45800\" title=\"Honeycreepers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Honeycreepers-280x360.jpg\" alt=\"Honeycreepers by Jane Kim\" width=\"280\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hawaiian Honeycreepers, for the new edition of the Handbook of Bird Biology - Jane Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kim's background is in fine art--she holds a BFA from the \u003ca title=\"Rhode Island School of Design\" href=\"http://www.risd.edu/\">Rhode Island School of Design\u003c/a>--but in 2010 she re-invented herself with the \u003ca title=\"Science Illustration Program\" href=\"http://scienceillustration.org/\">Science Illustration Program\u003c/a> at CSUMB. \"I was a little intimidated that I didn't have any background in science at all,\" she confesses. \"But I always, always, \u003cem>always\u003c/em> loved, loved, \u003cem>loved\u003c/em> the natural world.\" This enthusiasm, along with her considerable artistic skill, has helped Kim land numerous commissions, from illustrating a new fish species to contributing to the \u003ca title=\"Cornell Lab - Handbook of Bird Biology\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/homestudy/handbook-of-bird-biology\">Handbook of Bird Biology\u003c/a>. These pieces are currently on display at the \u003ca title=\"Bone Room Presents\" href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\">Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley, though the focus of the show is the artist's work on bighorn sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim fell in love with Sierra Nevada bighorns during an internship at Yosemite National Park. Shortly afterward, she had the idea of painting them as murals and began to investigate possible sites. \"I got a lot of no's,\" she says. Finally she found an abandoned garage in Independence, and walked into a motel across the street to ask about it. When she explained her project, she says, the motel owner gasped, \"Oh, the mountain sheep, they're so important! You must paint the mural \u003cem>here\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/09/saving-bighorn-sheep-one-mural-at-a-time/img_2110-144_edited/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45801\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-45801\" title=\"IMG_2110-144_edited\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/IMG_2110-144_edited-223x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sheep butts and artist\" width=\"223\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"One of my favorite features of bighorn sheep are their butts.\" Artist Jane Kim with her piece Leaps and Bounds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So Mt. Williamson Motel became the location for the first mural, and Kim put up a \u003ca title=\"Migrating Mural - Kickstarter\" href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/45369568/the-migrating-mural\">Kickstarter project\u003c/a> to fund it. Amazingly, she raised $20,000 in a matter of days. In the two weeks left before the project's deadline, she hopes to continue raising money for the other three murals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painting the side of a building is quite an artistic accomplishment, but that's not enough for Kim. \"Science illustration gives the art another layer of purpose, of meaning,\" she says. The bighorn murals are meant to introduce viewers to this little-known animal and gain a broader base of support for their \u003ca title=\"Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Foundation\" href=\"http://sierrabighorn.org/\">ongoing conservation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next time you find yourself in the Sierras, scan the high, open, rocky areas for one of the world's four hundred Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. If you don't see any, you can console yourself by driving by one of the Migrating Murals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or just \u003ca title=\"Jane Kim - Opening Night\" href=\"http://vimeo.com/51040437\">visit the Bone Room\u003c/a>, where Kim's sheep and other artwork will be on display until October 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/51040437\">Opening Night!\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/user7994536\">Jane Kim\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who is Qualified to Decide Scientific Matters?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45716\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/votingbooth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45716\" title=\"VotingBooth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/VotingBooth-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do voters know enough to make good decisions about scientific issues?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In November, California voters need to decide whether or not GM foods should be labeled as such. They are making this decision even though a recent study shows that 49% of the people surveyed think that GM foods have genes whereas regular foods do not. Is this any way to run a democracy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that 49% of people thought that the heart and not the brain runs the body. Now imagine that voters get to decide whether a new brain surgery to treat a mental illness is used or not. How would you vote if you thought the heart was where mental illness came from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this is probably too dramatic an example. After all, at least here in the U.S., GM foods aren’t a matter of life and death for anyone. They have pretty much been shown to be safe and they help farmers improve yield, but if they were eliminated, there’d be no immediate problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this may not always be true. And in fact, it isn’t really true in other parts of the world either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 250,000 and 500,000 kids go blind in the world each year because they don’t get enough vitamin A in their diet. I have seen statistics that suggest that half these kids die within a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids suffer because they eat mostly rice and rice has no vitamin A. So a kind hearted scientist (not an “evil” corporation) set out to create a rice that makes enough vitamin A to maybe help these kids from going blind and so keep them alive. Thus was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">golden rice\u003c/a> born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately for kids in the developing world, roadblocks have been put up that prevent this crop from being planted. A few determined people have finally managed to push aside these barriers so that golden rice will be planted soon. It is too late for the millions of blind and dead kids, but at least many more might be saved in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/who-is-qualified-to-decide-scientific-matters/goldenrice/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45721\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45721\" title=\"GoldenRice\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GoldenRice.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Could keep hundreds of thousands of kids from going blind each year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A GM labeling law might hold back important advances like this. Again, so far we haven’t needed it here but imagine that global warming combined with irrigation creates saltier, drier valleys in California. A plant that has been modified to do well in such conditions may be just what the doctor ordered. Too bad people won’t eat it because of all those genes it has…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like I keep saying, this law probably isn’t a big deal here in the U.S. Our food will cost more without them but we can afford it. What worries me more is some other future initiative based on questionable internet-based science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine an initiative getting on the ballot that makes it easier for parents to opt out of vaccinating their kids. After all, depending on the survey, somewhere between 25% and 50% of parents believe or are unsure if vaccines contribute to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A vote that made it easier to opt out might have devastating consequences (sort of like denying golden rice to kids in the developing world). Once too few people are vaccinated, previously dormant diseases may erupt back onto the scene killing thousands. These unfortunate souls would die to keep kids from getting autism from something that doesn’t cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not sure what we can do about this. A better-informed public might help but that is a long-term goal and we have short-term problems that need to be solved now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something like a consumer protection agency for science might do the trick. It would need to be completely financially independent and the scientists on the board paid well enough that lobbying groups couldn’t bribe them into giving bad information. A tall and probably impossible order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe something equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://factcheck.org/\">factcheck.org\u003c/a> except it is sciencechecker.com. It would have useful tutorials on how to tell good science from bad, put scientific jargon into terms everyone can understand, and maybe grade science down in key areas based on their quality and/or quantity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe something even more grandiose. A \"science Supreme Court\" that hands down decisions on science based on facts and not ideologies. Of course, given how “successful” the real Supreme Court is at being non-ideological, I’m not sure this has much of a chance of working. And we couldn’t have Congress decide who goes on this court. Remember, Representative Akin (he of the “women’s bodies have ways of preventing pregnancy if they were legitimately raped”) is on the House Science Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m fresh out of ideas. Any of these ideas any good? Any other suggestions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Stories:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/politics/election2012/statepropositions-guide.jsp\">Handy Guide to California's Propositions\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/election2012/2012/10/04/the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-food-fight-over-prop-37s-gmo-labeling\">Debate Over Prop. 37′s GMO Labeling\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask334\">More about golden rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last week I went on an aerial tour of the San Francisco Bay. David Lewis, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, narrated. Bill Rush, a volunteer pilot with \u003ca href=\"http://www.lighthawk.org/\">LightHawk\u003c/a>, flew the plane. We saw tidal marsh and salt ponds; the cities, highways and industry that ring the Bay; and a good amount of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was my first time in such a small plane, and I was surprised at how different it was from approaching SFO in a 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of felt like I was playing hooky, even though it was for work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/The_Bay_From_the_Air_slideshow/_files/iframe.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more details on the places in the photos? Here are a few notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week I went on an aerial tour of the San Francisco Bay. David Lewis, the executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, narrated. Bill Rush, a volunteer pilot with \u003ca href=\"http://www.lighthawk.org/\">LightHawk\u003c/a>, flew the plane. We saw tidal marsh and salt ponds; the cities, highways and industry that ring the Bay; and a good amount of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was my first time in such a small plane, and I was surprised at how different it was from approaching SFO in a 747.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I kind of felt like I was playing hooky, even though it was for work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/The_Bay_From_the_Air_slideshow/_files/iframe.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want more details on the places in the photos? Here are a few notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cargill's Development Plans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKQED Science reporter Lauren Sommer did a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/rough-waters-for-sea-level-rise-planning/\">story\u003c/a> about the proposed Saltworks project last year. Right now the project is on hold, while the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">DMB Associates\u003c/a> revises its plans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ravenswood Salt Pond\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill sold it to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>. It's now part of the biggest wetland restoration effort on the West Coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oracle and SFO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you want to see how sea level rise will affect low-lying shoreline areas, try \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central's interactive map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWatch a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">video from Quest\u003c/a> about the science of fog. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Rock Quarry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere it is \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=213807471835276999612.0004cb42a116d93f06caf&msa=0&ll=37.993051,-122.475929&spn=0.103492,0.154324\">on a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Highway 37\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/novato/ci_21437499/is-highway-37-destined-become-new-waterway\">article in the Marin I-J\u003c/a> from last month, which includes the notable quote, \"how not to have everyone commuting by gondola,\" says that though Caltrans is aware of the threat from sea level rise, there's currently no money to do anything about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill had salt ponds in the North bay, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/wa/region3/nsmwa/goals.html\">Napa-Sonoma Marsh\u003c/a> now belongs to the California Department of Fish and game. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Refinery\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCurious about where all the oil refineries are in the Bay Area and California? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/powerplants/refinery_locations.html\">California Energy Commission has a map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Salt Ponds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCargill does still \u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability/san-francisco-bay-salt/environmental-renaissance/salt-pioneer-industry/index.jsp\">harvest salt\u003c/a> here. If you want to explore former salt ponds in the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">here's a guide\u003c/a>. (Plus, there's great birding there -- and we're just getting to the season for it.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_45412\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 280px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant pink ribbon on the corner of 5th and Market, downtown Louisville, KY. (Jason Meredith)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Just a generation ago, October belonged to the colors of fall, when “every green thing loves to die in bright colors,” as Henry Ward Beecher said. (Growing up back East, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%E2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=think-pink-i%25e2%2580%2599d-rather-raise-a-stink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/03/think-pink-i%E2%80%99d-rather-raise-a-stink/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=think-pink-i%25e2%2580%2599d-rather-raise-a-stink\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Think Pink? I’d Rather Raise a Stink\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Biology\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Counting Climate-Challenged Pikas",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Fish and Game is expected to recommend whether or not to list the pika as threatened later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/2012-10-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American pika is a squeaky little animal that lives at high elevations in mountains in the West. It could one day have a huge influence on America’s battles over climate change. And a new program is enlisting students to help scientists learn more about the critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the Pika\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45257 \" title=\"pika640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/pika640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The American pika lives at high elevations in the American West. Photo: Doug Von Gausig/Naturesongs.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a campground near Lake Tahoe, a group of seventh and eighth graders from West Oakland Middle School are sitting around a campfire, getting to know ecologist Joseph Stewart. And he's introducing them to his work. Stewart works with the California Department of Fish and Game and is a grad student at the University of Nevada-Reno, where he studies pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a picture of a pika,\" Stewart says. He pulls out a photo and the campers click on their flashlights to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Ooh, they're cute,\" says seventh-grader Anisa Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas are related to rabbits. They're about the size of hamsters, with no tails and round Mickey Mouse ears. They live in rock piles at high elevations, and are adapted to cold temperatures. When it gets too hot, they hide out under the rocks. So Stewart is trying to figure out if pikas don't do well in the heat, what will happen to them as the climate continues to warm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of climate change,\" he explains to the students. \"But when the Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed that petition, they pretty much said that we don't know enough about how pikas are doing. We need more data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, the Obama administration decided \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/americanpika/\">not to protect pikas as endangered\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/CPC/\">California is still considering it\u003c/a>. If the state does decide to add them to its endangered species list, pikas would become the first species here to be listed as threatened primarily because of climate change. If the state starts protecting animals because of climate change, things that affect the climate, like new fossil-fuel power plants or clearcut logging projects, could be slowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students are here with Howard Nathel, who volunteers at their school and organized the project. They'll survey likely pika habitat, to help figure out where pikas still live, and in what locations they once lived, but don't anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the Wilderness\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45290\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45290\" title=\"IMG_4146\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4146-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fredrikka Lake at the border of Desolation Wilderness. Photo: Molly Samuel\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get to pika habitat, the students have to hike. Lake Tahoe isn't high enough for the cold-loving creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're heading to Tamarack Lake, a bright blue lake surrounded by granite and pine trees in the Desolation Wilderness near South Lake Tahoe. At about 7800 feet in elevation, it's in prime pika territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next morning, Anton Jackson and Joe Green get their first glimpse of a pika as it scurries across the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You guys see that?\" Stewart points it out to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" Jackson says. \"It's right there. It's really small. It's on that little rock.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's hecka small,\" says Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group that's leading this trip is \u003ca href=\"http://www.adventureandscience.org/\">Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation\u003c/a> (ASC), a Montana-based non-profit. Usually the organization puts outdoor athletes -- hikers, climbers, kayakers -- in touch with scientists who study plants and animals in hard-to-reach places, like Mt. Everest, the Australian Outback or the Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first trip the group has organized for students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's such a cool way for them to have fun, to grow a lot, and to be excited about what it is to be a scientist,\" says Gregg Treinish, the founder of ASC. \"And to have that idea in their heads that, 'Hey I can be a scientist. Hey, I can do this.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students learn to take down the data they need: where they are, what time it is, and whether or not they found pikas. Stewart explains the best way to figure out if a pika lives -- or has lived -- in the area is by looking for pika pellets, which look like brown-green peppercorns. De'Jon Banks quickly finds some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45285\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45285\" title=\"IMG_4168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_4168-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(From left to right) Brendan Weiner, Howard Nathel, De'Jon Banks, Fredrick Lake, Joseph Stewart, Anton Jackson and Joe Green look for pikas. Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Oh, this pika poop right here?\" He asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's see. Looks like it. Looks like you found some,\" Stewart says. \"So I'll write down that we found some...\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Old pika poop,\" Banks offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This data will go into \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>, a website where citizen scientists can upload their observations for scientists to use. This is the first time anyone's surveyed the area around Tamarack Lake for pikas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treinish says, this project isn’t just good for science, it’s also good for the students, who are going beyond pre-set lab experiments, and learning to do actual field work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're in 7th grade from West Oakland, and they're going to be part of science, they're part of our scientific understanding of the world. And that's a really cool thing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pikas in the Past, Present and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the day, Stewart takes me to one of the sites he's studied. As it starts to cool off around dusk, the pikas emerge from under the rocks and begin calling. Their chirps bounce off the granite boulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there will be pikas here in 50 years,\" Stewart tells me. \"Right now it seems like there's tons, but if you change the climate, if it's on average a couple degrees Celsius warmer here, it's not going to be climaticly suitable for pikas.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pikas have been moving uphill since the last ice age, to keep up with the cooler temperatures they've evolved to live in. As part of his research, Stewart searches for spots that would be good pika habitat if they were higher and cooler. When he finds pika pellets in those locations, he can tell they once lived there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the climate continues to warm, their range will get even smaller. Stewart says anthropogenic climate change means, they may disappear from Northern California entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pika Policy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more scientists know about their numbers, the better informed government leaders will be when deciding whether to classify them as endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/h/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45330\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45330\" title=\"GGRO Hawk Watch Volunteers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers from the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory collect data on Hawk Hill in the Marin Headlands. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The raptor migration over the Marin Headlands is one of fall’s best, limited-engagement spectacles. Every September a highly-trained cadre of volunteers from the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/a> (GGRO) mounts Hawk Hill with binoculars and spotting scopes to document the passage of raptors as they gather to ride the rising warm air over the headlands before gliding across the mouth of the Bay. Reluctant to waste energy flying over open water, they “kettle” in flocks of mixed raptors of every kind to rise high in the air. While they’re rising in lazy circles, the hawk watchers busily identify as many as they can and count individuals. Some of the \u003ca title=\"Hawk Watch Daily Counts GGRO\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/events/hawkwatchToday.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">daily hawk counts\u003c/a> from dawn to dusk (or inundation by thick fog) reach over 700 individuals. Their work has contributed so much knowledge about the ecology of raptors. Similar counts take place around the US with famous spots on the \u003ca title=\"North American Hawk Migration Association\" href=\"http://www.hmana.org/sitesel.php?PHPSESSID=6824727e3aad9be2fb63302500008689\" target=\"_blank\">East Coast and in Texas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45335\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45335\" title=\"Hawk Banding\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Hawk-Banding-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cooper's hawk is captured and banded before being released for future tracking. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GGRO volunteers also capture individual birds to tag or attach radio transmitters to track their migration path. A \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-winged_Hawk/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">broad-winged hawk\u003c/a> merited special attention this year. The individual, which the team named named Marathon, is unusual. The species is primarily found across Canada and throughout the eastern US during the breeding season, then most of them travel south to the tropical forests in Central and South America averaging 7,000 miles at 100 miles per day. They’re rarely seen on the West Coast, but regularly show up over Hawk Hill in small numbers during fall migration. You can track Marathon’s southward migration flight on \u003ca title=\"GGRO Telemetry team blog\" href=\"http://www.ggrotelemetry.blogspot.com/\">GGRO’s blog\u003c/a>. The other long-distance migrants seen in eastern Contra Costa County and the Central Valley are \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Swainson’s hawks\u003c/a>. Their long-distance migration range spans from northern Canada to Argentina, averaging about 14,000 miles accomplished over the course of two months each way in spring and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next week or two should still be good for raptor viewing at Hawk Hill. Volunteers will be available to help you view and identify hawks overhead (with the exception of Oct. 6th and 7th during Fleet Week when even the volunteers won't brave the crowds!). If you’re interested in year-round raptor viewing and would like to be part of a team, you can also join EBRPD naturalist Mike Moran in eastern Contra Costa County. His fourth \u003ca title=\"EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">Thursday morning “Raptor Baseline” program\u003c/a> counts and tracks raptors in this rich habitat area. No previous experience is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/r/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45336\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45336 \" title=\"Kettle of raptors with San Francisco in view\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Raptor-Kettle-with-SF-View-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small \"kettle\" of raptors rises on thermals near San Francisco. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The autumn brings the annual raptor migration over Hawk Hill in the Marin Headlands north of San Francisco. Find out about their journey and the people who count them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/h/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45330\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-45330\" title=\"GGRO Hawk Watch Volunteers\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Volunteers-e1348856671721-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers from the Golden Gate Raptor Observatory collect data on Hawk Hill in the Marin Headlands. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The raptor migration over the Marin Headlands is one of fall’s best, limited-engagement spectacles. Every September a highly-trained cadre of volunteers from the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Raptor Observatory\u003c/a> (GGRO) mounts Hawk Hill with binoculars and spotting scopes to document the passage of raptors as they gather to ride the rising warm air over the headlands before gliding across the mouth of the Bay. Reluctant to waste energy flying over open water, they “kettle” in flocks of mixed raptors of every kind to rise high in the air. While they’re rising in lazy circles, the hawk watchers busily identify as many as they can and count individuals. Some of the \u003ca title=\"Hawk Watch Daily Counts GGRO\" href=\"http://www.ggro.org/events/hawkwatchToday.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">daily hawk counts\u003c/a> from dawn to dusk (or inundation by thick fog) reach over 700 individuals. Their work has contributed so much knowledge about the ecology of raptors. Similar counts take place around the US with famous spots on the \u003ca title=\"North American Hawk Migration Association\" href=\"http://www.hmana.org/sitesel.php?PHPSESSID=6824727e3aad9be2fb63302500008689\" target=\"_blank\">East Coast and in Texas\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45335\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45335\" title=\"Hawk Banding\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/GGRO-Hawk-Banding-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Cooper's hawk is captured and banded before being released for future tracking. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>GGRO volunteers also capture individual birds to tag or attach radio transmitters to track their migration path. A \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-winged_Hawk/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">broad-winged hawk\u003c/a> merited special attention this year. The individual, which the team named named Marathon, is unusual. The species is primarily found across Canada and throughout the eastern US during the breeding season, then most of them travel south to the tropical forests in Central and South America averaging 7,000 miles at 100 miles per day. They’re rarely seen on the West Coast, but regularly show up over Hawk Hill in small numbers during fall migration. You can track Marathon’s southward migration flight on \u003ca title=\"GGRO Telemetry team blog\" href=\"http://www.ggrotelemetry.blogspot.com/\">GGRO’s blog\u003c/a>. The other long-distance migrants seen in eastern Contra Costa County and the Central Valley are \u003ca title=\"Cornell University, All About Birds website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swainsons_Hawk/id\" target=\"_blank\">Swainson’s hawks\u003c/a>. Their long-distance migration range spans from northern Canada to Argentina, averaging about 14,000 miles accomplished over the course of two months each way in spring and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next week or two should still be good for raptor viewing at Hawk Hill. Volunteers will be available to help you view and identify hawks overhead (with the exception of Oct. 6th and 7th during Fleet Week when even the volunteers won't brave the crowds!). If you’re interested in year-round raptor viewing and would like to be part of a team, you can also join EBRPD naturalist Mike Moran in eastern Contra Costa County. His fourth \u003ca title=\"EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">Thursday morning “Raptor Baseline” program\u003c/a> counts and tracks raptors in this rich habitat area. No previous experience is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45336\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 377px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/get-your-binoculars-its-raptor-viewing-time/r/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45336\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45336 \" title=\"Kettle of raptors with San Francisco in view\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Raptor-Kettle-with-SF-View-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small \"kettle\" of raptors rises on thermals near San Francisco. Photo by Jessica Weinberg, courtesy of GGRO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Your Videos on QUEST: Steve Fyffe",
"title": "Your Videos on QUEST: Steve Fyffe",
"headTitle": "Your Videos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>As a science journalist, I receive multiple press releases every day. Their topics can range from food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to the launch of a new camera that detects dark energy to new genetic research about how a rare cheetah got its stripes. Some catch my attention and others are easily deleted. Some, I'm afraid, get missed completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, this was not the case with an innocent-looking press release sent from the Stanford News Service to our KQED Science News inbox back in early June, 2012. The header was, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/june/jasper-ridge-cameras-060112.html\">\"Caught on tape: The nightlife of animals at Stanford's Jasper Ridge preserve\"\u003c/a>. I was intrigued. Ever since I had the chance to track mountain lions in the Santa Cruz mountains with researcher \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/projects.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a> who employs motion-activated cameras to \"trap\" his elusive prey, I've been interested in this technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coyote x2\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44697\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pair of coyotes walk by one of the camera traps at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The solar-powered cameras at Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve – a 1,200 acre research site located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 3 miles west of the Stanford campus- automatically record video or photographs when a creature is in the vicinity; night vision means the scientists never miss a moment. The researchers have an opportunity to observe animals going about their usual business, away from the world of human disturbance.The animals seem so comfortable walking around in the shroud of darkness and with the possible exception of the curious deer, so completely unaware that they are being watched by a bunch of scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44752\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deer eye\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44752\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye-400x234.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A curious deer inspects the motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The video press release, produced by Steve Fyffe of the Stanford News Service, gives us a sense of the great diversity of wildlife at Jasper Ridge through secret footage of bobcats, deer, mountain lions, hummingbirds, skunks, coyotes, opossum, jackrabbits and several others. It's fun to think about all these wild animals roaming around a few miles away from the Stanford campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fyffe has also interviewed the researchers who are using the camera traps to learn more about the behavior of the creatures of interest to them. Assistant Professor Tadashi Fukami studies hummingbirds. The cameras have allowed his team to make subtle observations they had missed before. \"By using the cameras we realized that hummingbirds like to go to the unopened flowers,\" Fukami said. \"We used to assume that they waited for the flowers to bloom, but they like to poke into unopened flowers to get fresh nectar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44731\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hummingbird_2 turn_scale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hummingbird feeds on nectar at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Videos and photos are instantaneously uploaded, thanks to a new wireless network infrastructure that covers almost the entire preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasper Ridge Data Manager, Trevor Hebert says the cameras and wireless infrastructure have been invaluable to researchers. \"The video cameras are actually giving us a kind of view of a world that is close by, but that we just don’t see.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44809\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bobcat\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44809\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat triggers a motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Motion-activated cameras at Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve provide scientists a window into the secret lives of the animals there. This short video by the Stanford News Service reveals how these \"camera traps\" work and shows some of the amazing animals that roam around Jasper Ridge at night. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a science journalist, I receive multiple press releases every day. Their topics can range from food recalls from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to the launch of a new camera that detects dark energy to new genetic research about how a rare cheetah got its stripes. Some catch my attention and others are easily deleted. Some, I'm afraid, get missed completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, this was not the case with an innocent-looking press release sent from the Stanford News Service to our KQED Science News inbox back in early June, 2012. The header was, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/june/jasper-ridge-cameras-060112.html\">\"Caught on tape: The nightlife of animals at Stanford's Jasper Ridge preserve\"\u003c/a>. I was intrigued. Ever since I had the chance to track mountain lions in the Santa Cruz mountains with researcher \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/projects.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a> who employs motion-activated cameras to \"trap\" his elusive prey, I've been interested in this technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"coyote x2\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44697\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/coyote-x2-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pair of coyotes walk by one of the camera traps at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The solar-powered cameras at Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve – a 1,200 acre research site located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 3 miles west of the Stanford campus- automatically record video or photographs when a creature is in the vicinity; night vision means the scientists never miss a moment. The researchers have an opportunity to observe animals going about their usual business, away from the world of human disturbance.The animals seem so comfortable walking around in the shroud of darkness and with the possible exception of the curious deer, so completely unaware that they are being watched by a bunch of scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44752\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deer eye\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44752\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Deer-eye-400x234.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A curious deer inspects the motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The video press release, produced by Steve Fyffe of the Stanford News Service, gives us a sense of the great diversity of wildlife at Jasper Ridge through secret footage of bobcats, deer, mountain lions, hummingbirds, skunks, coyotes, opossum, jackrabbits and several others. It's fun to think about all these wild animals roaming around a few miles away from the Stanford campus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fyffe has also interviewed the researchers who are using the camera traps to learn more about the behavior of the creatures of interest to them. Assistant Professor Tadashi Fukami studies hummingbirds. The cameras have allowed his team to make subtle observations they had missed before. \"By using the cameras we realized that hummingbirds like to go to the unopened flowers,\" Fukami said. \"We used to assume that they waited for the flowers to bloom, but they like to poke into unopened flowers to get fresh nectar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44731\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hummingbird_2 turn_scale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Hummingbird_2-turn_scale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hummingbird feeds on nectar at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Videos and photos are instantaneously uploaded, thanks to a new wireless network infrastructure that covers almost the entire preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jasper Ridge Data Manager, Trevor Hebert says the cameras and wireless infrastructure have been invaluable to researchers. \"The video cameras are actually giving us a kind of view of a world that is close by, but that we just don’t see.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44809\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bobcat\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44809\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bobcat-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat triggers a motion-activated camera at Jasper Ridge. Video still courtesy of Stanford News Service. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/bernt_notke_danse_macabre/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44973\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg\" alt=\"Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\" title=\"Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first sniffles of flu season are upon us: a friend of mine was struck down, and couldn't join me in attending a science dialogue on Sunday night. This was darkly humorous, as the topic of the evening was pandemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Provocatively titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/most-effective-bioterrorist/\" title=\"Wonderfest - Bioterrorism\">Is Nature or Man the Most Effective Bioterrorist?\u003c/a>\", the free event was co-hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/\" title=\"wonderfest\">Wonderfest\u003c/a> (The Bay Area Beacon of Science) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\" title=\"Ask A Scientist SF\">Ask A Scientist\u003c/a> (a lecture series for curious humans). The speakers hailed from Stanford: two-time Nobel nominee \u003ca href=\"http://cmgm.stanford.edu/micro/fac/falkow.html\" title=\"Stanford - Falkow\">Stanley Falkow\u003c/a>, professor of microbiology and immunology, and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/davidrelmanlab/people-2/david-relman\" title=\"David Relman\">David Relman\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/MicrobialThreats.aspx\" title=\"Forum on Microbial Threats\">Forum on Microbial Threats\u003c/a> (really!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falkow opened by summarizing the natural history of human-microbe interactions, from chronic \"heritage diseases\" like herpes--with us since hunter-gatherer days--to acute \"crowd diseases\" like measles that cropped up (see what I did there?) when people began to settle in larger populations to farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/1918fluvictimsstlouis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44970\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/1918FluVictimsStLouis-391x253.jpg\" alt=\"1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\" title=\"1918FluVictimsStLouis\" width=\"391\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Human history has seen some pretty scary pandemics, from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\" title=\"Black Death - Wikipedia\">Black Death\u003c/a> in Europe to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Human_history\" title=\"Smallpox - Wikipedia\">smallpox in the New World\u003c/a>. But we survived long enough to invent vaccines and antibiotics, and mortality due to infectious disease has plummeted. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic#Epidemiology\" title=\"2009 flu mortality - Wikipedia\">2009 flu pandemic\u003c/a> was a ghost of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic#Mortality\" title=\"Wikipedia - 1918 flu mortality\">1918\u003c/a>. Does nature even have a chance anymore of winning \"most effective bioterrorist\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might. We live in an ever more crowded, ever more connected world, and pathogens adapt to human behavior--right down to evolving antibiotic resistance. In 2007, says Falkow, \"I thought nature had done a hell of a good job, and it was going to be hard to beat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he changed his mind when he realized that human genetic engineers can do something nature can't: keep the losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound so worrisome, until you realize that hypervirulent pathogens are usually losers. If you kill your hosts off too quickly, you don't get a chance to multiply and spread, and you end up knocking yourself out of the gene pool. Some naturally occurring pathogens have actually evolved control genes that keep their infections mild. Curious scientists have knocked out these genes--and created deadly bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/h1n1_navbox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44969\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/H1N1_navbox-386x253.jpg\" alt=\"H1N1 viruses\" title=\"H1N1_navbox\" width=\"386\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44969\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aww, look at the cute little flu viruses! (photo by Cybercobra at en.wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that was even before all the recent excitement over H5N1, a.k.a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004522/\" title=\"Avian influenza - NIH\">bird flu\u003c/a>. H5N1 is surprisingly virulent in humans, with a 50-60% mortality rate--but you can't catch it from another human. You have to catch it from a bird. A couple of different scientists wondered if this virus could ever be capable of mammal-to-mammal transmission, and a bit of genetic engineering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7403/full/nature10831.html\" title=\"Nature - H5N1\">provided\u003c/a> an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6088/1534.abstract\" title=\"Science - H5N1\">answer\u003c/a>: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relman presented their research with a kind of restrained horror. Are there some experiments, he asked, that simply shouldn't be done? If so, how do you keep people from doing them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulation is one choice. But Relman says, \"I think it's a lost cause--and counterproductive. [Regulation] makes it difficult to evolve and adapt to very fast-moving science.\" Falkow suggests that the real solution will come from improved dialogue between scientists and the public. \"I believe science has a contract with society,\" he says. \"It's a question of whether the public agrees their money should be invested and whether it's safe.\" Later, he added, \"I think one of the great failures of science is the inability to communicate with the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening's discussion was certainly one step toward turning that failure into success.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44973\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/bernt_notke_danse_macabre/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44973\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg\" alt=\"Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\" title=\"Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44973\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Bernt_Notke_Danse_Macabre-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bernt Notke's Danse Macabre\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first sniffles of flu season are upon us: a friend of mine was struck down, and couldn't join me in attending a science dialogue on Sunday night. This was darkly humorous, as the topic of the evening was pandemics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Provocatively titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/most-effective-bioterrorist/\" title=\"Wonderfest - Bioterrorism\">Is Nature or Man the Most Effective Bioterrorist?\u003c/a>\", the free event was co-hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://wonderfest.org/\" title=\"wonderfest\">Wonderfest\u003c/a> (The Bay Area Beacon of Science) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\" title=\"Ask A Scientist SF\">Ask A Scientist\u003c/a> (a lecture series for curious humans). The speakers hailed from Stanford: two-time Nobel nominee \u003ca href=\"http://cmgm.stanford.edu/micro/fac/falkow.html\" title=\"Stanford - Falkow\">Stanley Falkow\u003c/a>, professor of microbiology and immunology, and \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/davidrelmanlab/people-2/david-relman\" title=\"David Relman\">David Relman\u003c/a>, professor of medicine and chair of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/MicrobialThreats.aspx\" title=\"Forum on Microbial Threats\">Forum on Microbial Threats\u003c/a> (really!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falkow opened by summarizing the natural history of human-microbe interactions, from chronic \"heritage diseases\" like herpes--with us since hunter-gatherer days--to acute \"crowd diseases\" like measles that cropped up (see what I did there?) when people began to settle in larger populations to farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/1918fluvictimsstlouis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44970\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/1918FluVictimsStLouis-391x253.jpg\" alt=\"1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\" title=\"1918FluVictimsStLouis\" width=\"391\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44970\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1918 flu victim and members of the American Red Cross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Human history has seen some pretty scary pandemics, from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death\" title=\"Black Death - Wikipedia\">Black Death\u003c/a> in Europe to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Human_history\" title=\"Smallpox - Wikipedia\">smallpox in the New World\u003c/a>. But we survived long enough to invent vaccines and antibiotics, and mortality due to infectious disease has plummeted. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic#Epidemiology\" title=\"2009 flu mortality - Wikipedia\">2009 flu pandemic\u003c/a> was a ghost of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic#Mortality\" title=\"Wikipedia - 1918 flu mortality\">1918\u003c/a>. Does nature even have a chance anymore of winning \"most effective bioterrorist\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might. We live in an ever more crowded, ever more connected world, and pathogens adapt to human behavior--right down to evolving antibiotic resistance. In 2007, says Falkow, \"I thought nature had done a hell of a good job, and it was going to be hard to beat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he changed his mind when he realized that human genetic engineers can do something nature can't: keep the losers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound so worrisome, until you realize that hypervirulent pathogens are usually losers. If you kill your hosts off too quickly, you don't get a chance to multiply and spread, and you end up knocking yourself out of the gene pool. Some naturally occurring pathogens have actually evolved control genes that keep their infections mild. Curious scientists have knocked out these genes--and created deadly bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/25/science-and-the-flu-a-little-learning-is-a-dangerous-thing/h1n1_navbox/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44969\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/H1N1_navbox-386x253.jpg\" alt=\"H1N1 viruses\" title=\"H1N1_navbox\" width=\"386\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-44969\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aww, look at the cute little flu viruses! (photo by Cybercobra at en.wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And that was even before all the recent excitement over H5N1, a.k.a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004522/\" title=\"Avian influenza - NIH\">bird flu\u003c/a>. H5N1 is surprisingly virulent in humans, with a 50-60% mortality rate--but you can't catch it from another human. You have to catch it from a bird. A couple of different scientists wondered if this virus could ever be capable of mammal-to-mammal transmission, and a bit of genetic engineering \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7403/full/nature10831.html\" title=\"Nature - H5N1\">provided\u003c/a> an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6088/1534.abstract\" title=\"Science - H5N1\">answer\u003c/a>: yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relman presented their research with a kind of restrained horror. Are there some experiments, he asked, that simply shouldn't be done? If so, how do you keep people from doing them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulation is one choice. But Relman says, \"I think it's a lost cause--and counterproductive. [Regulation] makes it difficult to evolve and adapt to very fast-moving science.\" Falkow suggests that the real solution will come from improved dialogue between scientists and the public. \"I believe science has a contract with society,\" he says. \"It's a question of whether the public agrees their money should be invested and whether it's safe.\" Later, he added, \"I think one of the great failures of science is the inability to communicate with the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening's discussion was certainly one step toward turning that failure into success.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/oasis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44240\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44240\" title=\"Oasis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes are not embedded in a vast expanse of junk DNA. Over 80% of our DNA appears to be doing something, somewhere, some time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/full/489052a.html\">research\u003c/a> is making us rethink how our DNA works. Again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a barren landscape dotted with the occasional gene, we now have a lush forest dotted with the occasional gene. This is the next step in our continuing evolution away from the idea that genes determine who we are to the determining factor being how we use the genes we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new work from the ENCODE projects suggests that over 80% of our DNA is doing something even though only about 2% is genes. A lot of that something appears to be controlling when genes are turned on and to what level. At least that is what we think now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows what our new understanding will be once we come up with new ways to investigate what is going on in our DNA. And once we come up with the right questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/bacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44245\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44245\" title=\"bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/bacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"168\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not surprisingly, we use our DNA differently than a bacterium uses its DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 1.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, there were genes. From work mostly in bacteria, scientists believed that these pieces of DNA were the key to who we were. And that what made us more complex than a bacterium or a water bug was that we had more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t crazy or anything. Given what they knew, genes seemed like the obvious candidates for making us who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genes are just the instructions for proteins and proteins are the molecules that do the heavy lifting in our cells. The idea was that more complex creatures would do more things and so would need more proteins and so have more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured we’d be a bit like the bacteria they were studying. The thinking was that since by and large bacterial genomes are mostly genes, ours should be too. But once we managed to develop the technology to sequence the human genome, we saw that we don’t resemble bacteria nearly as much as we thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists sequenced the human genome. To everyone’s surprise there were only something like 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Most scientists expected 100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44246\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/waterflea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44246\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44246\" title=\"waterFlea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">She has more genes than you do.\u003cbr>Courtesy PLOS Genetics.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The genome appeared to be long stretches of not-genes interspersed with the occasional gene. Given our still \u003cem>gene-ocentric\u003c/em> way of thinking, we called all the DNA that wasn’t a gene “junk” DNA. We figured it was the flotsam and jetsam of billions of years of evolution cluttering up our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more and more organisms were sequenced, scientists kept getting the same result. Ten to thirty thousand genes spread across vast stretches of what looked like junk DNA. And to make matters worse, gene number didn’t appear to relate to complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a water flea has around \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/winner-for-largest-number-of-genes-in-any-animal-known-so-far-a-water-flea\">8,000 more genes than you do\u003c/a>. A mouse, roundworm and a flowering plant called \u003cem>Arabadopsis \u003c/em>has the same number as you. At least a fruit fly only has 14,000 or so! Clearly there isn’t a lot of correlation between complexity and gene number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current theory for what is going on is that the key factor in making us complex is how we use the genes we have. A mouse uses its 23,000 genes one way, roundworms another and humans a third way. Or more accurately, each uses its genes in lots of different ways depending on cell type, DNA sequence, environment and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project appears to support this idea and to show that a lot of that junk DNA is actually involved in controlling genes. One man’s junk is another man’s treasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 3.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project set out to figure out how genes are controlled. They focused on proteins called transcription factors (TFs) because scientists already had a pretty good handle on how these things work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/tbp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44251\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44251\" title=\"TBP\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/TBP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transcription factors like this one are proteins that bind DNA and control how much a gene is turned on.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TFs stick to certain bits of DNA and control genes from there. So one might like the DNA sequence AAGCTT and another might like TATAAA. Each TF then sticks to any of its preferred sites that are accessible and the level of gene expression is determined by which factors are bound where for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project found way more of these TF binding sites than they thought they would. And while they matched up half a million to nearby genes, this still left millions that were without a gene. They are almost certainly controlling genes, we just don’t yet understand how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way they are probably controlling genes is through some sort of long distance control. Scientists already knew of many cases where DNA far from a gene can influence its expression. (And when I say far, I mean far. Our chromosome 1 is over 3 inches long on its own. That is massive in the microscopic world. If the nucleus where the DNA is stored was the size of a baseball, the DNA of chromsome 1 would be over 100 miles long. That is quite a bat!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way this long distance control is thought to happen has to do with the fact that this long molecule isn’t stretched out. Instead it is packaged in an ordered clump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though those TFs I talked about are arranged along these long molecules sort of like beads on a string, pieces that are far away on the DNA can be close in 3D space. Members of the ENCODE project identified and analyzed over 1000 of these DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to influence gene expression is by affecting the accessibility of the TF binding sites on the DNA. If a site is hidden, it can’t be bound by a TF and so can’t affect any genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is controlled by that packaging (chromatin) I talked about earlier. Some DNA is in parts of the clump that the TFs can get to and some isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/chromatin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44269\" title=\"chromatin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/chromatin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">TFs have to get to the DNA to have an effect.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another ENCODE group determined how the pattern of accessibility is different in different cell types and firmed up the idea that TF binding can be like an avalanche. One TF binds which opens the DNA up allowing more to bind which opens up more DNA and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many contributions, the ENCODE data provides us with the start of a cataloging of what parts of our DNA are important and, to a lesser extent, which parts interact with each other. This data is already starting to bear fruit in that it is providing us with clues to how certain genetic differences can affect a person’s chances for developing genetic diseases. In particular, certain findings with regard to Crohn’s disease are becoming more understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results I’ve described so far aren’t really a paradigm shift except in terms of the percentage of DNA being used. It is things any molecular biologist knew before just spread out over more of our DNA and described in much more detail. This is not true of all of the results though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big finding of the ENCODE project is that over 75% of our DNA is copied into RNA in one cell or another. This was unexpected and might one day push us to \u003cem>Genome 4.0\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may remember that genes are copied into RNA before they are translated into proteins. Given that only 2% of our DNA is genes, all this RNA is not being translated into proteins. Which given what we’ve learned over the past few years, isn’t unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had been finding lots of different RNAs involved in, you guessed it, controlling gene expression levels. But no one expected there was this much untranslated RNA. There is so much of it that it is unlikely it is all contributing to controlling genes in the ways we’ve identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there are still lots of things to find out and when they figure out what this RNA is doing, we’ll learn more about our genomes. And I can’t wait to see what else they find as they’re figuring it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://modencode.sciencemag.org\">An educational site about the related modENCODE project (still at the beta stage)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New research is making us rethink how our DNA works - again.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/oasis/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44240\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44240\" title=\"Oasis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Oasis-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genes are not embedded in a vast expanse of junk DNA. Over 80% of our DNA appears to be doing something, somewhere, some time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/full/489052a.html\">research\u003c/a> is making us rethink how our DNA works. Again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a barren landscape dotted with the occasional gene, we now have a lush forest dotted with the occasional gene. This is the next step in our continuing evolution away from the idea that genes determine who we are to the determining factor being how we use the genes we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new work from the ENCODE projects suggests that over 80% of our DNA is doing something even though only about 2% is genes. A lot of that something appears to be controlling when genes are turned on and to what level. At least that is what we think now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows what our new understanding will be once we come up with new ways to investigate what is going on in our DNA. And once we come up with the right questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/bacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44245\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44245\" title=\"bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/bacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"168\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Not surprisingly, we use our DNA differently than a bacterium uses its DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 1.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the beginning, there were genes. From work mostly in bacteria, scientists believed that these pieces of DNA were the key to who we were. And that what made us more complex than a bacterium or a water bug was that we had more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This wasn’t crazy or anything. Given what they knew, genes seemed like the obvious candidates for making us who we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genes are just the instructions for proteins and proteins are the molecules that do the heavy lifting in our cells. The idea was that more complex creatures would do more things and so would need more proteins and so have more genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured we’d be a bit like the bacteria they were studying. The thinking was that since by and large bacterial genomes are mostly genes, ours should be too. But once we managed to develop the technology to sequence the human genome, we saw that we don’t resemble bacteria nearly as much as we thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists sequenced the human genome. To everyone’s surprise there were only something like 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Most scientists expected 100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44246\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/waterflea/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44246\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44246\" title=\"waterFlea\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/waterFlea-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">She has more genes than you do.\u003cbr>Courtesy PLOS Genetics.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The genome appeared to be long stretches of not-genes interspersed with the occasional gene. Given our still \u003cem>gene-ocentric\u003c/em> way of thinking, we called all the DNA that wasn’t a gene “junk” DNA. We figured it was the flotsam and jetsam of billions of years of evolution cluttering up our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more and more organisms were sequenced, scientists kept getting the same result. Ten to thirty thousand genes spread across vast stretches of what looked like junk DNA. And to make matters worse, gene number didn’t appear to relate to complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a water flea has around \u003ca href=\"http://earthsky.org/earth/winner-for-largest-number-of-genes-in-any-animal-known-so-far-a-water-flea\">8,000 more genes than you do\u003c/a>. A mouse, roundworm and a flowering plant called \u003cem>Arabadopsis \u003c/em>has the same number as you. At least a fruit fly only has 14,000 or so! Clearly there isn’t a lot of correlation between complexity and gene number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current theory for what is going on is that the key factor in making us complex is how we use the genes we have. A mouse uses its 23,000 genes one way, roundworms another and humans a third way. Or more accurately, each uses its genes in lots of different ways depending on cell type, DNA sequence, environment and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project appears to support this idea and to show that a lot of that junk DNA is actually involved in controlling genes. One man’s junk is another man’s treasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome 3.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project set out to figure out how genes are controlled. They focused on proteins called transcription factors (TFs) because scientists already had a pretty good handle on how these things work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/tbp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44251\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44251\" title=\"TBP\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/TBP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transcription factors like this one are proteins that bind DNA and control how much a gene is turned on.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TFs stick to certain bits of DNA and control genes from there. So one might like the DNA sequence AAGCTT and another might like TATAAA. Each TF then sticks to any of its preferred sites that are accessible and the level of gene expression is determined by which factors are bound where for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ENCODE project found way more of these TF binding sites than they thought they would. And while they matched up half a million to nearby genes, this still left millions that were without a gene. They are almost certainly controlling genes, we just don’t yet understand how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way they are probably controlling genes is through some sort of long distance control. Scientists already knew of many cases where DNA far from a gene can influence its expression. (And when I say far, I mean far. Our chromosome 1 is over 3 inches long on its own. That is massive in the microscopic world. If the nucleus where the DNA is stored was the size of a baseball, the DNA of chromsome 1 would be over 100 miles long. That is quite a bat!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way this long distance control is thought to happen has to do with the fact that this long molecule isn’t stretched out. Instead it is packaged in an ordered clump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So even though those TFs I talked about are arranged along these long molecules sort of like beads on a string, pieces that are far away on the DNA can be close in 3D space. Members of the ENCODE project identified and analyzed over 1000 of these DNA loops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to influence gene expression is by affecting the accessibility of the TF binding sites on the DNA. If a site is hidden, it can’t be bound by a TF and so can’t affect any genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accessibility is controlled by that packaging (chromatin) I talked about earlier. Some DNA is in parts of the clump that the TFs can get to and some isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44269\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/genome-3-0-encode-takes-our-dna-from-junk-to-treasure/chromatin/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44269\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44269\" title=\"chromatin\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/chromatin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"246\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">TFs have to get to the DNA to have an effect.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another ENCODE group determined how the pattern of accessibility is different in different cell types and firmed up the idea that TF binding can be like an avalanche. One TF binds which opens the DNA up allowing more to bind which opens up more DNA and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among its many contributions, the ENCODE data provides us with the start of a cataloging of what parts of our DNA are important and, to a lesser extent, which parts interact with each other. This data is already starting to bear fruit in that it is providing us with clues to how certain genetic differences can affect a person’s chances for developing genetic diseases. In particular, certain findings with regard to Crohn’s disease are becoming more understandable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results I’ve described so far aren’t really a paradigm shift except in terms of the percentage of DNA being used. It is things any molecular biologist knew before just spread out over more of our DNA and described in much more detail. This is not true of all of the results though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another big finding of the ENCODE project is that over 75% of our DNA is copied into RNA in one cell or another. This was unexpected and might one day push us to \u003cem>Genome 4.0\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may remember that genes are copied into RNA before they are translated into proteins. Given that only 2% of our DNA is genes, all this RNA is not being translated into proteins. Which given what we’ve learned over the past few years, isn’t unexpected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists had been finding lots of different RNAs involved in, you guessed it, controlling gene expression levels. But no one expected there was this much untranslated RNA. There is so much of it that it is unlikely it is all contributing to controlling genes in the ways we’ve identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, there are still lots of things to find out and when they figure out what this RNA is doing, we’ll learn more about our genomes. And I can’t wait to see what else they find as they’re figuring it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://modencode.sciencemag.org\">An educational site about the related modENCODE project (still at the beta stage)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation",
"title": "Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Feral cats threaten native wildlife, from reptiles to birds, and often lead a miserable life. By better understanding the concerns of cat colony caretakers, wildlife biologists hope to find enough common ground to benefit both cats and wildlife.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay Area filmmaker and musician \u003ca title=\"Jesse Hiatt web site\" href=\"http://www.jessehiatt.com/\">Jesse Hiatt\u003c/a> traveled with UC Santa Cruz marine biologist \u003ca title=\"lab of UC Santa Cruz marine biologist Dan Costa\" href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a> to Antarctica in October 2011 and February 2012. Professor Costa had been awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study the winter foraging ecology of Weddell seals in Antarctica through the use of sophisticated satellite tags and physical examinations conducted by his research team. Hiatt first met Professor Costa while studying marine biology at UC Santa Cruz, where he developed 3D visualization software for diving mammals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>During the research trip, Hiatt spent long days filming Costa and other UC Santa Cruz researchers as they deployed and retrieved satellite tags from the seals and examined the large marine mammals. His breathtaking footage was edited into the two-minute QUEST segment, \"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica.\" In June 2012, QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq conducted an interview via email with Jesse Hiatt about his unforgettable experience working in Antarctica and getting up close to the hardy seals during their breeding season. The following is an excerpt of the interview which has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42577\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt in Antarctica poses for a photo while a Weddell seal sticks its head out of the water. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Can you describe the gear that you used while filming in the harsh, extreme climate of Antarctica? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to use a Canon 7D for this project, because it is a fairly rugged weatherized camera. More importantly, I realized that despite the challenges of using a DSLR camera for video, it allowed me to stay within my budget and it could deliver the most high-quality cinematic footage. It would also take good stills. To make the camera more suitable for shooting video, I had a Zacuto EVF external viewfinder, a matte box with a variable ND filter and a Zacuto follow focus unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling in Antarctica can be a real challenge. We traveled by foot, snowmobile (referred to in Antarctica as snow-machines) and helicopter. Space was always limited and in every case I could not take nearly as much equipment as I would have liked. There was no one system that worked for all occasions. I had a bewildering array of different cases, backpacks and bags and would have to decide each day what I would bring and how to pack it. And every time, as Murphy's Law would suggest, there would be a great opportunities to use whatever I left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42578\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal with a satellite tag on its head. The tag allows Professor Dan Costa and his research team to track the animal's movement from their lab back in Santa Cruz. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We had a small box on the back of the snow-machine for gear and that would get seriously battered and beaten. I had several pieces of gear broken this way, and found the only safe place for cameras and lenses was in my backpack. When traveling by helicopter, space was even more limited, and I resorted to wrapping my Sachtler tripod in bubble wrap (no room for the case) and holding my camera in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>One of my favorite scenes in the “Field Notes” story shows a Weddell seal swimming underneath the ice. How did you capture this footage? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took a GoPro camera, and attached it to a bamboo pole. I used the pole to put the camera underwater in an area where the seals were swimming under the ice. I couldn't see what I was shooting so it was a lot like fishing. I was hoping to catch a shot of one of the tagged seals as she was swimming, and I got very close, but unfortunately she was just out of frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day started with lovely spring-skiing weather. Antarctica will lull you in a false sense of complacency and then all of a sudden slap you in the face and remind you who's boss. So without warning, it got bitterly cold and windy, and to add some excitement, huge sheets of the ice below our feet began shifting around us. Because I was dipping the bamboo pole below the water, my gloves would get wet, and so I was developing painful, frozen popsicle fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no glove that can really stand up to the cold. And there always arises some occasion that requires you to take your gloves off for a minute. Once your fingers get cold, it is very hard to warm them up again, even if you put them in some fresh gloves, you are basically insulating cold fingers, and the gloves become a refrigerator. The only solution is to stick your bare hands deep in a pocket with some chemical heat pads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42579\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Hiatt records audio during his two month stint filming in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So bracing from the cold and nursing my increasingly useless, frost-nipped claw hands, I finally I got a bit of luck. From where I was standing, I could see a seal below my feet, swim right up to the camera and put her nose right on the lens. Then she took a few breaths from the hole in the ice, and I knew she was in the shot. I couldn't wait to get home and see how it came out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Having spent so many hours observing and filming them, what did you find particularly fascinating about the behavior of Weddell seals?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When seals are on the surface, they look like big fat slugs and it is relatively difficult for them to move around. Underwater, they are the masters. They are in complete command and swim quite gracefully. I dream of being able to go back to Antarctica and capture some more underwater footage. But it is a very rare privilege to be able to go there, even for researchers who have studied these animals for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42580\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal pokes its head out of an ice hole in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Weddell seals are fascinating creatures that live in one of the Earth's most extreme environments. They are in fact the southern-most mammal. During the winter they never see the sun. They can dive to depths of 500 meters. And they have no land-predators, so they have no real fear of humans which makes them great research subjects. It was a great privilege to visit their home and spend time with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s next for you? Do you have any plans to travel to other exotic locales for wildlife documentaries?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, I captured about 18 hours of footage in Antarctica, which I hope to edit into a half-hour documentary. I have moved from New Orleans back to Oakland, and I am building a small music studio where I will soon start work on my next record. I have upgraded my camera to the Canon 5D Mark III and I can't wait for the next opportunity for adventure and filmmaking.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay Area filmmaker and musician \u003ca title=\"Jesse Hiatt web site\" href=\"http://www.jessehiatt.com/\">Jesse Hiatt\u003c/a> traveled with UC Santa Cruz marine biologist \u003ca title=\"lab of UC Santa Cruz marine biologist Dan Costa\" href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a> to Antarctica in October 2011 and February 2012. Professor Costa had been awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study the winter foraging ecology of Weddell seals in Antarctica through the use of sophisticated satellite tags and physical examinations conducted by his research team. Hiatt first met Professor Costa while studying marine biology at UC Santa Cruz, where he developed 3D visualization software for diving mammals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>During the research trip, Hiatt spent long days filming Costa and other UC Santa Cruz researchers as they deployed and retrieved satellite tags from the seals and examined the large marine mammals. His breathtaking footage was edited into the two-minute QUEST segment, \"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica.\" In June 2012, QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq conducted an interview via email with Jesse Hiatt about his unforgettable experience working in Antarctica and getting up close to the hardy seals during their breeding season. The following is an excerpt of the interview which has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42577\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt in Antarctica poses for a photo while a Weddell seal sticks its head out of the water. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Can you describe the gear that you used while filming in the harsh, extreme climate of Antarctica? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to use a Canon 7D for this project, because it is a fairly rugged weatherized camera. More importantly, I realized that despite the challenges of using a DSLR camera for video, it allowed me to stay within my budget and it could deliver the most high-quality cinematic footage. It would also take good stills. To make the camera more suitable for shooting video, I had a Zacuto EVF external viewfinder, a matte box with a variable ND filter and a Zacuto follow focus unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling in Antarctica can be a real challenge. We traveled by foot, snowmobile (referred to in Antarctica as snow-machines) and helicopter. Space was always limited and in every case I could not take nearly as much equipment as I would have liked. There was no one system that worked for all occasions. I had a bewildering array of different cases, backpacks and bags and would have to decide each day what I would bring and how to pack it. And every time, as Murphy's Law would suggest, there would be a great opportunities to use whatever I left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42578\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal with a satellite tag on its head. The tag allows Professor Dan Costa and his research team to track the animal's movement from their lab back in Santa Cruz. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We had a small box on the back of the snow-machine for gear and that would get seriously battered and beaten. I had several pieces of gear broken this way, and found the only safe place for cameras and lenses was in my backpack. When traveling by helicopter, space was even more limited, and I resorted to wrapping my Sachtler tripod in bubble wrap (no room for the case) and holding my camera in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>One of my favorite scenes in the “Field Notes” story shows a Weddell seal swimming underneath the ice. How did you capture this footage? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took a GoPro camera, and attached it to a bamboo pole. I used the pole to put the camera underwater in an area where the seals were swimming under the ice. I couldn't see what I was shooting so it was a lot like fishing. I was hoping to catch a shot of one of the tagged seals as she was swimming, and I got very close, but unfortunately she was just out of frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day started with lovely spring-skiing weather. Antarctica will lull you in a false sense of complacency and then all of a sudden slap you in the face and remind you who's boss. So without warning, it got bitterly cold and windy, and to add some excitement, huge sheets of the ice below our feet began shifting around us. Because I was dipping the bamboo pole below the water, my gloves would get wet, and so I was developing painful, frozen popsicle fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no glove that can really stand up to the cold. And there always arises some occasion that requires you to take your gloves off for a minute. Once your fingers get cold, it is very hard to warm them up again, even if you put them in some fresh gloves, you are basically insulating cold fingers, and the gloves become a refrigerator. The only solution is to stick your bare hands deep in a pocket with some chemical heat pads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42579\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Hiatt records audio during his two month stint filming in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So bracing from the cold and nursing my increasingly useless, frost-nipped claw hands, I finally I got a bit of luck. From where I was standing, I could see a seal below my feet, swim right up to the camera and put her nose right on the lens. Then she took a few breaths from the hole in the ice, and I knew she was in the shot. I couldn't wait to get home and see how it came out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Having spent so many hours observing and filming them, what did you find particularly fascinating about the behavior of Weddell seals?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When seals are on the surface, they look like big fat slugs and it is relatively difficult for them to move around. Underwater, they are the masters. They are in complete command and swim quite gracefully. I dream of being able to go back to Antarctica and capture some more underwater footage. But it is a very rare privilege to be able to go there, even for researchers who have studied these animals for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42580\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal pokes its head out of an ice hole in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Weddell seals are fascinating creatures that live in one of the Earth's most extreme environments. They are in fact the southern-most mammal. During the winter they never see the sun. They can dive to depths of 500 meters. And they have no land-predators, so they have no real fear of humans which makes them great research subjects. It was a great privilege to visit their home and spend time with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s next for you? Do you have any plans to travel to other exotic locales for wildlife documentaries?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
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"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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