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"content": "\u003cp>A NASA satellite designed to precisely measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation was launched into polar orbit from California early Saturday.[contextly_sidebar id=”71Hsym9NR8r2XGPya0FaDAhGtdvkpuSO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Delta 2 rocket carrying ICESat-2 lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 6:02 a.m. and headed over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Earth Science Division director Michael Freilich says that the mission in particular will advance knowledge of how the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica contribute to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melt from those ice sheets alone has raised global sea level by more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) a year recently, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is a successor to the original Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite that operated from 2003 to 2009. Measurements continued since then with airborne instruments in NASA’s Operation IceBridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built by Northrop Grumman, ICESat-2 carries a single instrument, a laser altimeter that measures height by determining how long it takes photons to travel from the spacecraft to Earth and back. According to NASA, it will collect more than 250 times as many measurements as the first ICESat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser is designed to fire 10,000 times per second, divided into six beams of hundreds of trillions of photons. The round trip is timed to a billionth of a second.[contextly_sidebar id=”rzS3b4iwm3DqF5guoxGRsjDYLNTZAWnl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ice, the satellite’s other measurements, such as the tops of trees, snow and river heights, may help with research into the amount of carbon stored in forests, flood and drought planning and wildfire behavior, among other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch was the last for a Delta 2 rocket, United Launch Alliance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Delta 2 lifted off on Feb. 14, 1989, and since then it has been the launch vehicle for Global Positioning System orbiters, Earth observing and commercial satellites, and interplanetary missions including the twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A NASA satellite designed to precisely measure changes in Earth’s ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and vegetation was launched into polar orbit from California early Saturday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Delta 2 rocket carrying ICESat-2 lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 6:02 a.m. and headed over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Earth Science Division director Michael Freilich says that the mission in particular will advance knowledge of how the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica contribute to sea level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The melt from those ice sheets alone has raised global sea level by more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) a year recently, according to NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is a successor to the original Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite that operated from 2003 to 2009. Measurements continued since then with airborne instruments in NASA’s Operation IceBridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built by Northrop Grumman, ICESat-2 carries a single instrument, a laser altimeter that measures height by determining how long it takes photons to travel from the spacecraft to Earth and back. According to NASA, it will collect more than 250 times as many measurements as the first ICESat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The laser is designed to fire 10,000 times per second, divided into six beams of hundreds of trillions of photons. The round trip is timed to a billionth of a second.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to ice, the satellite’s other measurements, such as the tops of trees, snow and river heights, may help with research into the amount of carbon stored in forests, flood and drought planning and wildfire behavior, among other uses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch was the last for a Delta 2 rocket, United Launch Alliance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Delta 2 lifted off on Feb. 14, 1989, and since then it has been the launch vehicle for Global Positioning System orbiters, Earth observing and commercial satellites, and interplanetary missions including the twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA's Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead?",
"headTitle": "As the Dust Settles on Mars, Can NASA’s Robotic Explorers Forge Ahead? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcJLZfPiyfc&w=834&h=469]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Three months after the first stirrings of what became an epic global storm on Mars, the winds have died down and the dust that filled the atmosphere is settling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, like a scene from the opening moments of the film “The Martian,” NASA is working to return to normal operations with its explorers on the Martian surface — and seeking to re-establish contact with one that has not checked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Opportunity Lost?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The veteran robot \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/home/\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, which has been roving the bottom of a suspected ancient Martian sea (\u003ca href=\"https://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/meridiani_planum.html\">Meridiani Planum\u003c/a>) since 2004, went into a protective “sleep” mode on June 10 when airborne dust choked off sunlight — its source of power. This robotic version of an induced coma is intended to preserve battery power and keep electronic systems in a low-power standby state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msss.com/msss_images/latest_weather.html\">Now that the skies are clearing\u003c/a> and sunlight levels are returning to normal, NASA is counting on the rover’s solar panels to recharge its batteries and “wake” the robot from its stormy-weather slumber. Questions remain. Are Opportunity’s systems still healthy? How much dust may have settled on its solar panels and will it hamper recharging?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this all happened just when things were getting exciting again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Opportunity is arguably near the end of its marathon 14-year campaign of exploration, it was just beginning to explore a possibly water-carved valley on the edge of the 14-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2032.html\">Endeavour Crater\u003c/a> when the wind storm began to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1931157\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017.\" width=\"700\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-240x148.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-375x231.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/opportunity-perseverance-NASAJPLCornellNMMNH-Larry-Crumpler-1-520x321.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image captured by Opportunity as it perched on the rim of Endeavour Crater on its way into the upper end of Perseverance Valley in 2017. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Cornell/NMMNH/Larry Crumpler)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After trekking more than 28 miles across Meridiani Planum, finding copious mineralogical and morphological signs of past water along the way, NASA decided to send the rover on the somewhat risky path down \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/04-mer-update-special-perseverance-valley-lpsc-2018.html\">Perseverance Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been an open question whether Opportunity would ever make it to the bottom of the ravine before suffering a final failure or encountering an impassable obstruction—but on an exploratory adventure like this, the journey is more important than the destination, and any revelations about the history of water on Mars will help us understand our Earthlike neighbor better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status.html\">Will Opportunity wake up\u003c/a> and report in, continuing the adventure for us all? Stay tuned….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity Shrugs Off the Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, on the other side of the planet, the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca href=\"https://scitechdaily.com/curiosity-surveys-fading-global-dust-storm-from-vera-rubin-ridge/\">Curiosity has plowed ahead\u003c/a> despite the storm and dust-choked skies above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lcJLZfPiyfc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now sporting a layer of dust accumulated over the last couple of months, Curiosity is stationed on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp, a 3.5-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock and soil in the middle of the 90-mile-wide \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">Gale Crater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by a thermoelectric nuclear generator (yes, like the one in The Martian that kept Mark Watney warm as he drove his rover across the land), Curiosity was unfazed by the dust-veiled sun — and could operate in complete darkness if it had to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is presently exploring a large outcrop of rock called Vera Rubin Ridge—a geological feature that intrigued scientists long before they decided to plot Curiosity’s path to it. Concentrations of the often water-formed mineral hematite were detected from orbit by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931158\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931158\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg\" alt=\"Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-800x169.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-160x34.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-768x162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1020x216.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1200x254.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-1180x249.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-960x203.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-240x51.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-375x79.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS-520x110.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/verarubinridge-NASA-JPL-Caltech-MSSS.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin Ridge, as seen by Curiosity as it climbed toward it up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vera Rubin Ridge has proven to be more than just a vein of hematite. In fact, it is the most geologically diverse site yet found by Curiosity, with a large variety of rock colors and textures all wrapped up in a single formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two attempts to drill samples \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2018/0417-curiosity-update-sols-1972-2026.html\">were thwarted\u003c/a> by unexpectedly hard rock, and the investigation is ongoing, with \u003ca href=\"http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30803\">two more drilling sites\u003c/a> scheduled for later this month. What makes the ridge’s rock so hard and resistant to wind erosion is one of the mysteries NASA hopes to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possible explanation is that water flowing through the ground in Mars’ distant past deposited a hard mineral — possibly a form of hematite — that “cemented” the formation together, which was later exposed by wind erosion of surrounding softer materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Adventure Continues\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Opportunity shakes off its safe-mode fugue and resumes prospecting for signs of water, and how ever far Curiosity climbs up the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp, the adventure of exploring this probably once very Earthlike planet will continue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1931162\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1931162\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars' deep interior.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/09/insight-nasa-jpl-caltech4.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the InSIGHT spacecraft en route to Mars. InSIGHT will land in November on a mission to probe Mars’ deep interior. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The InSIGHT lander is more than halfway to Mars, with a landing scheduled for November. And the launch of the Mars 2020 rover, whose mission will be to search for signs of Martian life, is only two years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned for the next installment of this saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Russian officials are saying that a tiny leak at the International Space Station was likely caused by a human hand. Now, they’re trying to figure out who did it, why they did it and whether it happened in space or on the ground.[contextly_sidebar id=”KVTjd4YYKAvA8IxX9JmZG7fQ8kWhKBja”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew identified the source of the leak as a 2-millimeter hole in the upper section of a Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, which is docked in the Russian section of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t reject any theories,” said Dmitry Rogozin, the head of Russia’s state space agency Roscosmos, according to \u003ca href=\"http://tass.com/science/1019791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state news agency TASS\u003c/a>. He added that they’re aiming “to find out whether it was an accidental defect or a deliberate spoilage and where it was done … we will find out, without fail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Rogozin said they aren’t ruling out the possibility of sabotage, an accident seems more likely: “It seems to be done by a faltering hand… it is a technological error by a specialist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogozin added that they have dismissed a theory that the hole was caused by a meteorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one aboard the space station was in significant danger as a result of the leak, which was detected \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2018/08/30/international-space-station-status-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last Wednesday\u003c/a> evening by flight controllers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew first addressed the problem by applying tape to the hole, according to NASA, and later, Russian flight engineer Sergey Prokopyev plugged the hole using gauze and epoxy, a super-strong sealant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Russian cosmonautics expert, Alexander Zheleznyakov, was extremely skeptical of theories that the hole was drilled deliberately from space.[contextly_sidebar id=”S4kzDMqtidVbxCZYp8EDdQXlaeezSO8w”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why should any of the crew try to do that? I would not like to use the word nonsense, but all this does not fit in well with logic,” Zheleznyakov \u003ca href=\"http://tass.com/science/1019884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told TASS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He offered another possibility: “Most probably all had happened at the manufacturer’s plant. A hole that has been patched up with glue is hard to detect. … Most probably, a worker drilled a wrong hole and then patched it up and then either avoided telling anyone or those he had informed preferred to keep quiet, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soyuz spacecraft was made by the Russian corporation Energia, according to TASS. The International Space Station \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/exp-56-summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is currently hosting\u003c/a> three NASA astronauts, two Russian cosmonauts and one European Space Agency astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Logsdon, a space policy expert at George Washington University, told NPR that there is “a kind of generalized concern about the decline of quality control in Russian space industry in recent years.” If the hole was accidental, he said, “and then covered up and nobody inspected and found it … that’s troubling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roscosmos has appointed a commission to investigate and \u003ca href=\"http://en.roscosmos.ru/20743/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expects its work\u003c/a> to be done by mid-September.[contextly_sidebar id=”m4cec2pyrpPHNEtWaisefeCOWgpdAt9G”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leroy Chiao, former commander of the International Space Station, told NPR that he finds it somewhat mysterious that the hole appears to be hand-drilled through the material that’s about half an inch thick. “It would take a little while to drill all the way through the hole,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiao recalled how the astronauts were vigilant during his expedition about anything that might cause a drop in pressure, like this leak did. “Pressure dips are certainly not a routine thing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So as soon as we hear a noise, we would rush over to the very sensitive pressure gauge to make sure that the pressure was holding,” Chiao said. “That was definitely something that we were attuned to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Who+Caused+The+Mysterious+Leak+At+The+International+Space+Station%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Russian officials are saying that a tiny leak at the International Space Station was likely caused by a human hand. Now, they’re trying to figure out who did it, why they did it and whether it happened in space or on the ground.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew identified the source of the leak as a 2-millimeter hole in the upper section of a Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, which is docked in the Russian section of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t reject any theories,” said Dmitry Rogozin, the head of Russia’s state space agency Roscosmos, according to \u003ca href=\"http://tass.com/science/1019791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state news agency TASS\u003c/a>. He added that they’re aiming “to find out whether it was an accidental defect or a deliberate spoilage and where it was done … we will find out, without fail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Rogozin said they aren’t ruling out the possibility of sabotage, an accident seems more likely: “It seems to be done by a faltering hand… it is a technological error by a specialist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogozin added that they have dismissed a theory that the hole was caused by a meteorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one aboard the space station was in significant danger as a result of the leak, which was detected \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2018/08/30/international-space-station-status-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last Wednesday\u003c/a> evening by flight controllers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crew first addressed the problem by applying tape to the hole, according to NASA, and later, Russian flight engineer Sergey Prokopyev plugged the hole using gauze and epoxy, a super-strong sealant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Russian cosmonautics expert, Alexander Zheleznyakov, was extremely skeptical of theories that the hole was drilled deliberately from space.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why should any of the crew try to do that? I would not like to use the word nonsense, but all this does not fit in well with logic,” Zheleznyakov \u003ca href=\"http://tass.com/science/1019884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told TASS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He offered another possibility: “Most probably all had happened at the manufacturer’s plant. A hole that has been patched up with glue is hard to detect. … Most probably, a worker drilled a wrong hole and then patched it up and then either avoided telling anyone or those he had informed preferred to keep quiet, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Soyuz spacecraft was made by the Russian corporation Energia, according to TASS. The International Space Station \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/exp-56-summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is currently hosting\u003c/a> three NASA astronauts, two Russian cosmonauts and one European Space Agency astronaut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Logsdon, a space policy expert at George Washington University, told NPR that there is “a kind of generalized concern about the decline of quality control in Russian space industry in recent years.” If the hole was accidental, he said, “and then covered up and nobody inspected and found it … that’s troubling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roscosmos has appointed a commission to investigate and \u003ca href=\"http://en.roscosmos.ru/20743/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expects its work\u003c/a> to be done by mid-September.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leroy Chiao, former commander of the International Space Station, told NPR that he finds it somewhat mysterious that the hole appears to be hand-drilled through the material that’s about half an inch thick. “It would take a little while to drill all the way through the hole,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiao recalled how the astronauts were vigilant during his expedition about anything that might cause a drop in pressure, like this leak did. “Pressure dips are certainly not a routine thing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So as soon as we hear a noise, we would rush over to the very sensitive pressure gauge to make sure that the pressure was holding,” Chiao said. “That was definitely something that we were attuned to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Who+Caused+The+Mysterious+Leak+At+The+International+Space+Station%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water",
"headTitle": "Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water: ice on the Moon and a subsurface lake on Mars. ",
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"title": "Lunar Ice and Martian Mud: Whetting Our Appetite For Extraterrestrial Water | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The last few weeks have seen two exciting announcements in the search for extraterrestrial water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 20 NASA announced the confirmation of water ice on the Moon, reinforcing our understanding that it is not merely a dry lump of volcanic rock, dust, and meteorite debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on July 25 came an announcement of the discovery of a possible sub-surface lake on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discoveries add to an already impressive list of water-bearing locales in our solar system, and have whetted the appetites of scientists on a quest to find life-friendly environments beyond the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lunar Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/ice-confirmed-at-the-moon-s-poles\">The confirmation\u003c/a> of lunar ice came from analysis of data collected by NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/moon-mineralogy-mapper-m3/\">Moon Mineralogy Mapper\u003c/a> (M3) instrument aboard the \u003ca href=\"https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c11-chandrayaan-1\">Chandrayaan-1\u003c/a> spacecraft, which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930432\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon's north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/m3-ice1.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of water ice confirmed in the Moon’s north and south polar regions by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>M3 was able to distinguish patches of water ice on the Moon by the way that it reflects visible light and absorbs infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice exists at both of the Moon’s poles, where there are places never exposed to direct sunlight. At the poles, the sun never gets more than a few degrees above the horizon, so the floors of some deep impact craters and other polar nooks and crannies are in permanent shade and the temperatures never rise above about -250 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Martian Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data collected by a ground-penetrating radar instrument, \u003ca href=\"http://sci.esa.int/mars-express/34826-design/?fbodylongid=1601\">MARSIS\u003c/a>, aboard ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft has convinced mission scientists that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/07/news-lake-found-mars-water-polar-cap-life-space/\">body of liquid water\u003c/a>, 12 miles across, exists a mile deep beneath a crater near Mars’ southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took several years of data collection and over 29 south pole flyovers for the picture to develop, but the characteristics of the radar waves bouncing back to the spacecraft strongly indicate a patch of salty liquid: either a mass of brine-saturated mud, or an actual lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930434\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930434\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars' southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1200x750.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3-520x325.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/marsis-lake3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Location of detected subsurface lake in relation to Mars’ southern polar ice cap. Center: Blow-up of study area showing ground penetrating radar data, blue indicating most reflective spots. Right: Profile of radar map showing the location of the suspected lake. \u003ccite>(NASA/Viking/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University/ESA/ASI/U. of Rome/R. Orosei et al 2018)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whichever the case, the discovery has scientists eager for a follow-up investigation. Not only would reservoirs of water offer a vital resource to future human missions on Mars, a liquid water environment protected from the frigid, radiation-exposed surface above could provide a suitable habitat for microbial Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And mission scientists point out that there is no reason there could not be more subsurface lakes on Mars awaiting discovery, either by future missions or further analysis of data already collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confirming liquid water beneath Mars’ surface may also help us to understand what happened to the vast seas of surface water believed to exist on Mars long ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Follow the Water,” Says \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>NASA \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not exceedingly rare in the Universe. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/comets\">Comets\u003c/a> are full of water ice, and many moons in the outer solar system are well known for their surface ice or frozen water crusts. We’ve long known of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-radar-finds-ice-age-record-in-mars-polar-cap\">Mars’ polar ice caps\u003c/a>. Water, in its frozen form, is commonplace out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But mix water ice with a source of heat (sunlight or \u003ca href=\"https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/52/europa-tide-movie/\">gravitational tidal energy\u003c/a>, for examples) and adequate pressure and you get a liquid water cocktail that makes scientists’ mouths water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is liquid water essential for life as we know it, we also know that life on Earth can adapt to and thrive in extremely harsh conditions. “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/extremophile.html\">Extremophiles\u003c/a>” are terrestrial life forms, mostly microbial, that we find in environments of extreme heat, cold, and toxicity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930439\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930439\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1200x782.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-375x244.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Nur04507.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extremophile tube-worms thriving in the dark, toxic environment surrounding a hydrothermal vent deep on the Pacific Ocean floor. \u003ccite>(OAR/National Undersea Research Program (NURP) NOAA-Bild)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extremophiles have taught us that looking for extraterrestrial life in harsh conditions on other worlds is not a futile effort, especially where liquid water is present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else Do We Find Liquid Water?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two recent revelations of found water (even though the Moon’s crater-shaded oases consist of ice) add to a tantalizing list of wet places found across our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outer solar system—the realm of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—was once thought to be too cold for hopes of finding liquid water. But decades of robotic exploration have revealed that there is probably far more water out there than in the inner solar system, Earth included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970’s and 1980’s the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft detected what may be a vast ocean hidden beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/europas-ocean-may-have-an-earthlike-chemical-balance\">Europa\u003c/a>. Patterns in the cracks of its frozen crust suggest the outer icy shell is floating on an ocean of liquid, much like sheets of sea ice surrounding parts of Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice-topped ocean is probably global in extent and, remarkably, may be a hundred miles deep. Europa alone may possess twice as much water as in all of Earth’s oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also evidence that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon\">subcrustal liquid water ocean\u003c/a> exists in another of Jupiter’s moons, the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede. In fact, Ganymede’s ocean may contain more water than Europa’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1930440\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg\" alt=\"Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn's moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it's flights through the water plumes. \" width=\"800\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-800x338.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-160x68.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-768x324.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1020x430.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1200x506.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-1180x498.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-960x405.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-240x101.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-375x158.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5-520x219.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/enceladusplumes5.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water plumes erupting from enormous cracks in the crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. An image of the Cassini spacecraft is superimposed to depict one of it’s flights through the water plumes. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the Cassini spacecraft began exploring the Saturn system in 2004, scientists have observed clear signs of water within the moon \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/cassini-finds-global-ocean-in-saturns-moon-enceladus\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, and possibly the large moon \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/28jun_titanocean\">Titan\u003c/a>. In the case of Enceladus, Cassini detected plumes of water vapor and ammonia spewing out of large cracks in the moon’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements by the Dawn spacecraft have turned up evidence of possible liquid water on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6982\">dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>. White-looking mineral deposits — which appear to have been left behind by fluid eruptions in craters and cinder-cone-like structures — support speculation that at some time in the past, Ceres had a subcrustal ocean. It may still have one today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Beyond the Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sprinkling of so many watery places across our solar system gives us hope not only for finding life-friendly environments close to home, but across our galaxy as well. We now know of several thousand \u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a> orbiting hundreds of other stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If oceans are as common as our solar system indicates (Earth, young Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, Enceladus, and Ceres, to name the known or suspected wet spots), then extrasolar oceans probably are as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life is as eager to arise in those exo-oceans as it was on the primordial Earth, we may have a lot of company in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos",
"headTitle": "You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft may have discovered another volcano on Jupiter’s moon Io, adding to an already impressive list of known active volcanoes there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the \u003ca href=\"http://solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager\u003c/a> spacecraft, and later \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a>, began collecting data in the Jupiter system in the 1970’s and 1980’s, about 150 active volcanoes have been spotted on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there may be as many as 250 more that remain undiscovered, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7189\">this latest hot-spot\u003c/a> has scientists eagerly anticipating future, closer flybys of Io, a moon just slightly larger than Earth’s own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929755\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of Jupiter's moon Io, captured by Juno's JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of Jupiter’s moon Io, captured by Juno’s JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from Juno revealed the newest volcano as a previously undetected heat source near Io’s southern pole. Juno collected the data last December, when the spacecraft passed within 290,000 miles of Io—a bit farther than the distance from Earth to our own moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno mission\u003c/a> is focused mainly on Jupiter, specifically to unveil the secrets of its little-understood polar region, as well as to probe its deep interior and even its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s \u003cem>Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper\u003c/em> instrument was designed primarily to study the stunning light shows in Jupiter’s atmosphere, known as auroras. They’re caused by interactions of electrically charged particles from space. However, the heat-sensitive instrument also works very well in sensing heat from other things–in this case, volcanic eruptions on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why So Many Active Volcanoes on Such a Small Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s volcanic activity is driven by the same force that causes the tides in Earth’s oceans: gravitational tidal energy. Earth’s tides are driven by the pull of the moon and sun, which raise bulges in the ocean’s waters. As Earth rotates, its surface moves into and out of these “bulge” regions, and people on the ground experience the rising and falling of the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the powerful pull of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">Jupiter’s gravity tugs at Io\u003c/a>. Io has no oceans, so no swells of ocean water occur. But the tidal forces act to “stretch” Io itself into a slightly elongated sphere, its solid surface “bulging” all the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter's moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter’s moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while Earth’s tidal ocean bulges amount to a range of only a couple of feet in open ocean (though usually greater near land due to geographical effects), Jupiter’s powerful gravity \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">stretches Io’s surface over a range of 200 feet\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Io orbits, its elliptical path carries it closer to and farther from Jupiter, which changes the strength of the tidal pull and the amount of stretching. With each orbit, Io is stretched and then relaxed, and this continual stretch-relax-stretch-relax cycle produces frictional heat, warming up the interior. This is a bit like how you would squeeze and stretch a cold lump of playdough to warm it up and make it softer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s internal heat source is potent enough to liquify materials into magma and drive volcanic eruptions at its surface. With potentially hundreds of volcanoes spewing out the sulfur-rich lava, Io’s surface is a multicolor mottle of flows and deposits. Devoid of impact craters, Io sometimes appears like a big cheese pizza, or a moldy orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929780\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Io captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo.jpg 1817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Io captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With visible and infrared cameras, Juno has captured \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\">stunning pictures\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s chaotic polar storms and atmospheric gyres, and by measuring Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields it has yielded clues to the gas giant’s internal structure and fluid dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno makes most of these observations during the brief intervals when it swings close to Jupiter on an elongated orbit, bringing the spacecraft to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops. The majority of each 53-day orbit is spent coasting much farther away, out to 5 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-re-plans-juno-s-jupiter-mission\">rollercoaster orbit\u003c/a> is designed to protect Juno from the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, allowing it to zip through the danger zone and then spend most of its time in safer realms farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending so much time far from Jupiter gives Juno scientists the opportunity to observe other objects in the Jupiter system, including Io and its entourage of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter's north polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-520x377.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl.jpg 968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter’s north polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else In The Solar System Can You Find Active Volcanoes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io and Earth are not the only objects in the solar system with active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know from observations by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft that there may be active volcanoes on Venus, though this has not been confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also objects in the solar system that show evidence of a type of volcano not found on Earth, a cryovolcano, some of which may even be active today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryovolcanoes, sometimes called “ice volcanoes,” are similar to the hot volcanoes we are familiar with, but erupt with “cold” volatile liquids, like water, methane, and ammonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, Voyager 2 detected nitrogen gas erupting from Neptune’s moon, Triton. It also showed us that Triton’s surface is young and is likely to have been shaped by tectonic activity and cryovolcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft detected water vapor and ammonia spewing from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indirect evidence suggests cryovolcanic activity on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, Saturn’s moon Titan, and Uranus’ moon Miranda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, cryovolcanic activity has been detected on the dwarf planets \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-ceres-ice-volcanoes.html\">Ceres\u003c/a> and Pluto, as well as Pluto’s moon, Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Ahead for Juno?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s primary mission schedule would have sent the spacecraft to a self-disposing incineration in Jupiter’s atmosphere in mid-September, but the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/juno-good-health-decision-point-missions-end-extension/\">good state of its health\u003c/a> allowed mission managers to consider extending its tour of Jovian investigation and volcano-spotting moonlighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission has now been extended to July 2021, offering about 20 more close flybys of Jupiter, and potentially additional flybys of Io and its host of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Juno spacecraft didn’t set out to look for volcanos on Jupiter’s moon Io, but it sure is good at spotting them.",
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"description": "NASA's Juno spacecraft didn’t set out to look for volcanos on Jupiter’s moon Io, but it sure is good at spotting them.",
"title": "You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos | KQED",
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"headline": "You Won’t Believe What Happens on Jupiter’s Moon to Make Volcanos",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s Juno spacecraft may have discovered another volcano on Jupiter’s moon Io, adding to an already impressive list of known active volcanoes there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the \u003ca href=\"http://solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voyager\u003c/a> spacecraft, and later \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/in-depth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galileo\u003c/a>, began collecting data in the Jupiter system in the 1970’s and 1980’s, about 150 active volcanoes have been spotted on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe there may be as many as 250 more that remain undiscovered, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7189\">this latest hot-spot\u003c/a> has scientists eagerly anticipating future, closer flybys of Io, a moon just slightly larger than Earth’s own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929755\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of Jupiter's moon Io, captured by Juno's JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-newvolcano-jiram.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of Jupiter’s moon Io, captured by Juno’s JIRAM instrument, showing the newly discovered volcanic hot-spot amid a host of others. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Data from Juno revealed the newest volcano as a previously undetected heat source near Io’s southern pole. Juno collected the data last December, when the spacecraft passed within 290,000 miles of Io—a bit farther than the distance from Earth to our own moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/\">NASA’s Juno mission\u003c/a> is focused mainly on Jupiter, specifically to unveil the secrets of its little-understood polar region, as well as to probe its deep interior and even its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s \u003cem>Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper\u003c/em> instrument was designed primarily to study the stunning light shows in Jupiter’s atmosphere, known as auroras. They’re caused by interactions of electrically charged particles from space. However, the heat-sensitive instrument also works very well in sensing heat from other things–in this case, volcanic eruptions on Io.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why So Many Active Volcanoes on Such a Small Moon?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s volcanic activity is driven by the same force that causes the tides in Earth’s oceans: gravitational tidal energy. Earth’s tides are driven by the pull of the moon and sun, which raise bulges in the ocean’s waters. As Earth rotates, its surface moves into and out of these “bulge” regions, and people on the ground experience the rising and falling of the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the powerful pull of \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">Jupiter’s gravity tugs at Io\u003c/a>. Io has no oceans, so no swells of ocean water occur. But the tidal forces act to “stretch” Io itself into a slightly elongated sphere, its solid surface “bulging” all the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929753\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter's moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/iovolcano-galileo-nasa-jpl-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">False-color image of a volcano erupting on Jupiter’s moon Io, captured in 2000 by the Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while Earth’s tidal ocean bulges amount to a range of only a couple of feet in open ocean (though usually greater near land due to geographical effects), Jupiter’s powerful gravity \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/io-tides/en/\">stretches Io’s surface over a range of 200 feet\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Io orbits, its elliptical path carries it closer to and farther from Jupiter, which changes the strength of the tidal pull and the amount of stretching. With each orbit, Io is stretched and then relaxed, and this continual stretch-relax-stretch-relax cycle produces frictional heat, warming up the interior. This is a bit like how you would squeeze and stretch a cold lump of playdough to warm it up and make it softer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io’s internal heat source is potent enough to liquify materials into magma and drive volcanic eruptions at its surface. With potentially hundreds of volcanoes spewing out the sulfur-rich lava, Io’s surface is a multicolor mottle of flows and deposits. Devoid of impact craters, Io sometimes appears like a big cheese pizza, or a moldy orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929780\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929780\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Io captured by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/io-galileo.jpg 1817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of Io captured by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juno’s Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With visible and infrared cameras, Juno has captured \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/images/index.html\">stunning pictures\u003c/a> of Jupiter’s chaotic polar storms and atmospheric gyres, and by measuring Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields it has yielded clues to the gas giant’s internal structure and fluid dynamics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno makes most of these observations during the brief intervals when it swings close to Jupiter on an elongated orbit, bringing the spacecraft to within 2,600 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops. The majority of each 53-day orbit is spent coasting much farther away, out to 5 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-re-plans-juno-s-jupiter-mission\">rollercoaster orbit\u003c/a> is designed to protect Juno from the intense radiation belts close to Jupiter, allowing it to zip through the danger zone and then spend most of its time in safer realms farther away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending so much time far from Jupiter gives Juno scientists the opportunity to observe other objects in the Jupiter system, including Io and its entourage of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929754\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg\" alt=\"Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter's north polar region. \" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-800x579.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-768x556.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-960x695.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-240x174.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-375x272.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl-520x377.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/jupiter-jiram-nasa-jpl.jpg 968w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrared image of a central cyclone attended by eight smaller cyclones in Jupiter’s north polar region. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Else In The Solar System Can You Find Active Volcanoes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Io and Earth are not the only objects in the solar system with active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know from observations by NASA’s Magellan spacecraft that there may be active volcanoes on Venus, though this has not been confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also objects in the solar system that show evidence of a type of volcano not found on Earth, a cryovolcano, some of which may even be active today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cryovolcanoes, sometimes called “ice volcanoes,” are similar to the hot volcanoes we are familiar with, but erupt with “cold” volatile liquids, like water, methane, and ammonia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, Voyager 2 detected nitrogen gas erupting from Neptune’s moon, Triton. It also showed us that Triton’s surface is young and is likely to have been shaped by tectonic activity and cryovolcanism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft detected water vapor and ammonia spewing from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1929779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1929779\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-768x461.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/ahunamons8-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ahuna Mons, a suspected cryovolcano on the dwarf planet Ceres. Digital model created from images and measurements made by the Dawn spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indirect evidence suggests cryovolcanic activity on Jupiter’s moons Europa and Ganymede, Saturn’s moon Titan, and Uranus’ moon Miranda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, cryovolcanic activity has been detected on the dwarf planets \u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-02-ceres-ice-volcanoes.html\">Ceres\u003c/a> and Pluto, as well as Pluto’s moon, Charon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Ahead for Juno?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s primary mission schedule would have sent the spacecraft to a self-disposing incineration in Jupiter’s atmosphere in mid-September, but the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/juno-good-health-decision-point-missions-end-extension/\">good state of its health\u003c/a> allowed mission managers to consider extending its tour of Jovian investigation and volcano-spotting moonlighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission has now been extended to July 2021, offering about 20 more close flybys of Jupiter, and potentially additional flybys of Io and its host of volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Destination: Sun. NASA Launches Parker Solar Probe",
"headTitle": "Destination: Sun. NASA Launches Parker Solar Probe | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Shields up! We are approaching the sun and will soon be zipping through its corona at 430,000 miles per hour, enduring blistering outside temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit and risking severe damage from high-intensity radiation… .\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">NASA probe will travel seven times closer to the sun than the previous record-holder.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a supercaffeinated episode of “Star Trek\u003cem>,”\u003c/em> in which the gallant crew of the Enterprise yet again put their lives in peril in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is real: NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/parker-solar-probe\">Parker Solar Probe\u003c/a> mission launched on Sunday, its own 7-year mission to go boldly where no spacecraft has gone before, into the sun’s superheated, radiation-rampant \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sun-corona/en/\">corona\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2.jpg\" alt=\"Composite extreme-ultraviolet image of the sun's corona, the super-heated atmospheric layer enveloping the sun. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite extreme-ultraviolet image of the sun’s corona, the super-heated atmospheric layer enveloping the sun. \u003ccite>(Solar Dynamics Observatory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands watched as a Delta IV Heavy rocket carried the probe aloft, thundering into the clear, star-studded sky on three pillars of fire that lit up the middle-of-the-night darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is the Parker Solar Probe the first spacecraft ever targeted to the sun’s close vicinity, it’s the first NASA spacecraft named after a living person, \u003ca href=\"https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/eugene-n-parker.php\">solar physicist Eugene Parker\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Probing The Source of Space Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe is part of the Living With a Star program of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ca href=\"https://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Living With a Star\u003c/a> seeks to understand how the radiation and electrically charged plasma the sun blows into space — the \u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> — affects us here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASASun?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fparker-solar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Follow NASA Space & Sun on Twitter\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=XBudjihQKsw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Video: Parker Solar Probe\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Key to understanding this sun-Earth connection is comprehending the sun itself — and more specifically, the region of the sun’s atmosphere, the corona, where most space weather conditions originate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-study-the-sun.html\">missions investigating the sun\u003c/a> have either been space-based observatories using telescopes from a distance, or “space weather stations” that measure the conditions of the solar wind as it blows past Earth — or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little like studying hurricanes on Earth by watching them from above with satellites or measuring the weather conditions on the ground as the storm makes landfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to fully understand hurricanes and make accurate predictions of their strength, duration and trajectories across the ocean and land, we need to study the atmospheric conditions that ultimately give birth to these powerful storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923658\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-800x450.gif\" alt=\"Animation showing the relationship between the sun's photosphere, corona, and solar wind. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-800x450.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-160x90.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-768x432.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-960x540.gif 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-240x135.gif 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-375x211.gif 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-520x292.gif 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing the relationship between the sun’s photosphere, corona, and solar wind. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Lisa Poje)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where the Parker Solar Probe is different from other solar missions. This spacecraft is being sent to the sun’s corona, the headwaters of the solar wind, where it will shine some light on the little-understood processes that stir up space weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its \u003ca href=\"http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/Spacecraft/index.php\">suite of scientific instruments\u003c/a>, the Parker Solar Probe will investigate the structure and dynamic changes of the sun’s powerful and complex magnetic field, count and analyze high-speed electrons, protons and alpha particles (helium nuclei), and capture images of the solar corona and inner \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/Heliosphere.html\">heliosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By getting an up-close and detailed look at the mechanisms that drive space weather, we will gain a clearer understanding of its interaction with Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere, its potential impacts on satellites orbiting the Earth, and how \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-kind-of-damage-can-a-solar-storm-do/\">space weather “storms”\u003c/a> that periodically reach us can affect astronauts in space or even people on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close But Not \u003cem>Too\u003c/em> Close\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe won’t be using warp drive to get to the sun right away. (Remember, this is real.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the real world of solar system navigation, the spacecraft will spend a few years maneuvering closer and closer to the sun, making several passes by the planet Venus, using its gravity to alter its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923664\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923664\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the Parker Solar Probe's orbital trajectory over it's 7-year mission to get close and personal with the sun. \" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1020x714.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1200x840.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1920x1344.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the Parker Solar Probe’s orbital trajectory over it’s 7-year mission to get close and personal with the sun. \u003ccite>(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The orbit will be highly elliptical, in a sense ducking in and out of the most radiation-intense regions close to the sun, to minimize time there. Over the course of its mission the probe will make 24 orbits around the sun, as well as seven close flybys of Venus — and with each pass by Venus its perihelion distance (the point of closest approach to the sun) will grow smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker, built and operated by the Applied Physics Lab at \u003ca href=\"http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, will conduct scientific measurements throughout its 7-year mission, and on Dec. 19, 2024 will make its closest perihelion plunge into the sun’s corona, coming within 3.85 million miles of the sun’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/iris/multimedia/layerzoo.html\">photosphere\u003c/a> (the visible surface we see). That’s 10 times closer than the planet Mercury is from the sun, and seven times closer than the previous record-holding spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/helios-2/in-depth/\">Helios 2\u003c/a>, in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this distance, solar radiation is over 500 times more intense than on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shields Up!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-800x635.jpg\" alt=\"A 2013 "shake test" of the Parker Solar Probe's Thermal Protection System (TPS)--the carbon-fiber shield that will protect it from sunlight 500 times more intense than what shines on Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-800x635.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1020x810.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1200x952.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1920x1524.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1180x937.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-960x762.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-520x413.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2013 “shake test” of the Parker Solar Probe’s Thermal Protection System (TPS)–the carbon-fiber shield that will protect it from sunlight 500 times more intense than what shines on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though the Parker Solar Probe won’t have the sci-fi deflector screens of the starship Enterprise, it will be well-protected by the latest thermal insulation technology: a 4.5-inch-thick carbon-composite shield, or “super parasol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its closest approach to the sun, the spacecraft will retract its main solar power panels behind the shield to protect them from the super-intense sunlight, using a smaller, more robust secondary array to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, with a little luck, it will survive the passage in good health — though maybe a little warmer for the wear.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA has launched the Parker Solar Probe on a 7-year mission to explore the mysteries of space weather. In the process, it's going to get closer than any space mission has ever been to the sun.",
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"description": "NASA has launched the Parker Solar Probe on a 7-year mission to explore the mysteries of space weather. In the process, it's going to get closer than any space mission has ever been to the sun.",
"title": "Destination: Sun. NASA Launches Parker Solar Probe | KQED",
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"headline": "Destination: Sun. NASA Launches Parker Solar Probe",
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"slug": "where-no-robot-has-gone-before-right-into-the-suns-corona",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Shields up! We are approaching the sun and will soon be zipping through its corona at 430,000 miles per hour, enduring blistering outside temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit and risking severe damage from high-intensity radiation… .\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">NASA probe will travel seven times closer to the sun than the previous record-holder.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a supercaffeinated episode of “Star Trek\u003cem>,”\u003c/em> in which the gallant crew of the Enterprise yet again put their lives in peril in the name of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is real: NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/parker-solar-probe\">Parker Solar Probe\u003c/a> mission launched on Sunday, its own 7-year mission to go boldly where no spacecraft has gone before, into the sun’s superheated, radiation-rampant \u003ca href=\"https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sun-corona/en/\">corona\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2.jpg\" alt=\"Composite extreme-ultraviolet image of the sun's corona, the super-heated atmospheric layer enveloping the sun. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/sdo-solarcorona2-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite extreme-ultraviolet image of the sun’s corona, the super-heated atmospheric layer enveloping the sun. \u003ccite>(Solar Dynamics Observatory/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thousands watched as a Delta IV Heavy rocket carried the probe aloft, thundering into the clear, star-studded sky on three pillars of fire that lit up the middle-of-the-night darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only is the Parker Solar Probe the first spacecraft ever targeted to the sun’s close vicinity, it’s the first NASA spacecraft named after a living person, \u003ca href=\"https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/eugene-n-parker.php\">solar physicist Eugene Parker\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Probing The Source of Space Weather\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe is part of the Living With a Star program of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. \u003ca href=\"https://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Living With a Star\u003c/a> seeks to understand how the radiation and electrically charged plasma the sun blows into space — the \u003ca href=\"https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SolarWind.shtml\">solar wind\u003c/a> — affects us here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASASun?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fparker-solar-probe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Follow NASA Space & Sun on Twitter\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=XBudjihQKsw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Video: Parker Solar Probe\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Key to understanding this sun-Earth connection is comprehending the sun itself — and more specifically, the region of the sun’s atmosphere, the corona, where most space weather conditions originate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-study-the-sun.html\">missions investigating the sun\u003c/a> have either been space-based observatories using telescopes from a distance, or “space weather stations” that measure the conditions of the solar wind as it blows past Earth — or both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little like studying hurricanes on Earth by watching them from above with satellites or measuring the weather conditions on the ground as the storm makes landfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to fully understand hurricanes and make accurate predictions of their strength, duration and trajectories across the ocean and land, we need to study the atmospheric conditions that ultimately give birth to these powerful storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923658\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923658\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-800x450.gif\" alt=\"Animation showing the relationship between the sun's photosphere, corona, and solar wind. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-800x450.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-160x90.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-768x432.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-960x540.gif 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-240x135.gif 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-375x211.gif 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/coronasolarwind.en_-520x292.gif 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animation showing the relationship between the sun’s photosphere, corona, and solar wind. \u003ccite>(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Lisa Poje)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s where the Parker Solar Probe is different from other solar missions. This spacecraft is being sent to the sun’s corona, the headwaters of the solar wind, where it will shine some light on the little-understood processes that stir up space weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its \u003ca href=\"http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/Spacecraft/index.php\">suite of scientific instruments\u003c/a>, the Parker Solar Probe will investigate the structure and dynamic changes of the sun’s powerful and complex magnetic field, count and analyze high-speed electrons, protons and alpha particles (helium nuclei), and capture images of the solar corona and inner \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/Heliosphere.html\">heliosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By getting an up-close and detailed look at the mechanisms that drive space weather, we will gain a clearer understanding of its interaction with Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere, its potential impacts on satellites orbiting the Earth, and how \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-kind-of-damage-can-a-solar-storm-do/\">space weather “storms”\u003c/a> that periodically reach us can affect astronauts in space or even people on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close But Not \u003cem>Too\u003c/em> Close\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Parker Solar Probe won’t be using warp drive to get to the sun right away. (Remember, this is real.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the real world of solar system navigation, the spacecraft will spend a few years maneuvering closer and closer to the sun, making several passes by the planet Venus, using its gravity to alter its orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923664\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923664\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing the Parker Solar Probe's orbital trajectory over it's 7-year mission to get close and personal with the sun. \" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-768x538.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1020x714.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1200x840.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1920x1344.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-1180x826.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/parkerorbits-nasa-jhuapl-520x364.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing the Parker Solar Probe’s orbital trajectory over it’s 7-year mission to get close and personal with the sun. \u003ccite>(Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The orbit will be highly elliptical, in a sense ducking in and out of the most radiation-intense regions close to the sun, to minimize time there. Over the course of its mission the probe will make 24 orbits around the sun, as well as seven close flybys of Venus — and with each pass by Venus its perihelion distance (the point of closest approach to the sun) will grow smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parker, built and operated by the Applied Physics Lab at \u003ca href=\"http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, will conduct scientific measurements throughout its 7-year mission, and on Dec. 19, 2024 will make its closest perihelion plunge into the sun’s corona, coming within 3.85 million miles of the sun’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/iris/multimedia/layerzoo.html\">photosphere\u003c/a> (the visible surface we see). That’s 10 times closer than the planet Mercury is from the sun, and seven times closer than the previous record-holding spacecraft, \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/helios-2/in-depth/\">Helios 2\u003c/a>, in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this distance, solar radiation is over 500 times more intense than on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shields Up!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923665\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1923665\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-800x635.jpg\" alt=\"A 2013 "shake test" of the Parker Solar Probe's Thermal Protection System (TPS)--the carbon-fiber shield that will protect it from sunlight 500 times more intense than what shines on Earth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-800x635.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1020x810.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1200x952.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1920x1524.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-1180x937.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-960x762.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa-520x413.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/PSP-TPS-jhuaplnasa.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 2013 “shake test” of the Parker Solar Probe’s Thermal Protection System (TPS)–the carbon-fiber shield that will protect it from sunlight 500 times more intense than what shines on Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though the Parker Solar Probe won’t have the sci-fi deflector screens of the starship Enterprise, it will be well-protected by the latest thermal insulation technology: a 4.5-inch-thick carbon-composite shield, or “super parasol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its closest approach to the sun, the spacecraft will retract its main solar power panels behind the shield to protect them from the super-intense sunlight, using a smaller, more robust secondary array to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, with a little luck, it will survive the passage in good health — though maybe a little warmer for the wear.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Where and When to Look at the 2018 Perseids Meteor Shower in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Where and When to Look at the 2018 Perseids Meteor Shower in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s time for the annual “Old Faithful” of meteor showers, the Perseids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Perseids’ peak of activity coincides with a moonless night, in the early morning hours of Monday, August 13 (following Sunday evening).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the smoke from California wildfires could be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/09/perseid-meteor-showers-will-smoke-from-californias-wildfires-block-your-view/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildcard\u003c/a> in terms of visibility. It all depends on whether ocean winds do as they’re \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/09/california-fires-smoke-levels-to-improve-as-bay-area-weather-changes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forecast\u003c/a> and blow it out of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re willing to chance it, dust off your lawn chairs, rinse out your coffee thermos, and brush up on your basic constellations and cardinal directions: it could be time for one of the most thrilling light shows the sky has to offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and When To Look\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for meteors after midnight (best between 1:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m.) Monday morning. The \u003ca href=\"https://in-the-sky.org/news.php?id=20180813_10_100\">Perseids\u003c/a> appear to come from the direction of their namesake constellation Perseus. During the peak of the shower Perseus will be high in the northeastern sky, not far from the bright star Capella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928386 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"The radiant of the Perseids is the point in the sky that meteors of this shower appear to be radiating from.\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1200x737.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1180x725.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-960x590.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-520x319.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1.jpg 1211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The radiant of the Perseids is the point in the sky that meteors of this shower appear to be radiating from. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Choose a viewing location with a clear view of the northeastern sky, preferably shielded from, or far away from, city lights. If you’d like some suggestions for viewing spots in the Bay Area, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">check this out\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/perseid-meteor-shower.htm\">Perseids viewing party\u003c/a> in Oakland, weather permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2018 Viewing Bonanza\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s Perseids viewing comes with a couple of bonus features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is a moonless night. The Moon is in waxing crescent phase, and sets early Sunday evening, long before meteor viewing hours begin. The lack of moonlight affords darker skies, and more opportunity to see fainter meteors. If you choose a viewing location far from city lights, you have a chance to spot 50-60 meteors per hour, possibly more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second bonus is that the planet Mars, still relatively nearby following its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927464/a-close-encounter-with-mars-thats-not-to-be-missed\">extra-close approach on July 31\u003c/a>, will shine bright in the southwestern sky — a brilliant ruby set among the flashing diamonds of shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\">Meteor showers\u003c/a> occur when the Earth passes through a trail of dust left behind by a comet, or in some cases an asteroid, or so-called “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/09dec_rockcomet\">rock comet\u003c/a>“.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-800x829.jpg\" alt=\"Long-exposure photograph capturing meteors during the Leonids Meteor Shower (November)\" width=\"800\" height=\"829\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-160x166.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-768x796.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1020x1057.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1158x1200.jpg 1158w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1920x1989.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1180x1223.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-960x995.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-240x249.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-375x389.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-520x539.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-exposure photograph capturing meteors during the Leonids Meteor Shower (November) \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=102%3Aparent_id&condition_2=comet%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">Comets\u003c/a>, which are largely made of water ice and other frozen substances, along with some rock and dust, shed some of that ice when sunlight warms it into gas, especially when passing through the inner solar system where sunlight is strongest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a comet’s ices sublimate into gas and blow off into space, dust embedded in the ice is carried with it, leaving behind a lane of dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth plows through the dust lane at an orbital speed of 18 miles per second, friction between dust particles and Earth’s upper atmosphere (between 50 and 75 miles above the surface) produces intense heat. A dust particle is incinerated in a quick second, and we see the bright streak of a meteor. Most meteors that you can see are produced by particles smaller than your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Children of Comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust lane that produces the Perseids shower is left behind by the comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/109p-swift-tuttle/in-depth/\">109P/Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, a periodic comet that orbits the sun every 133 years. The last time Swift-Tuttle passed through the inner solar system was in 1992, so most of us won’t see it again in our lifetimes — but we can enjoy its “children,” the Perseids meteors, every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/5j8i17-lDCI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">Above: Video of Perseid meteor activity in 2016 taken from the International Space Station looking down on Earth. (NASA)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shower activity began on July 17 and continues until around August 24, but tapers off dramatically before and after peak. Less than a day before or after peak you may see fewer than half the number of meteors, and only a tiny fraction beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve never seen a meteor before, or have forgotten just how exhilarating it is to see the fleeting streak of a shooting star zipping high in the night, here’s your chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find a dark, safe viewing spot, dress appropriately, and settle in for a dazzling show.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's time for the annual Perseids meteor shower, which peaks in activity on the morning of August 13. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s time for the annual “Old Faithful” of meteor showers, the Perseids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the Perseids’ peak of activity coincides with a moonless night, in the early morning hours of Monday, August 13 (following Sunday evening).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the smoke from California wildfires could be the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/09/perseid-meteor-showers-will-smoke-from-californias-wildfires-block-your-view/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildcard\u003c/a> in terms of visibility. It all depends on whether ocean winds do as they’re \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/09/california-fires-smoke-levels-to-improve-as-bay-area-weather-changes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">forecast\u003c/a> and blow it out of the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re willing to chance it, dust off your lawn chairs, rinse out your coffee thermos, and brush up on your basic constellations and cardinal directions: it could be time for one of the most thrilling light shows the sky has to offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where and When To Look\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look for meteors after midnight (best between 1:00 a.m. and 4:00 a.m.) Monday morning. The \u003ca href=\"https://in-the-sky.org/news.php?id=20180813_10_100\">Perseids\u003c/a> appear to come from the direction of their namesake constellation Perseus. During the peak of the shower Perseus will be high in the northeastern sky, not far from the bright star Capella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928386\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1928386 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-800x491.jpg\" alt=\"The radiant of the Perseids is the point in the sky that meteors of this shower appear to be radiating from.\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-800x491.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-160x98.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-768x472.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1020x627.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1200x737.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-1180x725.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-960x590.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-240x147.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-375x230.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1-520x319.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/perseidsradiant-1.jpg 1211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The radiant of the Perseids is the point in the sky that meteors of this shower appear to be radiating from. \u003ccite>(Stellarium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Choose a viewing location with a clear view of the northeastern sky, preferably shielded from, or far away from, city lights. If you’d like some suggestions for viewing spots in the Bay Area, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/06/dark-secrets/\">check this out\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot Space & Science Center is hosting a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/perseid-meteor-shower.htm\">Perseids viewing party\u003c/a> in Oakland, weather permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2018 Viewing Bonanza\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s Perseids viewing comes with a couple of bonus features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is a moonless night. The Moon is in waxing crescent phase, and sets early Sunday evening, long before meteor viewing hours begin. The lack of moonlight affords darker skies, and more opportunity to see fainter meteors. If you choose a viewing location far from city lights, you have a chance to spot 50-60 meteors per hour, possibly more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second bonus is that the planet Mars, still relatively nearby following its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927464/a-close-encounter-with-mars-thats-not-to-be-missed\">extra-close approach on July 31\u003c/a>, will shine bright in the southwestern sky — a brilliant ruby set among the flashing diamonds of shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Causes a Meteor Shower?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors\">Meteor showers\u003c/a> occur when the Earth passes through a trail of dust left behind by a comet, or in some cases an asteroid, or so-called “\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/09dec_rockcomet\">rock comet\u003c/a>“.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1928382\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1928382\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-800x829.jpg\" alt=\"Long-exposure photograph capturing meteors during the Leonids Meteor Shower (November)\" width=\"800\" height=\"829\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-800x829.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-160x166.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-768x796.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1020x1057.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1158x1200.jpg 1158w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1920x1989.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-1180x1223.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-960x995.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-240x249.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-375x389.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-520x539.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-train1-2126-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long-exposure photograph capturing meteors during the Leonids Meteor Shower (November) \u003ccite>(Carter Roberts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=102%3Aparent_id&condition_2=comet%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">Comets\u003c/a>, which are largely made of water ice and other frozen substances, along with some rock and dust, shed some of that ice when sunlight warms it into gas, especially when passing through the inner solar system where sunlight is strongest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a comet’s ices sublimate into gas and blow off into space, dust embedded in the ice is carried with it, leaving behind a lane of dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Earth plows through the dust lane at an orbital speed of 18 miles per second, friction between dust particles and Earth’s upper atmosphere (between 50 and 75 miles above the surface) produces intense heat. A dust particle is incinerated in a quick second, and we see the bright streak of a meteor. Most meteors that you can see are produced by particles smaller than your fingernail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Children of Comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust lane that produces the Perseids shower is left behind by the comet \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/comets/109p-swift-tuttle/in-depth/\">109P/Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, a periodic comet that orbits the sun every 133 years. The last time Swift-Tuttle passed through the inner solar system was in 1992, so most of us won’t see it again in our lifetimes — but we can enjoy its “children,” the Perseids meteors, every year.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5j8i17-lDCI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5j8i17-lDCI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">Above: Video of Perseid meteor activity in 2016 taken from the International Space Station looking down on Earth. (NASA)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shower activity began on July 17 and continues until around August 24, but tapers off dramatically before and after peak. Less than a day before or after peak you may see fewer than half the number of meteors, and only a tiny fraction beyond that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve never seen a meteor before, or have forgotten just how exhilarating it is to see the fleeting streak of a shooting star zipping high in the night, here’s your chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Find a dark, safe viewing spot, dress appropriately, and settle in for a dazzling show.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "Here are the People Who Will Ride NASA’s First Commercial Spacecraft | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA has assigned the astronauts who will ride the first commercial capsules into orbit next year and bring human launches back to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX and Boeing are shooting for a test flight of their capsules to the International Space Station by the end of this year or early next, with the first crews flying from Cape Canaveral, Florida, by next spring or summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The five astronauts assigned to the first flights gathered Friday at Johnson Space Center in Houston for the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s first Starliner crew will include a former NASA astronaut who commanded the last shuttle flight in 2011, Chris Ferguson, who is now a Boeing employee. The four other commercial crew members are still with NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. astronauts now ride on Russian capsules to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has assigned the astronauts who will ride the first commercial capsules into orbit next year and bring human launches back to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SpaceX and Boeing are shooting for a test flight of their capsules to the International Space Station by the end of this year or early next, with the first crews flying from Cape Canaveral, Florida, by next spring or summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The five astronauts assigned to the first flights gathered Friday at Johnson Space Center in Houston for the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boeing’s first Starliner crew will include a former NASA astronaut who commanded the last shuttle flight in 2011, Chris Ferguson, who is now a Boeing employee. The four other commercial crew members are still with NASA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. astronauts now ride on Russian capsules to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the early morning hours of Tuesday, July 31, the planet Mars will swing the closest to Earth it has been since 2003. The Red Planet will be a mere 36 million miles away, slightly cozier than its average passing distance of about 50 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is almost as close as Mars can possibly get, making it three or four times brighter than on average close encounters, offering a rare opportunity for spectacular views of our neighboring planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t Miss the Spectacle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars’ sheer brilliance at the end of the month will be enough to delight the casual viewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 30, Mars will rise in the southeast at around 8:30 p.m., \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/mars-close-approach/\">gradually moving west\u003c/a> and climbing higher as the night goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1:00 a.m. on July 31, Mars will reach its highest point in the sky for the night, about 26 degrees above the horizon, and located due south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927476\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Mars as seen through Chabot's 20-inch refracting telescope, Rachel, during the close encounter of 2003.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03.jpg 1125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars as seen through Chabot’s 20-inch refracting telescope, Rachel, during the close encounter of 2003. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung/Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While a casual glance at Mars will surly take your breath away, to see more you’ll need a good pair of binoculars, or better still, a small telescope. The more powerful the scope, the larger Mars’ rusty disk will appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see Mars through bigger telescopes, check out what might be happening at a local observatory or citizen star party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland is hosting a Mars viewing party, featuring its large historical telescopes. The party starts at 10:30 p.m. on Monday July 30 and runs until 2:30 a.m. the next morning. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/mars-closest.htm\">Check the website\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can You See?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small telescopes can resolve Mars’ rusty red disk, and larger ones can reveal features on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, Mars’ southern hemisphere is in view from Earth. Its large polar ice cap stands out as the most prominent feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927482\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee.jpg\" alt=\"Some of Mars' surface features that you might see with the aid of a telescope. \" width=\"476\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-375x291.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of Mars’ surface features that you might see with the aid of a telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI/MSSS/ASU Themis/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may also see light and dark areas formed by different terrains on Mars: lighter colored rugged highlands and darker smooth lowlands. Some of those flat lowlands were probably covered in water long ago, wide shallow seas in Mars’ more Earth-like youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look also for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/is-the-mars-opposition-already-over/\">major dust storm\u003c/a> happening now on Mars. The storm started blowing several weeks ago in the region where the rover Opportunity is exploring and has since expanded to cover most of the planet. This might make viewing surface features more of a challenge, but at least the reason for it is fascinating!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Encounters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distance between \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/#?c=inspace&s=distance\">Earth and Mars\u003c/a> at closest approach is determined by the shape and timing of their orbits around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shapes are ellipses: each planet travels around the sun on an elliptical path, with the sun closer to one end of the ellipse than the other. The point in a planet’s orbit closest to the sun is called perihelion. It’s opposite number is aphelion, its farthest point from the sun. Mars’ orbit is a particularly elongated ellipse, and the difference between its perihelion and aphelion is a whopping 23 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927477\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"This year's encounter with Mars is especially close since it coincides with Mars being at perihelion, its nearest distance from the sun on its elliptical orbit. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits.jpg 1866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This year’s encounter with Mars is especially close since it coincides with Mars being at perihelion, its nearest distance from the sun on its elliptical orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The timing is set by the planets’ orbital speeds. Earth is closer to the sun and moves faster, passing Mars on the inside lane of this celestial racetrack every 26 months, an event called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/opposition/\">Mars Opposition\u003c/a> (literally, the moment when Mars is at the \u003cem>opposite\u003c/em> end of the sky from the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Opposition occurs on July 27, a few days before closest encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 15 to 17 years, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/mars-oppositions.htm\">close encounter\u003c/a> between Earth and Mars coincides with Mars at perihelion, so the Red Planet is much closer than usual — like this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars hasn’t been this close since 2003. In October 2020 it will come almost as close (about 41 million miles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it won’t be \u003cem>as\u003c/em> close until September 2035 — so now is a great time to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the early morning hours of Tuesday, July 31, the planet Mars will swing the closest to Earth it has been since 2003. The Red Planet will be a mere 36 million miles away, slightly cozier than its average passing distance of about 50 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is almost as close as Mars can possibly get, making it three or four times brighter than on average close encounters, offering a rare opportunity for spectacular views of our neighboring planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don’t Miss the Spectacle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars’ sheer brilliance at the end of the month will be enough to delight the casual viewer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 30, Mars will rise in the southeast at around 8:30 p.m., \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/mars-close-approach/\">gradually moving west\u003c/a> and climbing higher as the night goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1:00 a.m. on July 31, Mars will reach its highest point in the sky for the night, about 26 degrees above the horizon, and located due south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927476\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Mars as seen through Chabot's 20-inch refracting telescope, Rachel, during the close encounter of 2003.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/Mars-Aug.11-03.jpg 1125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars as seen through Chabot’s 20-inch refracting telescope, Rachel, during the close encounter of 2003. \u003ccite>(Conrad Jung/Chabot Space & Science Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While a casual glance at Mars will surly take your breath away, to see more you’ll need a good pair of binoculars, or better still, a small telescope. The more powerful the scope, the larger Mars’ rusty disk will appear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to see Mars through bigger telescopes, check out what might be happening at a local observatory or citizen star party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland is hosting a Mars viewing party, featuring its large historical telescopes. The party starts at 10:30 p.m. on Monday July 30 and runs until 2:30 a.m. the next morning. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/mars-closest.htm\">Check the website\u003c/a> for details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Can You See?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small telescopes can resolve Mars’ rusty red disk, and larger ones can reveal features on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, Mars’ southern hemisphere is in view from Earth. Its large polar ice cap stands out as the most prominent feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927482\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1927482\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee.jpg\" alt=\"Some of Mars' surface features that you might see with the aid of a telescope. \" width=\"476\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/whatyoumightsee-375x291.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of Mars’ surface features that you might see with the aid of a telescope. \u003ccite>(NASA/STScI/MSSS/ASU Themis/JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may also see light and dark areas formed by different terrains on Mars: lighter colored rugged highlands and darker smooth lowlands. Some of those flat lowlands were probably covered in water long ago, wide shallow seas in Mars’ more Earth-like youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look also for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/is-the-mars-opposition-already-over/\">major dust storm\u003c/a> happening now on Mars. The storm started blowing several weeks ago in the region where the rover Opportunity is exploring and has since expanded to cover most of the planet. This might make viewing surface features more of a challenge, but at least the reason for it is fascinating!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Encounters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distance between \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/facts/#?c=inspace&s=distance\">Earth and Mars\u003c/a> at closest approach is determined by the shape and timing of their orbits around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shapes are ellipses: each planet travels around the sun on an elliptical path, with the sun closer to one end of the ellipse than the other. The point in a planet’s orbit closest to the sun is called perihelion. It’s opposite number is aphelion, its farthest point from the sun. Mars’ orbit is a particularly elongated ellipse, and the difference between its perihelion and aphelion is a whopping 23 million miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1927477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1927477\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"This year's encounter with Mars is especially close since it coincides with Mars being at perihelion, its nearest distance from the sun on its elliptical orbit. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/mars-and-earth-orbits.jpg 1866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This year’s encounter with Mars is especially close since it coincides with Mars being at perihelion, its nearest distance from the sun on its elliptical orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The timing is set by the planets’ orbital speeds. Earth is closer to the sun and moves faster, passing Mars on the inside lane of this celestial racetrack every 26 months, an event called \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/allaboutmars/nightsky/opposition/\">Mars Opposition\u003c/a> (literally, the moment when Mars is at the \u003cem>opposite\u003c/em> end of the sky from the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Opposition occurs on July 27, a few days before closest encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every 15 to 17 years, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/mars-oppositions.htm\">close encounter\u003c/a> between Earth and Mars coincides with Mars at perihelion, so the Red Planet is much closer than usual — like this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars hasn’t been this close since 2003. In October 2020 it will come almost as close (about 41 million miles).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, it won’t be \u003cem>as\u003c/em> close until September 2035 — so now is a great time to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than a century after Albert Einstein proposed it, his theory of general relativity has passed another test.[contextly_sidebar id=”fkfiRjO6yXlNEjEtUicgWg4UuiUmyfrt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With giant telescopes pointed at the center of our galaxy, a team of European researchers observed a fast-moving star that got close to a monstrous black hole. They saw that the black hole distorted the light waves from the star in a way that agrees with Einstein’s theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was reported Thursday in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein’s theory says the fabric of the universe is not simply space, but a more complex entity called space-time, which is warped by the presence of heavy objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes offer a good opportunity to test that idea. The one that lies at the heart of the Milky Way is 4 million times as massive as our sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I, just like every physicist in the world, would have loved to finally see a crack in Einstein’s relativity,” said Ohio State University astrophysicist Paul Sutter. “But he’s outsmarted us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But confirming Einstein’s work — again, “feels like we’re kind of beating a dead horse,” said Sutter, who wasn’t part of the research team led by Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany.[contextly_sidebar id=”M0OSAHZCWRvNUB344RxoNqvzW8dsPiZy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists know that the theory still doesn’t explain everything about the universe. So they keep testing it time and again. So far, nobody has been able to overthrow it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the effects of general relativity have been seen before, this was the first detection made by observing the motion of a star near a supermassive black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, that’s what makes this so cool,” said Clifford Will, a University of Florida physicist who did not participate in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will hopes his colleagues will be able to discover stars even closer to the black hole, where the effects of relativity would be stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding “is really the opening episode,” he said. “The future, I think, is going to be very exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I, just like every physicist in the world, would have loved to finally see a crack in Einstein’s relativity,” said Ohio State University astrophysicist Paul Sutter. “But he’s outsmarted us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But confirming Einstein’s work — again, “feels like we’re kind of beating a dead horse,” said Sutter, who wasn’t part of the research team led by Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists know that the theory still doesn’t explain everything about the universe. So they keep testing it time and again. So far, nobody has been able to overthrow it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the effects of general relativity have been seen before, this was the first detection made by observing the motion of a star near a supermassive black hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To me, that’s what makes this so cool,” said Clifford Will, a University of Florida physicist who did not participate in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will hopes his colleagues will be able to discover stars even closer to the black hole, where the effects of relativity would be stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding “is really the opening episode,” he said. “The future, I think, is going to be very exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A huge lake of salty water appears to be buried deep in Mars, raising the possibility of finding life on the red planet, scientists reported Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”PgU2EfsYnzR32F3CTbEBGPlpBS5rMv6J”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, based on observations by a European spacecraft, generated excitement from experts. Water is essential to life as we know it, and scientists have long sought to prove that the liquid is present on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If these researchers are right, this is the first time we’ve found evidence of a large water body on Mars,” said Cassie Stuurman, a geophysicist at the University of Texas who found signs of an enormous Martian ice deposit in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Hubbard, a professor of astronautics at Stanford University who served as NASA’s first Mars program director in 2000, called it “tremendously exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our mantra back then was ‘follow the water.’ That was the one phrase that captured everything,” Hubbard said. “So this discovery, if it stands, is just thrilling because it’s the culmination of that philosophy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau1829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal Science, does not determine how deep the reservoir actually is. This means that scientists can’t specify whether it’s an underground pool, an aquifer-like body, or just a layer of sludge.[contextly_sidebar id=”s8U72kCspSiFvlRO5jx1BYd2Fl8K9I4g”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find the water, Italian researchers analyzed radar signals collected over three years by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft. Their results suggest that a 12-mile-wide (20 kilometers) reservoir lies below ice about a mile (1.5 kilometers) thick in an area close to the planet’s south pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They spent at least two years examining the data to make sure they’d detected water, not ice or another substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really have no other explanation,” said astrophysicist Roberto Orosei of Italy’s National Institute of Astrophysics in Bologna and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is very cold, but the water might have been kept from freezing by dissolved salts. It’s the same as when you put salt on a road, said Kirsten Siebach, a planetary geologist at Rice University who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water would be extremely cold, right at the point where it’s about to freeze. And it would be salty. Those are not ideal conditions for life to form,” Siebach said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she said, there are microbes on Earth that have been able to adapt to environments like that.[contextly_sidebar id=”DJ840UaLesoc5nCY2aKeMgpmTeZBERE8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orosei said, “It’s tempting to think that this is the first candidate place where life could persist” on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suspects Mars may contain other hidden bodies of water, waiting to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our planetary neighbor has been a popular target for exploration, with rovers on its surface and other probes examining the planet from orbit. In May, NASA launched another spacecraft, the InSight Mars lander, that will dig under the surface after it reaches a flat plain just north of the Martian equator in November.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau1829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal Science, does not determine how deep the reservoir actually is. This means that scientists can’t specify whether it’s an underground pool, an aquifer-like body, or just a layer of sludge.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find the water, Italian researchers analyzed radar signals collected over three years by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft. Their results suggest that a 12-mile-wide (20 kilometers) reservoir lies below ice about a mile (1.5 kilometers) thick in an area close to the planet’s south pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They spent at least two years examining the data to make sure they’d detected water, not ice or another substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really have no other explanation,” said astrophysicist Roberto Orosei of Italy’s National Institute of Astrophysics in Bologna and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars is very cold, but the water might have been kept from freezing by dissolved salts. It’s the same as when you put salt on a road, said Kirsten Siebach, a planetary geologist at Rice University who wasn’t part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water would be extremely cold, right at the point where it’s about to freeze. And it would be salty. Those are not ideal conditions for life to form,” Siebach said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, she said, there are microbes on Earth that have been able to adapt to environments like that.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orosei said, “It’s tempting to think that this is the first candidate place where life could persist” on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suspects Mars may contain other hidden bodies of water, waiting to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our planetary neighbor has been a popular target for exploration, with rovers on its surface and other probes examining the planet from orbit. In May, NASA launched another spacecraft, the InSight Mars lander, that will dig under the surface after it reaches a flat plain just north of the Martian equator in November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Astronomers may have caught a relatively nearby star munching on a planet or mini-planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A NASA space telescope noticed that the star suddenly started looking a bit strange last year. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory spotted a 30-fold increase in iron on the edge of the star, which is only 10 million years old, along with pronounced dimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers have been watching the baby star — in the constellation Taurus — for decades and iron levels weren’t high in 2015 the last time the \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.si.edu/photo/2018/rwaur/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chandra\u003c/a> telescope looked at it. The star, called RW Aur A, is 450 light-years away. A light-year is 5.9 trillion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Moritz Guenther, a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said he’s never seen anything quite like this before, calling it “a lot stranger than we thought we’d be seeing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen any star that’s changed its iron abundance like that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther said one potential simple explanation is that the star is eating a planet or mini-planets. He looked at other possible explanations, and of the two that make sense, he prefers the planet-munching one. Computer simulations show it can happen, but it has never been seen before, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts are wary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This could be an exciting discovery, but the evidence is circumstantial and not definitive,” said Harvard’s Avi Loeb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guenther’s preferred explanation is speculative, said Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Science, an expert on planets outside our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is in Wednesday’s Astronomical Journal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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