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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WjAWDVaYcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Voyager: Old Spacecraft, New Frontier?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40163\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/voyager-old-spacecraft-new-frontier/voyagersandheliopause/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40163\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg\" alt=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" title=\"The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/voyagersandheliopause-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Voyager spacecraft and the Heliopause\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1977, a mere 20 years after the launch of Sputnik marked the beginning of the Space Age, the twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched, bound for tours of the gas giant planets of the outer Solar System. And though it's been over two decades since either Voyager made its final planetary fly-by, to this day both vehicles are in good health, still sending their pioneering data back to us via the worldwide \u003ca href=\"http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/\">Deep Space Network\u003c/a> of radio dishes and still making important scientific discoveries and history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though launched 4-5 years after the first spacecraft to cross the Asteroid Belt, encounter gas giants and achieve escape velocity from our Solar System (Pioneers 10 and 11), the Voyagers have since outdistanced the Pioneers to become the most distant human-made craft in space. We also lost contact with the Pioneers, in 1995 and 2003—but the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Voyager 1 and 2\" target=\"_blank\">Voyagers are still on line!\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At nearly three times the mass and power generation of the Pioneers, the Voyagers continue to blaze trails. As of right now, Voyager 2 is nearly 15 billion kilometers from the Sun and Voyager 1 leads the race at over 18 billion kilometers: quadruple the distance to Neptune! Every second carries Voyager 1, the speedier of the pair, 17 kilometers farther into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And though it will be at least 40,000 years before Voyager 1 gets anywhere near another star, recent data from the probe indicates that it may have reached a milestone in its journey anyway. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Voyagers were launched, even though their primary missions were to observe the gas giants of the outer Solar System, NASA hoped that the spacecraft would stay active and healthy long enough to make measurements until their inevitable passage through the edge of the Solar System: the boundary layer between the influences of our Sun and the environment of interstellar space beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun not only radiates light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but also plasma (electrically charged gas, mostly hydrogen) and accompanying magnetic fields: \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\" title=\"The Solar Wind\" target=\"_blank\">the solar wind\u003c/a>. The material expands outward into space and eventually encounters the influences of the interstellar environment. The collision of the two realms forms a \"bubble\". The material inside the bubble--the heliosphere, essentially the Sun's extended atmosphere--encompasses a volume of space extending far beyond the planets. The tenuous boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like the difference in water current and wave action between the waters of a protected cove and the open ocean. I remember a trip to Angel Island with my friend Bob back in the 1970's. We rowed a small inflatable raft out into the harbor, sculling around the calm, nearly still waters within the projected arc of the cove. Then we rowed out beyond the confines of the cove, suddenly finding ourselves in an environment of high, choppy waves and a powerful current that threatened to carry us away from the island and out toward the Golden Gate Bridge. Ten minutes of furious rowing were required to get us back inside the peaceful bubble of the cove, and safety—and I'll never forget it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, Voyager scientists have noticed an increase in the amount of electrically charged particles detected by Voyager 1 -- particles not of the solar wind, but high velocity interstellar ions probably formed in supernova explosions in our neighborhood in the past: \"galactic cosmic rays.\" The cosmic ray count rose 25% in the past three years and since May of this year, there has been an additional 9% increase. If this is an indication that Voyager 1 is encountering the heliopause, maybe it's analogous to Bob and I suddenly encountering larger and more waves in our inflatable raft at the boundary of the cove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another indicator that Voyager 1 may be breaking on through to the other side will be a change in the direction of the magnetic fields around it, as the magnetic field put out by our Sun bends to the will of the Milky Way Galaxy at large. NASA is currently analyzing Voyager's data to determine if this shift is taking place. I guess it could be likened to the sudden change of current that almost swept Bob and I off to the Golden Gate Bridge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will become of these veteran robots that are destined to become humanity's first interstellar envoys, carrying with them their various audio recordings and images of our species? Will they drift off into obscurity, becoming lost in space? Will they become objects for target practice by some trigger happy extraterrestrial spacefarer? Will they one day arrive at an alien world with our messages, prompting a response? Only time--probably lots of it--will tell....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sizing Up the Earth",
"title": "Sizing Up the Earth",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39546\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/15/sizing-up-the-earth/googlebay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39546\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\" title=\"San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What has a mass of about 6 yottakilograms, occupies a volume of space of about 1 million million cubic-kilometers, is about 40 kilometers fatter than it is tall, and you could walk around it in about one year? Guesses, anyone? Did I mention it's open for business day and night. Still wondering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you guessed the planet Venus, close! Very close. It's actually good ol' Earth I've been thinking about lately, as a planet and home. These days, it's quite easy to think of our home world as shrinking, made smaller and smaller every day by modern transportation, telecommunications technology and our unprecedented propensity to make use of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own daughter, long ago when she was an 8-year-old, made an observation on the size and scale of the Earth as we stood atop the Oakland Hills looking down upon most of the San Francisco Bay. \"I can see the Bay,\" she said, pointing downward, \"and an astronaut in space can see it, too.\" The scale of our small planet struck me at that moment in a different way than usual, for she was right. Here was a geographic feature that I could not only see in one sweeping gaze, but I could hop in my car and go visit any point on that feature in under an hour (traffic willing). And, yes, someone way out in space, seeing the Earth in its demi-entirety (‘cause you can only see half a planet at a time) could see it, too, as a major feature on the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From this modern tiny-planet perspective, it's amazing to think of times when much of the planet was unknown to any one group of humans. What is a 5-hour plane ride today, between Europe and the East Coast of the U.S., was a big dark unknown only a few hundred years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it doesn't take much to get back a perspective of Earth as a very, very large place. All you have to do is scratch below the surface we dwell on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while a journey to the center of the Earth places a linear perspective on it size (Jules Verne's very athletic explorers would have had to climb downward nearly 4000 miles!), it's the volume of our orb that packs a wallop of magnitude. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire world that we have direct experience with is the thinnest of onion layers, right here at the surface. All of those mountains, plains, vast desert expanses and forested wilds; all of that watery ocean surface and its great dark depths; all of that air-filled sky that comes right down to the ground and seems to stretch upward forever—all of that is thinner than a layer of tissue paper wrapped around a beachball. Think about the unexplored subterranean territory, even just the part close to the surface in Earth's crust! Think of all the gold down there, maybe forever beyond our reach. (You have to imagine there's far more gold inside the Earth than the dusting we've scraped off the surface, after all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of volume, if you measure the space of the universe that we humans (and all life on Earth) live in as extending from the Earth's surface to the top of the troposphere (about 10 kilometers up), the interior of the Earth encompasses over 400 times as much space—and, to our knowledge, all of that is filled with rock and metal, mostly iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why, there's enough iron in our planet (about 2 yottakilograms of it) to build -- oh, about 2 million billion Golden Gate Bridges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth may seem kind of small and cramped at times, but take heart in the fact that, in our Solar System, it's the largest \"there\" there is, after the Sun and gas giants. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39546\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/15/sizing-up-the-earth/googlebay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39546\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\" title=\"San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/googlebay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Bay perspective. Created with Google Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What has a mass of about 6 yottakilograms, occupies a volume of space of about 1 million million cubic-kilometers, is about 40 kilometers fatter than it is tall, and you could walk around it in about one year? Guesses, anyone? Did I mention it's open for business day and night. Still wondering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you guessed the planet Venus, close! Very close. It's actually good ol' Earth I've been thinking about lately, as a planet and home. These days, it's quite easy to think of our home world as shrinking, made smaller and smaller every day by modern transportation, telecommunications technology and our unprecedented propensity to make use of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own daughter, long ago when she was an 8-year-old, made an observation on the size and scale of the Earth as we stood atop the Oakland Hills looking down upon most of the San Francisco Bay. \"I can see the Bay,\" she said, pointing downward, \"and an astronaut in space can see it, too.\" The scale of our small planet struck me at that moment in a different way than usual, for she was right. Here was a geographic feature that I could not only see in one sweeping gaze, but I could hop in my car and go visit any point on that feature in under an hour (traffic willing). And, yes, someone way out in space, seeing the Earth in its demi-entirety (‘cause you can only see half a planet at a time) could see it, too, as a major feature on the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From this modern tiny-planet perspective, it's amazing to think of times when much of the planet was unknown to any one group of humans. What is a 5-hour plane ride today, between Europe and the East Coast of the U.S., was a big dark unknown only a few hundred years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it doesn't take much to get back a perspective of Earth as a very, very large place. All you have to do is scratch below the surface we dwell on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while a journey to the center of the Earth places a linear perspective on it size (Jules Verne's very athletic explorers would have had to climb downward nearly 4000 miles!), it's the volume of our orb that packs a wallop of magnitude. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire world that we have direct experience with is the thinnest of onion layers, right here at the surface. All of those mountains, plains, vast desert expanses and forested wilds; all of that watery ocean surface and its great dark depths; all of that air-filled sky that comes right down to the ground and seems to stretch upward forever—all of that is thinner than a layer of tissue paper wrapped around a beachball. Think about the unexplored subterranean territory, even just the part close to the surface in Earth's crust! Think of all the gold down there, maybe forever beyond our reach. (You have to imagine there's far more gold inside the Earth than the dusting we've scraped off the surface, after all.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of volume, if you measure the space of the universe that we humans (and all life on Earth) live in as extending from the Earth's surface to the top of the troposphere (about 10 kilometers up), the interior of the Earth encompasses over 400 times as much space—and, to our knowledge, all of that is filled with rock and metal, mostly iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why, there's enough iron in our planet (about 2 yottakilograms of it) to build -- oh, about 2 million billion Golden Gate Bridges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth may seem kind of small and cramped at times, but take heart in the fact that, in our Solar System, it's the largest \"there\" there is, after the Sun and gas giants. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_38949\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 650px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Transit of Venus. Diagram from Starry Night Pro. Image from NASA's TRACE spacecraft, 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Over the past few months, we’ve been showing people the brilliant white flare in our evening skies that is the planet Venus, Earth’s closest sibling in both size and \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/01/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%E2%80%94im-serious/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%25e2%2580%2594im-serious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/01/last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%E2%80%94im-serious/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=last-chance-to-see-a-transit-of-venus%25e2%2580%2594im-serious\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Don't Miss Your Last Chance to See a Transit of Venus on Tuesday\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Astronomy\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Know how you can start a fire with just a magnifying glass and the sun? And if you stare at the sun, the lens of your eye is the magnifying glass, and the burning happens on your retina? Well, cameras have the same problem. So how do you take a picture of the sun--which you might want to do during, say, a solar eclipse?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out there are as many ways to photograph an eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/05/17/when-where-and-how-to-watch-sundays-solar-eclipse-bay-area-northern-californi/\" title=\"KQED annular eclipse\">Sunday's annular eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I drove from the Bay Area up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/stnf/recarea/?recid=6453\" title=\"Hirz Mountain Lookout\">Mt. Hirz\u003c/a> near Lake Shasta which was smack in the middle of the optimal eclipse viewing path. About a mile from the top, we ran into an amateur astronomer named Ben who'd scoped the whole mountain the previous day and decided this was the best spot. He had a telescope, so we stayed with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit of cloud cover when the eclipse started had us all chewing our fingernails, but then it cleared up--and what a view!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I am an admirer of photography, I am not the most skilled practitioner. Flickr, however, is a treasure trove of beautiful images. All the pictures in this post are from photographers kind enough to \u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/\" title=\"Creative Commons\">share their work\u003c/a> openly, for the enjoyment of the masses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a hokey pinhole camera like I did, cut a square out of a piece of cardbord, tape aluminum foil over the empty square, and poke a hole in the foil with a pin. Stand with your back to the sun and hold the cardboard so the sun shines directly through the pinhole onto a piece of white paper. (This photographer made three holes, one of which was obviously best.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/pinhole-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38575\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/pinhole1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through pinhole\" title=\"pinhole\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38575\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better technique is to replace the pinhole with a pair of binoculars like my husband did. You keep your back to the sun and hold the binoculars in the same position as the pinhole camera and you get a larger, clearer view of the sun on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/binoculars/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/binoculars-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through binoculars\" title=\"binoculars\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38566\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Ben's wife had a pair of eclipse viewing glasses that were the best way to see color--the \"ring of fire\" when the moon is totally inside the sun. You can put these glasses--or a really thick filter, which is the same thing (but see comments)--in front of a camera as well as in front of your eyes. But the sun looks really small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/filter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/filter-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through filter\" title=\"filter\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38580\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best of all is an actual telescope. Then you can see sunspots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/telescope/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38585\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/telescope-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through telescope\" title=\"telescope\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38585\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth, final, and possibly my favorite way to see/photograph the eclipse requires no equipment at all--just some trees. When the sun is a crescent, it shines through the leaves to create hundreds of little crescents on the ground or wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/leaves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/leaves-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through leaves\" title=\"leaves\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38590\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographing the sun is one thing. But the full mood of an eclipse, with its cool air and dusky light, is difficult to capture. Here's one picture (not from the path of full annularity) that really pulled it off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/sunset_eclipse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"sunset eclipse\" title=\"sunset_eclipse\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Know how you can start a fire with just a magnifying glass and the sun? And if you stare at the sun, the lens of your eye is the magnifying glass, and the burning happens on your retina? Well, cameras have the same problem. So how do you take a picture of the sun--which you might want to do during, say, a solar eclipse?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out there are as many ways to photograph an eclipse as there are to watch it. With a bit of preparation and the generosity of strangers, I got to experience five of them during \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/05/17/when-where-and-how-to-watch-sundays-solar-eclipse-bay-area-northern-californi/\" title=\"KQED annular eclipse\">Sunday's annular eclipse\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I drove from the Bay Area up to \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/stnf/recarea/?recid=6453\" title=\"Hirz Mountain Lookout\">Mt. Hirz\u003c/a> near Lake Shasta which was smack in the middle of the optimal eclipse viewing path. About a mile from the top, we ran into an amateur astronomer named Ben who'd scoped the whole mountain the previous day and decided this was the best spot. He had a telescope, so we stayed with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit of cloud cover when the eclipse started had us all chewing our fingernails, but then it cleared up--and what a view!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I am an admirer of photography, I am not the most skilled practitioner. Flickr, however, is a treasure trove of beautiful images. All the pictures in this post are from photographers kind enough to \u003ca href=\"http://creativecommons.org/\" title=\"Creative Commons\">share their work\u003c/a> openly, for the enjoyment of the masses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a hokey pinhole camera like I did, cut a square out of a piece of cardbord, tape aluminum foil over the empty square, and poke a hole in the foil with a pin. Stand with your back to the sun and hold the cardboard so the sun shines directly through the pinhole onto a piece of white paper. (This photographer made three holes, one of which was obviously best.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/pinhole-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38575\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/pinhole1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through pinhole\" title=\"pinhole\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38575\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A better technique is to replace the pinhole with a pair of binoculars like my husband did. You keep your back to the sun and hold the binoculars in the same position as the pinhole camera and you get a larger, clearer view of the sun on the paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/binoculars/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/binoculars-336x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through binoculars\" title=\"binoculars\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38566\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomer Ben's wife had a pair of eclipse viewing glasses that were the best way to see color--the \"ring of fire\" when the moon is totally inside the sun. You can put these glasses--or a really thick filter, which is the same thing (but see comments)--in front of a camera as well as in front of your eyes. But the sun looks really small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/filter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38580\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/filter-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through filter\" title=\"filter\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38580\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Best of all is an actual telescope. Then you can see sunspots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/telescope/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38585\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/telescope-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through telescope\" title=\"telescope\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38585\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth, final, and possibly my favorite way to see/photograph the eclipse requires no equipment at all--just some trees. When the sun is a crescent, it shines through the leaves to create hundreds of little crescents on the ground or wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/leaves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38590\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/leaves-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"eclipse through leaves\" title=\"leaves\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38590\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographing the sun is one thing. But the full mood of an eclipse, with its cool air and dusky light, is difficult to capture. Here's one picture (not from the path of full annularity) that really pulled it off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/22/photographing-the-sun-let-me-count-the-ways/sunset_eclipse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg\" alt=\"sunset eclipse\" title=\"sunset_eclipse\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sunset_eclipse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Once and Future Earth ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/browndwarf-2-bryant-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" title=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, when seeing fresh examples of the world's problems, local or global, I take a deep breath, sigh, and think, \"In a million years, what difference will it all make?\" It may sound fatalistic, and of course current events do matter to our short-timer existences on Earth, but the thought gives me an odd sense of peace and gets me to thinking about the future—the far distant future—of the Earth. It's hard to imagine what the future will bring in ten, a hundred, or even a thousand million years. Where will evolution take life on Earth—including us? How far will human civilization stretch, and what turns will it take? What exciting twists and cliffhangers are in store for the climate? What will be on television?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things are a bit easier to predict: what the Sun will do and how the Earth and the Earth-Moon relationship will change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ran across a web version of the H.G. Wells novel \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/timemachine/\" title=\"The Time Machine\" target=\"_blank\">The Time Machine\u003c/a>\" a couple of weeks ago, and re-reading Chapter 11 I was reminded how insightful the story is with regard to visualizing future possibilities. In this chapter, the Time Traveler probes forward in time, going millions of years into the future and arriving in a tidally-locked Earth under a bloated, reddened Sun, with no Moon in the sky. The ocean was calm and cold, sporting only gentle, lazy swells, and the air was considerably less stocked with oxygen than today. Snow peppered the land and ice fringed the sea, and the only ubiquitous sign that life still existed was a green slime that coated the rocks of the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"All the sounds of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects, the stir that makes the background of our lives - all that was over.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alien, cold, and pessimistic view of the future? Well—it can hardly be classified as pessimistic; pessimism is an emotion based on the seeming unchangeability of things we can in fact change. But the Earth's future is commanded by forces scarcely within our power to affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the Earth's rotation is slowing down. It used to spin much faster—maybe three times as much—but tidal effects of the Moon and Sun have been slowing it down for four and a half billion years. Imagine an eight-hour day, with the Sun crossing from horizon to horizon in about four. Wake up, it's only a couple of hours until lunchtime, and another two ‘til dinner. I got a whole three hours of sleep last night! Ahh!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where is Earth's spin going? Shakespeare had the answer: \u003cem>\"The Moon's an arrant thief….\"\u003c/em> The momentum of Earth's spin is being slowly siphoned off by the Moon through tidal interaction, which is simultaneously causing the Moon to move farther from the Earth. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies\" target=\"_blank\">Once much closer to Earth\u003c/a>, even today the Moon continues to inch away into space--quite literally, at less than two inches per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the very distant future, we can project that the Moon will have moved much farther from the Earth, and the Earth's rotation will have slowed down even more. At some point the Earth's rotation would match the Moon's orbital period and the Earth will become tidally locked with the Moon, always keeping the same face to it, just as the Moon is currently tidal-locked to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In H.G. Wells' vision, the far distant future Earth is tidally locked to the Sun, and the Moon is apparently gone. Would this happen? Will there ever be an Earth with an unending day and unending moonless night (depending on your address)? That could happen, but the Moon would have to leave the picture first, perhaps wandering far enough out that a chance gravitational disturbance by another planet would knock it off the edge of its orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun is changing too—has changed, and will continue to change—as the dynamics of its nuclear fuel supply mix shifts. As atomic fusion converts hydrogen into helium, helium to carbon, and so forth, the availability of easily released energy will diminish, causing the core to shrink and heat up, in turn causing the outer layers to inflate, becoming more expansive but also cooler and redder. In the very long run, the outer layers will expand beyond Earth's present orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/earth_timeline/future_earth\" title=\"BBC-Earth's distant fate\" target=\"_blank\">future out there\u003c/a> that we can be more certain of than the future shaped by human affairs. It's further out in time than the decades or centuries ahead—and frankly further out than H. G. Wells penned in at 30 million years (little will have changed with the length of a day and the mile markers to the Moon in that time, and I believe the Sun won't make much of a fuss for at least a billion, or more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it's captivating to think what the scenery may be like around the place I stand today, a million or a billion years hence.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/the-once-and-future-earth/browndwarf-2-bryant-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37539\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" title=\"Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/browndwarf-2-bryant1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical exoplanet of a brown dwarf star--similar to a future Earth? Credit: Jeff Bryant\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every now and then, when seeing fresh examples of the world's problems, local or global, I take a deep breath, sigh, and think, \"In a million years, what difference will it all make?\" It may sound fatalistic, and of course current events do matter to our short-timer existences on Earth, but the thought gives me an odd sense of peace and gets me to thinking about the future—the far distant future—of the Earth. It's hard to imagine what the future will bring in ten, a hundred, or even a thousand million years. Where will evolution take life on Earth—including us? How far will human civilization stretch, and what turns will it take? What exciting twists and cliffhangers are in store for the climate? What will be on television?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some things are a bit easier to predict: what the Sun will do and how the Earth and the Earth-Moon relationship will change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ran across a web version of the H.G. Wells novel \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/timemachine/\" title=\"The Time Machine\" target=\"_blank\">The Time Machine\u003c/a>\" a couple of weeks ago, and re-reading Chapter 11 I was reminded how insightful the story is with regard to visualizing future possibilities. In this chapter, the Time Traveler probes forward in time, going millions of years into the future and arriving in a tidally-locked Earth under a bloated, reddened Sun, with no Moon in the sky. The ocean was calm and cold, sporting only gentle, lazy swells, and the air was considerably less stocked with oxygen than today. Snow peppered the land and ice fringed the sea, and the only ubiquitous sign that life still existed was a green slime that coated the rocks of the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"All the sounds of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects, the stir that makes the background of our lives - all that was over.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alien, cold, and pessimistic view of the future? Well—it can hardly be classified as pessimistic; pessimism is an emotion based on the seeming unchangeability of things we can in fact change. But the Earth's future is commanded by forces scarcely within our power to affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the Earth's rotation is slowing down. It used to spin much faster—maybe three times as much—but tidal effects of the Moon and Sun have been slowing it down for four and a half billion years. Imagine an eight-hour day, with the Sun crossing from horizon to horizon in about four. Wake up, it's only a couple of hours until lunchtime, and another two ‘til dinner. I got a whole three hours of sleep last night! Ahh!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where is Earth's spin going? Shakespeare had the answer: \u003cem>\"The Moon's an arrant thief….\"\u003c/em> The momentum of Earth's spin is being slowly siphoned off by the Moon through tidal interaction, which is simultaneously causing the Moon to move farther from the Earth. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/luna-nova-moon-of-the-cretaceous-skies/\" title=\"Luna Nova: Moon of the Cretaceous Skies\" target=\"_blank\">Once much closer to Earth\u003c/a>, even today the Moon continues to inch away into space--quite literally, at less than two inches per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the very distant future, we can project that the Moon will have moved much farther from the Earth, and the Earth's rotation will have slowed down even more. At some point the Earth's rotation would match the Moon's orbital period and the Earth will become tidally locked with the Moon, always keeping the same face to it, just as the Moon is currently tidal-locked to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In H.G. Wells' vision, the far distant future Earth is tidally locked to the Sun, and the Moon is apparently gone. Would this happen? Will there ever be an Earth with an unending day and unending moonless night (depending on your address)? That could happen, but the Moon would have to leave the picture first, perhaps wandering far enough out that a chance gravitational disturbance by another planet would knock it off the edge of its orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun is changing too—has changed, and will continue to change—as the dynamics of its nuclear fuel supply mix shifts. As atomic fusion converts hydrogen into helium, helium to carbon, and so forth, the availability of easily released energy will diminish, causing the core to shrink and heat up, in turn causing the outer layers to inflate, becoming more expansive but also cooler and redder. In the very long run, the outer layers will expand beyond Earth's present orbit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/earth_timeline/future_earth\" title=\"BBC-Earth's distant fate\" target=\"_blank\">future out there\u003c/a> that we can be more certain of than the future shaped by human affairs. It's further out in time than the decades or centuries ahead—and frankly further out than H. G. Wells penned in at 30 million years (little will have changed with the length of a day and the mile markers to the Moon in that time, and I believe the Sun won't make much of a fuss for at least a billion, or more). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, it's captivating to think what the scenery may be like around the place I stand today, a million or a billion years hence.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37252\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"A rollover fire, viewed from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer.\" title=\"FireRollover_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37252\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer during a rollover fire. Photograph courtesy of Kara Platoni.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Looking back, the only field trip that stands out from my grade school days was our trip to the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>. What I remember best is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/tactile_dome/\" title=\"SF Exploratorium Tactile Dome\">tactile dome\u003c/a>. I entered into total darkness and spent the next hour feeling, crawling and sliding my way through a 3-D maze. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That excursion was fairly tame compared to the exploits Kara Platoni, Eric Simons, and Casey Miner take on for their podcast series, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">The Field Trip\u003c/a>, which broadcasts their science adventures out in the real world. For their first series that debuted last year, they explored fermentation by visiting the Cultured Pickle Shop, climbed into the Oakland Fire Department’s burn trailer for a kitchen fire simulation, interviewed a commercial salmon fisherman on his boat in the Berkeley Marina and followed a NASA crew at the bottom of a lakebed in Canada for their research study on Mars. To add a little more intellectual rigor to their adventures, they also interviewed an expert guest in their radio studio for each episode. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think our strong suit is going places, learning new things and being a proxy for the listener,” explained Kara Platoni. “We didn’t know of any other show where it was about going out and having a science adventure.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As friends and UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism colleagues, the genuine personal chemistry of this trio is evident in their podcasts and blogs. They're definitely having fun on their adventures while taking advantage of the wealth of knowledge and opportunities offered by scientists in the Bay Area -- and the listener is invited to tag along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studio interview segments are loosely scripted, but the field trips are taped live. The key to making this work is the trio’s insatiable curiosity for science. After lots of preparation, they just go out and ask the questions that interest them in a humorous and spontaneous way that engages their listeners. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When selecting topics for their episodes, they focus on stories that take science out of the laboratory. “Our ideal narrator for the field trip is someone whose life just embodies science everyday. It is part of their job, hobby and home,” explained Platoni, “so we can show people how science is something that happens in your everyday life, not just something that happens in school.” Casey Miner added, “And it should be fun, interesting, weird or gross.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their field trips will continue with a second series this spring and cover the diverse topics of coffee, taxidermy, telescopes and local inventors. One upcoming episode on telescopes will visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/observatories.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center Observatory\u003c/a> and feature a studio interview with UC Berkeley astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/marcy.html\" title=\"Geoff Marcy\">Geoff Marcy\u003c/a>. Beginning today, a new episode will air weekly each Monday through June 4. You can listen to a preview of their new season \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fieldtrippodcast_s2promo1.mp3\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free episodes are available on their \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">website\u003c/a>, iTunes, Public Radio Exchange and Sound Cloud. You can also follow them on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/TheFieldTripPodcast\" title=\"Facebook fan page\">Facebook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/FieldTripLog\" title=\"twitter account\">Twitter\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37252\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"A rollover fire, viewed from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer.\" title=\"FireRollover_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37252\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer during a rollover fire. Photograph courtesy of Kara Platoni.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Looking back, the only field trip that stands out from my grade school days was our trip to the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>. What I remember best is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/tactile_dome/\" title=\"SF Exploratorium Tactile Dome\">tactile dome\u003c/a>. I entered into total darkness and spent the next hour feeling, crawling and sliding my way through a 3-D maze. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That excursion was fairly tame compared to the exploits Kara Platoni, Eric Simons, and Casey Miner take on for their podcast series, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">The Field Trip\u003c/a>, which broadcasts their science adventures out in the real world. For their first series that debuted last year, they explored fermentation by visiting the Cultured Pickle Shop, climbed into the Oakland Fire Department’s burn trailer for a kitchen fire simulation, interviewed a commercial salmon fisherman on his boat in the Berkeley Marina and followed a NASA crew at the bottom of a lakebed in Canada for their research study on Mars. To add a little more intellectual rigor to their adventures, they also interviewed an expert guest in their radio studio for each episode. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think our strong suit is going places, learning new things and being a proxy for the listener,” explained Kara Platoni. “We didn’t know of any other show where it was about going out and having a science adventure.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As friends and UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism colleagues, the genuine personal chemistry of this trio is evident in their podcasts and blogs. They're definitely having fun on their adventures while taking advantage of the wealth of knowledge and opportunities offered by scientists in the Bay Area -- and the listener is invited to tag along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studio interview segments are loosely scripted, but the field trips are taped live. The key to making this work is the trio’s insatiable curiosity for science. After lots of preparation, they just go out and ask the questions that interest them in a humorous and spontaneous way that engages their listeners. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When selecting topics for their episodes, they focus on stories that take science out of the laboratory. “Our ideal narrator for the field trip is someone whose life just embodies science everyday. It is part of their job, hobby and home,” explained Platoni, “so we can show people how science is something that happens in your everyday life, not just something that happens in school.” Casey Miner added, “And it should be fun, interesting, weird or gross.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their field trips will continue with a second series this spring and cover the diverse topics of coffee, taxidermy, telescopes and local inventors. One upcoming episode on telescopes will visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/observatories.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center Observatory\u003c/a> and feature a studio interview with UC Berkeley astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/marcy.html\" title=\"Geoff Marcy\">Geoff Marcy\u003c/a>. Beginning today, a new episode will air weekly each Monday through June 4. You can listen to a preview of their new season \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fieldtrippodcast_s2promo1.mp3\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free episodes are available on their \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">website\u003c/a>, iTunes, Public Radio Exchange and Sound Cloud. You can also follow them on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/TheFieldTripPodcast\" title=\"Facebook fan page\">Facebook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/FieldTripLog\" title=\"twitter account\">Twitter\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon",
"title": "Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST series producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\">Amy Miller\u003c/a> contributed the following text to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When QUEST first started production on the television story, “Amateur Rocketeers Reach for the Stars”, I had no idea that the amateur or experimental rocketry was so popular today. Before the producer of the story, Chris Bauer, pitched the idea, if someone had mentioned rocket-building to me, I probably would have imagined a young boy putting together a cardboard rocket and propelling it into the sky with some baking soda and vinegar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35717\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rocketeers_blog-image1-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rocketeers_blog image1\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35717\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I certainly would not have conjured the images of high school students (boys AND girls) working in a lab together for weeks on end to design, build and program rockets that can reach the edges of space in order to do real scientific research. This is exactly what the some of the folks featured in Chris’s story are doing with the Rocket Mavericks program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official name of the organization is \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocketmavericks.com/\">Mavericks Civilian Space Foundation \u003c/a> and on the spectrum of civilian rocket building, they are all the way to the hard-core technical end. According to their website, the group strives “to enable the common man to build vehicles and conduct space exploration missions independently, launching the personalization of access to space.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main things that Rocket Mavericks director Tom Atchison is focused on is creating the next generation of rocket scientists by establishing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocketmavericks.com/education/mavericks-in-the-classroom/\">Explorers Program\u003c/a> in high schools in order to inspire students to pursue STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) disciplines and careers. And from the looks of concentration and excitement on the faces of the kids who are featured in our story, there’s no doubt that Atchison is succeeding in his mission to inspire these kids through rocketry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the other end of the rocketry spectrum and everything in between is just as exciting to learn about. Rocket clubs abound throughout California and the United States. One of the Bay Area rocket clubs featured in our story is LUNAR (\u003ca href=\"http://www.lunar.org/\">Livermore Unit National Association of Rocketry\u003c/a>). Like other rocket clubs, LUNAR is “a group of a few hundred model rocket enthusiasts of all ages, genders and cultural backgrounds who gather to learn rocketry, teach rocketry, exchange modeling techniques and of course, fly model and high-powered rockets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35720\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rocketeers_blog-image2-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rocketeers_blog image2\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35720\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to his call sheet for the shoot that day, producer Chris Bauer traveled to a rocket launch site in the “Middle of Nowhere, California” to document the LUNAR club shooting off all kinds and sizes of rockets. One of my favorite shots in the story is that of a young girl running through a fallow field with her rocket that’s designed to look just like a giant pink crayon. That shot really points out to me that there’s something for everyone in rocketry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a rocket club near you: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003ca href=\"http://rocketry.org/orgs/orgList.php\">Rocketry.org\u003c/a>: Comprehensive online amateur experimental rocketry resource \n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nar.org/NARseclist.php\">National Association of Rocketry\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tripoli.org/\">Tripoli Rocketry Association\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For decades amateur rocket builders, or \"rocketeers,\" have been trying to reach space. Now with advances in materials and technology, they're able to do it. QUEST travels to rocket launches in fallowed fields and barren deserts to learn more about this addictive hobby and to meet a group of passionate high school rocketeers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST series producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\">Amy Miller\u003c/a> contributed the following text to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When QUEST first started production on the television story, “Amateur Rocketeers Reach for the Stars”, I had no idea that the amateur or experimental rocketry was so popular today. Before the producer of the story, Chris Bauer, pitched the idea, if someone had mentioned rocket-building to me, I probably would have imagined a young boy putting together a cardboard rocket and propelling it into the sky with some baking soda and vinegar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35717\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rocketeers_blog-image1-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rocketeers_blog image1\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35717\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I certainly would not have conjured the images of high school students (boys AND girls) working in a lab together for weeks on end to design, build and program rockets that can reach the edges of space in order to do real scientific research. This is exactly what the some of the folks featured in Chris’s story are doing with the Rocket Mavericks program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The official name of the organization is \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocketmavericks.com/\">Mavericks Civilian Space Foundation \u003c/a> and on the spectrum of civilian rocket building, they are all the way to the hard-core technical end. According to their website, the group strives “to enable the common man to build vehicles and conduct space exploration missions independently, launching the personalization of access to space.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main things that Rocket Mavericks director Tom Atchison is focused on is creating the next generation of rocket scientists by establishing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocketmavericks.com/education/mavericks-in-the-classroom/\">Explorers Program\u003c/a> in high schools in order to inspire students to pursue STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) disciplines and careers. And from the looks of concentration and excitement on the faces of the kids who are featured in our story, there’s no doubt that Atchison is succeeding in his mission to inspire these kids through rocketry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the other end of the rocketry spectrum and everything in between is just as exciting to learn about. Rocket clubs abound throughout California and the United States. One of the Bay Area rocket clubs featured in our story is LUNAR (\u003ca href=\"http://www.lunar.org/\">Livermore Unit National Association of Rocketry\u003c/a>). Like other rocket clubs, LUNAR is “a group of a few hundred model rocket enthusiasts of all ages, genders and cultural backgrounds who gather to learn rocketry, teach rocketry, exchange modeling techniques and of course, fly model and high-powered rockets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35720\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rocketeers_blog-image2-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rocketeers_blog image2\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35720\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to his call sheet for the shoot that day, producer Chris Bauer traveled to a rocket launch site in the “Middle of Nowhere, California” to document the LUNAR club shooting off all kinds and sizes of rockets. One of my favorite shots in the story is that of a young girl running through a fallow field with her rocket that’s designed to look just like a giant pink crayon. That shot really points out to me that there’s something for everyone in rocketry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a rocket club near you: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003ca href=\"http://rocketry.org/orgs/orgList.php\">Rocketry.org\u003c/a>: Comprehensive online amateur experimental rocketry resource \n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nar.org/NARseclist.php\">National Association of Rocketry\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tripoli.org/\">Tripoli Rocketry Association\u003c/a>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?",
"title": "UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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