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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fremont Peak oversees a large region of the Coast Ranges between Monterey and Hollister. When you pay it a visit, be sure to look around your feet too.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://cdn.livestream.com/embed/worldsciencefestival?layout=4&height=385&width=640&autoplay=false\" style=\"border:0;outline:0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"font-size: 11px;padding-top:10px;text-align:center;width:640px\">Live from \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">worldsciencefestival.com\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\nOn November 2, \u003ca href=\"http://worldsciencefestival.com/\">The World Science Festival\u003c/a>, Columbia University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/\">NOVA\u003c/a> hosted a screening of \u003cem>What is Space?\u003c/em> to coincide with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/fabric-of-cosmos.html#fabric-space\">NOVA: Fabric of the Cosmos\u003c/a> series premiere. The screening took place at Columbia's Miller theatre and was immediately followed by a live-streamed webcast, hosted by acclaimed physicist Dr. Brian Greene. The webcast allowed the in-theatre and digital audiences to further explore the program’s rich material in direct conversation with Dr. Greene -- the series' host and best-selling author -- as well as other featured program participants, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\">Saul Perlmutter\u003c/a>, our local Lawrence Berkeley Lab astrophysicist and winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One hundred eleven years ago, Chabot Director Charles Burckhalter photographed a solar eclipse. What he couldn't know is that, almost two decades later, his pictures would be caught up in a race, to prove or disprove, one of the great Universe-changing theories in history.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25737\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/dumpster-diving-on-mars/galecrater7a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a.jpg\" alt=\"Gale Crater on Mars\" title=\"Gale Crater on Mars\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gale Crater, the destination for NASA's new rover Curiosity. Credit: NASA, Google Earth\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for yet another great Martian adventure? Another prestigious interplanetary mission to that fabled world? The next technological ambassadorship of space-age robots and exotic landscapes? Or, how about an inglorious romp to go dumpster diving to sift through a pile of geological garbage…?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, get set; on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20110928.html\">November 25th the launch window opens\u003c/a> for NASA’s next Mars rover, “Curiosity,” which will arrive over yonder next August. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inglorious dumpster diving? What’s NASA got planned this time, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: Gale Crater, a large impact blast about 1400 miles to the west of Gusev Crater, where the rover Spirit now sits motionless—and incommunicado—in its last rusting place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that Curiosity was bound for Gale Crater, my first impulse was to start up Google Earth, switch to Mars mode, and zoom in on Gale Crater for a landing to see, at least superficially, what might be of interest there to an explorer. (You can do this too; download Google Earth at \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/earth\">www.google.com/earth\u003c/a>, select Mars, and search for Gale Crater.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first Google-vista of Gale, which included several overlaid strips of high-resolution imagery from the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=968\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> (MRO), hinted that there may be a LOT of interest here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater, about 90 miles across, sports a really large mountain right in the middle—mostly filling the bowl, in fact. The mountain, whose peak rises around 2700 feet above average Martian surface level (can’t say sea level there…not in the present day, at least), towers 3 miles above the deepest part of the crater surrounding it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I zoomed in on an MRO overlay of a canyon high on the mountain, finding what looks like layered deposits exposed by whatever cutting action had carved the canyon in the past. The landscape I find there is stunning, the details rich. I almost feel as though I’ve stood where Curiosity is soon to tread. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover will be set down by a sort of rocket-propelled winch, lowered gently to the base of the mountain where an alluvial fan promises potential riches. Not wind-worn pebbles of solid gold, not fist-sized chunks of diamond—well, probably not—but rather the riches of dirt that may have been deposited there by the action of water. A dumpster of chemical, geological, and potentially biological history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons Gale Crater was chosen as Curiosity’s destination is that it is a deep, low-altitude impact crater, situated at a “downhill” destination where water, if indeed it did flow on Mars long ago, is very likely to have converged, dumping all sorts of soil, rock, and whatever else might have come along for the ride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity carries ten instruments designed to conduct a range of measurements, including chemical analysis of soil and rock samples in search of organic compounds that may have been preserved. Where Curiosity’s predecessors, Spirit and Opportunity, have looked for the chemical signs of past water to help tell us whether Mars was ever hospital to life, Curiosity will look for the leftovers of life itself. And in the bottom-lands of Gale Crater, at the foot of a huge mountain from which the rubble of layer upon layer of history has been scoured, it will be in a really good place to do it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25737\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/dumpster-diving-on-mars/galecrater7a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a.jpg\" alt=\"Gale Crater on Mars\" title=\"Gale Crater on Mars\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/galecrater7a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gale Crater, the destination for NASA's new rover Curiosity. Credit: NASA, Google Earth\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for yet another great Martian adventure? Another prestigious interplanetary mission to that fabled world? The next technological ambassadorship of space-age robots and exotic landscapes? Or, how about an inglorious romp to go dumpster diving to sift through a pile of geological garbage…?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any case, get set; on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20110928.html\">November 25th the launch window opens\u003c/a> for NASA’s next Mars rover, “Curiosity,” which will arrive over yonder next August. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inglorious dumpster diving? What’s NASA got planned this time, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answer: Gale Crater, a large impact blast about 1400 miles to the west of Gusev Crater, where the rover Spirit now sits motionless—and incommunicado—in its last rusting place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that Curiosity was bound for Gale Crater, my first impulse was to start up Google Earth, switch to Mars mode, and zoom in on Gale Crater for a landing to see, at least superficially, what might be of interest there to an explorer. (You can do this too; download Google Earth at \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/earth\">www.google.com/earth\u003c/a>, select Mars, and search for Gale Crater.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first Google-vista of Gale, which included several overlaid strips of high-resolution imagery from the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=968\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> (MRO), hinted that there may be a LOT of interest here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater, about 90 miles across, sports a really large mountain right in the middle—mostly filling the bowl, in fact. The mountain, whose peak rises around 2700 feet above average Martian surface level (can’t say sea level there…not in the present day, at least), towers 3 miles above the deepest part of the crater surrounding it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I zoomed in on an MRO overlay of a canyon high on the mountain, finding what looks like layered deposits exposed by whatever cutting action had carved the canyon in the past. The landscape I find there is stunning, the details rich. I almost feel as though I’ve stood where Curiosity is soon to tread. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover will be set down by a sort of rocket-propelled winch, lowered gently to the base of the mountain where an alluvial fan promises potential riches. Not wind-worn pebbles of solid gold, not fist-sized chunks of diamond—well, probably not—but rather the riches of dirt that may have been deposited there by the action of water. A dumpster of chemical, geological, and potentially biological history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons Gale Crater was chosen as Curiosity’s destination is that it is a deep, low-altitude impact crater, situated at a “downhill” destination where water, if indeed it did flow on Mars long ago, is very likely to have converged, dumping all sorts of soil, rock, and whatever else might have come along for the ride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity carries ten instruments designed to conduct a range of measurements, including chemical analysis of soil and rock samples in search of organic compounds that may have been preserved. Where Curiosity’s predecessors, Spirit and Opportunity, have looked for the chemical signs of past water to help tell us whether Mars was ever hospital to life, Curiosity will look for the leftovers of life itself. And in the bottom-lands of Gale Crater, at the foot of a huge mountain from which the rubble of layer upon layer of history has been scoured, it will be in a really good place to do it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a mysterious force that makes up about two-thirds of the universe. And it has nothing to do with Star Wars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists call it dark energy, and it is believed to be causing galaxies to move away from each other faster and faster. Now, researchers who have been trying to figure it out for more than 20 years by studying supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – are hoping to send a telescope into space, where they’ll be able to get a better look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see hundreds of times more sky at a time,” said Saul Perlmutter, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. “And it’s also designed for just the wave length range, just the colors, where we need to study the supernovae and the other galaxies in order to study dark energy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new NASA telescope is known as \u003ca href=\"http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">WFIRST\u003c/a>, which stands for wide-field infrared survey telescope. If Congress approves initial development funds of $50 million to $100 million by the end of the year, WFIRST could launch sometime between 2022 and 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A telescope like it has been in the works for more than 15 years, at one point developed by a Joint Dark Energy Mission made up of NASA and the Department of Energy. Now the project is back in NASA’s hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the project’s bumpy history, Perlmutter is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point things are sounding good,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Before Hubble’s discovery, even Albert Einstein believed that the universe was static.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty years later, in 2011, Perlmutter, who also is an astrophysicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions to the discovery that the expansion of the universe started to accelerate seven billion years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just imagine that you are living here on a galaxy, and there’s galaxies forever going in all directions, nothing but galaxies, no end,” said Perlmutter gesturing with his arms. “And the only thing I mean when I’m saying that the universe is expanding is that we’re sort of pumping extra space between the galaxies. And when we say it’s accelerating, we just mean that that extra pumping is happening faster and faster and the distances are growing bigger and bigger more and more quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out that the expansion was accelerating, Perlmutter and his team used the light from supernovae – stars that exploded billions of years ago – to plot out the history of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A particular kind of supernova stars, called Type 1a, explode in a very similar way every time, brightening like fireworks and then fading away. And they reach the same peak brightness every time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their predictability makes these exploding stars what researchers call “standard candles.” Their initial brightness is constant and grows fainter with distance. Since researchers know light always travels at 186,000 miles per second, they’re able to calculate how long ago these supernovae exploded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a supernova explodes, the light starts spreading out in all directions, much like the ripples on the water spread out when you drop a pebble into a lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernovae Perlmutter studies exploded billions of years ago. As the light from their explosions was traveling toward our galaxy, our solar system had time to develop, dinosaurs had a chance to come and go, and humans made their grand entrance and had time to build telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_99168\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-99168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg\" alt='Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. ' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Saul-Perlmutter-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saul Perlmutter, of the University of California, Berkeley, studies dark energy, the mysterious \"something\" that is making galaxies move away from each other faster and faster. \u003ccite>(Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“While the light is traveling to us through the universe, the universe is expanding. And everything in the universe that’s not nailed down expands with the universe,” said Perlmutter. “That includes the very wavelengths of the photons of light that are traveling to us from the supernova.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the light is moving away from the observer, it appears red, in a phenomenon known as “redshift.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now with these two ingredients – the brightness of the supernova and how much the light has been shifted towards the red in its appearance – you now can just read off the history of the expansion of the universe,” said Perlmutter, “because the brightness tells you how far back in time any given supernova event occurred, and the red shift tells us how much the universe has expanded since that time. And now we just do this for five, ten, 20, 40 supernovae at different times back in history and they, one after another, tell us for each time in history how much the universe has stretched since that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With WFIRST, astronomers plan to study supernovae that are farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope, which would be launched to space on a satellite, would also include technology to study dark energy in other ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One new technique called Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, or BAO for short, allows scientists to refine their history of the universe by comparing the average distance between galaxies at different points in time with the distances between the hot and cold spots just after the Big Bang. The hotter spots were denser and gave rise to more galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Congress were to move forward with WFIRST, it would be an exciting step for scientists trying to figure out what dark energy might be, said Perlmutter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really would be able to probe into the history of the expansion of the universe in a way that we’ve never done before,” he said. “This would be the big chance of finding out what dark energy is in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24874\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/23/opportunitys-endeavour/endeavour-crater/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24874\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's Three Year Trek-Victoria to Endeavour Crater\" title=\"Opportunity's Three Year Trek-Victoria to Endeavour Crater\" width=\"623\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24874\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater.jpg 623w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour Crater; Credit: NASA, Google Earth\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who’d’ve thought back in 2004, when NASA’s twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity set wheels on Martia-firma, that one would still be roving nearly eight years later? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who would have imagined three years ago, when the already veteran Opportunity set forth from its two-year prospecting site at Victoria Crater on a long march to the much larger Endeavour Crater, that the Fates would actually NOT stop this Energizer-Bunny dead in its tracks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, enough jaw-dropping incredulity. Some things CAN be built to last….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three weeks ago,\u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20110901a.html\"> Opportunity reached the rim \u003c/a>of the 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater, after clocking nearly 21 miles since its landing seven and a half years ago. By Earth-rover standards, that’s about one round trip to work and home again for me, and about 25 minutes of my time—but Opportunity’s commute is a far greater feat, alone on another world, long minutes away even by radio waves, no service garages for maintenance, no fuel stations other than the daily dose of energy doled out by the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things Opportunity did upon reaching the rim of the giant crater, after taking some pictures to give us the lay of the land, was to examine some rocks. After all, more than anything else, the Mars Exploration Rovers are geologists, or rock hounds, sent to tell us about the Martian environment, today and in the past, through the chemical makeup and stratigraphy of the rocks and soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from orbital spacecraft have shown that the materials at the rim of Endeavour may date back to early in Martian history, making for fertile ground in Opportunity’s quest to uncover clues to the planet’s past. Evidence for the presence of clay minerals, possibly formed under wet conditions favorable to life, has been brought to light—which really adds some excitement to the rover’s rock hounding exploits to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Opportunity’s approach to the crater rim, it spotted in the distance unusual outcroppings, and a “shelf” of what looks like sedimentary rock with inclusions of material that may have been deposited by water action. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water water water, the watch-words of Martian exploration for many years. Where there is, or was, water, perhaps there is, or was, some form of life. And while the Mars Exploration Rovers weren’t designed to look for signs of life directly, their larger, better equipped descendant, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, to be launched in November, is. Curiosity, do tell…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a child I liked to imagine what it would be like to land on and walk about the surface of Mars. Mind you, back then we had no images from Mars’ surface—not until 1976 when Viking landed. We had low-res images taken from space, and plenty of science fiction sound stage backdrops and sets from various TV shows and films (and a Mars stand-in, Death Valley, in Robinson Crusoe on Mars). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity still appears to be in good shape, so the odyssey of its exploration seems to have a good chance of delivering yet another episode of the \u003cem>Life (?) and Times of Mars\u003c/em>….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24874\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/23/opportunitys-endeavour/endeavour-crater/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24874\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater.jpg\" alt=\"Opportunity's Three Year Trek-Victoria to Endeavour Crater\" title=\"Opportunity's Three Year Trek-Victoria to Endeavour Crater\" width=\"623\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24874\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater.jpg 623w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/endeavour-crater-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour Crater; Credit: NASA, Google Earth\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who’d’ve thought back in 2004, when NASA’s twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity set wheels on Martia-firma, that one would still be roving nearly eight years later? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who would have imagined three years ago, when the already veteran Opportunity set forth from its two-year prospecting site at Victoria Crater on a long march to the much larger Endeavour Crater, that the Fates would actually NOT stop this Energizer-Bunny dead in its tracks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, enough jaw-dropping incredulity. Some things CAN be built to last….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three weeks ago,\u003ca href=\"http://marsrover.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20110901a.html\"> Opportunity reached the rim \u003c/a>of the 14-mile wide Endeavour Crater, after clocking nearly 21 miles since its landing seven and a half years ago. By Earth-rover standards, that’s about one round trip to work and home again for me, and about 25 minutes of my time—but Opportunity’s commute is a far greater feat, alone on another world, long minutes away even by radio waves, no service garages for maintenance, no fuel stations other than the daily dose of energy doled out by the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things Opportunity did upon reaching the rim of the giant crater, after taking some pictures to give us the lay of the land, was to examine some rocks. After all, more than anything else, the Mars Exploration Rovers are geologists, or rock hounds, sent to tell us about the Martian environment, today and in the past, through the chemical makeup and stratigraphy of the rocks and soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from orbital spacecraft have shown that the materials at the rim of Endeavour may date back to early in Martian history, making for fertile ground in Opportunity’s quest to uncover clues to the planet’s past. Evidence for the presence of clay minerals, possibly formed under wet conditions favorable to life, has been brought to light—which really adds some excitement to the rover’s rock hounding exploits to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Opportunity’s approach to the crater rim, it spotted in the distance unusual outcroppings, and a “shelf” of what looks like sedimentary rock with inclusions of material that may have been deposited by water action. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water water water, the watch-words of Martian exploration for many years. Where there is, or was, water, perhaps there is, or was, some form of life. And while the Mars Exploration Rovers weren’t designed to look for signs of life directly, their larger, better equipped descendant, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, to be launched in November, is. Curiosity, do tell…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a child I liked to imagine what it would be like to land on and walk about the surface of Mars. Mind you, back then we had no images from Mars’ surface—not until 1976 when Viking landed. We had low-res images taken from space, and plenty of science fiction sound stage backdrops and sets from various TV shows and films (and a Mars stand-in, Death Valley, in Robinson Crusoe on Mars). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity still appears to be in good shape, so the odyssey of its exploration seems to have a good chance of delivering yet another episode of the \u003cem>Life (?) and Times of Mars\u003c/em>….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/20/armchair-astronomy-takes-off-on-the-web/aurora-jpeg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aurora.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>This photo was taken by Astronaut Ron Garan aboard the ISS and shows the Southern Lights. Garan takes photos in space and shares them over Google+.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hosting \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">tweetups with space enthusiasts\u003c/a>, to sharing space amazing videos on YouTube, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> has embraced social media as a way to spread its message and further popularize astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"420\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/74mhQyuyELQ\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media has broadened our access to astronomy and life off Earth. If you've dreamed of owning your own telescope and seeing distant lands, there are more resources than ever to help make your dreams a reality. Here are just a few options for budding armchair astronomers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://astrometry.net/\">Astronomy.net\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photography enthusiasts can share their Flickr photos with Astronomy.net, contributing to astronomers' knowledge base. Using photos from telescopes, cameras and even camera phones, astronomers can build a map of the sky to search for new discoveries, such as the birth or death of a star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm\">Planet Quest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the Kepler Mission and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planet Quest gives visitors a detailed look at our galaxy. Beautiful videos and interactive games detail the process of searching for habitable exoplanets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lightbuckets.com/\">LightBuckets\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rent time on telescopes around the world and collect images of your favorite astronomical sights from the comfort of your home computer. If you're looking to majorly up your nerd cred, this is an excellent option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.slooh.com/slooh-home.php\">Slooh\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If space had a cable channel, Slooh might be it. The site broadcasts major astronomical events over the Web. If you can't make it to that eclipse all the way around the world, Slooh is probably broadcasting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What other astronomy resources do you like? Share them with us in the comments.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/20/armchair-astronomy-takes-off-on-the-web/aurora-jpeg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aurora.jpeg\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-24727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/aurora.jpeg-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>This photo was taken by Astronaut Ron Garan aboard the ISS and shows the Southern Lights. Garan takes photos in space and shares them over Google+.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hosting \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">tweetups with space enthusiasts\u003c/a>, to sharing space amazing videos on YouTube, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA\u003c/a> has embraced social media as a way to spread its message and further popularize astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"420\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/74mhQyuyELQ\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media has broadened our access to astronomy and life off Earth. If you've dreamed of owning your own telescope and seeing distant lands, there are more resources than ever to help make your dreams a reality. Here are just a few options for budding armchair astronomers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://astrometry.net/\">Astronomy.net\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnon\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/09/supernova-super-hero/m101-sn2011fe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" title=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2011fe in M-101. Credit: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you read these words, a former star is blasting its remains into space, spreading the chemical elements forged during its life into the interstellar brew of atoms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…well, not exactly as you’re reading these words. In fact, the stellar death in question took place 21 million years ago, but so far away that its light is only now reaching Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see it yourself. The supernova is located in the galaxy M-101 in Ursa Major, the Big Bear--which most of us identify as the Big Dipper. It can be found above the Dipper, forming a squat triangle with the two end stars of the handle. You might be able to spot the supernova with a good pair of binoculars, or a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, you can come to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> and, weather permitting, gaze at it through one of our large telescopes with the assistance of one of our staff astronomers or astro-savvy volunteers. Our observatory deck is normally open every fair-weather Friday and Saturday night from 7:30 to 10:30. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, named SN2011fe, was first sighted on August 24th in one of M-101’s spiral arms by a team from Oxford University and the Palomar Transient Factory (PFT). And while it's the 136th supernova spotted this year, SN2011fe is relatively close to us: 21 million light years, as compared to most supernovae, which are much farther away. In addition to being nearby, what is exciting astronomers is that this is a “Type 1A” supernova. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement begs the question, are there different kinds of supernovae, and if so, what makes a Type 1A special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there are different kinds, and I’d say that they’re all special. But 1As have one quality that makes them useful for things other than spectating a celestial fireworks show. A typical “core collapse” type supernova, of which Type 1A is not, occurs when a really massive star (significantly more massive than our Sun) burns through all of its nuclear fuel and collapses. The sudden collapse produces incredible pressure and temperature at the star’s core, enabling it to fuse the heavier atoms it produced from lighter ones over its lifetime. It goes off like a star-sized nuclear bomb, its outer layers blown away into space and its compressed core collapsing even further into a neutron star or a black hole, depending on its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of light released by this star death scenario depends on the mass of the original star and can vary widely, like a set of light bulbs with a range of wattages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Type 1A supernova is produced by a different star death scenario. Picture a less massive star than one of those incredible hulk supernova producers, a star with about the mass of our own Sun, in fact, give or take. When this star runs out of nuclear fuel, it also collapses, but not violently. The star’s core collapses into an object called a White Dwarf, a compact and hot “cinder” roughly the size of the Earth. At the same time, the star’s outer shell sloughs off into space, expanding gracefully as a planetary nebula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a limit to the size that a White Dwarf can be. Below 1.38 times the mass of our Sun, a White Dwarf will remain a hot, though gradually cooling ball of material. If the situation arises where a White Dwarf below 1.38 solar masses acquires more mass—say, by pulling in material from a neighboring star, a stellar companion—and exceeds the magic limit, the White Dwarf suddenly collapses and, much as in the case of a “typical” supernova, becomes a stellar fusion bomb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is that this stellar fusion bomb is powered by the very precise physics of 1.38 solar masses suddenly collapsing from a White Dwarf, the result of which is that all Type 1A supernovae are equivalent in power and brightness. You’ve seen one 1A, you’ve seen them all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all 1As have the same brightness, like a bunch of light bulbs of the same wattage, they’re excellent for \u003ca href=\"http://darkmatterdarkenergy.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/m101-supernova-and-the-cosmic-distance-ladder/\">measuring distances in the Universe\u003c/a>. If we know the actual brightness of a Type 1A supernova, we can compare that to how bright a particular one appears to us, do a little math, and calculate with good precision how far away it, and by extension its home galaxy, is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovae are what made possible the recent, and unexpected, discovery that not only is the Universe expanding (as we knew), the rate of expansion is actually accelerating (something scientists did NOT expect). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with SN 2011fe going off relatively close to us, in M-101, scientists have a chance to refine their understanding of the nature of the Type 1A supernova, increasing the power of the measuring stick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an eyeful. Come to Chabot and grab a peek this weekend (Sept 9 and 10), before it fades away….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Supernova SN2011fe, nearby in the galaxy M-101, is the first stellar explosion of its type to be observed in decades, and offers astronomers a valuable opportunity to refine our understanding of the size and expansion of the Universe.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23911\" class=\"wp-caption alignnon\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/09/supernova-super-hero/m101-sn2011fe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23911\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" title=\"Supernova 2011fe in M-101\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23911\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/m101-sn2011fe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Supernova 2011fe in M-101. Credit: Conrad Jung, Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you read these words, a former star is blasting its remains into space, spreading the chemical elements forged during its life into the interstellar brew of atoms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…well, not exactly as you’re reading these words. In fact, the stellar death in question took place 21 million years ago, but so far away that its light is only now reaching Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see it yourself. The supernova is located in the galaxy M-101 in Ursa Major, the Big Bear--which most of us identify as the Big Dipper. It can be found above the Dipper, forming a squat triangle with the two end stars of the handle. You might be able to spot the supernova with a good pair of binoculars, or a small telescope. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better still, you can come to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> and, weather permitting, gaze at it through one of our large telescopes with the assistance of one of our staff astronomers or astro-savvy volunteers. Our observatory deck is normally open every fair-weather Friday and Saturday night from 7:30 to 10:30. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supernova, named SN2011fe, was first sighted on August 24th in one of M-101’s spiral arms by a team from Oxford University and the Palomar Transient Factory (PFT). And while it's the 136th supernova spotted this year, SN2011fe is relatively close to us: 21 million light years, as compared to most supernovae, which are much farther away. In addition to being nearby, what is exciting astronomers is that this is a “Type 1A” supernova. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That statement begs the question, are there different kinds of supernovae, and if so, what makes a Type 1A special? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there are different kinds, and I’d say that they’re all special. But 1As have one quality that makes them useful for things other than spectating a celestial fireworks show. A typical “core collapse” type supernova, of which Type 1A is not, occurs when a really massive star (significantly more massive than our Sun) burns through all of its nuclear fuel and collapses. The sudden collapse produces incredible pressure and temperature at the star’s core, enabling it to fuse the heavier atoms it produced from lighter ones over its lifetime. It goes off like a star-sized nuclear bomb, its outer layers blown away into space and its compressed core collapsing even further into a neutron star or a black hole, depending on its mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of light released by this star death scenario depends on the mass of the original star and can vary widely, like a set of light bulbs with a range of wattages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Type 1A supernova is produced by a different star death scenario. Picture a less massive star than one of those incredible hulk supernova producers, a star with about the mass of our own Sun, in fact, give or take. When this star runs out of nuclear fuel, it also collapses, but not violently. The star’s core collapses into an object called a White Dwarf, a compact and hot “cinder” roughly the size of the Earth. At the same time, the star’s outer shell sloughs off into space, expanding gracefully as a planetary nebula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a limit to the size that a White Dwarf can be. Below 1.38 times the mass of our Sun, a White Dwarf will remain a hot, though gradually cooling ball of material. If the situation arises where a White Dwarf below 1.38 solar masses acquires more mass—say, by pulling in material from a neighboring star, a stellar companion—and exceeds the magic limit, the White Dwarf suddenly collapses and, much as in the case of a “typical” supernova, becomes a stellar fusion bomb. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick is that this stellar fusion bomb is powered by the very precise physics of 1.38 solar masses suddenly collapsing from a White Dwarf, the result of which is that all Type 1A supernovae are equivalent in power and brightness. You’ve seen one 1A, you’ve seen them all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all 1As have the same brightness, like a bunch of light bulbs of the same wattage, they’re excellent for \u003ca href=\"http://darkmatterdarkenergy.wordpress.com/2011/08/31/m101-supernova-and-the-cosmic-distance-ladder/\">measuring distances in the Universe\u003c/a>. If we know the actual brightness of a Type 1A supernova, we can compare that to how bright a particular one appears to us, do a little math, and calculate with good precision how far away it, and by extension its home galaxy, is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Type 1A supernovae are what made possible the recent, and unexpected, discovery that not only is the Universe expanding (as we knew), the rate of expansion is actually accelerating (something scientists did NOT expect). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with SN 2011fe going off relatively close to us, in M-101, scientists have a chance to refine their understanding of the nature of the Type 1A supernova, increasing the power of the measuring stick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s an eyeful. Come to Chabot and grab a peek this weekend (Sept 9 and 10), before it fades away….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 650px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%E2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=nasa%25e2%2580%2599s-wise-spots-ys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%E2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=nasa%25e2%2580%2599s-wise-spots-ys\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Astronomy\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 650px\">\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%E2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=nasa%25e2%2580%2599s-wise-spots-ys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">...\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 650px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%E2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=nasa%25e2%2580%2599s-wise-spots-ys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%E2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=nasa%25e2%2580%2599s-wise-spots-ys\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Astronomy\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dawn of A New Era ",
"title": "Dawn of A New Era ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/12/dawn-of-vesta/vesta-from-dawn-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21996\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1.jpg\" alt=\"Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\" title=\"Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21996\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ion thrusters full! Set us into a standard orbit, Mr. Sulu….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I don't know if any of the helms-persons at NASA are named Sulu, but we have indeed achieved orbit—that is, \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> around the large asteroid Vesta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/dawn-mission-to-explore-strange-new-worlds/\">Dawn and Vesta \u003c/a>not long ago, before the spunky little ion-driven robot arrived there. Since then, Dawn has reached its first destination, 117 million miles from Earth, entering a 9,900 mile orbit around Vesta on July 15th. Science observations are expected to begin in early August, but already Dawn has sent back wonderful preliminary images showing details never before seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta's surface may bear features and materials among the oldest in the Solar System. Already we can see that Vesta is pock-marked and scared by impacts incurred over the eons. Similar to how a forensic scientist may determine the sequence of events that occurred at a crime scene by studying the physical evidence left behind, the scars and residues on Vesta will help paint a picture of conditions throughout the Solar System's history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Almost \u003c/em>as cool as its science mission is \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\">Dawn's propulsion system\u003c/a>. To use a term from a certain Smith and Jones movie, it's \"the New Hotness.\" Technology first demonstrated on NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft, Dawn's engine is the first solar electric ion propulsion system used on a purely scientific spacecraft. Using electrical power generated by solar panels, Dawn's engine ionizes xenon atoms and accelerates them with an electric field, squirting them out the back of the engine to produce thrust--similar to a balloon-powered car or rocket toy propelled by spurting air. And though a conventional chemical rocket can produce much stronger thrust, Dawn's ion drive, operating with high efficiency and over longer periods of time, achieves up to 10 times the velocity change for an equivalent amount of propellant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As a sign of the technological times, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708449/\">one episode of the original Star Trek series\u003c/a>, Scotty was awe-stricken by an advanced alien spacecraft that used ion propulsion. Ironic; what today's space explorers wouldn't give for warp drive….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn will spend a year orbiting and studying Vesta before it moves onto its second target, Ceres, to harvest its secrets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta is now the largest known asteroid in our Solar System. It was second fiddle to Ceres for a long time, but back in 2006 when Pluto got \"demoted\" to dwarf planet status, Ceres' status also changed—promoted or demoted, take your pick. Sure, Ceres is now in the more exclusive club of the dwarf planets, but it's the smallest of that group, whereas when it was an asteroid, it was the largest, going from big fish in big pond to junior member of the upstairs office team….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's Vesta like—what we know about it at the moment, anyway? Vesta is a mega-mountain of rock and dust, somewhat lumpy and potato-shaped, but approximating a spherical object with a mean diameter of about 330 miles--roughly the distance from Oakland to Los Angeles as the ion-driven robot flies. In terms of surface area, Vesta has about twice the real estate as the entire state of California! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds pretty big—and it is—but you'd still need over 20,000 Vestas to make one planet with the mass of the Earth. And if you stood on the surface of Vesta, you'd weigh little more than 2% what you weigh on Earth. Myself, I'd weigh in at a tad under 5 pounds. Presumably that means I could jump a hundred feet into the sky and land again safely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about the science, but Vesta sounds like a fun place to me! \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "We have achieved orbit - that is, NASA's Dawn spacecraft is now orbiting and studying the large asteroid Vesta. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/12/dawn-of-vesta/vesta-from-dawn-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21996\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1.jpg\" alt=\"Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\" title=\"Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21996\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/vesta-from-dawn1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vesta, image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ion thrusters full! Set us into a standard orbit, Mr. Sulu….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, I don't know if any of the helms-persons at NASA are named Sulu, but we have indeed achieved orbit—that is, \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Dawn spacecraft\u003c/a> around the large asteroid Vesta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/dawn-mission-to-explore-strange-new-worlds/\">Dawn and Vesta \u003c/a>not long ago, before the spunky little ion-driven robot arrived there. Since then, Dawn has reached its first destination, 117 million miles from Earth, entering a 9,900 mile orbit around Vesta on July 15th. Science observations are expected to begin in early August, but already Dawn has sent back wonderful preliminary images showing details never before seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta's surface may bear features and materials among the oldest in the Solar System. Already we can see that Vesta is pock-marked and scared by impacts incurred over the eons. Similar to how a forensic scientist may determine the sequence of events that occurred at a crime scene by studying the physical evidence left behind, the scars and residues on Vesta will help paint a picture of conditions throughout the Solar System's history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Almost \u003c/em>as cool as its science mission is \u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ion_prop.asp\">Dawn's propulsion system\u003c/a>. To use a term from a certain Smith and Jones movie, it's \"the New Hotness.\" Technology first demonstrated on NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft, Dawn's engine is the first solar electric ion propulsion system used on a purely scientific spacecraft. Using electrical power generated by solar panels, Dawn's engine ionizes xenon atoms and accelerates them with an electric field, squirting them out the back of the engine to produce thrust--similar to a balloon-powered car or rocket toy propelled by spurting air. And though a conventional chemical rocket can produce much stronger thrust, Dawn's ion drive, operating with high efficiency and over longer periods of time, achieves up to 10 times the velocity change for an equivalent amount of propellant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As a sign of the technological times, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708449/\">one episode of the original Star Trek series\u003c/a>, Scotty was awe-stricken by an advanced alien spacecraft that used ion propulsion. Ironic; what today's space explorers wouldn't give for warp drive….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn will spend a year orbiting and studying Vesta before it moves onto its second target, Ceres, to harvest its secrets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta is now the largest known asteroid in our Solar System. It was second fiddle to Ceres for a long time, but back in 2006 when Pluto got \"demoted\" to dwarf planet status, Ceres' status also changed—promoted or demoted, take your pick. Sure, Ceres is now in the more exclusive club of the dwarf planets, but it's the smallest of that group, whereas when it was an asteroid, it was the largest, going from big fish in big pond to junior member of the upstairs office team….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's Vesta like—what we know about it at the moment, anyway? Vesta is a mega-mountain of rock and dust, somewhat lumpy and potato-shaped, but approximating a spherical object with a mean diameter of about 330 miles--roughly the distance from Oakland to Los Angeles as the ion-driven robot flies. In terms of surface area, Vesta has about twice the real estate as the entire state of California! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds pretty big—and it is—but you'd still need over 20,000 Vestas to make one planet with the mass of the Earth. And if you stood on the surface of Vesta, you'd weigh little more than 2% what you weigh on Earth. Myself, I'd weigh in at a tad under 5 pounds. Presumably that means I could jump a hundred feet into the sky and land again safely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about the science, but Vesta sounds like a fun place to me! \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Quasar APM 08279+5255: Really Big Bathtub Drain?",
"title": "Quasar APM 08279+5255: Really Big Bathtub Drain?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/apm08279_xray-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" title=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhere out there, at the most distant reaches of space and time, a vast space-ocean with 140 trillion times more water than the drop that fills Earth's ocean basins is pouring down the drain of a super black hole, guzzled up and gone forever, forever, forever…. And I worry about wasting water every time I flush the toilet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whirlpool Jacuzzi in question is at the heart of a young galaxy 12 billion light years away. We know we're looking at a young galaxy because at that distance we are seeing the light that left it 12 billion years ago…and since the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old, you get the idea…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this galaxy's core is quasar \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/apm08279/\">APM 08279+5255\u003c/a>, an unimaginably powerful object whose engine of potential energy is a supermassive black hole containing some 20 billion solar masses, and whose radiant power—equivalent to about a quadrillion Suns (that's a thousand trillion smiley Sun faces)—is fueled by goo-gobs of gases falling into the young galaxy's core (1 goo-gob is equivalent to…well, a lot). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what gases do we find swirling around this quasar? Well, mingled with the ubiquitous hydrogen and helium that you'd expect to find, astronomers have detected water, 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth oceans—enough to supply an Earth-style ocean to all of the planets thought to exist in the Milky Way galaxy, 3000 times over! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzy. Head spinning. Numbers too big. What are we talking about anyway, the National Debt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be imagining actual oceans of liquid water flying about out there…but you'll have to dash that notion on the rocks, since the water (vapor) in question is spread out across a hundred or more light years of space surrounding the black hole, making the actual density of the gas some 300 trillion times thinner even than Earth's atmosphere….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it's a lot of water. Water certainly exists in \"normal\" galaxies, like the Milky Way—this we know from daily experience--but most of it is frozen as ice. A galaxy containing a quasar like APM 08279+5255, however, has a central heating element that puts out plenty of energy to keep the water flying around as a gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/\">black hole\u003c/a> pulls matter from the space around it into its dark depths, that falling matter, accelerated by the black hole's powerful gravity, heats up and emits intense radiation—electromagnetic waves across the spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays. We detect ordinary black holes within our own galaxy through these emissions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the gases in a young galaxy's matter-packed core is pulled into its resident super-massive black hole, you get an even brighter beacon—in the case of APM 08279+5255, a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html\">quasar\u003c/a>, the most luminous type of object in the known universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasars are quite distant, typically found no closer to us than about 3 billion light years. Taking the light-travel-time into account, what this means is that quasars existed in the earlier ages of the Universe, when galaxies were younger and had a lot more loose material falling into their central black holes. The Milky Way's own central black hole, with a mass of 4 million Suns, sits relatively quiet today, the space surrounding it clean and not supplying it with the food it would need to shine like a quasar. Maybe it did when it was younger, but no longer (thankfully). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasar means \"quasi-stellar (star like) radio source,\" so-named because these ultra-distant powerhouses were first detected by radio telescopes, and the distant sources of the radio emissions appeared to be coming from compact, point-like spots in space, the same as the light from a star. Today we know of over 200,000 quasars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When first discovered a few decades ago, astronomers didn't know what quasars were. They knew that they were very far away due to \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar1.htm\">Doppler shift \u003c/a>measurements, but for all their great distance they were very bright as well, so they had to be extremely luminous objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sixth grade I went to a summer camp, and one of my councilors ran an astronomy workshop. Quasars, he said, reading from a book, are mysterious, and might be hot, dense fragments of the \"shell\" of whatever egg-like thing the Universe was born from in the Big Bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell fragments from the Universe's cosmic egg? Well, we've come a long way in our understanding of quasars since my childhood….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/apm08279_xray-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" title=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhere out there, at the most distant reaches of space and time, a vast space-ocean with 140 trillion times more water than the drop that fills Earth's ocean basins is pouring down the drain of a super black hole, guzzled up and gone forever, forever, forever…. And I worry about wasting water every time I flush the toilet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whirlpool Jacuzzi in question is at the heart of a young galaxy 12 billion light years away. We know we're looking at a young galaxy because at that distance we are seeing the light that left it 12 billion years ago…and since the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old, you get the idea…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this galaxy's core is quasar \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/apm08279/\">APM 08279+5255\u003c/a>, an unimaginably powerful object whose engine of potential energy is a supermassive black hole containing some 20 billion solar masses, and whose radiant power—equivalent to about a quadrillion Suns (that's a thousand trillion smiley Sun faces)—is fueled by goo-gobs of gases falling into the young galaxy's core (1 goo-gob is equivalent to…well, a lot). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what gases do we find swirling around this quasar? Well, mingled with the ubiquitous hydrogen and helium that you'd expect to find, astronomers have detected water, 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth oceans—enough to supply an Earth-style ocean to all of the planets thought to exist in the Milky Way galaxy, 3000 times over! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzy. Head spinning. Numbers too big. What are we talking about anyway, the National Debt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be imagining actual oceans of liquid water flying about out there…but you'll have to dash that notion on the rocks, since the water (vapor) in question is spread out across a hundred or more light years of space surrounding the black hole, making the actual density of the gas some 300 trillion times thinner even than Earth's atmosphere….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it's a lot of water. Water certainly exists in \"normal\" galaxies, like the Milky Way—this we know from daily experience--but most of it is frozen as ice. A galaxy containing a quasar like APM 08279+5255, however, has a central heating element that puts out plenty of energy to keep the water flying around as a gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/\">black hole\u003c/a> pulls matter from the space around it into its dark depths, that falling matter, accelerated by the black hole's powerful gravity, heats up and emits intense radiation—electromagnetic waves across the spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays. We detect ordinary black holes within our own galaxy through these emissions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the gases in a young galaxy's matter-packed core is pulled into its resident super-massive black hole, you get an even brighter beacon—in the case of APM 08279+5255, a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html\">quasar\u003c/a>, the most luminous type of object in the known universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasars are quite distant, typically found no closer to us than about 3 billion light years. Taking the light-travel-time into account, what this means is that quasars existed in the earlier ages of the Universe, when galaxies were younger and had a lot more loose material falling into their central black holes. The Milky Way's own central black hole, with a mass of 4 million Suns, sits relatively quiet today, the space surrounding it clean and not supplying it with the food it would need to shine like a quasar. Maybe it did when it was younger, but no longer (thankfully). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasar means \"quasi-stellar (star like) radio source,\" so-named because these ultra-distant powerhouses were first detected by radio telescopes, and the distant sources of the radio emissions appeared to be coming from compact, point-like spots in space, the same as the light from a star. Today we know of over 200,000 quasars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When first discovered a few decades ago, astronomers didn't know what quasars were. They knew that they were very far away due to \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar1.htm\">Doppler shift \u003c/a>measurements, but for all their great distance they were very bright as well, so they had to be extremely luminous objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sixth grade I went to a summer camp, and one of my councilors ran an astronomy workshop. Quasars, he said, reading from a book, are mysterious, and might be hot, dense fragments of the \"shell\" of whatever egg-like thing the Universe was born from in the Big Bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell fragments from the Universe's cosmic egg? Well, we've come a long way in our understanding of quasars since my childhood….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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