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"disqusTitle": "Treasure from the Sky",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoritetop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29538\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoritetop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29538\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To those who know rocks, this chondrite meteorite could not be mistaken for an Earthly stone. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other week I mentioned, in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">talking about concretions\u003c/a>, that people can be fixated on the idea that they have found a dinosaur egg or meteorite. This last week meteorites featured in two news stories, one excitingly true and the other almost certainly bogus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exciting story was about a set of meteorites recovered in the desert of Morocco, a few months after their fall from space had been recorded. That doesn't happen very often—once meteors arrive in the atmosphere, their unguided trajectory means that a rather large area must be searched to find them. What was extraordinary was that these rocks were from Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hH-S9IfUThOHwaT8hY2e2W_x8FbQ\">certified as such this week by an expert scientific panel\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorite hunting has become a cottage industry in the Sahara Desert, where conditions are ideal for space rocks to be preserved and for practiced observers to spot them. The locals who found the new Martian rocks sold them to dealers, who in turn marked up the price to almost a thousand dollars per gram even before the meteorites were formally certified as Martian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites are most easily found in two places on Earth, the Sahara and Antarctica. In the case of Antarctica, they fall on the ice cap, where no other rocks exist at all. Movements of the ice can concentrate these meteorites, including the rarest stones from Mars and the Moon, in certain areas that are surveyed regularly and exclusively by scientists. That's good for science. For its part, the Sahara is good for the rest of us who can acquire these rarities for our own pleasure. And scientists can still study Saharan stones because meteorite hunters must donate pieces of their finds to a museum to qualify for authentication, without which the stones have no value. It's a tidy system with little impact on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California deserts are also promising places for meteorite hunters. At least one Martian stone has already come from the Mojave. Meteorite hunting is simple in principle, yes, but far from a casual hobby. First you acquire a very intimate knowledge of the rocks that belong there, and then you examine approximately a million rocks to find one that doesn't belong there. And with that, you \u003ci>start\u003c/i> to learn about meteorites. I love rocks inordinately, but I think I would still go mad. Dr. Randy Korotev is a genuine meteorite expert at Washington University who gets torrents of email from would-be meteorite finders. On \u003ca href=\"http://meteorites.wustl.edu/what_to_do.htm\">his excellent \"What to Do\" page\u003c/a>, he says that of over 2000 serious inquiries over the years, only eight people had real meteorites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier to dream of fabulous wealth falling into your back yard. That dream, fed by an extremely rare handful of true stories, can blind people to the obvious. And that leads me to the Castro Valley man who got a reporter to feature his story \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_19738810\">in the \u003ci>San Jose Mercury News\u003c/i> last week\u003c/a>. His story did not even point to a meteorite, let alone prove it. He said he responded to his dog's barking and found a fresh pit in his back yard with a smoking, red-hot stone in it. That scenario is a old urban legend about meteorites that is never true. He said he talked to experts from Lawrence Livermore National Lab, who had him hold a magnet against the stone and try to cut off a piece of it. He claimed that after finding it both non-magnetic and hard enough to break a hacksaw blade, those experts told him that was positive evidence. None of that is what an expert would say. And the object he showed a photographer had a silvery color and finish (which could not be iron because it was non-magnetic), and a multiply-layered structure that is very common in Earth rocks. In short, it looked nothing like a fresh meteorite and everything like an ordinary metamorphic rock. But he was fervent enough in his belief to fool a reporter, and at least one editor, into running the story anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoritecrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoritecrust\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the back side of the chondrite shown at the top. Note the dark fusion crust and the hollows, called regmaglypts, carved by erosion in passing through the Earth's atmosphere. And a magnet sticks to it because it has small grains of iron metal throughout it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Easier to save up some of your birthday money and buy a nice little meteorite at a rock show from a large, well-run dealership. My advice is to wait until the afternoon of the last day for the best price; dealers hate to pack up their inventory. That's how I got my 1/3-pound chunk of meteoritic nickel-iron from the Sikhote-Alin fall. There's nothing like the feeling of this ancient space metal in your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoriteiron/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29540\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoriteiron\" width=\"600\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sikhote-Alin fall occurred in eastern Siberia in 1947. Specimens like this are readily available.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've written \u003ca href=\"http://www.imca.cc/mars/martian-meteorites.htm\">more about Martian and lunar meteorites\u003c/a> on my About.com site. I also have a \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/meteorites/ig/meteorites/\">photo gallery\u003c/a> there. Dr. Tony Irving has a deep and erudite \u003ca href=\"http://www.imca.cc/mars/martian-meteorites.htm\">page on Martian meteorites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoritetop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29538\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoritetop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29538\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritetop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To those who know rocks, this chondrite meteorite could not be mistaken for an Earthly stone. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other week I mentioned, in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">talking about concretions\u003c/a>, that people can be fixated on the idea that they have found a dinosaur egg or meteorite. This last week meteorites featured in two news stories, one excitingly true and the other almost certainly bogus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exciting story was about a set of meteorites recovered in the desert of Morocco, a few months after their fall from space had been recorded. That doesn't happen very often—once meteors arrive in the atmosphere, their unguided trajectory means that a rather large area must be searched to find them. What was extraordinary was that these rocks were from Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hH-S9IfUThOHwaT8hY2e2W_x8FbQ\">certified as such this week by an expert scientific panel\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorite hunting has become a cottage industry in the Sahara Desert, where conditions are ideal for space rocks to be preserved and for practiced observers to spot them. The locals who found the new Martian rocks sold them to dealers, who in turn marked up the price to almost a thousand dollars per gram even before the meteorites were formally certified as Martian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorites are most easily found in two places on Earth, the Sahara and Antarctica. In the case of Antarctica, they fall on the ice cap, where no other rocks exist at all. Movements of the ice can concentrate these meteorites, including the rarest stones from Mars and the Moon, in certain areas that are surveyed regularly and exclusively by scientists. That's good for science. For its part, the Sahara is good for the rest of us who can acquire these rarities for our own pleasure. And scientists can still study Saharan stones because meteorite hunters must donate pieces of their finds to a museum to qualify for authentication, without which the stones have no value. It's a tidy system with little impact on the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California deserts are also promising places for meteorite hunters. At least one Martian stone has already come from the Mojave. Meteorite hunting is simple in principle, yes, but far from a casual hobby. First you acquire a very intimate knowledge of the rocks that belong there, and then you examine approximately a million rocks to find one that doesn't belong there. And with that, you \u003ci>start\u003c/i> to learn about meteorites. I love rocks inordinately, but I think I would still go mad. Dr. Randy Korotev is a genuine meteorite expert at Washington University who gets torrents of email from would-be meteorite finders. On \u003ca href=\"http://meteorites.wustl.edu/what_to_do.htm\">his excellent \"What to Do\" page\u003c/a>, he says that of over 2000 serious inquiries over the years, only eight people had real meteorites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Easier to dream of fabulous wealth falling into your back yard. That dream, fed by an extremely rare handful of true stories, can blind people to the obvious. And that leads me to the Castro Valley man who got a reporter to feature his story \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_19738810\">in the \u003ci>San Jose Mercury News\u003c/i> last week\u003c/a>. His story did not even point to a meteorite, let alone prove it. He said he responded to his dog's barking and found a fresh pit in his back yard with a smoking, red-hot stone in it. That scenario is a old urban legend about meteorites that is never true. He said he talked to experts from Lawrence Livermore National Lab, who had him hold a magnet against the stone and try to cut off a piece of it. He claimed that after finding it both non-magnetic and hard enough to break a hacksaw blade, those experts told him that was positive evidence. None of that is what an expert would say. And the object he showed a photographer had a silvery color and finish (which could not be iron because it was non-magnetic), and a multiply-layered structure that is very common in Earth rocks. In short, it looked nothing like a fresh meteorite and everything like an ordinary metamorphic rock. But he was fervent enough in his belief to fool a reporter, and at least one editor, into running the story anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoritecrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoritecrust\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoritecrust-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the back side of the chondrite shown at the top. Note the dark fusion crust and the hollows, called regmaglypts, carved by erosion in passing through the Earth's atmosphere. And a magnet sticks to it because it has small grains of iron metal throughout it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Easier to save up some of your birthday money and buy a nice little meteorite at a rock show from a large, well-run dealership. My advice is to wait until the afternoon of the last day for the best price; dealers hate to pack up their inventory. That's how I got my 1/3-pound chunk of meteoritic nickel-iron from the Sikhote-Alin fall. There's nothing like the feeling of this ancient space metal in your hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/treasure-from-the-sky/meteoriteiron/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29540\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"meteoriteiron\" width=\"600\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29540\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/meteoriteiron-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sikhote-Alin fall occurred in eastern Siberia in 1947. Specimens like this are readily available.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've written \u003ca href=\"http://www.imca.cc/mars/martian-meteorites.htm\">more about Martian and lunar meteorites\u003c/a> on my About.com site. I also have a \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/meteorites/ig/meteorites/\">photo gallery\u003c/a> there. Dr. Tony Irving has a deep and erudite \u003ca href=\"http://www.imca.cc/mars/martian-meteorites.htm\">page on Martian meteorites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29205\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/the-stars-within-an-eyelashs-reach/orion-deathvalley-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/orion-deathvalley1.gif\" alt=\"Orion rising in Death Valley\" title=\"Orion rising in Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orion rising in Death Valley - Credit: Ben Burress\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I want to take a moment, again, to contemplate the vastness of the Universe…and expect an epic fail….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What brings this on? Well, the skies of Death Valley, actually, which I just returned from (Death Valley, not its skies!) over the holiday break. My daughter and I went down there, mainly to crawl around the sand dunes and canyons, visit sites of the Gold Rush pioneers who gave the valley its [English] name, and get another good, up-close look at the raw Earth….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…but, as always, at night, when the campfire sparks warmly, I end up looking to the stars, which are extraordinarily bright in the dark desert skies. And I just get to thinking…again….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My touchstone on the vastness of the Universe is the knowledge that all the stars we can see in the night sky, with our unaided eyes, are quite starkly the closest things to us in the Universe—and even from those objects, light, traveling at 186,300 miles per second, takes years, decades, even centuries just to reach us. These \"local neighborhood\" stars are all within our Milky Way galaxy, and all among the very closest of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the stars of the night sky are a sort of \"front drop\"—like a big sheet of paper with stars printed on it, held before us--and the stars and galaxies of the rest of the Universe, beyond this \"front drop,\" are too far away for our eyes to perceive their light (without the help of a telescope). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to put the scale into perspective (trying very hard!), if this \"sheet of paper\" with stars printed on it, held in front of our collective Earthly \"face\", was, say, 1000 light years away (6000 trillion miles—which is actually about the greatest distance that our unassisted eyes can detect individual stars, and only stars of the most luminous type at that), this would be analogous in scale to an individual person holding a star-printed sheet of paper about two tenths of an inch before their eyes (yeah, I know, too close to focus on the printed stars…), with the surrounding Bay Area representing \"the rest of the Universe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What? I didn’t hear you…. What I said was, if the entire Bay Area represents the Universe, then the stars we can see with our eyes are found within two tenths of an inch of our eyeballs…. Even the Andromeda Galaxy, the most distant object unaided human eyes can perceive (and which I did spot as a very faint smudge on the dark Death Valley sky!), at a distance of about 2.5 million light years, would be less than 4 feet away from you in your Bay-Area-scaled Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s here that my mind boggles, and it becomes doubtful to me that our brains have the capacity to really wrap around the Universal scale. It’s hard enough imagining the distances to the \"nearby\" local stars, a space in which light spends centuries crossing; trying to see beyond that big sheet of paper, to the 13.7 billion light year extent of space and time…boggle…fail…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the next time you find yourself gazing at the stars, remember that those are just the spots flittering around in front of our collective eyeball, no more than an eyelash away….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that makes you feel small, cheer up; you live in a Universe that is altogether astonishing and magnificent, and not just a run-of-the-mill Universe of comprehendible size. I feel honored and proud….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29205\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/the-stars-within-an-eyelashs-reach/orion-deathvalley-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/orion-deathvalley1.gif\" alt=\"Orion rising in Death Valley\" title=\"Orion rising in Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orion rising in Death Valley - Credit: Ben Burress\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I want to take a moment, again, to contemplate the vastness of the Universe…and expect an epic fail….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What brings this on? Well, the skies of Death Valley, actually, which I just returned from (Death Valley, not its skies!) over the holiday break. My daughter and I went down there, mainly to crawl around the sand dunes and canyons, visit sites of the Gold Rush pioneers who gave the valley its [English] name, and get another good, up-close look at the raw Earth….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…but, as always, at night, when the campfire sparks warmly, I end up looking to the stars, which are extraordinarily bright in the dark desert skies. And I just get to thinking…again….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My touchstone on the vastness of the Universe is the knowledge that all the stars we can see in the night sky, with our unaided eyes, are quite starkly the closest things to us in the Universe—and even from those objects, light, traveling at 186,300 miles per second, takes years, decades, even centuries just to reach us. These \"local neighborhood\" stars are all within our Milky Way galaxy, and all among the very closest of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the stars of the night sky are a sort of \"front drop\"—like a big sheet of paper with stars printed on it, held before us--and the stars and galaxies of the rest of the Universe, beyond this \"front drop,\" are too far away for our eyes to perceive their light (without the help of a telescope). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to put the scale into perspective (trying very hard!), if this \"sheet of paper\" with stars printed on it, held in front of our collective Earthly \"face\", was, say, 1000 light years away (6000 trillion miles—which is actually about the greatest distance that our unassisted eyes can detect individual stars, and only stars of the most luminous type at that), this would be analogous in scale to an individual person holding a star-printed sheet of paper about two tenths of an inch before their eyes (yeah, I know, too close to focus on the printed stars…), with the surrounding Bay Area representing \"the rest of the Universe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What? I didn’t hear you…. What I said was, if the entire Bay Area represents the Universe, then the stars we can see with our eyes are found within two tenths of an inch of our eyeballs…. Even the Andromeda Galaxy, the most distant object unaided human eyes can perceive (and which I did spot as a very faint smudge on the dark Death Valley sky!), at a distance of about 2.5 million light years, would be less than 4 feet away from you in your Bay-Area-scaled Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s here that my mind boggles, and it becomes doubtful to me that our brains have the capacity to really wrap around the Universal scale. It’s hard enough imagining the distances to the \"nearby\" local stars, a space in which light spends centuries crossing; trying to see beyond that big sheet of paper, to the 13.7 billion light year extent of space and time…boggle…fail…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the next time you find yourself gazing at the stars, remember that those are just the spots flittering around in front of our collective eyeball, no more than an eyelash away….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that makes you feel small, cheer up; you live in a Universe that is altogether astonishing and magnificent, and not just a run-of-the-mill Universe of comprehendible size. I feel honored and proud….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.",
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"description": "The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Operation Vesta: Pluto's Devious Plan to Regain Status? ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28626\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/vesta-dawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28626\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" title=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft hurtling toward its 2014 encounter with Pluto, and with the Dawn spacecraft now at its most up-close and personal encounter with Vesta, we are in the process of learning scads of information about two objects that are among the poorest understood and least explored bodies in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before NASA's Dawn settled into orbit around the asteroid Vesta—the second largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt, after the Dwarf Planet Ceres—we knew very little about it. That it is mega-mountain of rock 330 miles across that rotates rather quickly in space and is slightly egg-shaped, these things we knew—but not much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/vesta_dawn_gallery.asp\" target=\"_blank\">What Dawn has revealed to us\u003c/a>, however, is a tiny world with unexpected complexities, inside and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, Vesta's anatomy may not be unlike Earth and the other Terrestrial planets, which all developed cores heavy with iron and mantles and crusts made of lighter silicate rocks when they were young and molten. This \"differentiation\" occurs for the same reason that gold particles sink to the bottom of a gold-pan as a prospector shakes the water-sand slurry back and forth: the gold is denser, the sand lighter, so the materials separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, Vesta's surface offers amazing landscape vista opportunities for a future robot lander or astronaut: complex topography of valleys, cliffs, troughs, ridges, and a huge mountain, with elevation differences deviating above and below the global average elevation by as much as 15 miles—that's three Mount Everests, or two Marianas Trenches! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the surface resemble some of the basaltic formations of cooled lava in Hawaii, suggesting that, long ago, there may have been active volcanoes on Vesta, spewing out lava to shape the young surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a sight it must have been—and it makes me smile when I think about the children's book \"The Little Prince.\" My favorite part of that story was the description of how the Prince, on his little asteroid world (which was only twenty or thirty feet across, I'd guess), cooked his meals on a frying pan held over a miniature volcano, which he made sure to keep clean and functional with a periodic cleaning using a giant Q-tip….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these revelations—the core/mantle differentiation, complicated geography, possible tectonic features, and signs of past volcanism--have prompted some scientists to ask, should Vesta be reclassified as a Dwarf Planet, along with Ceres, Pluto, and the others thus dubbed? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have on my desk at work a letter from a 3rd Grader. It starts, \"I think Pluto should be a planet (not a Dwarf Planet)….\" The letter continues in richer detail and quite a bit of passionate defense of Pluto, but I was struck by the fact that this 3rd Grader was, at the time Pluto was originally \"demoted,\" three years old. (And some thought the Pluto controversy would end with the previous generation of kids….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did get me wondering. If Dawn has changed our view of Vesta from a mere large asteroid to something maybe worthy of promotion to Dwarf Planet, what might New Horizons do to our current view of Pluto? I'm not suggesting the International Astronomical Union will reinstate Pluto as a planet when we get our first up-close images of its surface—after all, no matter what Pluto's surface may hold in store for us, this Dwarf Planet can't meet one of the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/planet.htm\" target=\"_blank\">three conditions\u003c/a> for planethood: being massive enough to clear the region of space in which it revolves. Alas, Pluto shares its orbital space with other objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I fully expect that New Horizons will change \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto\" target=\"_blank\">our perspective on Pluto\u003c/a>, as Dawn is doing for Vesta. The more we learn of the rich details of mysterious places like these, the more, I think, we regard them as \"worlds\"—regardless of their classification as asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28626\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/vesta-dawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28626\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" title=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft hurtling toward its 2014 encounter with Pluto, and with the Dawn spacecraft now at its most up-close and personal encounter with Vesta, we are in the process of learning scads of information about two objects that are among the poorest understood and least explored bodies in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before NASA's Dawn settled into orbit around the asteroid Vesta—the second largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt, after the Dwarf Planet Ceres—we knew very little about it. That it is mega-mountain of rock 330 miles across that rotates rather quickly in space and is slightly egg-shaped, these things we knew—but not much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/vesta_dawn_gallery.asp\" target=\"_blank\">What Dawn has revealed to us\u003c/a>, however, is a tiny world with unexpected complexities, inside and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, Vesta's anatomy may not be unlike Earth and the other Terrestrial planets, which all developed cores heavy with iron and mantles and crusts made of lighter silicate rocks when they were young and molten. This \"differentiation\" occurs for the same reason that gold particles sink to the bottom of a gold-pan as a prospector shakes the water-sand slurry back and forth: the gold is denser, the sand lighter, so the materials separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, Vesta's surface offers amazing landscape vista opportunities for a future robot lander or astronaut: complex topography of valleys, cliffs, troughs, ridges, and a huge mountain, with elevation differences deviating above and below the global average elevation by as much as 15 miles—that's three Mount Everests, or two Marianas Trenches! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the surface resemble some of the basaltic formations of cooled lava in Hawaii, suggesting that, long ago, there may have been active volcanoes on Vesta, spewing out lava to shape the young surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a sight it must have been—and it makes me smile when I think about the children's book \"The Little Prince.\" My favorite part of that story was the description of how the Prince, on his little asteroid world (which was only twenty or thirty feet across, I'd guess), cooked his meals on a frying pan held over a miniature volcano, which he made sure to keep clean and functional with a periodic cleaning using a giant Q-tip….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these revelations—the core/mantle differentiation, complicated geography, possible tectonic features, and signs of past volcanism--have prompted some scientists to ask, should Vesta be reclassified as a Dwarf Planet, along with Ceres, Pluto, and the others thus dubbed? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have on my desk at work a letter from a 3rd Grader. It starts, \"I think Pluto should be a planet (not a Dwarf Planet)….\" The letter continues in richer detail and quite a bit of passionate defense of Pluto, but I was struck by the fact that this 3rd Grader was, at the time Pluto was originally \"demoted,\" three years old. (And some thought the Pluto controversy would end with the previous generation of kids….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did get me wondering. If Dawn has changed our view of Vesta from a mere large asteroid to something maybe worthy of promotion to Dwarf Planet, what might New Horizons do to our current view of Pluto? I'm not suggesting the International Astronomical Union will reinstate Pluto as a planet when we get our first up-close images of its surface—after all, no matter what Pluto's surface may hold in store for us, this Dwarf Planet can't meet one of the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/planet.htm\" target=\"_blank\">three conditions\u003c/a> for planethood: being massive enough to clear the region of space in which it revolves. Alas, Pluto shares its orbital space with other objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I fully expect that New Horizons will change \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto\" target=\"_blank\">our perspective on Pluto\u003c/a>, as Dawn is doing for Vesta. The more we learn of the rich details of mysterious places like these, the more, I think, we regard them as \"worlds\"—regardless of their classification as asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies",
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"content": "\u003cp>Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I've also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict in the DMZ where the two meet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been raised on Star Trek, where the science and technology routinely violate known scientific principles (faster than light warp drive, for example), I learned to have leniency on some of those violations—at least, the ones that exist in order to make the story work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the stories that get the science completely wrong, for no good reason, get my militia up in arms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was my reaction when, a few weeks ago, I happened upon the last two minutes of the series premiere of a new television show—the one that involves time-traveling colonists going 85 million years into the past to live among the dinosaurs. (Don’t ask me any more about the plot; I’ve only ever caught the last two minutes of each show when I change the channel to wait for House. All I know is each episode seems to end with people creeping through a jungle at night carrying torches….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what irked me so badly? Scene: colonists in settlement in Cretaceous jungle, night time, looking up at the starry, Moon-adorned sky. A child muses, \"Is that the Moon?\" (never having seen it before). \"\u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WeirdMoon\">It’s so big!\u003c/a>\" Indeed, the Moon aloft in these prehistoric skies was depicted as truly huge—I’d estimate ten or fifteen degrees across, about the width of your hand spread wide at arm’s length (20 to 30 times the size of the Moon we know). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter \"brainy\" teenage girl to explain: The Moon is moving away from the Earth a few centimeters each year, so here, 85 million years in the past, it’s much closer to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much closer was the Moon to Earth 85 million years ago? Do the math, brain: The Moon is currently moving away from the Earth at about 3.8 centimeters per year, so 3.8 cm for 85 million years equals 323 million centimeters. Sounds like a lot, right? 323 million of just about anything seems like a lot. 323 million centimeters is 3,230,000 meters, or 3,230 kilometers. Or a little over 2,000 miles—which, coincidentally, is about the diameter of the Moon itself. Since the Moon is presently 240,000 miles from Earth, being 2000 miles closer to us in the past (about 0.8%) would not have made it perceptibly larger—let alone appearing as big as a cantaloupe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon has been moving away from the Earth since its formation, which took place about four and a half billion years ago. Through \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html\">tidal interactions\u003c/a> with the Earth, the Moon has \"stolen\" some of Earth’s rotational momentum (spin) to gradually boost itself farther and farther away, slowing the Earth’s spin as a result. Back in the day when the Earth and Moon were young and fresh—and much closer together—the Earth spun much faster: maybe once in 8 hours. (But that was WAY before life existed, so try not to imagine the dinosaurs experiencing much shorter days, please.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yeah, in that same two minutes of the show premiere, the \"brainy\" girl (it’s not her fault; it’s the show’s writers, of course) also had an answer for why all the stars in the Cretaceous sky bore no resemblance to the constellations we know today. The Universe is expanding, she said (correctly), and so in 85 million years that expansion has caused the stars to change position\" (not so correctly). The Universe is expanding, yes, correct; the stars in Earth’s skies 85 million years ago would have looked completely different, yes. But the two have nothing to do with each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/astro/universe/universe.asp\">The Universe is expanding\u003c/a> and carrying all of the galaxies and galaxy clusters farther and farther apart. But this has no effect on the stars gravitationally bound within each galaxy. At the scale of a single galaxy, like our own Milky Way, the gravity binding the stars together in that great spinning spiral overpowers the effect of space expanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars we see in our skies are all inside of our galaxy, to which they are gravitationally bound. It is merely the motion of those stars within the galaxy as they orbit the center that change their relative positions, and so the patterns of constellations that we perceive. Analogously, continental drift on Earth may move a pair of land masses away from each other, but that large-scale motion won’t cause the trees within either of those lands to move apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nit picking? Yeah, maybe. But I even do it to Star Trek on occasion…. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Although I am a lifelong fan of science, I've also been a lifelong fan of science fiction—so I sometimes experience conflict in the DMZ where the two meet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been raised on Star Trek, where the science and technology routinely violate known scientific principles (faster than light warp drive, for example), I learned to have leniency on some of those violations—at least, the ones that exist in order to make the story work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the stories that get the science completely wrong, for no good reason, get my militia up in arms….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such was my reaction when, a few weeks ago, I happened upon the last two minutes of the series premiere of a new television show—the one that involves time-traveling colonists going 85 million years into the past to live among the dinosaurs. (Don’t ask me any more about the plot; I’ve only ever caught the last two minutes of each show when I change the channel to wait for House. All I know is each episode seems to end with people creeping through a jungle at night carrying torches….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what irked me so badly? Scene: colonists in settlement in Cretaceous jungle, night time, looking up at the starry, Moon-adorned sky. A child muses, \"Is that the Moon?\" (never having seen it before). \"\u003ca href=\"http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WeirdMoon\">It’s so big!\u003c/a>\" Indeed, the Moon aloft in these prehistoric skies was depicted as truly huge—I’d estimate ten or fifteen degrees across, about the width of your hand spread wide at arm’s length (20 to 30 times the size of the Moon we know). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter \"brainy\" teenage girl to explain: The Moon is moving away from the Earth a few centimeters each year, so here, 85 million years in the past, it’s much closer to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much closer was the Moon to Earth 85 million years ago? Do the math, brain: The Moon is currently moving away from the Earth at about 3.8 centimeters per year, so 3.8 cm for 85 million years equals 323 million centimeters. Sounds like a lot, right? 323 million of just about anything seems like a lot. 323 million centimeters is 3,230,000 meters, or 3,230 kilometers. Or a little over 2,000 miles—which, coincidentally, is about the diameter of the Moon itself. Since the Moon is presently 240,000 miles from Earth, being 2000 miles closer to us in the past (about 0.8%) would not have made it perceptibly larger—let alone appearing as big as a cantaloupe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon has been moving away from the Earth since its formation, which took place about four and a half billion years ago. Through \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/tides.html\">tidal interactions\u003c/a> with the Earth, the Moon has \"stolen\" some of Earth’s rotational momentum (spin) to gradually boost itself farther and farther away, slowing the Earth’s spin as a result. Back in the day when the Earth and Moon were young and fresh—and much closer together—the Earth spun much faster: maybe once in 8 hours. (But that was WAY before life existed, so try not to imagine the dinosaurs experiencing much shorter days, please.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yeah, in that same two minutes of the show premiere, the \"brainy\" girl (it’s not her fault; it’s the show’s writers, of course) also had an answer for why all the stars in the Cretaceous sky bore no resemblance to the constellations we know today. The Universe is expanding, she said (correctly), and so in 85 million years that expansion has caused the stars to change position\" (not so correctly). The Universe is expanding, yes, correct; the stars in Earth’s skies 85 million years ago would have looked completely different, yes. But the two have nothing to do with each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://skyserver.sdss.org/dr1/en/astro/universe/universe.asp\">The Universe is expanding\u003c/a> and carrying all of the galaxies and galaxy clusters farther and farther apart. But this has no effect on the stars gravitationally bound within each galaxy. At the scale of a single galaxy, like our own Milky Way, the gravity binding the stars together in that great spinning spiral overpowers the effect of space expanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stars we see in our skies are all inside of our galaxy, to which they are gravitationally bound. It is merely the motion of those stars within the galaxy as they orbit the center that change their relative positions, and so the patterns of constellations that we perceive. Analogously, continental drift on Earth may move a pair of land masses away from each other, but that large-scale motion won’t cause the trees within either of those lands to move apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nit picking? Yeah, maybe. But I even do it to Star Trek on occasion…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dog Eats Moon: Total Lunar Eclipse",
"title": "Dog Eats Moon: Total Lunar Eclipse",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/18/dog-eats-moon-total-lunar-eclipse/lunar-eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27389\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg\" alt=\"Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\" title=\"Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look, up in the sky! Is it a moldy orange? A giant celestial penny? A dragon eating the Moon? In fact, it's a total lunar eclipse, and coming soon to a sky near you….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html#LE2011Dec10T\" target=\"_blank\">December 10, 2011\u003c/a> marks your last chance to see a total lunar eclipse—one of the most breathtaking celestial events that you can witness with your unaided eye--until 2014. For us on the West Coast, the drama of the Moon's occlusion will play out in the early morning hours of Saturday—weather permitting, as always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the long shadow the Earth casts into space. We see a partial lunar eclipse when only part of the Moon grazes the Earth's shadow and a total eclipse when it is completely engulfed in darkness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall eclipse begins at about 3:33 AM on the morning of December 10, when the Moon first touches Earth's penumbra, or \"half shadow\" (the region of space where only some of the Sun's light is blocked by the Earth). At the beginning, you might be challenged to notice anything different about the Full Moon, unless you're looking for something—in which case you might start to notice a slight darkening at one edge of the Moon's disk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 4:46 AM, the real show begins: the Moon will begin to enter the umbra, the Earth's full shadow, in which no direct sunlight shines. Now, a very noticeable \"bite\" will be taken out of the Full Moon—as if some great celestial creature is nibbling it at the edge. (To the Chinese, this animal was thought of as a dog or a dragon; to the Maya, often a jaguar; and if you mix your myths well, you might imagine those creatures eating green cheese….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, at 6:06 AM, with the Moon low near the western horizon, it will become completely engulfed in the umbra and will likely turn a dim, coppery, orange, or possibly even reddish color—like a shiny copper penny, or a molding orange. I hope that image doesn't spoil the experience for you…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is totality, when the entire disk of the Moon is within the umbra. From Earth, the Full Moon goes very dark during totality. From the Moon, if you were so lucky to be there during totality, the Earth (in its \"New\" phase as seen from Luna) would be a black disk surrounded by a ring of red or orange light—from the Moon's perspective, a total solar eclipse. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is the Moon lit at all during totality if it's supposed to be in the umbra where no direct sunlight shines? And why orange and red tones? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in Earth's atmosphere, which simultaneously bends, or \"scatters,\" the sunlight that grazes by the edges, and filters the colors of the sunlight to favor the redder wavelengths passing through. If you've seen sunlight shining around the edges of a cloud, making that \"silver lining\" and shedding light into the cloud's shadow, then you may have an idea how the sunlight is scattered around the edge of the Earth into the otherwise dark umbral shadow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if you've seen the colors of a sunrise or a sunset—orange and red, more or less depending on atmospheric conditions—then you can understand why the light is reddish. Earth's atmosphere acts like a piece of red glass: white light, containing all the colors of the rainbow, enters the glass, but the bluer colors are absorbed, and only the orange and red tones pass through and shine onward. (What does Earth's atmosphere do with that stolen blue light? Take a look at a clear daytime sky and you'll see!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for the 41 minutes of totality, you'll witness one of the most spectacular partnerships of the Earth and Moon, when the Earth \"touches\" the Moon with the tip of its shadow and the russet tones of all its sunrises and sunsets acting in concert. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totality will end at 6:47 AM when the Moon's leading edge begins to depart the umbral shadow—and at 7:17 the show will be over for us when the Moon sets. Then, it's another three years until we can see such a sight again, so be sure to catch this one! Weather permitting, we'll have the Observatory Deck open at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=12-10-2011&p=1439355\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> from 4:00 to 7:00 AM, in case you'd like to watch the event in good company....\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/18/dog-eats-moon-total-lunar-eclipse/lunar-eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27389\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg\" alt=\"Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\" title=\"Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Lunar-Eclipse-08-28-07-composite-8bt-small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Total Lunar Eclipse 08-28-07. Credit: Conrad Jung\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look, up in the sky! Is it a moldy orange? A giant celestial penny? A dragon eating the Moon? In fact, it's a total lunar eclipse, and coming soon to a sky near you….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html#LE2011Dec10T\" target=\"_blank\">December 10, 2011\u003c/a> marks your last chance to see a total lunar eclipse—one of the most breathtaking celestial events that you can witness with your unaided eye--until 2014. For us on the West Coast, the drama of the Moon's occlusion will play out in the early morning hours of Saturday—weather permitting, as always.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the long shadow the Earth casts into space. We see a partial lunar eclipse when only part of the Moon grazes the Earth's shadow and a total eclipse when it is completely engulfed in darkness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall eclipse begins at about 3:33 AM on the morning of December 10, when the Moon first touches Earth's penumbra, or \"half shadow\" (the region of space where only some of the Sun's light is blocked by the Earth). At the beginning, you might be challenged to notice anything different about the Full Moon, unless you're looking for something—in which case you might start to notice a slight darkening at one edge of the Moon's disk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 4:46 AM, the real show begins: the Moon will begin to enter the umbra, the Earth's full shadow, in which no direct sunlight shines. Now, a very noticeable \"bite\" will be taken out of the Full Moon—as if some great celestial creature is nibbling it at the edge. (To the Chinese, this animal was thought of as a dog or a dragon; to the Maya, often a jaguar; and if you mix your myths well, you might imagine those creatures eating green cheese….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, at 6:06 AM, with the Moon low near the western horizon, it will become completely engulfed in the umbra and will likely turn a dim, coppery, orange, or possibly even reddish color—like a shiny copper penny, or a molding orange. I hope that image doesn't spoil the experience for you…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is totality, when the entire disk of the Moon is within the umbra. From Earth, the Full Moon goes very dark during totality. From the Moon, if you were so lucky to be there during totality, the Earth (in its \"New\" phase as seen from Luna) would be a black disk surrounded by a ring of red or orange light—from the Moon's perspective, a total solar eclipse. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is the Moon lit at all during totality if it's supposed to be in the umbra where no direct sunlight shines? And why orange and red tones? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is in Earth's atmosphere, which simultaneously bends, or \"scatters,\" the sunlight that grazes by the edges, and filters the colors of the sunlight to favor the redder wavelengths passing through. If you've seen sunlight shining around the edges of a cloud, making that \"silver lining\" and shedding light into the cloud's shadow, then you may have an idea how the sunlight is scattered around the edge of the Earth into the otherwise dark umbral shadow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if you've seen the colors of a sunrise or a sunset—orange and red, more or less depending on atmospheric conditions—then you can understand why the light is reddish. Earth's atmosphere acts like a piece of red glass: white light, containing all the colors of the rainbow, enters the glass, but the bluer colors are absorbed, and only the orange and red tones pass through and shine onward. (What does Earth's atmosphere do with that stolen blue light? Take a look at a clear daytime sky and you'll see!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for the 41 minutes of totality, you'll witness one of the most spectacular partnerships of the Earth and Moon, when the Earth \"touches\" the Moon with the tip of its shadow and the russet tones of all its sunrises and sunsets acting in concert. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Totality will end at 6:47 AM when the Moon's leading edge begins to depart the umbral shadow—and at 7:17 the show will be over for us when the Moon sets. Then, it's another three years until we can see such a sight again, so be sure to catch this one! Weather permitting, we'll have the Observatory Deck open at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=12-10-2011&p=1439355\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> from 4:00 to 7:00 AM, in case you'd like to watch the event in good company....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke",
"title": "The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke",
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"content": "\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno640.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Juno spacecraft is shown in orbit above Jupiter's colorful clouds in this artist's rendering. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno640.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Juno spacecraft is shown in orbit above Jupiter's colorful clouds in this artist's rendering. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gamma-blog640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gamma-blog640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27144\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Catelaz at work on the GAMMA II imaging machine, at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) in North Carolina.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GAMMA II and its sister, GAMMA I, are legendary imaging machines that were used to create the 19-million strong Guide Star Catalogue for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubble.nasa.gov/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> (HST). Think of the Guide Star Catalogue as a souped-up GPS, enabling the Hubble to set its scope on stars thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/hst/%20\">Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> announced it was retiring the image-makers after nearly 20 years of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news swept across the astronomy community and Castelaz and his colleagues at PARI jumped at the opportunity to bring the GAMMA machines to their Western North Carolina campus and reconfigure them for a new cataloging gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s old, but it’s still state of the art. It’s incredible what was done in terms of designing these instruments and getting them going,” Michael Castelaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27128\" title=\"astronomy_app_roundup640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/astronomy_app_roundup640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multi-spectrum composite image of the galactic core. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/CXC/STScI .\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attention Galileo guys and gals – download any one of these astronomy apps for your smartphone and you can stop star-guessing and start star-gazing like a pro!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popular astronomy apps for your iPhone or iPad\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Search\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-search/id324408084?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-search/id324408084?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redshift\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/redshift-astronomy/id390436752?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/redshift-astronomy/id390436752?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pocket Universe\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pocket-universe-virtual-sky/id306916838?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pocket-universe-virtual-sky/id306916838?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Walk\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-walk-5-stars-astronomy/id295430577?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-walk-5-stars-astronomy/id295430577?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distant Suns\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/distant-suns-3-unleash-your/id363418936?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/distant-suns-3-unleash-your/id363418936?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SkySafari, aka SkyVoyager\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/skysafari/id319159213?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/skysafari/id319159213?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPS Astro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gps-astro/id369884042?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gps-astro/id369884042?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delux Moon HD\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deluxe-moon-hd/id428453273?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deluxe-moon-hd/id428453273?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starmap Pro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/app/starmap-pro/id309367681?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/app/starmap-pro/id309367681?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Chart\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-chart/id345542655?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-chart/id345542655?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GoSkyWatch Planetarium\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/goskywatch-planetarium-astronomy/id284980812?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/goskywatch-planetarium-astronomy/id284980812?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar Walk 3D\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/solar-walk-3d-solar-system/id347546771?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/solar-walk-3d-solar-system/id347546771?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popular astronomy apps for your Android\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google SkyMap\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/google-sky-map/com.google.android.stardroid\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/google-sky-map/com.google.android.stardroid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astro Tools\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/astro-tools/com.rafdev.astrotoolsalpha1\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/astro-tools/com.rafdev.astrotoolsalpha1\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SkEye\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.appbrain.com/app/skeye/com.lavadip.skeye\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Chart\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart/com.escapistgames.starchart\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/star-chart/com.escapistgames.starchart\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Odyssey\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/star-odyssey/org.randyl.starodyssey\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/star-odyssey/org.randyl.starodyssey\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space Junk Pro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/space-junk-pro/us.xyzw.star3map\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/space-junk-pro/us.xyzw.star3map\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space Junk Lite\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/space-junk-lite/us.xyzw.spacejunk\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/space-junk-lite/us.xyzw.spacejunk\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zenith Mobile Telescope\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/zenith-mobile-telescope/com.mobilizy.zenith\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/zenith-mobile-telescope/com.mobilizy.zenith\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SkyORB\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/skyorb/com.realtechvr.skyorb\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/skyorb/com.realtechvr.skyorb\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vortex Planetarium\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/vortex-planetarium-astronomy/vortex.planetarium.app.vortex\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/vortex-planetarium-astronomy/vortex.planetarium.app.vortex\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetariax Pro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/planetariax-pro/com.digitaloranges.planetariaxfull\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/planetariax-pro/com.digitaloranges.planetariaxfull\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mobile Observatory PRO\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.appbrain.com/app/mobile-observatory-pro/com.kreappdev.astroid\">http://www.appbrain.com/app/mobile-observatory-pro/com.kreappdev.astroid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messier Objects\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://market.android.com/details?id=com.firedale.messier\">http://market.android.com/details?id...redale.messier\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear Sky Droid\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://market.android.com/details?id=org.jtb.csdroid&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsIm9yZy5qdGIuY3Nkcm9pZCJd\">https://market.android.com/details?id=org.jtb.csdroid&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsIm9yZy5qdGIuY3Nkcm9pZCJd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where is Io\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://market.android.com/details?id=net.dague.astro&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsIm5ldC5kYWd1ZS5hc3RybyJd\">https://market.android.com/details?id=net.dague.astro&feature=search_result#?t=W251bGwsMSwxLDEsIm5ldC5kYWd1ZS5hc3RybyJd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27128\" title=\"astronomy_app_roundup640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/astronomy_app_roundup640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multi-spectrum composite image of the galactic core. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/CXC/STScI .\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attention Galileo guys and gals – download any one of these astronomy apps for your smartphone and you can stop star-guessing and start star-gazing like a pro!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Popular astronomy apps for your iPhone or iPad\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Search\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-search/id324408084?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-search/id324408084?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redshift\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/redshift-astronomy/id390436752?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/redshift-astronomy/id390436752?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pocket Universe\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pocket-universe-virtual-sky/id306916838?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pocket-universe-virtual-sky/id306916838?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Walk\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-walk-5-stars-astronomy/id295430577?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-walk-5-stars-astronomy/id295430577?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distant Suns\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/distant-suns-3-unleash-your/id363418936?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/distant-suns-3-unleash-your/id363418936?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SkySafari, aka SkyVoyager\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/skysafari/id319159213?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/skysafari/id319159213?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GPS Astro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gps-astro/id369884042?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gps-astro/id369884042?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delux Moon HD\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deluxe-moon-hd/id428453273?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/deluxe-moon-hd/id428453273?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starmap Pro\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/app/starmap-pro/id309367681?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/app/starmap-pro/id309367681?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star Chart\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-chart/id345542655?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/star-chart/id345542655?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GoSkyWatch Planetarium\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/goskywatch-planetarium-astronomy/id284980812?mt=8\">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/goskywatch-planetarium-astronomy/id284980812?mt=8\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar Walk 3D\u003cbr>\n\u003ca 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"disqusTitle": "Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores!",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On November 8th, at 3:28 PM PST, the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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