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"content": "\u003cp>It’s getting more crowded around Jupiter. A team of astronomers is reporting the discovery of a dozen new moons circling the giant gas planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That brings the number of moons at Jupiter to 79, the most of any planet. Saturn is next with 61.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The astronomers were looking for objects on the fringes of the solar system when they spotted the Jupiter moons. They found a dozen small moons. The confirmation of 10 was announced Tuesday; two were confirmed earlier. They’re calling one moon an ‘oddball’ because of its unusual orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists say the moons weren’t seen before because they are tiny — the biggest ones only about two miles across. Telescopes in Chile, Hawaii and Arizona were used for the discovery and confirmation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope is almost out of fuel and has been forced to take a nap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight controllers placed the planet-hunting spacecraft into hibernation last week to save energy. It will remain asleep until early August, when controllers attempt to send down the data collected before observations were interrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler has been searching for planets outside our solar system for nearly a decade. Considered the pioneer of planet hunting, it’s discovered nearly 3,000 confirmed worlds and as many potential candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Launched in 2009, Kepler has endured mechanical failures and other mishaps. But there’s no getting around an empty fuel tank. The fuel is needed for pointing the telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler’s antenna must be pointed toward Earth to get the most recent observations back. For now, that’s the team’s highest priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "NASA's Dawn Goes In For a Closer Look at the Birth of the Solar System",
"headTitle": "NASA’s Dawn Goes In For a Closer Look at the Birth of the Solar System | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Many of us remember that scene in the final moments of the first Star Wars movie, when Luke flies his ship toward the surface of the Death Star in a dizzying and breathtaking swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m going in….”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 6, NASA did something similar with the \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres—though in less of a cowboy fashion\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn spiraled closer to Ceres than ever before in a swinging elliptical path that now carries the spacecraft within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface–that’s ten times closer than previously, and closer than most spacecraft ever get to a celestial body, short of landing on it. The pictures Dawn will capture promise to reveal new details about how our solar system came into being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 678px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing Dawn's maneuver from its previous orbit around Ceres (large green ellipse) to its present and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres' surface.\" width=\"678\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg 678w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing Dawn’s maneuver from its previous orbit around Ceres (large green ellipse) to its present and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Mission to the Asteroid Belt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first spacecraft\u003c/a> capable of orbiting two different objects in the solar system, sort of like a ship at sea visiting more than one island port along its multi-year cruise. The spacecraft launched in 2007 on an expedition to explore the \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/why.html\">asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>, the two largest objects in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Main Asteroid Belt is a sort of “time capsule” of material that has remained largely unchanged since the very early times of our solar system. It’s made up of millions of chunks of rock and metal—\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/asteroids/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=101%3Aparent_id&condition_2=asteroid%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">asteroids\u003c/a>—that circle the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They range in size from small boulders to objects hundreds of miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some thought that this solar-orbiting ring of rubble might have been the aftermath of the breakup of a planet some time in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-800x450.gif\" alt=\"Map of Ceres made from measurements of gravitational strength (right), where red indicates stronger gravity. The gravitational variations provide clues about Ceres' internal structure. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-800x450.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-160x90.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-768x432.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1020x574.gif 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1200x675.gif 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1180x664.gif 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-960x540.gif 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-240x135.gif 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-375x211.gif 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-520x293.gif 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Ceres made from measurements of gravitational strength (right), where red indicates stronger gravity. The gravitational variations provide clues about Ceres’ internal structure. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today we understand the asteroid belt as material left over from the formation of the solar system—ancient material that never coalesced to form a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though all the asteroids of the belt are made of ancient material, smaller asteroids have undergone physical change over the eons: shattering collisions, or disruption by the pull of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger asteroids, like the 330-mile \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth/\">Vesta\u003c/a> and the 590-mile \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/overview/\">Ceres\u003c/a>, tend to hold up better against the rigors of residence in the asteroid belt, and the record of their origins is more intact. Vesta and Ceres are believed to be examples of “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/discovering_planets_beyond/how-do-planets-form\">planetesimals\u003c/a>,” the primordial “building blocks” that coalesced to form the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By examining the surface features, internal structures and chemical compositions of objects like Vesta and Ceres, we can reconstruct what conditions prevailed in the early solar system that shaped the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing Dawn's journey from Earth, past Mars, and into the Main Asteroid Belt and its two ports of call, the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing Dawn’s journey from Earth, past Mars, and into the Main Asteroid Belt and its two ports of call, the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Gregory J. Whiffen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such evidence is not preserved on planets like Earth, where atmospheric, volcanic and tectonic activity tend to erase primordial chemical and mineral structures. Put another way, if you want to understand how ice crystals develop to form snowflakes, you don’t study the water left behind after they have melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres also represent two different results of protoplanetary formation. While Vesta is a dry world that has experienced powerful collisions with other objects, Ceres appears to be a “wet” world, possibly possessing large amounts of water ice in its mantle, and maybe even a subsurface liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Close-Up Look at Ceres\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After orbiting Ceres for almost three years, at distances ranging from several hundred to several thousand miles, \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=7177\">NASA fired Dawn’s high-tech engine\u003c/a> to reign in its trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, Dawn has captured many new images from its zoomed-in vantage point, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">revealing details\u003c/a> of the dwarf planet not seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, earlier pictures of an impact crater, named Occator, showed mysterious white spots speckled about the crater’s floor. Similar white spots were found at other locations on Ceres. Later measurements identified the white material as sodium carbonate, a discovery that fueled speculation that these might be deposits left behind by eruptions of water that flooded onto the surface, and then boiled away in the near vacuum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926915\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-800x728.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up view of Cerealia Facula, a mound of bright mineral deposits within Occator Crater. Dawn captured this image from its new, and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-800x728.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-160x146.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-768x699.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-1020x928.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-960x874.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-240x218.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-375x341.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-520x473.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA.jpg 1125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up view of Cerealia Facula, a mound of bright mineral deposits within Occator Crater. Dawn captured this image from its new, and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn Isn’t the Only Asteroid Explorer in Town\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Dawn may grab headlines for exploring the two largest objects in the Asteroid Belt, it isn’t the only robotic asteroid mission out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/272619-japans-hayabusa-2-spacecraft-reaches-asteroid-prepares-to-collect-sample\">Hayabusa-2\u003c/a> is currently parked 12 miles from a near-Earth, carbon-rich asteroid named Ryugu. In the coming months it will attempt to make up to three brief touch-downs on the small asteroid’s surface to collect samples for return to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> spacecraft will reach the potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu this August, and will ultimately touch down on its surface and collect a sample to bring home. There is a chance that Bennu could impact Earth in the future, so learning about its origin, composition and structure is not only of scientific value, but may provide information we could use to defend ourselves against a possible collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, NASA has approved a mission to send a spacecraft to the Main Belt \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/psyche\">asteroid Psyche\u003c/a>, which scientists believe may be the remnant iron core of an ancient planetesimal whose outer layers were blown away in a cataclysmic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn Riding Into the Sunset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Dawn shut down its electric ion propulsion engine after arriving in its Ceres-skimming orbit, it may have been the last time it is ever used. The mission is winding down, and NASA has parked Dawn in a retirement track—a final resting orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn will continue to make observations and collect data in the weeks and months to come from its daringly low altitude—and who knows what it might spot in its last days?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On June 6, NASA's Dawn spacecraft zoomed into an orbit around Ceres 10 times closer than ever before. ",
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"title": "NASA's Dawn Goes In For a Closer Look at the Birth of the Solar System | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many of us remember that scene in the final moments of the first Star Wars movie, when Luke flies his ship toward the surface of the Death Star in a dizzying and breathtaking swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’m going in….”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 6, NASA did something similar with the \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Dawn\u003c/a> spacecraft orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres—though in less of a cowboy fashion\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn spiraled closer to Ceres than ever before in a swinging elliptical path that now carries the spacecraft within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface–that’s ten times closer than previously, and closer than most spacecraft ever get to a celestial body, short of landing on it. The pictures Dawn will capture promise to reveal new details about how our solar system came into being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 678px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1926917\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing Dawn's maneuver from its previous orbit around Ceres (large green ellipse) to its present and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres' surface.\" width=\"678\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit.jpg 678w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawn-ceres-finalorbit-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing Dawn’s maneuver from its previous orbit around Ceres (large green ellipse) to its present and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn’s Mission to the Asteroid Belt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn was the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first spacecraft\u003c/a> capable of orbiting two different objects in the solar system, sort of like a ship at sea visiting more than one island port along its multi-year cruise. The spacecraft launched in 2007 on an expedition to explore the \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/why.html\">asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres\u003c/a>, the two largest objects in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Main Asteroid Belt is a sort of “time capsule” of material that has remained largely unchanged since the very early times of our solar system. It’s made up of millions of chunks of rock and metal—\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/asteroids/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=101%3Aparent_id&condition_2=asteroid%3Abody_type%3Ailike\">asteroids\u003c/a>—that circle the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They range in size from small boulders to objects hundreds of miles across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some thought that this solar-orbiting ring of rubble might have been the aftermath of the breakup of a planet some time in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-800x450.gif\" alt=\"Map of Ceres made from measurements of gravitational strength (right), where red indicates stronger gravity. The gravitational variations provide clues about Ceres' internal structure. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-800x450.gif 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-160x90.gif 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-768x432.gif 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1020x574.gif 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1200x675.gif 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-1180x664.gif 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-960x540.gif 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-240x135.gif 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-375x211.gif 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/PIA22083-520x293.gif 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Ceres made from measurements of gravitational strength (right), where red indicates stronger gravity. The gravitational variations provide clues about Ceres’ internal structure. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today we understand the asteroid belt as material left over from the formation of the solar system—ancient material that never coalesced to form a planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though all the asteroids of the belt are made of ancient material, smaller asteroids have undergone physical change over the eons: shattering collisions, or disruption by the pull of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger asteroids, like the 330-mile \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/small-bodies/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth/\">Vesta\u003c/a> and the 590-mile \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/overview/\">Ceres\u003c/a>, tend to hold up better against the rigors of residence in the asteroid belt, and the record of their origins is more intact. Vesta and Ceres are believed to be examples of “\u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/discovering_planets_beyond/how-do-planets-form\">planetesimals\u003c/a>,” the primordial “building blocks” that coalesced to form the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By examining the surface features, internal structures and chemical compositions of objects like Vesta and Ceres, we can reconstruct what conditions prevailed in the early solar system that shaped the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing Dawn's journey from Earth, past Mars, and into the Main Asteroid Belt and its two ports of call, the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/dawnsjourney-Gregory-J.-Whiffen-JPL-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram showing Dawn’s journey from Earth, past Mars, and into the Main Asteroid Belt and its two ports of call, the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/Gregory J. Whiffen)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such evidence is not preserved on planets like Earth, where atmospheric, volcanic and tectonic activity tend to erase primordial chemical and mineral structures. Put another way, if you want to understand how ice crystals develop to form snowflakes, you don’t study the water left behind after they have melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vesta and Ceres also represent two different results of protoplanetary formation. While Vesta is a dry world that has experienced powerful collisions with other objects, Ceres appears to be a “wet” world, possibly possessing large amounts of water ice in its mantle, and maybe even a subsurface liquid water ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>A Close-Up Look at Ceres\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After orbiting Ceres for almost three years, at distances ranging from several hundred to several thousand miles, \u003ca href=\"https://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news-detail.html?id=7177\">NASA fired Dawn’s high-tech engine\u003c/a> to reign in its trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, Dawn has captured many new images from its zoomed-in vantage point, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">revealing details\u003c/a> of the dwarf planet not seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, earlier pictures of an impact crater, named Occator, showed mysterious white spots speckled about the crater’s floor. Similar white spots were found at other locations on Ceres. Later measurements identified the white material as sodium carbonate, a discovery that fueled speculation that these might be deposits left behind by eruptions of water that flooded onto the surface, and then boiled away in the near vacuum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1926915\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1926915\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-800x728.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up view of Cerealia Facula, a mound of bright mineral deposits within Occator Crater. Dawn captured this image from its new, and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres' surface. \" width=\"800\" height=\"728\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-800x728.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-160x146.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-768x699.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-1020x928.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-960x874.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-240x218.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-375x341.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA-520x473.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/cerealiafacula-NASA-JPL-Caltech-UCLA-MPS-DLR-IDA.jpg 1125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up view of Cerealia Facula, a mound of bright mineral deposits within Occator Crater. Dawn captured this image from its new, and final orbit, which carries it to within 22 miles of Ceres’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceTemp\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn Isn’t the Only Asteroid Explorer in Town\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Dawn may grab headlines for exploring the two largest objects in the Asteroid Belt, it isn’t the only robotic asteroid mission out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/272619-japans-hayabusa-2-spacecraft-reaches-asteroid-prepares-to-collect-sample\">Hayabusa-2\u003c/a> is currently parked 12 miles from a near-Earth, carbon-rich asteroid named Ryugu. In the coming months it will attempt to make up to three brief touch-downs on the small asteroid’s surface to collect samples for return to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/\">OSIRIS-REx\u003c/a> spacecraft will reach the potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu this August, and will ultimately touch down on its surface and collect a sample to bring home. There is a chance that Bennu could impact Earth in the future, so learning about its origin, composition and structure is not only of scientific value, but may provide information we could use to defend ourselves against a possible collision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, NASA has approved a mission to send a spacecraft to the Main Belt \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/psyche\">asteroid Psyche\u003c/a>, which scientists believe may be the remnant iron core of an ancient planetesimal whose outer layers were blown away in a cataclysmic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dawn Riding Into the Sunset?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Dawn shut down its electric ion propulsion engine after arriving in its Ceres-skimming orbit, it may have been the last time it is ever used. The mission is winding down, and NASA has parked Dawn in a retirement track—a final resting orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn will continue to make observations and collect data in the weeks and months to come from its daringly low altitude—and who knows what it might spot in its last days?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Robot with Artificial Intelligence About to Invade Space",
"headTitle": "Robot with Artificial Intelligence About to Invade Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A robot with true artificial intelligence is about to invade space.[contextly_sidebar id=”4lzBZjJKlIhpzaw7UhyNtLfbBm0Ies1j”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large, round, plastic robot head is part of SpaceX’s latest supply delivery to the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s pre-dawn liftoff also includes two sets of genetically identical female mice, 20 mousestronauts that will pick up where NASA’s identical twin brother astronauts left off a few years ago. Super-caffeinated coffee is also flying up for the space station’s java-craving crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As intriguing as identical space siblings and turbo-charged space coffee may be, it’s the German robot — named Cimon, pronounced Simon, after a genius doctor in science fiction’s “Captain Future” — that’s stealing the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry about AI running amok on the space station. Cimon’s human handlers promise the first AI space bot will behave. No mutinous takeovers like HAL from the 1968 film classic “2001: A Space Odyssey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s a friendly guy and he has this hard power-off button,” German Space Agency physicist Christian Karrasch, the project manager, told The Associated Press on Thursday.[contextly_sidebar id=”uFtazHzBH2y0ib3h1IzDjDr1fMMz3YWh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like HAL, the autonomous Cimon is an acronym: it stands for Crew Interactive Mobile Companion. Its AI brain is courtesy of IBM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>German astronaut Alexander Gerst, who arrived at the orbiting lab a month ago, will introduce Cimon to space life during three one-hour sessions. Already savvy about Gerst’s science experiments, the self-propelling Cimon will float at the astronaut’s side and help, when asked, with research procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon has Gerst’s face and voice imprinted in its memory. So while the robot could assist the five other station astronauts, it is best suited for Gerst, according to Karrasch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get Cimon’s attention, Gerst will need only to call its name. Their common language will be English, the official language of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano will be Cimon’s orbital master. That’s when the AI researchers will delve more into mood.[contextly_sidebar id=”x2oCHNHtMlOrvOD52lT5i59MC4AyEydD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is, Cimon smiles when it senses the conversation is upbeat and frowns when it’s sad. A small screen on the sphere serves as its face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its open-ended stay on the space station, Cimon should grow ever smarter and more knowledgeable, its system updated via IBM’s Cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers chose a ball rather than a humanoid face for Cimon because they thought it would be less potentially disturbing or creepy. Because it’s perfectly round — a little bigger than a basketball — it’s also safer, with no sharp edges that could damage space station equipment or poke astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire project, barely two years in the making, came in under 5 million Euros, or $5.8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real AI payoff will be when astronauts travel to the moon, Mars or other distant destinations. In a medical emergency, no one will want to wait 20 minutes for a call for help to reach Earth and then another 20 minutes for advice to get back to the stricken crew, said NASA’s space station program manager Kirk Shireman. An AI companion could provide instant assistance.[contextly_sidebar id=”EZUIFuTAhFwvp9KnMVgwk0UgKeREgXJc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon is meant for additional brainpower, so it doesn’t have legs or arms. NASA’s humanoid Robonaut, on the other hand, lacked AI but was envisioned as a Spiderman of sorts, its hands and feet designed for grabbing and climbing. Its creators saw Robonaut as a potential spacewalker, off in the future, that could venture outside for mundane tasks, saving astronauts considerable time and risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robonaut is back on Earth. It returned aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule in May after long bouts of inactivity and wiring trouble. Once fixed, an improved Robonaut may fly back to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A robot with true artificial intelligence is about to invade space.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large, round, plastic robot head is part of SpaceX’s latest supply delivery to the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday’s pre-dawn liftoff also includes two sets of genetically identical female mice, 20 mousestronauts that will pick up where NASA’s identical twin brother astronauts left off a few years ago. Super-caffeinated coffee is also flying up for the space station’s java-craving crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As intriguing as identical space siblings and turbo-charged space coffee may be, it’s the German robot — named Cimon, pronounced Simon, after a genius doctor in science fiction’s “Captain Future” — that’s stealing the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t worry about AI running amok on the space station. Cimon’s human handlers promise the first AI space bot will behave. No mutinous takeovers like HAL from the 1968 film classic “2001: A Space Odyssey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s a friendly guy and he has this hard power-off button,” German Space Agency physicist Christian Karrasch, the project manager, told The Associated Press on Thursday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like HAL, the autonomous Cimon is an acronym: it stands for Crew Interactive Mobile Companion. Its AI brain is courtesy of IBM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>German astronaut Alexander Gerst, who arrived at the orbiting lab a month ago, will introduce Cimon to space life during three one-hour sessions. Already savvy about Gerst’s science experiments, the self-propelling Cimon will float at the astronaut’s side and help, when asked, with research procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon has Gerst’s face and voice imprinted in its memory. So while the robot could assist the five other station astronauts, it is best suited for Gerst, according to Karrasch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get Cimon’s attention, Gerst will need only to call its name. Their common language will be English, the official language of the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano will be Cimon’s orbital master. That’s when the AI researchers will delve more into mood.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it is, Cimon smiles when it senses the conversation is upbeat and frowns when it’s sad. A small screen on the sphere serves as its face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its open-ended stay on the space station, Cimon should grow ever smarter and more knowledgeable, its system updated via IBM’s Cloud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers chose a ball rather than a humanoid face for Cimon because they thought it would be less potentially disturbing or creepy. Because it’s perfectly round — a little bigger than a basketball — it’s also safer, with no sharp edges that could damage space station equipment or poke astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire project, barely two years in the making, came in under 5 million Euros, or $5.8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real AI payoff will be when astronauts travel to the moon, Mars or other distant destinations. In a medical emergency, no one will want to wait 20 minutes for a call for help to reach Earth and then another 20 minutes for advice to get back to the stricken crew, said NASA’s space station program manager Kirk Shireman. An AI companion could provide instant assistance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cimon is meant for additional brainpower, so it doesn’t have legs or arms. NASA’s humanoid Robonaut, on the other hand, lacked AI but was envisioned as a Spiderman of sorts, its hands and feet designed for grabbing and climbing. Its creators saw Robonaut as a potential spacewalker, off in the future, that could venture outside for mundane tasks, saving astronauts considerable time and risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robonaut is back on Earth. It returned aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule in May after long bouts of inactivity and wiring trouble. Once fixed, an improved Robonaut may fly back to the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch",
"headTitle": "Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003cbr>\nToday’s dust-up has now officially grown to become one of these “planet-encircling” or global wind storms, and is already being called the most powerful storm ever observed on Mars. Scientists are hopeful for the windfall of science that may be blowing their way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA rover and orbiters are poised to study what may be the greatest wind storm ever observed on Mars. ",
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"title": "Mighty Storm Rages on Mars While Robot Fleet Stands Ready to Watch | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is a mighty windstorm now raging on Mars\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong> From all indications, it’s a whopper, stronger than any since at least 2007 and \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">now covering most of the planet.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the opening scene of “The Martian,” Matt Damon battles against a Red Planet gale that blows over equipment and sends objects flying. So you might expect that NASA is busy commanding its rovers and spacecraft to batten down their hatches and find safe havens to ride out the storm. In fact, on June 12, NASA \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/mars-dust-storm-rages-nasa-s-opportunity-rover-falls-silent-ncna882786\">lost contact with the rover Opportunity\u003c/a>, located near the heart of the raging storm, where winds may be as high as 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the loss of contact is not because the wind has toppled the rover or smashed it to pieces with a flying rock. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms\">Real Martian wind storms\u003c/a> are less dramatic than you might believe from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1925483/lets-talk-thors-hammer-and-wakanda-sciencewise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hollywood\u003c/a>. Mars’ atmosphere is only a hundredth as thick as Earth’s, so even a full-blown Martian gale wouldn’t lift a kite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opportunity effectively went to sleep for a lack of sunlight. A thick veil of dust blown into the atmosphere by the storm choked off the rays of sunlight needed to charge its batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925908\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925908\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A simulation of the sun's brightness in Opportunity's skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/simulated-sun-veil-NASA-JPL-Caltech-TAMU.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simulation of the sun’s brightness in Opportunity’s skies as more dust fills the atmosphere above. The right-most frame corresponds to daylight conditions at the site of the Opportunity rover today. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opportunity has entered a low-battery “sleep” mode to conserve whatever power is left. When the dust finally clears and full sunlight is restored, Opportunity’s batteries will recharge and, if all goes well, the rover will transmit an “I’m alive!” message to Earth, whose humans are anxiously waiting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Hang in there, Opportunity! \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/OppyPhoneHome?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#OppyPhoneHome\u003c/a> ❤ \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/mars?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#mars\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/marsrover?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#marsrover\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Opportunity?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Opportunity\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASA?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/JPL?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/goforlaunchcomics?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#goforlaunchcomics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASA?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tweetsoutloud?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tweetsoutloud\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NASAJPL_Edu?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@NASAJPL_Edu\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/govspaceagent?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@govspaceagent\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lorengrush?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@lorengrush\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SPACEdotcom?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@SPACEdotcom\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/rWNxxEJrPo\">pic.twitter.com/rWNxxEJrPo\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Abby Garrett (@abbygarrettX) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/abbygarrettX/status/1008810120644526081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">This week, I channeled my worry into designing and stitching this \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MarsRovers?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@MarsRovers\u003c/a> Opportunity, with blue for the Martian sunrise we are waiting for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cc: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tanyaofmars?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@tanyaofmars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/PlanetaryKeri?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@PlanetaryKeri\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/5rx8qKSes6\">pic.twitter.com/5rx8qKSes6\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Alyshondra Meacham (@AlyshondraM) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AlyshondraM/status/1008694844775002112?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 18, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Opportunity for Learning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flipside of the planet, located almost halfway around the globe, the rover \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/MSL/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> stands ready to observe. As the storm continues its fury in the days and weeks ahead, Curiosity’s observations will provide valuable data on the storm’s development, how it effects conditions on the ground, and ultimately how it dissipates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg\" alt=\"Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \" width=\"800\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-800x357.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-160x71.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-768x343.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1020x455.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1200x535.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1920x856.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-1180x526.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-960x428.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-240x107.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-375x167.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/curiosity-dustview-NASAJPLCaltechMSSS-520x232.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Images captured by the rover Curiosity in Gale Crater, showing the increase in airborne dust from June 7 to June 10, attributed to the major wind storm blowing across over a quarter of the planet. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, from the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7164&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20180620-2\">Curiosity has detected an upswing of dust\u003c/a> in the atmosphere around it — enough to show up on camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is not vulnerable to the choking of sunlight by atmospheric dust, since it is powered by a nuclear generator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Team of Robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to having wheels on the ground to observe this storm, NASA has three spacecraft in orbit that will also make a study of this great dust-up event, each with instruments that offer unique scientific perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — which originally alerted NASA about the developing storm on May 30 — offers a comprehensive global view with its wide-angle camera, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/marci/\">MARCI\u003c/a>, as well as the potential to study localized effects with its powerful \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/instruments/hirise/\">HiRISE\u003c/a> camera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925919\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 705px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925919\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Mars from images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity.\" width=\"705\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm.jpg 705w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-240x134.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/june11-storm-520x291.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mars from images captured by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on June 11. The brighter orange region shows the extent of the major wind storm raging where the Opportunity rover is located, and reaching halfway around the globe to the rover Opportunity. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mars Odyssey can detect and measure dust density and distribution in the atmosphere beneath it, with its infrared camera, \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/\">THEMIS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/\">MAVEN\u003c/a> will investigate the highest levels of Mars’ atmosphere to look for connections between \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7041\">dust storm activity and the loss of atmospheric gases into space\u003c/a>, following up on observations by other spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three orbiters and one rover will work together to give us a comprehensive look at the storm’s effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Winds of Mars\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind storms of different scales occur every Martian year, stirred up by surface heating from sunlight, especially when Mars passes closest to the sun with each orbit. Sometimes, an isolated Martian squall can grow into a much larger storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every three to four Martian years (six to eight Earth years) a wind storm can grow to encircle the globe, kicking up enormous amounts of dust that shroud the planet — like the one we’re seeing on Mars now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925907\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925907\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg\" alt=\"Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-800x426.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-160x85.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-768x409.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1020x543.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1200x639.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-1180x628.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-960x511.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-240x128.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-375x200.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS-520x277.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/mars-beforeandafter-NASAJPL-CaltechMSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two pictures of Mars taken a month apart in 2001, before (left) and during a major global dust storm. Pictures were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first spacecraft to orbit Mars, Mariner 9, arrived in 1971, a major global dust storm was in full swing. Mariner 9 had to wait a couple of months for the dust to settle before it had a chance to take clear pictures of Mars’ surface.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Now Headed to Mars: Mini-Satellites Made Up of 4-Inch Cubes",
"headTitle": "Now Headed to Mars: Mini-Satellites Made Up of 4-Inch Cubes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/09/photos-shrouded-in-fog-atlas-5-takes-flight-from-vandenberg/\">InSIGHT spacecraft launched\u003c/a> May 5 on an outbound journey to Mars, scoring a historic first: the first interplanetary spacecraft ever launched from the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the only first from this mission. In a two-for-one achievement for the record books, InSIGHT was accompanied by two smaller spacecraft: “CubeSats” named MarCO A and MarCO B — together forming the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7147\">Mars Cube One\u003c/a> mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two MarCO CubeSats are the first satellites of their class to venture farther into space than low-Earth orbit — and with Mars as their destination they should hold onto that record for a long time to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a CubeSat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cubesat.org/\">CubeSats\u003c/a> are the brainchild of some out-of-the-box thinking about miniaturized, modular satellite technology, conceived back in 1998 at the California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University. Since that time \u003ca href=\"http://nanosats.eu/\">over 800 have been launched\u003c/a> into low-Earth orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats have been used in almost as many different research projects as there are CubeSats, more or less. They have studied almost every region of Earth’s atmosphere, its surface, and the space weather environment surrounding our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One CubeSat project was an attempt to improve scientists’ ability to predict earthquakes by detecting fluctuations in Earth’s magnetic field. Another is studying genetic changes in E. coli to explore the effects on life by long-term exposure to the environment of space. Yet another will test the effects of space radiation on electronic equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSat technology offers a cheap means for universities, private companies large and small, and even amateur groups to launch space-based projects into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"PhoneSat 2.5, a CubeSat made with commercially available smartphones, built at NASA's Ames Research Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-800x571.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-768x548.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1020x728.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1200x857.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1920x1371.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-960x685.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-520x371.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PhoneSat 2.5, a CubeSat made with commercially available smartphones, built at NASA’s Ames Research Center. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modern CubeSats are assembled from one or more 4-inch cubical modules, each weighing less than three pounds. These tiny, Jack-in-the-Box-sized units have revolutionized space-based research, offering a low-cost option for experiments that might not get funding on more expensive platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats can be built using commercial off-the-shelf equipment— components from cell phones, digital cameras, and GPS receivers, for example — and so are far less expensive than custom-designed and manufactured satellites. A CubeSat may be built for as little as a few thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats often ride into space as secondary payloads on conventional satellite launches, or are deployed from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Space Station\u003c/a>, which greatly reduces the cost to get them into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of launching a CubeSat runs anywhere from around $100,000 to as low as $15,000, a far cry from the tens of millions of dollars needed (at a minimum) to launch a conventional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will MarCO A and B Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being the first-ever of their kind to leave Earth orbit — let alone head out for Mars — you might expect the two MarCO CubeSats to play a key role in the InSIGHT lander’s scientific mission. In fact, they don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the true spirit of the low-cost, low-risk paradigm of the CubeSat clan, the MarCO twins are tagging along with InSIGHT to test a new idea: how CubeSat “tagalongs” with miniaturized communication and navigation gear can be used as real-time communication relays for spacecraft during time-critical maneuvers, like landing on another planet–in this case, Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MarCO will relay InSIGHT’s telemetry to Earth as the lander descends, providing us with second-by-second details of the entry, descent, and landing maneuvers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the seven-month trip to Mars, the CubeSats will make course-correction maneuvers with their thrusters to keep up with InSIGHT’s own course changes, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22323\">test their imaging, \u003c/a>communication, and navigational capabilities in preparation for the landing event next November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT will not depend on MarCO for communication with Earth during its main science mission. That vital task will be performed by NASA’s venerable and time-tested Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The InSIGHT Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT (standing for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is on a first-of-its-kind mission of its own. Though set in the physical mold of stationary landers like the Vikings, the ill-fated Beagle 2, and Phoenix, InSIGHT’s scientific goals are very different than its picture-taking, rock-drilling predecessors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist rendition of NASA's InSIGHT spacecraft, which will land on Mars next November. Positioned in the foreground are InSIGHT's seismometer (left) and ground-penetrating thermal probe (right) instruments. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist rendition of NASA’s InSIGHT spacecraft, which will land on Mars next November. Positioned in the foreground are InSIGHT’s seismometer (left) and ground-penetrating thermal probe (right) instruments. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT will use a seismometer to monitor “Mars-quakes,” a self-burrowing temperature sensor array to measure underground heat flow, and a radio-wave Doppler experiment to make precise measurements of Mars’ rotational characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/science/\">All these instruments together\u003c/a> will help provide (dare I say) insight to the interior structure and thermal dynamics of Mars. With this data scientists hope to learn how Mars — and by extension, all four rocky planets, including Earth — originally formed in the earliest times of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not the First “Add-ons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller “add-on” spacecraft have been sent into space before, but these were mostly probes launched by the main robotic spacecraft to extend a mission’s scientific capability into a world’s atmosphere or onto its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 745px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Pioneer Venus spacecraft carried four smaller probes that it launched into Venus' thick, corrosive atmosphere. Artist illustration. \" width=\"745\" height=\"761\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes.jpg 745w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-240x245.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-375x383.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-520x531.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pioneer Venus spacecraft carried four smaller probes that it launched into Venus’ thick, corrosive atmosphere. Artist illustration. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pioneer Venus dropped probes into Venus’ atmosphere, Galileo into Jupiter’s. Cassini delivered the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\">European Huygens probe\u003c/a> to the surface of the enigmatic moon Titan. NASA launched two separate spacecraft, the\u003ca href=\"https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, in the same rocket on otherwise separate missions to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the CubeSat generation of tiny hitch-hiking space explorers, the two MarCO spacecraft are earning a place in history by demonstrating that their miniaturized, no-frills technology might be used in very deep space, far from the low-Earth orbit limits of their kin.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/09/photos-shrouded-in-fog-atlas-5-takes-flight-from-vandenberg/\">InSIGHT spacecraft launched\u003c/a> May 5 on an outbound journey to Mars, scoring a historic first: the first interplanetary spacecraft ever launched from the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that wasn’t the only first from this mission. In a two-for-one achievement for the record books, InSIGHT was accompanied by two smaller spacecraft: “CubeSats” named MarCO A and MarCO B — together forming the \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7147\">Mars Cube One\u003c/a> mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two MarCO CubeSats are the first satellites of their class to venture farther into space than low-Earth orbit — and with Mars as their destination they should hold onto that record for a long time to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a CubeSat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cubesat.org/\">CubeSats\u003c/a> are the brainchild of some out-of-the-box thinking about miniaturized, modular satellite technology, conceived back in 1998 at the California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University. Since that time \u003ca href=\"http://nanosats.eu/\">over 800 have been launched\u003c/a> into low-Earth orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats have been used in almost as many different research projects as there are CubeSats, more or less. They have studied almost every region of Earth’s atmosphere, its surface, and the space weather environment surrounding our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One CubeSat project was an attempt to improve scientists’ ability to predict earthquakes by detecting fluctuations in Earth’s magnetic field. Another is studying genetic changes in E. coli to explore the effects on life by long-term exposure to the environment of space. Yet another will test the effects of space radiation on electronic equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSat technology offers a cheap means for universities, private companies large and small, and even amateur groups to launch space-based projects into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925205\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"PhoneSat 2.5, a CubeSat made with commercially available smartphones, built at NASA's Ames Research Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-800x571.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-768x548.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1020x728.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1200x857.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1920x1371.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-960x685.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/phonesat-nasaames-520x371.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PhoneSat 2.5, a CubeSat made with commercially available smartphones, built at NASA’s Ames Research Center. \u003ccite>(NASA/Ames Research Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Modern CubeSats are assembled from one or more 4-inch cubical modules, each weighing less than three pounds. These tiny, Jack-in-the-Box-sized units have revolutionized space-based research, offering a low-cost option for experiments that might not get funding on more expensive platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats can be built using commercial off-the-shelf equipment— components from cell phones, digital cameras, and GPS receivers, for example — and so are far less expensive than custom-designed and manufactured satellites. A CubeSat may be built for as little as a few thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CubeSats often ride into space as secondary payloads on conventional satellite launches, or are deployed from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Space Station\u003c/a>, which greatly reduces the cost to get them into orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cost of launching a CubeSat runs anywhere from around $100,000 to as low as $15,000, a far cry from the tens of millions of dollars needed (at a minimum) to launch a conventional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Will MarCO A and B Do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being the first-ever of their kind to leave Earth orbit — let alone head out for Mars — you might expect the two MarCO CubeSats to play a key role in the InSIGHT lander’s scientific mission. In fact, they don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the true spirit of the low-cost, low-risk paradigm of the CubeSat clan, the MarCO twins are tagging along with InSIGHT to test a new idea: how CubeSat “tagalongs” with miniaturized communication and navigation gear can be used as real-time communication relays for spacecraft during time-critical maneuvers, like landing on another planet–in this case, Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MarCO will relay InSIGHT’s telemetry to Earth as the lander descends, providing us with second-by-second details of the entry, descent, and landing maneuvers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the seven-month trip to Mars, the CubeSats will make course-correction maneuvers with their thrusters to keep up with InSIGHT’s own course changes, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22323\">test their imaging, \u003c/a>communication, and navigational capabilities in preparation for the landing event next November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT will not depend on MarCO for communication with Earth during its main science mission. That vital task will be performed by NASA’s venerable and time-tested Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The InSIGHT Mission\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT (standing for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is on a first-of-its-kind mission of its own. Though set in the physical mold of stationary landers like the Vikings, the ill-fated Beagle 2, and Phoenix, InSIGHT’s scientific goals are very different than its picture-taking, rock-drilling predecessors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925207\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1925207\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Artist rendition of NASA's InSIGHT spacecraft, which will land on Mars next November. Positioned in the foreground are InSIGHT's seismometer (left) and ground-penetrating thermal probe (right) instruments. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pia22228.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist rendition of NASA’s InSIGHT spacecraft, which will land on Mars next November. Positioned in the foreground are InSIGHT’s seismometer (left) and ground-penetrating thermal probe (right) instruments. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>InSIGHT will use a seismometer to monitor “Mars-quakes,” a self-burrowing temperature sensor array to measure underground heat flow, and a radio-wave Doppler experiment to make precise measurements of Mars’ rotational characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/science/\">All these instruments together\u003c/a> will help provide (dare I say) insight to the interior structure and thermal dynamics of Mars. With this data scientists hope to learn how Mars — and by extension, all four rocky planets, including Earth — originally formed in the earliest times of the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not the First “Add-ons”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller “add-on” spacecraft have been sent into space before, but these were mostly probes launched by the main robotic spacecraft to extend a mission’s scientific capability into a world’s atmosphere or onto its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925208\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 745px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1925208\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Pioneer Venus spacecraft carried four smaller probes that it launched into Venus' thick, corrosive atmosphere. Artist illustration. \" width=\"745\" height=\"761\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes.jpg 745w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-160x163.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-240x245.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-375x383.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-520x531.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/pv_bus_probes-64x64.jpg 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Pioneer Venus spacecraft carried four smaller probes that it launched into Venus’ thick, corrosive atmosphere. Artist illustration. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pioneer Venus dropped probes into Venus’ atmosphere, Galileo into Jupiter’s. Cassini delivered the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/huygens-probe/\">European Huygens probe\u003c/a> to the surface of the enigmatic moon Titan. NASA launched two separate spacecraft, the\u003ca href=\"https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/main/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LCROSS\u003c/a>, in the same rocket on otherwise separate missions to the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the CubeSat generation of tiny hitch-hiking space explorers, the two MarCO spacecraft are earning a place in history by demonstrating that their miniaturized, no-frills technology might be used in very deep space, far from the low-Earth orbit limits of their kin.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The season of summer blockbusters is in full swing. From the rollicking space adventure of “Solo,” to the universe-spanning “Avengers: Infinity War,” characters are dodging blasters, collecting stones of power, and falling in love as their world hangs in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to be the accuracy police. For us, it’s a lot more about inspiration.’\u003ccite>Rick Loverd,\u003cbr>\nScience & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot of popcorn, and whole lot of fun. It’s also a chance to lose yourself in new imaginary worlds. Sometimes what you see on screen can become inspiration for real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of present-day scientists who might point to a character like Spock as a point of inspiration that got them interested in science is many,” says Rick Loverd, program director of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our job here at the Exchange to try to facilitate as many of those moments as possible for the next generation of kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service is free and works best, Loverd says, when a researcher connects with a storyteller early on, while the project is still being envisioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’re happy to help at anytime,” Loverd says, “we’re most excited by those projects where a screenwriter calls us up and says, ‘Hey, I just had an idea. It involves time travel and I’d love to talk to a scientist.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loverd helped “Black Panther” movie makers conceive the city of Wakanda, for example, finding architects, city planners and anthropologists to contribute to a document the crew used as a reference for the history, culture and layout of Wakanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovered recently spoke with KQED Science editor Danielle Venton about what science can offer to Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925504\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg 3500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black Panther toys are displayed to attendees at the Hasbro showroom during the annual New York Toy Fair, on February 20, 2018, in New York. \u003ccite>(EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DANIELLE VENTON:\u003c/strong> I wanted to know, is this really about getting the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RICK LOVERD:\u003c/strong> For us, we’re not trying to be the accuracy police and the least interesting consults for us, though we’re happy to do them, are the ones where we’re just fact checking. For us it’s a lot more about inspiration and about giving storytellers ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> What’s an example or two of a Hollywood movie that really got the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I’d like to say that it’s not always important to get the science right. You know, especially in the narrative summer popcorn movie. Some of the more exciting science moments for me have come in Marvel films, not necessarily because they have deadly accuracy in them, but because they’re seen by so many people. And a character like Shuri from “Black Panther,” has an opportunity to inspire a lot of kids into science and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LqzF5WauAw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also another example that I like is “Interstellar.” Because the visualization of the black hole actually was based on a Nobel Laureate’s work. We hear about black holes our whole lives and we kind of have this image of the absence of light. But when you see it in “Interstellar,” it’s actually quite vibrant and bright. I think that moment of wonder when you see the unexpected and then you later find out that there’s some truth to it, those are really the moments that the Science & Entertainment Exchange tries to facilitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> I gotta say though as someone who has a science degree, when I’m watching a movie and there is something just obviously inaccurate it completely pulls me out of the story. I might be a curmudgeon but I can’t suspend my belief if I’m like, ‘Oh, that definitely couldn’t happen.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>[contextly_sidebar id=”uK4SZByLMh3UzYH99lxqWsSmDzKpBgWc”]\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I can tell you that that is something that no filmmaker wants. But I don’t think that these mistakes usually are intentionally done, and when they are intentionally done I actually have no problem with the idea of a storyteller knowing what the facts are, and then saying, ‘You know what? It’s going to serve my story better to not be completely accurate in this situation.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Some of my colleagues who are extreme movie fans had a couple of extra questions for you, if you’re game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Okay, alright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Alright, if you had unlimited resources, which company would you hire to build a real Iron Man suit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> There are places like the Media lab at MIT where there’s just such a trove of brilliant minds that I would definitely feel comfortable that they’d be able to make something pretty spectacular, given unlimited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue80QwXMRHg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> To the best of your knowledge what is Thor’s hammer composed of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Well it was forged in a dying star, so it’s gotta be made of some exotic materials that are super dense. Actually, there are materials that exist, I understand, in dying stars in our universe that are extraordinarily dense that could be targets for something like Thor’s hammer. I don’t know exactly, other than the magic of the character and the mystique of Thor, why one person would be able to lift it and another person would not, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV: \u003c/strong>That’s a mystery that will have to stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The season of summer blockbusters is in full swing. From the rollicking space adventure of “Solo,” to the universe-spanning “Avengers: Infinity War,” characters are dodging blasters, collecting stones of power, and falling in love as their world hangs in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re not trying to be the accuracy police. For us, it’s a lot more about inspiration.’\u003ccite>Rick Loverd,\u003cbr>\nScience & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s a lot of popcorn, and whole lot of fun. It’s also a chance to lose yourself in new imaginary worlds. Sometimes what you see on screen can become inspiration for real life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number of present-day scientists who might point to a character like Spock as a point of inspiration that got them interested in science is many,” says Rick Loverd, program director of the \u003ca href=\"http://scienceandentertainmentexchange.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science & Entertainment Exchange\u003c/a>, a project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasonline.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s our job here at the Exchange to try to facilitate as many of those moments as possible for the next generation of kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service is free and works best, Loverd says, when a researcher connects with a storyteller early on, while the project is still being envisioned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we’re happy to help at anytime,” Loverd says, “we’re most excited by those projects where a screenwriter calls us up and says, ‘Hey, I just had an idea. It involves time travel and I’d love to talk to a scientist.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loverd helped “Black Panther” movie makers conceive the city of Wakanda, for example, finding architects, city planners and anthropologists to contribute to a document the crew used as a reference for the history, culture and layout of Wakanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lovered recently spoke with KQED Science editor Danielle Venton about what science can offer to Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1925504\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1925504\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1.jpg 3500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/06/GettyImages-921755700-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black Panther toys are displayed to attendees at the Hasbro showroom during the annual New York Toy Fair, on February 20, 2018, in New York. \u003ccite>(EDUARDO MUNOZ ALVAREZ/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DANIELLE VENTON:\u003c/strong> I wanted to know, is this really about getting the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RICK LOVERD:\u003c/strong> For us, we’re not trying to be the accuracy police and the least interesting consults for us, though we’re happy to do them, are the ones where we’re just fact checking. For us it’s a lot more about inspiration and about giving storytellers ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> What’s an example or two of a Hollywood movie that really got the science right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I’d like to say that it’s not always important to get the science right. You know, especially in the narrative summer popcorn movie. Some of the more exciting science moments for me have come in Marvel films, not necessarily because they have deadly accuracy in them, but because they’re seen by so many people. And a character like Shuri from “Black Panther,” has an opportunity to inspire a lot of kids into science and engineering.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2LqzF5WauAw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2LqzF5WauAw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Also another example that I like is “Interstellar.” Because the visualization of the black hole actually was based on a Nobel Laureate’s work. We hear about black holes our whole lives and we kind of have this image of the absence of light. But when you see it in “Interstellar,” it’s actually quite vibrant and bright. I think that moment of wonder when you see the unexpected and then you later find out that there’s some truth to it, those are really the moments that the Science & Entertainment Exchange tries to facilitate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> I gotta say though as someone who has a science degree, when I’m watching a movie and there is something just obviously inaccurate it completely pulls me out of the story. I might be a curmudgeon but I can’t suspend my belief if I’m like, ‘Oh, that definitely couldn’t happen.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> I can tell you that that is something that no filmmaker wants. But I don’t think that these mistakes usually are intentionally done, and when they are intentionally done I actually have no problem with the idea of a storyteller knowing what the facts are, and then saying, ‘You know what? It’s going to serve my story better to not be completely accurate in this situation.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Some of my colleagues who are extreme movie fans had a couple of extra questions for you, if you’re game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Okay, alright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> Alright, if you had unlimited resources, which company would you hire to build a real Iron Man suit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> There are places like the Media lab at MIT where there’s just such a trove of brilliant minds that I would definitely feel comfortable that they’d be able to make something pretty spectacular, given unlimited resources.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ue80QwXMRHg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ue80QwXMRHg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV:\u003c/strong> To the best of your knowledge what is Thor’s hammer composed of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>RL:\u003c/strong> Well it was forged in a dying star, so it’s gotta be made of some exotic materials that are super dense. Actually, there are materials that exist, I understand, in dying stars in our universe that are extraordinarily dense that could be targets for something like Thor’s hammer. I don’t know exactly, other than the magic of the character and the mystique of Thor, why one person would be able to lift it and another person would not, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DV: \u003c/strong>That’s a mystery that will have to stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>New Mars discoveries are advancing the case for possible life on the red planet, past or even present.[contextly_sidebar id=”3ycREm0JKq3dV8pFA3Uuz9DSNCbBxceS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists reported Thursday that NASA’s Curiosity rover has found potential building blocks of life in an ancient Martian lakebed. Hints have been found before, but this is the best evidence yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organic molecules preserved in 3.5 billion-year-old bedrock in Gale Crater — believed to once contain a shallow lake the size of Florida’s Lake Okeechobee — suggest conditions back then may have been conducive to life. That leaves open the possibility that microorganisms once populated our planetary neighbor and might still exist there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The chances of being able to find signs of ancient life with future missions, if life ever was present, just went up,” said Curiosity’s project scientist, Ashwin Vasavada of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a> also has confirmed sharp seasonal increases of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Researchers said they can’t rule out a biological source. Most of Earth’s atmospheric methane comes from animal and plant life, and the environment itself.[contextly_sidebar id=”6pCZYxbM9Ux8ZCrMgjBcSwCxqees46SI”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/science-journals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> . In a companion article, an outside expert describes the findings as “breakthroughs in astrobiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question of whether life might have originated or existed on Mars is a lot more opportune now that we know that organic molecules were present on its surface at the time,” wrote Utrecht University astrobiologist Inge Loes ten Kate of the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Siebach, a Rice University geologist who also was not involved in the studies, is equally excited. She said the discoveries break down some of the strongest arguments put forward by life-on-Mars skeptics, herself included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that we can find evidence. We can find organic matter preserved in mudstones that are more than 3 billion years old,” Siebach said. “And we see releases of gas today that could be related to life in the subsurface or at the very least are probably related to warm water or environments where Earth life would be happy living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane observations provide “one of the most compelling” cases for present-day life, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree more powerful spacecraft — and, ideally, rocks returned to Earth from Mars — are needed to prove whether tiny organisms like bacteria ever existed on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s methane measurements occurred over 4 ½ Earth years, covering parts of three Martian years. Seasonal peaks were detected in late summer in the northern hemisphere and late winter in the southern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPL’s Christopher Webster, lead author on the study, said it’s the first time Martian methane has shown a repeated pattern. The magnitude of these seasonal peaks — by a factor of three — was far more than scientists expected. “We were just blown away,” he said. “It’s tripling … that’s a huge, huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webster theorizes the methane created either now or long ago is seeping from deep underground reservoirs up through cracks and fissures in the crust. Once at the surface, the methane sticks to dirt and rocks, with more released into the atmosphere when it’s hotter.[contextly_sidebar id=”zd5AxKa01nb4W4BM44jiB0UuaJNMEk7t”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no proof that the methane is formed biologically, but we cannot rule it out, even with this new data set,” Webster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been seeking organic molecules on Mars ever since the 1976 Viking landers. The twin Vikings came up pretty much empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arriving at Mars in 2012 with a drill and its own onboard labs, Curiosity confirmed the presence of organics in rocks in 2013, but the molecules weren’t exactly what scientists expected. So they looked elsewhere. The key samples in the latest findings came from a spot 4 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with methane, there could well be non-biological explanations for the presence of carbon-containing molecules on Mars, such as geologic processes or impacts by asteroids, comet, meteors and interplanetary dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Eigenbrode, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland who led the organics study, said she’s intrigued by the possibility that life might have existed and adapted on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m equally as fascinated by the idea that life never got started on Mars in the first place. That’s a harder question to address scientifically, but I think that we need to give the search for life on Mars due diligence. We need to go to places that we think are the most likely places to find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.aaas.org/science-journals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> . In a companion article, an outside expert describes the findings as “breakthroughs in astrobiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question of whether life might have originated or existed on Mars is a lot more opportune now that we know that organic molecules were present on its surface at the time,” wrote Utrecht University astrobiologist Inge Loes ten Kate of the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kirsten Siebach, a Rice University geologist who also was not involved in the studies, is equally excited. She said the discoveries break down some of the strongest arguments put forward by life-on-Mars skeptics, herself included.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big takeaway is that we can find evidence. We can find organic matter preserved in mudstones that are more than 3 billion years old,” Siebach said. “And we see releases of gas today that could be related to life in the subsurface or at the very least are probably related to warm water or environments where Earth life would be happy living.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane observations provide “one of the most compelling” cases for present-day life, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree more powerful spacecraft — and, ideally, rocks returned to Earth from Mars — are needed to prove whether tiny organisms like bacteria ever existed on the red planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s methane measurements occurred over 4 ½ Earth years, covering parts of three Martian years. Seasonal peaks were detected in late summer in the northern hemisphere and late winter in the southern hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JPL’s Christopher Webster, lead author on the study, said it’s the first time Martian methane has shown a repeated pattern. The magnitude of these seasonal peaks — by a factor of three — was far more than scientists expected. “We were just blown away,” he said. “It’s tripling … that’s a huge, huge difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Webster theorizes the methane created either now or long ago is seeping from deep underground reservoirs up through cracks and fissures in the crust. Once at the surface, the methane sticks to dirt and rocks, with more released into the atmosphere when it’s hotter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no proof that the methane is formed biologically, but we cannot rule it out, even with this new data set,” Webster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been seeking organic molecules on Mars ever since the 1976 Viking landers. The twin Vikings came up pretty much empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arriving at Mars in 2012 with a drill and its own onboard labs, Curiosity confirmed the presence of organics in rocks in 2013, but the molecules weren’t exactly what scientists expected. So they looked elsewhere. The key samples in the latest findings came from a spot 4 miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with methane, there could well be non-biological explanations for the presence of carbon-containing molecules on Mars, such as geologic processes or impacts by asteroids, comet, meteors and interplanetary dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Eigenbrode, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland who led the organics study, said she’s intrigued by the possibility that life might have existed and adapted on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m equally as fascinated by the idea that life never got started on Mars in the first place. That’s a harder question to address scientifically, but I think that we need to give the search for life on Mars due diligence. We need to go to places that we think are the most likely places to find it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Major changes could be ahead for the International Space Station but there will always be an American astronaut in orbit, NASA’s new boss said Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”zJzEBIgahv5hd8UpesMA1QxLSIPNsftO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency is already talking with private companies about potentially taking over the space lab after 2025, but no decision will made without the other 21 countries that are partners in the project, NASA Administrator James Bridenstine said in his first briefing with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s recent budget requests have put discussions about the station’s future “on steroids,” he said. Under Trump’s 2019 proposed budget, U.S. funding for the space station would end by 2025. The U.S. has spent more than $75 billion on the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Options include splitting the station into different segments or reducing its size by breaking it up and discarding one part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no matter what happens, there won’t be any gap when Americans aren’t in space, Bridenstine vowed. It won’t be like after the Apollo moon program closed or even the retirement of the space shuttle fleet, which has forced NASA to pay Russia to ferry astronauts to the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are kids graduating from high school this month, that their entire lives, we’ve had an astronaut in space,” Bridenstine said. “And we want that to live on in perpetuity forever. No gaps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies are interested in running the station and “there’s a range of options” that are just now being examined, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first station piece was launched in 1998. The complex was essentially completed with the end of the shuttle program in 2011. It is about the size of a six-bedroom house, complete with two bathrooms, a gym and a 360-degree bay window. It usually has a crew of six.[contextly_sidebar id=”DJGpeaBcgcmEbdVCwVwVNRljvjmlzpSS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In wide-ranging remarks, the former Oklahoma Republican congressman said he generally supports NASA’s Earth science missions, including missions that monitor heat-trapping carbon dioxide. He said at least three climate science satellites that the Trump administration had tried to cancel earlier in budget proposals “could all end up in very good shape” and that he supported them in Congress, crossing party lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going forth with missions that are going to do carbon monitoring,” he said, ticking off a couple of projects. “We’re committed to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When told that a Pew Research poll out Wednesday said that 63 percent of Americans said NASA’s top priority should be monitoring key parts of Earth’s climate, Bridenstine said “good” and reiterated his acceptance of human-caused climate change as a threat to national security and the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bridenstine also said he hopes NASA will put some kind of small robotic landers on the moon next year, followed at some later date by humans. Astronauts should use the moon as a “proving ground” for future missions to Mars, especially checking out potential health issues for living far away from Earth for a long time. He said he worried about balance, vision, bone loss and heart issues that have been reported with space station astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not want to go to Mars and have our astronauts to be marshmallows on the surface of Mars,” Bridenstine said. “The moon is our best opportunity to be successful when we go to Mars.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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