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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!ei",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46174\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/19/found-in-space-exoplanet-alpha-centauri-bb/alphacentauri-bb-j2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46174\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46174\" title=\"alphacentauri-bb-j2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/alphacentauri-bb-j2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've been keeping up on the now very frequent reports of new extrasolar planet discoveries, here's a news flash: an Earth-sized exoplanet has been found orbiting the nearest star!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called Alpha Centauri Bb and orbits one of the pair of main stars that make up the Alpha Centauri system, Alpha Centauri B. (I heard that if you mention a name three times, people will remember it, so there you are. Either that or Michael Keaton shows up wearing a lot of make-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Alpha Centauri system is famous for several reasons, some popular, some more esoteric. First and most famously, it is celebrated as the closest star to our solar system: 4.3 light years, or a mere 25 trillion miles. But the fact that it is actually a system of three stars complicates this distinction a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, orbit each other every 80 years at a mutual distance ranging from the sun-Saturn and sun-Pluto distances (roughly 3 billion and 4 billion miles, respectively). Alpha Centauri A is about 10% more massive than our sun, and B is about 10% less weighty. The pair's combined luminosity and nearness in space make them the third brightest \"star\" in the night sky (from Earth they are seen as a single star).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third star of the trio is Alpha Centauri C (aka Proxima Centauri). And though C is a red dwarf star and not visible to the unaided human eye, being a fifth of a light year closer to us than the A-B pair makes Proxima officially the closest star to our solar system. (Which is a bit ironic since it's not naked-eye visible!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly found planet, \u003ca title=\"Facts and figures for Alpha Centauri Bb\" href=\"http://news.discovery.com/space/infographic-alpha-centauri-earth-sized-exoplanet-121017.html\" target=\"_blank\">Alpha Centauri Bb\u003c/a>, will not have an Earth-like environment to offer us. It is less than 4 million miles from its star and takes only 3.2 days to orbit it once. Its surface temperature is estimated to be 1200 degrees C. The planet is, however, very Earth-like in terms of its size: about 1.13 times the mass of the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the more esoteric claim to fame: Alpha Centauri was the fictional destination of the Space Family Robinson on the 60's television show \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space\" target=\"_blank\">Lost In Space\u003c/a>\"--in fact, it was the name used for the actual planet they were headed for. Alpha Centauri; Alpha Centauri Bb. Hmm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years after the Robinson's took off on their great misadventure, have we found the planet they were headed for? Probably not, considering Alpha Centauri Bb's surface temperature would melt all of their ship's aluminum fittings, but the find does demonstrate that planets are to be found around the nearest star, opening up the possibility for a more Earth-like landing site sometime in the future…if the Robinsons ever finally find their way to Alpha Centauri!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "News From Mars: A River Ran Through It",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, has struck pay dirt: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Black Holes: Objects of Attraction",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ever since Princeton physicist John Wheeler coined the term nearly 50 years ago, black holes have evoked a sense of mystery and wonder for astronomers and space enthusiasts. But unlike comets, stars and other beautiful objects in the night sky, black holes can't actually be seen - they trap light, after all. From this infinitely dark void, myths and misconceptions have taken flight, spurred by the sci-fi depictions of black holes as cold cosmic villains with a bottomless appetite for nearby planets, stars and mighty spacecrafts whizzing through the galaxy at warp speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alex Filippenko, a professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley, during his interview at Chabot Space & Science Ctr. Image courtesy of C.K. Hickey / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Watching sci-fi movies is fun in part because as a scientist, I like to try to find out what’s wrong with it. On the other hand, you know, some of what we used to think was sci-fi became reality,\" said Alex Filippenko, a UC Berkeley professor of astronomy who has been studying and hunting black holes for 30 years. He also teaches one of the most popular classes at UC Berkeley, an introduction to astronomy course which attracts thousands of students a year, many of whom are non-science majors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Filippenko helped debunk for me some of the fanciful myths about black holes, including the ability to travel through time by surfing a 'wormhole', a theoretical portal which connects two black holes and leads to another universe. He told me, \"People sometimes think that by jumping into a black hole you can travel backward in time. But that’s not really possible because after you jump into the black hole, you’ll get crushed or vaporized.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43189\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_generic1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_generic1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_generic1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's illustration of a black hole. Image courtesy of European Space Agency, NASA and F. Mirabel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though black holes don't behave like the celestial monsters with insatiable appetites they're sometimes caricatured to be, there is still plenty of wonder and unanswered questions about them to satisfy astronomers for years to come. For example, scientists have distinguished between two major classes of black holes - stellar black holes (also known as stellar-mass black holes) and supermassive black holes. The former are roughly six to 30 times the mass of the sun and the latter are a whopping million to billions of times the mass of the sun. So are there \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole\" title=\"Wikipedia entry on Intermediate-mass black holes\">intermediate-mass black holes\u003c/a>, on the order of hundreds to thousands of times the mass of the sun? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite possibly, yes. In August, a team from Keio University in Japan announced their discovery of a region of space 30,000 light years away which they suspect might contain young, intermediate-mass black holes. One of these black hole candidates is nearby Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole which lurks at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as I mentioned in my story on black holes, simply accumulating the observational evidence to infer the existence of a black hole is a daunting and time-consuming process. It took two separate teams of astronomers years to estimate the mass of Sagittarius A* (four million times the mass of the sun) from meticulous calculations of its gravitational effects on orbiting stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiona Harrison, the Principal Investigator on the NuSTAR project, inside mission control at the UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Image courtesy of Sheraz Sadiq / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/\">NuSTAR\u003c/a>, a NASA telescope about the size of a large fridge which launched in June, can much more nimbly and swiftly detect the presence of black holes by viewing, with its sophisticated optics, the glow of high-energy x-rays emitted from the vicinity of black holes currently hidden behind thickets of cosmic dust and gas. Caltech's Fiona Harrison, the Principal Investigator, explained how the NuSTAR telescope will beam its observational results to the the team of astronomers, physicists and engineers who've toiled diligently to ensure the success of this low-cost, high-impact mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Four times a day, NuSTAR will send its data down to a ground station, in Malindi, Kenya...and the data from these surveys comes down to scientists around the world. We take this data and we turn it into images; we look in these images for pinpoints of X-ray light. Each one will be a hallmark of a black hole. NuSTAR will see hundreds and hundreds of black holes,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison and her colleague, William Craig, spent ten years working on NuSTAR, in part because the technology didn't exist at the time to focus high-energy x-rays - the kind used in dental and medical offices - emitted from cosmic sources billions of light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, Craig and his team took 4,000 pieces of glass twice the thickness of a human hair and stacked them in a nested array which greatly increased the surface area for reflecting the high-energy x-rays onto NuSTAR's digital detector 33 feet away from its lens. But to even get the pieces of glass to reflect the x-rays was a feat of ingenuity, requiring 17 months of research and the use of nanotechnology to coat the surface of the glass with hundreds of layers of nanoparticles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Looking for black holes has always been kind of like looking for a needle in a haystack,\" Craig said. \"But looking with these X-rays just like a medical X-ray can look through your skin and see the bone, it’s like looking through the haystack to see the needle. It’s like the haystack’s not there,\" he added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_WCraig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_WCraig-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_WCraig\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43298\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NuSTAR Instrument Manager William Craig. Image courtesy of Sheraz Sadiq / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late July, the NuSTAR team announced that the telescope had successfully taken its first images of the black hole Cygnus X-1 and had participated in joint observations with the Keck and the Chandra telescopes of Sagittarius A*. In addition, NuSTAR has also made observations of the \"optically brightest quasar in the sky\", located more than two billion light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More observations and excitement are sure to follow on the heels of NuSTAR's observations, from quasars to stars orbiting powerful black holes and the cosmic ashes of supernova explosions which can seed the universe with these space oddities that have perplexed and intrigued the sharpest minds in astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"NuStar is gonna find all kinds of black holes in the centers of galaxies that might be otherwise hidden from our perspective by a bunch of other gas...This is gonna revolutionize the study of black holes in our universe,\" said Alex Filippenko. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you'd like to learn more about black holes and test your knowledge about these space oddities, be sure to check out this neat interactive feature produced by former QUEST content intern C.K. Hickey. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/20120816_nustar_ch/20120802_nustar_ch.html] \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Black holes have been the stuff of science fiction since their discovery in the late sixties. But now a new, nimble NASA telescope is using its powerful x-ray vision to hunt for these abundant yet invisible, massive space oddities. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever since Princeton physicist John Wheeler coined the term nearly 50 years ago, black holes have evoked a sense of mystery and wonder for astronomers and space enthusiasts. But unlike comets, stars and other beautiful objects in the night sky, black holes can't actually be seen - they trap light, after all. From this infinitely dark void, myths and misconceptions have taken flight, spurred by the sci-fi depictions of black holes as cold cosmic villains with a bottomless appetite for nearby planets, stars and mighty spacecrafts whizzing through the galaxy at warp speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_6-14-12_AFilippenko\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alex Filippenko, a professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley, during his interview at Chabot Space & Science Ctr. Image courtesy of C.K. Hickey / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Watching sci-fi movies is fun in part because as a scientist, I like to try to find out what’s wrong with it. On the other hand, you know, some of what we used to think was sci-fi became reality,\" said Alex Filippenko, a UC Berkeley professor of astronomy who has been studying and hunting black holes for 30 years. He also teaches one of the most popular classes at UC Berkeley, an introduction to astronomy course which attracts thousands of students a year, many of whom are non-science majors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Filippenko helped debunk for me some of the fanciful myths about black holes, including the ability to travel through time by surfing a 'wormhole', a theoretical portal which connects two black holes and leads to another universe. He told me, \"People sometimes think that by jumping into a black hole you can travel backward in time. But that’s not really possible because after you jump into the black hole, you’ll get crushed or vaporized.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43189\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_generic1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_generic1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_generic1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43189\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's illustration of a black hole. Image courtesy of European Space Agency, NASA and F. Mirabel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though black holes don't behave like the celestial monsters with insatiable appetites they're sometimes caricatured to be, there is still plenty of wonder and unanswered questions about them to satisfy astronomers for years to come. For example, scientists have distinguished between two major classes of black holes - stellar black holes (also known as stellar-mass black holes) and supermassive black holes. The former are roughly six to 30 times the mass of the sun and the latter are a whopping million to billions of times the mass of the sun. So are there \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole\" title=\"Wikipedia entry on Intermediate-mass black holes\">intermediate-mass black holes\u003c/a>, on the order of hundreds to thousands of times the mass of the sun? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite possibly, yes. In August, a team from Keio University in Japan announced their discovery of a region of space 30,000 light years away which they suspect might contain young, intermediate-mass black holes. One of these black hole candidates is nearby Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole which lurks at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as I mentioned in my story on black holes, simply accumulating the observational evidence to infer the existence of a black hole is a daunting and time-consuming process. It took two separate teams of astronomers years to estimate the mass of Sagittarius A* (four million times the mass of the sun) from meticulous calculations of its gravitational effects on orbiting stars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_FHarrison\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fiona Harrison, the Principal Investigator on the NuSTAR project, inside mission control at the UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Image courtesy of Sheraz Sadiq / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nustar.caltech.edu/\">NuSTAR\u003c/a>, a NASA telescope about the size of a large fridge which launched in June, can much more nimbly and swiftly detect the presence of black holes by viewing, with its sophisticated optics, the glow of high-energy x-rays emitted from the vicinity of black holes currently hidden behind thickets of cosmic dust and gas. Caltech's Fiona Harrison, the Principal Investigator, explained how the NuSTAR telescope will beam its observational results to the the team of astronomers, physicists and engineers who've toiled diligently to ensure the success of this low-cost, high-impact mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Four times a day, NuSTAR will send its data down to a ground station, in Malindi, Kenya...and the data from these surveys comes down to scientists around the world. We take this data and we turn it into images; we look in these images for pinpoints of X-ray light. Each one will be a hallmark of a black hole. NuSTAR will see hundreds and hundreds of black holes,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison and her colleague, William Craig, spent ten years working on NuSTAR, in part because the technology didn't exist at the time to focus high-energy x-rays - the kind used in dental and medical offices - emitted from cosmic sources billions of light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, Craig and his team took 4,000 pieces of glass twice the thickness of a human hair and stacked them in a nested array which greatly increased the surface area for reflecting the high-energy x-rays onto NuSTAR's digital detector 33 feet away from its lens. But to even get the pieces of glass to reflect the x-rays was a feat of ingenuity, requiring 17 months of research and the use of nanotechnology to coat the surface of the glass with hundreds of layers of nanoparticles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Looking for black holes has always been kind of like looking for a needle in a haystack,\" Craig said. \"But looking with these X-rays just like a medical X-ray can look through your skin and see the bone, it’s like looking through the haystack to see the needle. It’s like the haystack’s not there,\" he added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_WCraig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/607A_BlackHoles_WCraig-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"607A_BlackHoles_WCraig\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43298\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NuSTAR Instrument Manager William Craig. Image courtesy of Sheraz Sadiq / QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late July, the NuSTAR team announced that the telescope had successfully taken its first images of the black hole Cygnus X-1 and had participated in joint observations with the Keck and the Chandra telescopes of Sagittarius A*. In addition, NuSTAR has also made observations of the \"optically brightest quasar in the sky\", located more than two billion light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More observations and excitement are sure to follow on the heels of NuSTAR's observations, from quasars to stars orbiting powerful black holes and the cosmic ashes of supernova explosions which can seed the universe with these space oddities that have perplexed and intrigued the sharpest minds in astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"NuStar is gonna find all kinds of black holes in the centers of galaxies that might be otherwise hidden from our perspective by a bunch of other gas...This is gonna revolutionize the study of black holes in our universe,\" said Alex Filippenko. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you'd like to learn more about black holes and test your knowledge about these space oddities, be sure to check out this neat interactive feature produced by former QUEST content intern C.K. Hickey. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe",
"title": "Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As bizarre as black holes have been depicted in science fiction, the reality of black holes as described by science is far stranger. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Space Shuttle Endeavour Makes a Bay Area Victory Lap",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2012/09/ShuttleSpotStanden.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg\" alt=\"endeavour GG Bridge\" title=\"endeavour GG Bridge\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-44609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://storify.com/kqedscience/spotting-the-space-shuttle-endeavour-in-bay-area-s\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Spotting the Space Shuttle Endeavour in Bay Area Skies\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space shuttle Endeavour logged 122 million miles over its 20-year career. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday morning’s journey will add a final thousand or so as the shuttle makes its way from Edwards Air Force Base in Southern California, up to the Bay Area, then down toward Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endeavour flyover will make for a striking sight: piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle will be flying at a low altitude of 1500 feet in some parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland is opening its doors at 8AM for a viewing party, says the center’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Burress\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fifteen-hundred feet, coincidentally is the altitude here at Chabot, so we expect to see a very good side view,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will get their best views around 9:30 AM, as the shuttle crosses the Bay toward the Golden Gate Bridge and Crissy Fields, then heads down the peninsula toward Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of an Era\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s trip marks the end of an era, not just for the Endeavour, but for NASA’s entire space shuttle program, which was conceived in 1972 and ultimately put five shuttles into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's shuttle program aimed to made space a place astronauts didn't just visit occasionally, but actually \u003cem>worked\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just three years after putting a man on the moon, NASA's Space Shuttle program envisioned a series of reusable, utility-scale workhorses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endeavour was exactly that, says Burress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people described it as a large pick up truck,” he says. “Its vision was that it would be able to take large satellites and other equipment into lower-earth orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endeavour replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger, which exploded just after takeoff in 1986, killing seven astronauts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1992 and its final trip in 2011, the Endeavour ferried pieces of the International Space Station and the Hubble telescope into place and fixed a malfunctioning communications satellite, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/endeavour-info.html\">other missions\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endeavour will spend its retirement at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Burress, like most people, Friday will be the first – and last – glimpse of a space shuttle in the air. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably from now on, we’ll only see them on the ground,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg\" alt=\"endeavour GG Bridge\" title=\"endeavour GG Bridge\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-44609\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/photo-1-e1348249778966-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://storify.com/kqedscience/spotting-the-space-shuttle-endeavour-in-bay-area-s\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Spotting the Space Shuttle Endeavour in Bay Area Skies\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space shuttle Endeavour logged 122 million miles over its 20-year career. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday morning’s journey will add a final thousand or so as the shuttle makes its way from Edwards Air Force Base in Southern California, up to the Bay Area, then down toward Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endeavour flyover will make for a striking sight: piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle will be flying at a low altitude of 1500 feet in some parts of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland is opening its doors at 8AM for a viewing party, says the center’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\" target=\"_blank\">Ben Burress\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fifteen-hundred feet, coincidentally is the altitude here at Chabot, so we expect to see a very good side view,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area residents will get their best views around 9:30 AM, as the shuttle crosses the Bay toward the Golden Gate Bridge and Crissy Fields, then heads down the peninsula toward Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of an Era\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s trip marks the end of an era, not just for the Endeavour, but for NASA’s entire space shuttle program, which was conceived in 1972 and ultimately put five shuttles into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA's shuttle program aimed to made space a place astronauts didn't just visit occasionally, but actually \u003cem>worked\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just three years after putting a man on the moon, NASA's Space Shuttle program envisioned a series of reusable, utility-scale workhorses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endeavour was exactly that, says Burress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people described it as a large pick up truck,” he says. “Its vision was that it would be able to take large satellites and other equipment into lower-earth orbit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Endeavour replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger, which exploded just after takeoff in 1986, killing seven astronauts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1992 and its final trip in 2011, the Endeavour ferried pieces of the International Space Station and the Hubble telescope into place and fixed a malfunctioning communications satellite, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/endeavour-info.html\">other missions\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Endeavour will spend its retirement at the California Science Center in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Burress, like most people, Friday will be the first – and last – glimpse of a space shuttle in the air. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably from now on, we’ll only see them on the ground,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo",
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"content": "\u003cp>When most people look up at the night sky, they might notice the moon or the way a constellation appears on a particular evening. When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When most people look up at the night sky, they might notice the moon or the way a constellation appears on a particular evening. When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Will the Asteroid Apophis Rock Our World? ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43575\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/07/will-the-asteroid-apophis-rock-our-world/earth-and-asteroid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43575\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43575\" title=\"Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The red phone on my desk went off again, flashing and beeping urgently. What was it this time? Another super-villain escaped from prison, threatening the safety of Oakland City again? I pick up the phone to find out. Ah, it was Apophis again, back in the public eye and causing concern for one of our citizens. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a dramatization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chabot Space & Science Center, I'm the one who answers the science help line, which is why I keep my cape and cowl close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, \u003ca title=\"Apophis on Bad Astronomy\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/01/31/repeat-after-me-apophis-is-not-a-danger/\" target=\"_blank\">Apophis\u003c/a>, that thousand-foot chuck of rock plotting to buzz the Earth. The citizen on the phone has called about Apophis before, so I figured it was time to back up my response with the word from a resident asteroid expert, Gerald, one of Chabot's asteroid tracking team—like Alfred passing the phone to Bruce. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerald's report on Apophis: After 3.8 years of observations, we project that Apophis will pass by (and miss) the Earth by about 23,600 miles on April 13 (yeah—Friday the 13th) 2029 (in case you want to plan a party). Then, Apophis will revisit the Earth's vicinity on April 13th (not a Friday) 2036. And here's the meat of the deal with Apophis: if its trajectory on the 2029 flyby is anywhere near what is predicted, then there is no chance at all that it will hit us in 2036. There is only a small chance that within the range of uncertainty the 2029 passage will aim Apophis for a 2036 impact with Earth--but the probability of that are calculated at less than 0.002%. That's roughly the same probability as drawing a straight flush right off the top of the deck (to you non-poker-players, the odds of that are about 72,000 to 1).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though astronomers are planning to observe Apophis next year using the giant radio telescope at Arecibo to give us a more refined impact probability for the 2036 passage (still 24 years out!), the consensus among scientists is that the refinement should further diffuse concerns, not raise them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about \u003ca title=\"Asteroid Risk Sentry Page\" href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/\" target=\"_blank\">1300 asteroids of significant size\u003c/a> that can pass close to Earth, and estimate there may be up to two or three times as many that we haven't spotted yet, but at this time there are no major threats projected to occur in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013 there are two notable asteroid flybys of Earth. On February 15 a rock of the 200-foot size, called 2012 DA14, will cross our evening skies and pass within 17,760 miles of us, well within the fleet geosynchronous satellites that ring the Earth. It won't , repeat, won't hit us at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2013, a much bigger asteroid, called 2005 WK4, will pass by at a much greater distance. The object is somewhere between 950 and 1420 feet across, but will pass no closer than about 2 million miles, on August 9th. Again, there is zero chance that it will hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of those rocks flying around that can cross Earth's orbit and therefore be a impact threat, what are the odds of one hitting us? Generally speaking, an object of the several hundred foot size hits Earth every few thousand years. In fact one did so in 1908, over Siberia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sizeable objects, between 600 and 1600 feet across, strike us about every 100,000 years. And those really big ones, like the 6-mile diameter asteroid that struck the tip of the Yucatan 65 million years ago, the impact that is thought to have led to the demise of the dinosaurs, run into us about every 100 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are really steep odds if you're playing poker, but in this case that's a good thing. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43575\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/07/will-the-asteroid-apophis-rock-our-world/earth-and-asteroid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43575\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43575\" title=\"Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/earth-and-asteroid-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth and Near-Earth Asteroid--dramatization only\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The red phone on my desk went off again, flashing and beeping urgently. What was it this time? Another super-villain escaped from prison, threatening the safety of Oakland City again? I pick up the phone to find out. Ah, it was Apophis again, back in the public eye and causing concern for one of our citizens. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a dramatization. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Chabot Space & Science Center, I'm the one who answers the science help line, which is why I keep my cape and cowl close at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah, \u003ca title=\"Apophis on Bad Astronomy\" href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/01/31/repeat-after-me-apophis-is-not-a-danger/\" target=\"_blank\">Apophis\u003c/a>, that thousand-foot chuck of rock plotting to buzz the Earth. The citizen on the phone has called about Apophis before, so I figured it was time to back up my response with the word from a resident asteroid expert, Gerald, one of Chabot's asteroid tracking team—like Alfred passing the phone to Bruce. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerald's report on Apophis: After 3.8 years of observations, we project that Apophis will pass by (and miss) the Earth by about 23,600 miles on April 13 (yeah—Friday the 13th) 2029 (in case you want to plan a party). Then, Apophis will revisit the Earth's vicinity on April 13th (not a Friday) 2036. And here's the meat of the deal with Apophis: if its trajectory on the 2029 flyby is anywhere near what is predicted, then there is no chance at all that it will hit us in 2036. There is only a small chance that within the range of uncertainty the 2029 passage will aim Apophis for a 2036 impact with Earth--but the probability of that are calculated at less than 0.002%. That's roughly the same probability as drawing a straight flush right off the top of the deck (to you non-poker-players, the odds of that are about 72,000 to 1).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though astronomers are planning to observe Apophis next year using the giant radio telescope at Arecibo to give us a more refined impact probability for the 2036 passage (still 24 years out!), the consensus among scientists is that the refinement should further diffuse concerns, not raise them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know of about \u003ca title=\"Asteroid Risk Sentry Page\" href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/\" target=\"_blank\">1300 asteroids of significant size\u003c/a> that can pass close to Earth, and estimate there may be up to two or three times as many that we haven't spotted yet, but at this time there are no major threats projected to occur in the foreseeable future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013 there are two notable asteroid flybys of Earth. On February 15 a rock of the 200-foot size, called 2012 DA14, will cross our evening skies and pass within 17,760 miles of us, well within the fleet geosynchronous satellites that ring the Earth. It won't , repeat, won't hit us at this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in 2013, a much bigger asteroid, called 2005 WK4, will pass by at a much greater distance. The object is somewhere between 950 and 1420 feet across, but will pass no closer than about 2 million miles, on August 9th. Again, there is zero chance that it will hit us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of those rocks flying around that can cross Earth's orbit and therefore be a impact threat, what are the odds of one hitting us? Generally speaking, an object of the several hundred foot size hits Earth every few thousand years. In fact one did so in 1908, over Siberia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sizeable objects, between 600 and 1600 feet across, strike us about every 100,000 years. And those really big ones, like the 6-mile diameter asteroid that struck the tip of the Yucatan 65 million years ago, the impact that is thought to have led to the demise of the dinosaurs, run into us about every 100 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are really steep odds if you're playing poker, but in this case that's a good thing. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/armedandcurious/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42985\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42985\" title=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian...rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain images from sci-fi classics come to mind. Remember, \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" when \u003ca title=\"Gort\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Gort_Firing.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Gort\u003c/a>, the golem-like space-cop-bot, went about melting soldiers' rifles with an incinerating ray? Recall how the Robinsons became \"lost in space\" when their reprogrammed automaton when berserk with its electric bolts? And who can forget when dear old R2D2 finally let slip that he/she/it is armed and dangerous when he/she/it zapped the little gremlin from the planet FrankOz? This \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the droid you want...Ah, good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity is equipped with ten different scientific experiments, perhaps the flashiest one being a spectrometer. A spectrometer sorts and analyzes the wavelengths (colors) of light emitted by an object: the light's spectrum. Every chemical element and compound shines a unique spectrum, so sorting out the different wavelengths present reveals the source's composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectrometers are a powerful tool for astronomers and geologists alike. We first learned that stars are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium through spectroscopic measurements, and in the same way we also detected the presence of dozens of other chemicals on the sun. (As an aside, helium was named for the sun—Helios, in Greek—because it was detected there by spectrometers before it was discovered on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment like Mars, where the visible light shining from the rocks and soil of the landscape is merely reflected sunlight, using a spectrometer doesn't tell you much about the composition of the rocks and soil! That's where the dangerous, high-powered laser comes in. By firing the laser on a rock or a spot of soil, a small bit of it is vaporized and glows with its own light. Then, Curiosity's spectrometer can do its work and analyze the emitted light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just what it did, for the first time, on August 19, firing its laser multiple times on a spot on \u003ca title=\"ChemCam target practice\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/20/laserspot_strip2.jpg/image_full\" target=\"_blank\">a nearby rock\u003c/a> and sending the \u003ca title=\"ChemCam spectral analysis\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16089.html\" target=\"_blank\">resulting spectrum\u003c/a> back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This first shot fired on Mars made for a nice harvest of chemistry: titanium, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, carbon and hydrogen—no big surprises; we already knew that Mars isn't composed of unobtanium, but the same chemicals and minerals that make up the Earth. The sample fired upon turns out to be a form of basalt, a volcanic rock common on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity makes its way up the slopes of sediments that make up Mt. Sharp, the tall mountain in the center of Gale Crater, the rover's landing site, it will use the laser and spectrometer, along with its array of other chemistry experiments, to build up a picture of Mars' geologic history, sorting out what minerals were most abundant at what times in the past. The aim is to build a clear timeline of Mars' transformation from its once warmer, wetter stages to its present state as a cold, dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's exciting to think that, as Curiosity rolls up the mountain, moving from the most ancient layers of sediment upward through the eons toward today's Mars, its wheels will be treading the materials left behind by Mars' past environments and climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life ever arose on the Red Planet and left behind telltale chemicals, those wheels will make contact with Martians! (Sort of.) Imagine the light that laser will shed on our perception of Mars once and if Curiosity delivers the news that, yes, there is (or was) life out there. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/armedandcurious/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42985\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42985\" title=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian...rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain images from sci-fi classics come to mind. Remember, \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" when \u003ca title=\"Gort\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Gort_Firing.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Gort\u003c/a>, the golem-like space-cop-bot, went about melting soldiers' rifles with an incinerating ray? Recall how the Robinsons became \"lost in space\" when their reprogrammed automaton when berserk with its electric bolts? And who can forget when dear old R2D2 finally let slip that he/she/it is armed and dangerous when he/she/it zapped the little gremlin from the planet FrankOz? This \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the droid you want...Ah, good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity is equipped with ten different scientific experiments, perhaps the flashiest one being a spectrometer. A spectrometer sorts and analyzes the wavelengths (colors) of light emitted by an object: the light's spectrum. Every chemical element and compound shines a unique spectrum, so sorting out the different wavelengths present reveals the source's composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectrometers are a powerful tool for astronomers and geologists alike. We first learned that stars are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium through spectroscopic measurements, and in the same way we also detected the presence of dozens of other chemicals on the sun. (As an aside, helium was named for the sun—Helios, in Greek—because it was detected there by spectrometers before it was discovered on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment like Mars, where the visible light shining from the rocks and soil of the landscape is merely reflected sunlight, using a spectrometer doesn't tell you much about the composition of the rocks and soil! That's where the dangerous, high-powered laser comes in. By firing the laser on a rock or a spot of soil, a small bit of it is vaporized and glows with its own light. Then, Curiosity's spectrometer can do its work and analyze the emitted light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just what it did, for the first time, on August 19, firing its laser multiple times on a spot on \u003ca title=\"ChemCam target practice\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/20/laserspot_strip2.jpg/image_full\" target=\"_blank\">a nearby rock\u003c/a> and sending the \u003ca title=\"ChemCam spectral analysis\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16089.html\" target=\"_blank\">resulting spectrum\u003c/a> back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This first shot fired on Mars made for a nice harvest of chemistry: titanium, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, carbon and hydrogen—no big surprises; we already knew that Mars isn't composed of unobtanium, but the same chemicals and minerals that make up the Earth. The sample fired upon turns out to be a form of basalt, a volcanic rock common on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity makes its way up the slopes of sediments that make up Mt. Sharp, the tall mountain in the center of Gale Crater, the rover's landing site, it will use the laser and spectrometer, along with its array of other chemistry experiments, to build up a picture of Mars' geologic history, sorting out what minerals were most abundant at what times in the past. The aim is to build a clear timeline of Mars' transformation from its once warmer, wetter stages to its present state as a cold, dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's exciting to think that, as Curiosity rolls up the mountain, moving from the most ancient layers of sediment upward through the eons toward today's Mars, its wheels will be treading the materials left behind by Mars' past environments and climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life ever arose on the Red Planet and left behind telltale chemicals, those wheels will make contact with Martians! (Sort of.) Imagine the light that laser will shed on our perception of Mars once and if Curiosity delivers the news that, yes, there is (or was) life out there. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mars Science Laboratory's Touchdown on The Red Planet",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/10/mars-science-laboratorys-touchdown-on-the-red-planet/curiositys-new-home/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home.jpg\" alt=\"View from NASA's MSL "Curiosity" Rover\" title=\"View from NASA's MSL "Curiosity" Rover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from NASA's MSL \"Curiosity\" Rover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Sunday, NASA scored a long-distance touchdown (a very long distance, with the goal posts fully 150 million miles away) on Mars! The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars MSL Curiosity\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, nicknamed \"Curiosity\" by essay winner Clara Ma, is now the largest, most complex and science-capable lander ever to have set down on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on that later. Now, a bit of reminiscing on a similar event that happened 36 years ago--one that, to me, was in certain ways even more exciting. It was Viking 1, the first successful landing on Mars, which set down in Chryse Planitia on July 20, 1976 (seven years to the day from the first manned Moon landing). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall clearly standing on my knees in front of the television (in a room that, coincidentally, my parents had decorated in orange) waiting for the newscast to reveal the first-ever images from the surface of Mars. THAT was excitement. I had read so many sci-fi stories about Mars and had drooled over many artists concepts of what this other world might look like that waiting to see the first photograph from ground level was simply electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/Viking_Gallery/hi-resjpgs/6.jpg\" title=\"First color image from the surface of Mars, Viking 1\" target=\"_blank\">Upon seeing the image\u003c/a> appear on the TV, my first reaction was, \"Look! There's a rock!\" I had expected to see rocks, but first laying eyes on actual Martian rocks, seeing their shapes, textures, and details, was like being the first person to step onto another world. When I saw little piles of sand next to some of those rocks, more of that until-then unrevealed world unfolded. The sky was bright, not dark as the airless skies of our familiar Moon are. In later pictures from both Viking landers, seeing Earth-style features like cirrus clouds in the sky and water frost on the ground was more icing on the cake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to last Sunday. At Chabot, we were packed with people who had come to witness the landing of Curiosity on the big TV screens of our planetarium and theater domes. This landing was different from that of Viking 1, of course; we are now very familiar with the surface of Mars, not only as revealed by the cadre of landers and rovers—the Vikings, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity, and Phoenix—but by the hi-resolution spy-cam (HiRISE) of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We'd seen landings before, and though each one was in a different location with different geography to gawk at, the common look and feel of Mars has long been a part of our experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time the NASA/JPL landing crew announced another milestone met, the crowd applauded along with JPL. The spacecraft has touched the upper atmosphere—applause! The heat shield has separated—applause! The parachute has deployed—double applause! As the distance to the surface grew shorter and shorter, a buzz of anticipation grew. And, touchdown! Huge applause! The crowds are going wild….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all waited for the first image from Curiosity—something we weren't sure we'd get right away, as NASA wasn't making promises. As it turned out, the first image, taken by one of Curiosity's 17 cameras (a hazard avoidance camera), appeared on JPL's screen within minutes of landing. One JPL crewmember pointed at the little square on the monitor and shouted, \"Look! A thumbnail!\" I thought of my own first revelation on seeing the Viking 1 image: \"Look! A rock!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thumbnail was 64x64 pixels, and it was hard to make out what it was showing, but that didn't matter: it was the first image from an entirely new place on Mars, and it earned the loudest and longest round of applause of all. A subsequent 256x256 sized version, uploaded to the orbiting Mars Odyssey and then relayed to Earth, showed in more detail what the thumbnail had tried to convey: rocks, soil, and Curiosity's shadow cast across the milieu. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now begins the new adventure as Curiosity, starting at the foot of a mountain in the middle of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/galecrater2/\" title=\"Gale Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>, commences a journey of discovery up the slopes of sedimentary material built up over 2 billion years of Mars' history. What story will Curiosity read to us from the leaves of those layers, that giant book? Stay tuned. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/10/mars-science-laboratorys-touchdown-on-the-red-planet/curiositys-new-home/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home.jpg\" alt=\"View from NASA's MSL "Curiosity" Rover\" title=\"View from NASA's MSL "Curiosity" Rover\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiositys-new-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View from NASA's MSL \"Curiosity\" Rover\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Sunday, NASA scored a long-distance touchdown (a very long distance, with the goal posts fully 150 million miles away) on Mars! The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars MSL Curiosity\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, nicknamed \"Curiosity\" by essay winner Clara Ma, is now the largest, most complex and science-capable lander ever to have set down on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More on that later. Now, a bit of reminiscing on a similar event that happened 36 years ago--one that, to me, was in certain ways even more exciting. It was Viking 1, the first successful landing on Mars, which set down in Chryse Planitia on July 20, 1976 (seven years to the day from the first manned Moon landing). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall clearly standing on my knees in front of the television (in a room that, coincidentally, my parents had decorated in orange) waiting for the newscast to reveal the first-ever images from the surface of Mars. THAT was excitement. I had read so many sci-fi stories about Mars and had drooled over many artists concepts of what this other world might look like that waiting to see the first photograph from ground level was simply electrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/Viking_Gallery/hi-resjpgs/6.jpg\" title=\"First color image from the surface of Mars, Viking 1\" target=\"_blank\">Upon seeing the image\u003c/a> appear on the TV, my first reaction was, \"Look! There's a rock!\" I had expected to see rocks, but first laying eyes on actual Martian rocks, seeing their shapes, textures, and details, was like being the first person to step onto another world. When I saw little piles of sand next to some of those rocks, more of that until-then unrevealed world unfolded. The sky was bright, not dark as the airless skies of our familiar Moon are. In later pictures from both Viking landers, seeing Earth-style features like cirrus clouds in the sky and water frost on the ground was more icing on the cake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to last Sunday. At Chabot, we were packed with people who had come to witness the landing of Curiosity on the big TV screens of our planetarium and theater domes. This landing was different from that of Viking 1, of course; we are now very familiar with the surface of Mars, not only as revealed by the cadre of landers and rovers—the Vikings, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity, and Phoenix—but by the hi-resolution spy-cam (HiRISE) of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. We'd seen landings before, and though each one was in a different location with different geography to gawk at, the common look and feel of Mars has long been a part of our experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time the NASA/JPL landing crew announced another milestone met, the crowd applauded along with JPL. The spacecraft has touched the upper atmosphere—applause! The heat shield has separated—applause! The parachute has deployed—double applause! As the distance to the surface grew shorter and shorter, a buzz of anticipation grew. And, touchdown! Huge applause! The crowds are going wild….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all waited for the first image from Curiosity—something we weren't sure we'd get right away, as NASA wasn't making promises. As it turned out, the first image, taken by one of Curiosity's 17 cameras (a hazard avoidance camera), appeared on JPL's screen within minutes of landing. One JPL crewmember pointed at the little square on the monitor and shouted, \"Look! A thumbnail!\" I thought of my own first revelation on seeing the Viking 1 image: \"Look! A rock!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thumbnail was 64x64 pixels, and it was hard to make out what it was showing, but that didn't matter: it was the first image from an entirely new place on Mars, and it earned the loudest and longest round of applause of all. A subsequent 256x256 sized version, uploaded to the orbiting Mars Odyssey and then relayed to Earth, showed in more detail what the thumbnail had tried to convey: rocks, soil, and Curiosity's shadow cast across the milieu. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now begins the new adventure as Curiosity, starting at the foot of a mountain in the middle of \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/galecrater2/\" title=\"Gale Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>, commences a journey of discovery up the slopes of sedimentary material built up over 2 billion years of Mars' history. What story will Curiosity read to us from the leaves of those layers, that giant book? Stay tuned. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42313\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/669170main_20100619-map2-670/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42313\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the sun and visualization of temperature changes in the same area\" title=\"669170main_20100619-map2-670\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Colorized image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Credit: NASA/SDO. Right: Visualization, based on the image on the left, using specific colors to describe which areas on the sun cooled or heated over a 12-hour period. Credit: NASA/Viall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While nearly all eyes are focused on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/nasas-mars-lander-the-exploration-begins/\" title=\"KQED QUEST - Mars Lander\">Mars\u003c/a>, two astophysicists at NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html\" title=\"Goddard Space Flight Center\">Goddard Space Flight Center\u003c/a> have been quietly staring at the sun instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, NASA debuted the Living With a Star program with the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php\" title=\"Solar Dynamics Observatory\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, or SDO, a \"sun-pointing semi-autonomous spacecraft.\" SDO sends data back to earth at a continuous 130 megabits per second, seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Scientists Nicholeen Viall and James Klimchuk have used some of this mass of information to create solar images worthy of an art gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/time_lag_maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42314\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/time_lag_maps-293x360.png\" alt=\"Solar visualizations, Figure 5A from Viall and Klimchuk 2012\" title=\"time_lag_maps\" width=\"293\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42314\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar visualizations; Figure 5a from {link url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf}Viall and Klimchuck 2012{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These beautiful pictures, which NASA writer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/colorful-science.html\" title=\"NASA - Colorful Science\">Karen C. Fox\u003c/a> calls \"reminiscent of van Gogh,\" are not only fit to hang on your living room wall, but represent a critical step toward solving a major puzzle of \u003cem>heliophysics\u003c/em> (that's my new favorite word, by the way): \u003cstrong>Why is the sun's corona so hot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may remember from childhood sing-a-longs, \u003cem>The sun is a mass of incandescent gas / a gigantic nuclear furnace / where hydrogen is built into helium / at temperatures of millions of degrees\u003c/em>. (Fun fact: though most of my contemporaries know that song from the They Might Be Giants cover, I know it from the original 1959 album \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Songs\" title=\"Wikipedia - Space Songs\">\"Space Songs\"\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the surface of the sun is actually only 6000 degrees Kelvin, while the corona (the sun's outer atmosphere) climbs well above a million. What's the deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have begun to approach this question with painstaking studies of very small bits of the corona called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop\" title=\"Wikipedia - Coronal loops\">coronal loops\u003c/a>. They've found that these loops carry plasma that has been heated very quickly by nanoflare storms. The loops then cool gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/240px-traceimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg\" alt=\"coronal loops\" title=\"240px-Traceimage\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coronal loops. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is this method of quick heating and slow cooling unique to loops, or does it apply to the corona as a whole? It has been difficult for scientists to study larger areas of the corona in this context, because of the sheer volume of data that must be parsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall's technique has the brilliance of all good science visualization: condensing a large amount of information into a straightforward image without having to discard anything. A computer program simply follows one pixel at a time through a series of SDO images, calculating the change in temperature over time and then assigning the pixel a representative color. Reds and yellows mean that an area cooled down, while blues and greens indicate that it heated up. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=148694021\" title=\"NASA - Van Gogh Sun\">NASA's video\u003c/a> for a visualization of the visualization.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall and Klimchuk found that most of the large area they studied started out super-hot--up to 7 million K, half the temperature of the center of sun--and cooled over the course of a day to under 1 million K. This is what you'd expect from heating via the nanoflare storms characteristic of coronal loops, so it appears that nanoflares \u003cem>may\u003c/em> be able to answer the whole question of coronal heating. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paper is available for free on the \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf\" title=\"arXiv - Viall and Klimchuk\">arXiv\u003c/a> and for money in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/753/1/35\" title=\"Viall and Klimchuk - Astrophysical Journal\">The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My next question is, where can I order one of these heliophysical van Goghs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/news_articles/visualizing_science_and_what_it_can_show_us_about_solar_heating-92267\" title=\"Science 2.0 - Solar Heating\">Science2.0\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42313\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/669170main_20100619-map2-670/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42313\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg\" alt=\"Image of the sun and visualization of temperature changes in the same area\" title=\"669170main_20100619-map2-670\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42313\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/669170main_20100619-map2-670-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Colorized image captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Credit: NASA/SDO. Right: Visualization, based on the image on the left, using specific colors to describe which areas on the sun cooled or heated over a 12-hour period. Credit: NASA/Viall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While nearly all eyes are focused on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/nasas-mars-lander-the-exploration-begins/\" title=\"KQED QUEST - Mars Lander\">Mars\u003c/a>, two astophysicists at NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/home/index.html\" title=\"Goddard Space Flight Center\">Goddard Space Flight Center\u003c/a> have been quietly staring at the sun instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, NASA debuted the Living With a Star program with the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/mission/about.php\" title=\"Solar Dynamics Observatory\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, or SDO, a \"sun-pointing semi-autonomous spacecraft.\" SDO sends data back to earth at a continuous 130 megabits per second, seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Scientists Nicholeen Viall and James Klimchuk have used some of this mass of information to create solar images worthy of an art gallery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/time_lag_maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42314\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/time_lag_maps-293x360.png\" alt=\"Solar visualizations, Figure 5A from Viall and Klimchuk 2012\" title=\"time_lag_maps\" width=\"293\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-42314\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar visualizations; Figure 5a from {link url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf}Viall and Klimchuck 2012{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These beautiful pictures, which NASA writer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/colorful-science.html\" title=\"NASA - Colorful Science\">Karen C. Fox\u003c/a> calls \"reminiscent of van Gogh,\" are not only fit to hang on your living room wall, but represent a critical step toward solving a major puzzle of \u003cem>heliophysics\u003c/em> (that's my new favorite word, by the way): \u003cstrong>Why is the sun's corona so hot?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may remember from childhood sing-a-longs, \u003cem>The sun is a mass of incandescent gas / a gigantic nuclear furnace / where hydrogen is built into helium / at temperatures of millions of degrees\u003c/em>. (Fun fact: though most of my contemporaries know that song from the They Might Be Giants cover, I know it from the original 1959 album \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Songs\" title=\"Wikipedia - Space Songs\">\"Space Songs\"\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the surface of the sun is actually only 6000 degrees Kelvin, while the corona (the sun's outer atmosphere) climbs well above a million. What's the deal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have begun to approach this question with painstaking studies of very small bits of the corona called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop\" title=\"Wikipedia - Coronal loops\">coronal loops\u003c/a>. They've found that these loops carry plasma that has been heated very quickly by nanoflare storms. The loops then cool gradually over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42335\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/07/stunning-solar-visualizations-the-suns-van-gogh-like-artistry/240px-traceimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42335\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg\" alt=\"coronal loops\" title=\"240px-Traceimage\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/240px-Traceimage-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coronal loops. Credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is this method of quick heating and slow cooling unique to loops, or does it apply to the corona as a whole? It has been difficult for scientists to study larger areas of the corona in this context, because of the sheer volume of data that must be parsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall's technique has the brilliance of all good science visualization: condensing a large amount of information into a straightforward image without having to discard anything. A computer program simply follows one pixel at a time through a series of SDO images, calculating the change in temperature over time and then assigning the pixel a representative color. Reds and yellows mean that an area cooled down, while blues and greens indicate that it heated up. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=148694021\" title=\"NASA - Van Gogh Sun\">NASA's video\u003c/a> for a visualization of the visualization.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viall and Klimchuk found that most of the large area they studied started out super-hot--up to 7 million K, half the temperature of the center of sun--and cooled over the course of a day to under 1 million K. This is what you'd expect from heating via the nanoflare storms characteristic of coronal loops, so it appears that nanoflares \u003cem>may\u003c/em> be able to answer the whole question of coronal heating. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paper is available for free on the \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1202.4001.pdf\" title=\"arXiv - Viall and Klimchuk\">arXiv\u003c/a> and for money in \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/753/1/35\" title=\"Viall and Klimchuk - Astrophysical Journal\">The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My next question is, where can I order one of these heliophysical van Goghs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/news_articles/visualizing_science_and_what_it_can_show_us_about_solar_heating-92267\" title=\"Science 2.0 - Solar Heating\">Science2.0\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "NASA's Mars Lander: The Exploration Begins",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Mars Lander: The Exploration Begins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/08/2012-08-06-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/PIA15791_modest.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/PIA15791_modest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover (photo courtesy NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-41804\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Sunday night, scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena cheered as the Curiosity lander ended its 352 million-mile journey, arriving – intact – onto the surface of Mars. The nail-biting landing procedure had been called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">Seven Minutes of Terror\u003c/a>,” based on how long it took the lander to cut its speed from 13 thousand miles an hour… to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists at NASA Ames in Moffet Field, the work is just beginning. NASA Ames senior scientist David Blake designed CheMin, one of the scientific instruments that hitched a ride to Mars aboard Curiosity. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>, short for Chemistry & Mineralogy, uses x-ray diffraction to analyze soil and rock samples that the nuclear-powered rover will collect as it explores the Martian surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data, which will be transmitted back to Earth, may help scientists solve one of the Red Planet’s most compelling mysteries: whether water once flowed over its now-parched surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is expected to last two years, but could go on much longer, depending on Curiosity’s life span. The lander can meander up to 12 miles over the Martian surface, with a speed limit of about 300 feet per hour. All the while, Curiosity’s 17 cameras are designed to stream images back to Earth of what it finds.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nKQED News anchor Joshua Johnson spoke with NASA’s David Blake just hours after the landing.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Good morning!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake: \u003c/strong>Good morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Congratulations, first of all. I’m sure you were up all night watching the landing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, yeah, to say it was exciting is an understatement. You know once the vehicle hit the atmosphere of Mars, and things went so fast, it was almost like your brain couldn’t follow, and when those first thumbnails came down, it was just pandemonium. Everybody just erupted and started screaming and hugging each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> I imagine that seven minutes started to feel like seven seconds as the time slowed down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> It was amazing, and the control room was live saying ‘OK the heat shield has been released. OK the parachute has been deployed. The sky crane is operating.’ It was just unbelievable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> So tell me a little bit about where Curiosity landed? Why did you choose this particular spot? And did the lander hit its mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, we think it did. We don’t know exactly where it landed but its certain it landed within the ellipse. Gale Crater is one of the oldest and deepest craters on Mars and we know that very early on Mars’ time it filled to the brim with sediment and that sediment solidified to make a rock and then later on a lot of that sediment was eroded out by wind and we are left with this big mountain in the middle called, we call it Mount Sharp. And Mount Sharp is 5,000 meters of stratify sediment and the geologist can basically read this like a book, so we are going to start from the bottom and work our way up and this will tell us a lot about the conditions of very early Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> It sounds like, to put this in some perspective, it’s almost like landing this device at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Is what it sounds like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Yeah, it is very similar, similar distance down, actually greater distance of strata. And so the rover planners have actually figured out, they figured this out from pictures long ago, long ago being months, where we are going to go if we land where we say we did and going up in a canyon and to the left and to the right So they have the plans of where to go already done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Here in the Bay Area it sounds like scientists worked on one aspect of the lander, in particular called CheMin. Describe what CheMin is and how it works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well CheMin is one of two laboratory quality instruments that’s inside the body of the rover, and what CheMin does is it determines the mineralogy of all the sediments, or the drilled rock, that is delivered to it by the arm of the rover. And the interesting thing about minerals is that, if you know the minerals that are present in a rock, you can say what the environment was in which the rock formed. And so, what CheMin will do is it will tell you the conditions of formation of these rocks that are 3.5 – 4 billion years old in Gale Crater on Mount Sharp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> And that would also include if there was once water there, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, that’s exactly right. We know from orbital assets that like the CRISM instrument on Mars’ reconnaissance orbiter that there are hydrated minerals, such as clays and hydrated sulfates, that are present where we are. And these hydrated minerals, we will be able to tell them with CheMin very easily. And these hydrated minerals tell us that there very likely was a habitable environment – that is, an environment where life could have begun or could have persisted over time very early in Mars history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Let’s finish with the two big questions, how soon do we see results and how soon do we send people to Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> We are going to get pictures back really continuously starting last night and certainly today. My instrument would not really deliver a result for probably three weeks to a month, and the reason being is that engineers are testing everything out, and we are kind of in the last of a first time use series. So by the time everything is checked out and the arm and the drill, then they will deliver a sample to us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> And in terms of sending people to Mars? That’s a long ways off I imagine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> That’s kind of at the end of the chart. We are a step along the way. That’s just a huge challenge even compared to this, which was, to me, other worldly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Well it’s incredible that you got this far. Congratulations, David Blake is senior scientist at NASA AMES, in Moffett Field. Thank you for talking with us, and again, congratulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well thank you. It was very enjoyable. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>More Pictures of Curiosity Lander and Landing Site\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41810\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Destination: Gale Crater (photo: NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41810\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity will land near the foot of Mt. Sharp, inside Gale Crater. Over its two-year mission, Curiosity will explore the crater and mountain to investigate whether this area of Mars has ever offered conditions favorable for life.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"The Curiosity rover in profile (Photo: NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41811\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About the size of a small SUV, NASA's Curiosity rover has six-wheel drive and the ability to turn in place a full 360 degrees, as well as the agility to climb steep hills. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rover cameras ( photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41812\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity is equipped with 17 cameras, and the capability to send high-definition images of the Martian surface back to Earth. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Curiosity lander has ended its 352 million-mile journey, landing safely on the surface of Mars. For scientists at NASA Ames in Moffet Field, the work is just beginning. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/08/2012-08-06-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/PIA15791_modest.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/PIA15791_modest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover (photo courtesy NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-41804\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late Sunday night, scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena cheered as the Curiosity lander ended its 352 million-mile journey, arriving – intact – onto the surface of Mars. The nail-biting landing procedure had been called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">Seven Minutes of Terror\u003c/a>,” based on how long it took the lander to cut its speed from 13 thousand miles an hour… to zero.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists at NASA Ames in Moffet Field, the work is just beginning. NASA Ames senior scientist David Blake designed CheMin, one of the scientific instruments that hitched a ride to Mars aboard Curiosity. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>, short for Chemistry & Mineralogy, uses x-ray diffraction to analyze soil and rock samples that the nuclear-powered rover will collect as it explores the Martian surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data, which will be transmitted back to Earth, may help scientists solve one of the Red Planet’s most compelling mysteries: whether water once flowed over its now-parched surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is expected to last two years, but could go on much longer, depending on Curiosity’s life span. The lander can meander up to 12 miles over the Martian surface, with a speed limit of about 300 feet per hour. All the while, Curiosity’s 17 cameras are designed to stream images back to Earth of what it finds.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nKQED News anchor Joshua Johnson spoke with NASA’s David Blake just hours after the landing.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Good morning!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake: \u003c/strong>Good morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Congratulations, first of all. I’m sure you were up all night watching the landing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, yeah, to say it was exciting is an understatement. You know once the vehicle hit the atmosphere of Mars, and things went so fast, it was almost like your brain couldn’t follow, and when those first thumbnails came down, it was just pandemonium. Everybody just erupted and started screaming and hugging each other. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> I imagine that seven minutes started to feel like seven seconds as the time slowed down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> It was amazing, and the control room was live saying ‘OK the heat shield has been released. OK the parachute has been deployed. The sky crane is operating.’ It was just unbelievable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> So tell me a little bit about where Curiosity landed? Why did you choose this particular spot? And did the lander hit its mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, we think it did. We don’t know exactly where it landed but its certain it landed within the ellipse. Gale Crater is one of the oldest and deepest craters on Mars and we know that very early on Mars’ time it filled to the brim with sediment and that sediment solidified to make a rock and then later on a lot of that sediment was eroded out by wind and we are left with this big mountain in the middle called, we call it Mount Sharp. And Mount Sharp is 5,000 meters of stratify sediment and the geologist can basically read this like a book, so we are going to start from the bottom and work our way up and this will tell us a lot about the conditions of very early Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> It sounds like, to put this in some perspective, it’s almost like landing this device at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Is what it sounds like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Yeah, it is very similar, similar distance down, actually greater distance of strata. And so the rover planners have actually figured out, they figured this out from pictures long ago, long ago being months, where we are going to go if we land where we say we did and going up in a canyon and to the left and to the right So they have the plans of where to go already done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Here in the Bay Area it sounds like scientists worked on one aspect of the lander, in particular called CheMin. Describe what CheMin is and how it works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well CheMin is one of two laboratory quality instruments that’s inside the body of the rover, and what CheMin does is it determines the mineralogy of all the sediments, or the drilled rock, that is delivered to it by the arm of the rover. And the interesting thing about minerals is that, if you know the minerals that are present in a rock, you can say what the environment was in which the rock formed. And so, what CheMin will do is it will tell you the conditions of formation of these rocks that are 3.5 – 4 billion years old in Gale Crater on Mount Sharp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> And that would also include if there was once water there, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well, that’s exactly right. We know from orbital assets that like the CRISM instrument on Mars’ reconnaissance orbiter that there are hydrated minerals, such as clays and hydrated sulfates, that are present where we are. And these hydrated minerals, we will be able to tell them with CheMin very easily. And these hydrated minerals tell us that there very likely was a habitable environment – that is, an environment where life could have begun or could have persisted over time very early in Mars history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Let’s finish with the two big questions, how soon do we see results and how soon do we send people to Mars?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> We are going to get pictures back really continuously starting last night and certainly today. My instrument would not really deliver a result for probably three weeks to a month, and the reason being is that engineers are testing everything out, and we are kind of in the last of a first time use series. So by the time everything is checked out and the arm and the drill, then they will deliver a sample to us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> And in terms of sending people to Mars? That’s a long ways off I imagine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> That’s kind of at the end of the chart. We are a step along the way. That’s just a huge challenge even compared to this, which was, to me, other worldly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Johnson:\u003c/strong> Well it’s incredible that you got this far. Congratulations, David Blake is senior scientist at NASA AMES, in Moffett Field. Thank you for talking with us, and again, congratulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blake:\u003c/strong> Well thank you. It was very enjoyable. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>More Pictures of Curiosity Lander and Landing Site\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41810\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Destination: Gale Crater (photo: NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41810\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MtSharp_insideGayleCrater-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity will land near the foot of Mt. Sharp, inside Gale Crater. Over its two-year mission, Curiosity will explore the crater and mountain to investigate whether this area of Mars has ever offered conditions favorable for life.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"The Curiosity rover in profile (Photo: NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41811\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-in-profile-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About the size of a small SUV, NASA's Curiosity rover has six-wheel drive and the ability to turn in place a full 360 degrees, as well as the agility to climb steep hills. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Rover cameras ( photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-41812\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Rover-cameras-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity is equipped with 17 cameras, and the capability to send high-definition images of the Martian surface back to Earth. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Do Constellations Change Over Time?",
"title": "Do Constellations Change Over Time?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/27/do-constellations-change-over-time/duckfoot-astrobob/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41314\" title=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg\" alt=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The Duck's Foot\" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought it was time to take a step back from talking about current events in space exploration and dig up one of those astronomical questions I asked in my childhood—back in a time when answers to any question that popped into one's head couldn't be instantly sought via the Internet; one had to find a book, magazine or an astronomy geek who knew more than you did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question: do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today? The quick answer (which you already might have found on your Internet mobile device) is yes, they do change over time. Far from being the fixed points of light as believed by the ancients, the stars we see, along with the Sun, are in constant motion, each along its own orbital trajectory around the center of mass of our Milky Way Galaxy. They all pretty much circle in the same direction as they revolve in their wide, lengthy galactic orbits, but each star's path is its own, like the orbits of the planets around the Sun. Each star's orbit may be inclined (tilted) with respect to others, and their velocities depend in large part on their distance from the Milky Way center. It's not unlike the cars going in one direction on a freeway: they all speed along in the same direction, but with slight differences in speed and occasional lane changes that result in gradual changes in position (and sometimes not so gradual; I'm talking to you, driver of the red sports car!) relative to any given car. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those slow relative changes in position give each star in our sky a particular \"\u003ca title=\"Proper stellar motion diagram\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Proper_motion.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">proper motion\u003c/a>\"—a change in angular position. The proper motion of most stars is extremely small, measured in milli-arcseconds per year, where an arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree, and of course milli means a thousandth of that. Hold up your pinky finger at arm's length: the width of your pinky, expressed as an angle, is about one degree, give or take. One degree is 3,600 arcseconds, or 3,600,000 milli-arcseconds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the big reveal: the star with the fastest proper motion in our skies (at this time): \u003ca title=\"Barnard's Star timelapse\" href=\"http://www.backyardastronomer.com/ccd/Barnard_Mortfield_Cancelli_labels.gif\" target=\"_blank\">Barnard's Star\u003c/a>, a small, low-mass red dwarf about 6 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus, the Snake-holder, just above Scorpio (kind of a creepy section of the sky). It's sometimes called \"Barnard's Runaway Star\" because of its high velocity, a tiny stellar bullet whizzing through our neighborhood on its way to whatever destiny. To give a sense of its physical speed, its radial velocity is about 110 kilometers per second away from us. And the proper motion of Barnard's Star is (drumroll please): 10.3 arcseconds per year. That's 10,300 milli-arcseconds per year—darned fast considering all but the closest stars move at most by a few up to a few hundred milli-arcseconds per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the pinky-measure, it would take Barnards' Star about 350 years to move one pinky-width across the sky, relative to the astronomers' fixed coordinate system (there may be no stars with fixed positions, but we can certainly create an imaginary fixed system of coordinate lines!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the other part of the answer—how long does it take for stellar proper motion to change the patterns we see in the constellations—is: pretty long, especially considering that Barnard's Star is the poster-child of stellar zippity-do-da. (Add to this the fact that Barnard's Star is too faint for the human eye to perceive, anyway!) With even the brightest stars showing less proper motion than Barnard's Star, it's easy to imagine why those ancients saw pretty much the same constellations we see today. Imagine also that a thousand years from now, our distant descendants will regard the same patterns. Whether or not they'll call them the Scorpion, the Snake-holder, the Bull, and the Bear, only time will tell.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/27/do-constellations-change-over-time/duckfoot-astrobob/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41314\" title=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg\" alt=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The Duck's Foot\" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought it was time to take a step back from talking about current events in space exploration and dig up one of those astronomical questions I asked in my childhood—back in a time when answers to any question that popped into one's head couldn't be instantly sought via the Internet; one had to find a book, magazine or an astronomy geek who knew more than you did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question: do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today? The quick answer (which you already might have found on your Internet mobile device) is yes, they do change over time. Far from being the fixed points of light as believed by the ancients, the stars we see, along with the Sun, are in constant motion, each along its own orbital trajectory around the center of mass of our Milky Way Galaxy. They all pretty much circle in the same direction as they revolve in their wide, lengthy galactic orbits, but each star's path is its own, like the orbits of the planets around the Sun. Each star's orbit may be inclined (tilted) with respect to others, and their velocities depend in large part on their distance from the Milky Way center. It's not unlike the cars going in one direction on a freeway: they all speed along in the same direction, but with slight differences in speed and occasional lane changes that result in gradual changes in position (and sometimes not so gradual; I'm talking to you, driver of the red sports car!) relative to any given car. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those slow relative changes in position give each star in our sky a particular \"\u003ca title=\"Proper stellar motion diagram\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Proper_motion.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">proper motion\u003c/a>\"—a change in angular position. The proper motion of most stars is extremely small, measured in milli-arcseconds per year, where an arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree, and of course milli means a thousandth of that. Hold up your pinky finger at arm's length: the width of your pinky, expressed as an angle, is about one degree, give or take. One degree is 3,600 arcseconds, or 3,600,000 milli-arcseconds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the big reveal: the star with the fastest proper motion in our skies (at this time): \u003ca title=\"Barnard's Star timelapse\" href=\"http://www.backyardastronomer.com/ccd/Barnard_Mortfield_Cancelli_labels.gif\" target=\"_blank\">Barnard's Star\u003c/a>, a small, low-mass red dwarf about 6 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus, the Snake-holder, just above Scorpio (kind of a creepy section of the sky). It's sometimes called \"Barnard's Runaway Star\" because of its high velocity, a tiny stellar bullet whizzing through our neighborhood on its way to whatever destiny. To give a sense of its physical speed, its radial velocity is about 110 kilometers per second away from us. And the proper motion of Barnard's Star is (drumroll please): 10.3 arcseconds per year. That's 10,300 milli-arcseconds per year—darned fast considering all but the closest stars move at most by a few up to a few hundred milli-arcseconds per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the pinky-measure, it would take Barnards' Star about 350 years to move one pinky-width across the sky, relative to the astronomers' fixed coordinate system (there may be no stars with fixed positions, but we can certainly create an imaginary fixed system of coordinate lines!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the other part of the answer—how long does it take for stellar proper motion to change the patterns we see in the constellations—is: pretty long, especially considering that Barnard's Star is the poster-child of stellar zippity-do-da. (Add to this the fact that Barnard's Star is too faint for the human eye to perceive, anyway!) With even the brightest stars showing less proper motion than Barnard's Star, it's easy to imagine why those ancients saw pretty much the same constellations we see today. Imagine also that a thousand years from now, our distant descendants will regard the same patterns. Whether or not they'll call them the Scorpion, the Snake-holder, the Bull, and the Bear, only time will tell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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